International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 06 | Jun 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Cold-Formed High Strength Steel Columns: A Comprehensive Review of Structural Performance and Design Approaches Saumiyaa K S1, Amali D2 1Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem – 636 011,
Tamil Nadu, India
2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem – 636 011, Tamil
Nadu, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------2. LITERATURE REVIEW Abstract - This literature review analyzes ten studies on the structural behavior of high strength steel tubular and welded sections under compression, bending, and post-fire conditions. The research highlights that current design codes are generally conservative for compact sections but often inaccurate for slender or fire-exposed members. Improved methods such as the Continuous Strength Method and modified Direct Strength Method have shown better accuracy in predicting structural performance. Post-fire studies further reveal that some design standards overestimate residual strength, especially for slender columns. Overall, the review emphasizes the need to refine existing design approaches to match the behavior of modern high strength steels and support the development of more reliable and efficient structural design practices.
2.1 Axial Compression Behavior This paper [1], experimentally investigates stub columns made from cold-formed high-strength steel (HSS) tubular sections with yield strengths of 700, 900, and 1,100 MPa. A total of 25 tests on SHS, RHS, and CHS sections were conducted to evaluate axial capacity, material properties, and geometric imperfections. The results were compared with various design codes, revealing that existing standards are conservative for compact sections but may underestimate or slightly overestimate strength for slender ones. A validated finite element model was developed, accounting for cold-forming effects, imperfections, and residual stresses. The model closely matched the experimental outcomes. The study also suggests that current yield slenderness limits, especially for CHS, may be too conservative for high-strength steels, recommending revised limits to better reflect actual performance.
Key Words: Axial Compression, Cold-formed steel, Design codes, Finite Element Analysis, High strength steel, Post fire behavior, Structural Performance
1.INTRODUCTION
2.2 YSt–310 Stub Column Behavior
Cold-formed steel (CFS) is a versatile and increasingly popular material in modern construction and manufacturing. Unlike hot-rolled steel, which is shaped at high temperatures, CFS undergoes a "cold-working" process, typically roll-forming or press-braking, at room temperature. This cold-working fundamentally alters the steel's mechanical properties.
This study investigates the structural performance of YSt– 310 cold-formed tubular steel stub columns (SHS and RHS) using both experiments and finite element analysis. Material properties were evaluated through microstructure analysis, hardness tests, and tensile tests on flat, corner, and weld specimens. Results showed enhanced strength in corner and weld regions due to cold-forming effects, though with reduced ductility.
High-strength cold-formed steel is produced by shaping steel at room temperature through processes like roll-forming or press-braking. This "cold working" significantly increases its yield strength (by 15-50%) and tensile strength, making it much stronger and more durable than hot-rolled steel, especially in the bent sections.
Authors in [2] show the carried out stub column tests and calibrated FE models were used to assess compressive capacity and compared against EC3, DSM, CSM, and modified DSM design methods. The study found existing codes to be conservative for slender sections, while the modified DSM gave more accurate predictions. Design recommendations were proposed to better suit YSt–310 cold-formed steel.
Its advantages include an excellent strength-toweight ratio, precise dimensional accuracy, and good corrosion resistance (often galvanized). These properties make it ideal for lightweight yet robust structures in residential and commercial construction, automotive parts, and appliances, offering benefits like reduced material and labor costs, faster construction, and enhanced safety.
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2.3 Local Buckling in HSS This paper [3] investigates the compressive and local buckling behavior of hot-finished and cold-formed high-
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