International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 13 Issue: 01 | Jan 2026
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Comparing the wall construction techniques in the Hilly Region of Nepal and India: A Study of Traditional Practices Ar.Krishma Kandel1 1 Architect, Baha Spatial Agency, Nepal ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Himalayan hill settlements in Nepal and India
employed in vernacular construction within Nepal towards making technology more adaptable towards earthquakes. (Sryahwapublications, 2024)
employ stone–timber wall systems that have evolved in response to climate, terrain, and earthquakes. This paper compares traditional wall construction in Jumla, Nepal and Uttarakhand, India, focusing on typologies such as Jumli stone masonry and timber-laced systems including KathKuni and Koti Banal. A comparative review of published documentation and the typical assemblies from case study on Jumla is used to identify structural features that influence seismic performance, including timber bands/courses, interlocking corners, and flexible connections that improve energy dissipation. The obtained results through literature studies of Uttarakhand architecture and case studies of Jumla are then analyzed. The study highlights vulnerabilities where continuous tying and wall-to-floor/roof anchorage are limited and where heavy roof terraces increase seismic demand. Based on the comparison, the paper proposes context-sensitive strengthening measures and demonstrates their application through a conceptual socio-cultural community center that retains vernacular materiality while improving safety.
The magnificence of Sinja Valley, where the richest gifts of nature are scattered and where Nepalese culture is very much blended with natural beauty forming the most important highlights of Jumla. Nested around one river Hima of Karnali district, Sinja which lies at an elevation of 2500 m above the sea level and inhabited by Jumli people who promote Khaas language as their indigenous language. (Sinja Valley: Historical legacy and challenges, 2024) In India, earthquake resistance is ensured through ingenious use of locally available materials such as timber and stone in techniques such as Kath Kuni, Koti Banal and Dhajji. Similarly, Nepal’s hilly areas have a variety of building techniques that uses stone, mud and wood to suit the specific needs of the terrain and climate. Centuries old traditional ways like timber-laced stone masonry or use of rammed earth walls provide lasting stability. (Lipika, 2021)
Key Words: Vernacular architecture, stone masonry, timber lacing, Kath-Kuni, Koti Banal, Jumla, Uttarakhand, seismic resilience
1.1 Traditional Construction Techniques in Hilly, India
1. INTRODUCTION
Starting from Tons-Yamuna river in the west, Uttarakhand, situated in north India reaches until Kali river in the east. The state is bounded by Supin, Tons and Yamuna rivers to its west and Himachal Pradesh. Southwards it extends up to western Uttar Pradesh plains while Tibet lies on its northern side. Its rich natural beauty, diverse flora and fauna along with sacred temples and monasteries have made it a popular destination for tourists, pilgrims, hermits, writers, environmentalists and naturalists. (Uttarakhand summary, 2022)
Vernacular architecture can be defined as a type of local or regional construction, using traditional materials and resources from the area where the building is located. (Camilla, 2020) As such, it is always site-specific and acknowledges the geographical features and cultural values of its surroundings. It becomes unique to different parts of the world and thus serves as a strong identity marker for many nations. (Contributors, 2024) Hilly regions in Nepal and India are known for their steep slopes, extreme climatic variations, and rich traditional heritage which have resulted in the development of different wall constructions that are both functional and resilient. (Chawha Vrushali, Kamal Mohammad, 2024). Seismic activity and harsh winters are some common challenges faced by these regions hence construction methods should ensure durability, thermal comfort and safety. (Vernacular architecture of Nepal, 2022). This study seeks to compare traditional wall constructions in hilly areas between both countries with special reference to Nepalese techniques in relation to how they can be
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The area has several old temples and buildings that reflect the local culture as well as topography of land available materials geo-climatic conditions and seismic activity. The architectural styles of Garhwal as well as Kumaon regions within Uttarakhand are influenced by distinct languages spoken there. India is famous for its rich heritage which covers all aspects of life; be it culture, religion or cuisine among others. One significant aspect of this heritage is found in
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