DESIGN FOR SOLAR – POWERED E-BICYCLE: SUSTAINABLE RIDE FOR THE FUTURE

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 13 Issue: 03 | Mar 2026 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

DESIGN FOR SOLAR – POWERED E-BICYCLE: SUSTAINABLE RIDE FOR THE FUTURE

Dr. V. Pandyaraj1 , Mathan Raj S2 , Sakthi Babu N3, Arun V4

1Assist. Prof, Dept of Mechanical & Automation Engineering, Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India 234Student, Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India ***

Abstract - Design a electric bicycle powered by solar technology to improve its efficiency and sustainability. The objective is to decrease dependence on fossil fuels by utilizing solar energy to meet the power demands oftheelectricbicycle, the design process includes integrating solar panels into the bike frame for effective solar energy collection, all while preserving the bicycle’s aesthetic appeal and functionality. The fabrication phase emphasizes the selection of lightweight and durable material for the frame and components, ensuring performance and durability. Additionally, theelectricsystemis designed with effective power control and solar solutions to maximize the solar energy, electric bicycle offers eco-friendly transportation option with extended range and reduced environment impact.

Key Words: Eco-Friendly Ride, Green Transportation, Solar-Assisted Cycle, Energy-Efficient Mobility, Smart EBike

1. INTRODUCTION

Electric bicycle (e-bike) and the selection of material showcase a dynamic relationship between technological advancementanduserdemands,beginninginthelate19th century e-bikes emerged as a practical and eco-friendly transportation option, gaining traction among companies largely due to advancements in battery and motor technologyoverrecentdecades.Concurrently,thematerial usedinbicyclemanufacturinghavetransitionedfromwood and iron to contemporary composites that enhance the bike’sperformanceanddurability.Sincethe1920s,lighter material suchasaluminumandcarbonfiberhavebecome dominant,especiallyinhigh-performanceandelectricbike models.

1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

E-bicyclearegenerallyusedtwowheeltransportsystemwith theframeiscrucialcomponent.Compositehaveincreasesas notheavierbutstrongbicycleframematerial.Thissuggest thatmixturewithflexreinforcementpossibleandlightweight choice for e-bicycle frame [1]. The three external road per button reluctance machine SRM planned for a e-bike application. The plan meets the e-bike 450-500W output powerrequirementwithdecreasesgearboxapproveamax speed32kmhourthemotor’storquewhoisoptimizeduse torquerippledecrease[2]

Theemergenceofe-bikesisadvancebydrivenbatteryand motordeviceandinnovationindustrialplan.Thisstudiesthe developing vehicle type in sustainable transport, think mobility,safetyandsurroundingimpact.[3]thepapergivea studyanddesignofhybridbicycleframeworkindailyneeds usedtosupportedpowersourcelikeDynamoandsolarbased energywhetherusedtochargebattery[4]

Thepatternmixturethreephase20pole/18slotoutsiderotor BLPM motor with 6 link 2 degree of freedom (2-dot) compoundplanetarygeartrainPGTtobeatoccurringpattern restriction.Theincorporatedevicepropose6forwardspeed, twodrivesystem[5]Thepaperoffersacommonmethodfor e-bicycle pattern based on all three dimensional system theorythismethodpointedonthetimeaxis,comparinglive productwiththenewnationalstandard[6]

Thee-tricyclepatternsupportonreverseengineeringfrom common transport cabs and bicycle, that tricycle frame is thickthatthebicycleframeduetoitsthickpattern.Theoval tubeprovidebettersafetyelementandrenderingopposed verticalweight.[7]Thispaperstudiesthepossibleofelectric supportebikestodecreasesbadgestobicyclelightlyrising the number of travels and variety of people cycling and onlinesurveyof553e-bikesuseroverNorthAmerica[8]

The paper consider the interactive research between in bikes and the engineering university of find hoven on the general pattern and execution of an electrical supported bicycle structure protect all substructure [9] Custom patterned drivers for city, hill and distance and speedily bicycle can call high e bicycle cost and load supply[10] E motor influenced bicycle have been in the united states marketfor2yearswithmodifiedmodeldirectingsubjected likehighcostandload,putanalogueadirectdriveDCdrivee bicycledrivestructurepointonmechanicalshows11]

The bicycle activity is stimulation using mathematical models,involveshumanpowerandemoteddynamicmodel basedcontrolstudyalsoconveytocontrolthespeedunder slope level effect and experiment study12] The bicycle is make global notice due to its ecology and zero discharge benefits, a stimulation studies convey to grow a high performance of electric bicycle, regard factors mass wind, speedandslope[13]

structuregaininsightsbeforefieldmission,thestimulation pointedonsupplyparametertrip,rates,lengthanddirection couple do with demand parameters like the number of e-

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 13 Issue: 03 | Mar 2026 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

bicycle.[14]Thepaperpatternonradialfieldpmbrushless DC motor drive for electric bicycle particular structure performanceanalyzeanddesignstructure[15]

A survey of 806 defendant involves 363 e bicycle owning onesfoundthatebicyclearemoreessentialforutilitytravel changeandrunningerrandsgroupswithbetterhealthtime millennia’s reproduction x cycle for time saving and environment aspect[16] E-bikes are slowly improving in transport market with over 31million deal in 2012China leadsine-bicyclemarketingcomebytheNetherlandsand Germany[17]

The lay in light electric vehicle as raised specifically in epowersupportcycle,thisworkintroduceaprojectforfull hybrid e-bicycle pointing on energy cyclist and motor to reform productivity the algorithm at 10 is based on biometricdata[18].Thispaperofferanewcontroladvance fore-powersupportbicyclebaseondisturbancesensethe advancecalculateroadslopeandbicyclebodyweightadopts motorsupportpowerratioinrealtimeandupgraderiding experienceandstimulation[19]

Thestudydocumentthepossibleoftheelectricalsupported bicycleas24convergephysicalactivitycriteriaintermsof intensity12compulsiveactivityadultcontentcycle4.3km track at different intensity stage using three supported environmentnosupport,ecoassistedandpower[20].

1.2 MATERIALS

1.2.1 STEEL

Thematerialisusedonthebicycleissteel,Steelisablendof pressandcarbonthathasimprovedstrengthandresistance tobreakingwhencomparedtodiversesortsofpress.Dueto its solid capacity to stand up to pressure and its reasonableness, steel is broadly delivered and utilized around the world, steel is utilized in different application such as development, fortification for concrete, bridges, foundation, ship, trains, automobile bike etc. Steel continuouslycontainspress asitsessential component,in spite of the fact that it can to have different other components included or included. Stainless steel assortments,knownfortheirresistancetorustanddiscolor, moreoftennothavearound11%chromium,pressservesas thefoundationalmetalforsteel.

TABLE 1– Mechanical Properties of Steel

1.2.2 ALUMINIUM

Whenitcomestosolarpanels,aluminumstandsoutbecause itbuildstoughyetlightframes.Theseshieldsguarddelicate parts while holding everything together. Over time, rust hardly touches it, so exposure to rain or sun does not weakenitsrole.Nowengineersareslippingitintotheactual energy-capturinglayersinsteadofpriciersilver.Thatswap slashesproductioncostswithoutsacrificingstrength.Panels lastlongerunderextremeconditions-heat,ice,storms-all thanks to this metal’s resilience. Since it weighs less than oldermaterials,mountingthemonroofstakeslesseffort.At end of life, nearly all of it can be pulled back and reused, closingtheloopcleanly.

TABLE 2 – Mechanical Properties of Aluminium

6005-T5

245 MPa 6061-T6

Reflectivity 95 % Thermal

235 W/(m.k) 6063

Elongation atBreak 8 % 6005-T5

2. GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF E-BICYCLE STEADILY GREW IN PAST DECADE

Chart – 1:E-BicycleUsageGrewOverYears

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 13 Issue: 03 | Mar 2026 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

From 2000 to 2023, the adoption of e-bicycle had a slow growthrateincreasingfrom0.1%to6%bytheendof2013 due to advancement in technology. The product gained momentum “between” (2014 to 2019), with rapid urbanization and a growing concern for climate issues drivingusageupto22%by2019.TheCOVID-19pandemic in2020causedafurtherincreasesindemand,reaching30% and beyond. E-bike adoption reached its peak at 50% by 2023,establishingitselfasatransportation.

3. DESIGN OF THE E-BICYCLE

3.3.2. Type – Total Deformation

Up to 0.329 mm of movement happens near open edges. Thatshiftshowswhereflexibilitymattersmostunderload

Fromonesidetotheother,movementshiftsbetween0.041 mmand0.329mm.Thisstretchisn’tevenacrossbothends. Onedirectionpullsharderthantheopposite.Thechangein shapefollowsatiltedpath.Unequalforcebendsitoffcenter Just0.047percentshiftacrossthepart’sfullspanshowedit holdsfirmwhenpushed.Thattinybendprovedthestructure meetsrigidityspecsunderload.

3.3.1. Type - Equivalent (Von – Mises) Stress

Lowest stress levels dropped near zero in areas without load. Moving into key sections, pressure shifted sharplydown from nearly 193 MPa to just over 21 MPa across changingzones.

Underthelimitofstructuralsteel’syieldstrength-between 250and355megapascals-thestressesstaywithinelastic behavior. Sharp changes in shape likely cause those concentrated spots. Fatigue often begins where the form turnsabruptly.

Whatstandsoutisthattheshiftinpositionstayedunderhalf amillimeter-tightenoughforexactingsteelfits.Movement likethatdoesn’tmessupfineconstructionwork.Evenslight changesmatterhere.Theframeheldfirmwhereitneeded to.

3.3.3. Type – Safety Factor

Criticalsafetyfactor1.297foundatstresshotspots Optimumsafetyfactorover15forbulkmaterials

Findingaglobalsafetyfactorabove1.0doesn’tautomatically ruleouttroublespots.Wherelocalvaluesnear1.3popup, fatigue effects might need extra scrutiny. Because stress repeats can weaken materials over time, checking cyclical forcesbecomesnecessaryevenifoverallmarginslookfine. Safetyisn'tuniform-highpointselsewheredon’tguarantee weakzonesstayintact.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 13 Issue: 03 | Mar 2026 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Stresshits192.72MPaunderload.Thematerialhandlesup to250MPabeforeriskrises.Thatleavesasafetybufferof nearly30%.Strengthstayswithinlimitsbecauseofthisgap

Ashiftupto0.329mmshowsonepeak.Anotherreacheshalf a millimeter. Nearly a third of the total stretches under strain.Alittleaboveonepointtwoninesevenisthesmallest safety margin when set to one. That change means nearly thirtypercentmoreroombeforereachinglimit.

4. CONCLUSIONS

To sum up, the available literature on the solar e-bicycles promotestheenthusiasmintherealizationofcleanenergy sources in personal mobility. Such bicycles are able to minimize the consumption of energy from the national powergridandaremoreefficientinpromotingtravel.From the light weight structures to the creative ways of storing energy, we have seen cases of many approaches to improvement of performance and function. The clinical studiesconductedonthesolare-bikesfurtherstrengthens theargumentthatsuchsystemsaresuitableforthosewho are trying to be green in the modern society. As the requirements of the cities to provide urban mobility in a moreenvironmentallyfriendlymannerrise,solare-bicycles emergeasa highstandard means of transport integrating comfort,safeusageandenergyefficiency.Thereisalotmore that can be done in this area and we hope that it will encouragemanyotherstoadoptgreentransportsolutions thuscontributingtoabetterandclearerworld.

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