International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology(IRJET) Volume: 12 Issue: 11 | Nov2025 www.irjet.net
e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Climate Change Impacts: A Systematic Review and Trend Analysis Rahul Kumar1, Deepak Aggarwal2, Prince3 1Assistant Professor & HOD Civil, Department of Civil Engineering, SCET Ghaziabad, UP, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SCET Ghaziabad, UP, India 3B.Tech Civil Final Year Student, Department of Civil Engineering, SCET Ghaziabad, UP, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract -This study employed a comprehensive mixed-
productivity deepening global food insecurity and hindering sustainable development progress.
methods research design integrating systematic literature review, quantitative trend analysis, and qualitative thematic analysis to investigate the multifaceted effects of climate change on environmental systems, human health, and socioeconomic conditions. Secondary data were drawn from 70 peer-reviewed articles and international reports published between 2000 and 2025, selected via the PRISMA protocol to ensure scientific rigor and transparency. Quantitative data on climate indicators, such as global temperature anomalies, CO2concentration, and extreme weather frequency, were analyzed using descriptive statistics and long-term trend analysis. Qualitative data were subject to thematic analysis to categorize impacts across environmental, health, agricultural, and socio-economic themes, with findings validated through triangulation.
Ecological systems are also under severe strain, with projections indicating 15-37% of species could face extinction by 2050 due to accelerated biodiversity loss and habitat disruption. Compounding these physical risks is a parallel challenge in education, where policies may limit teacher flexibility and restrict the promotion of essential climate literacy among students. Understanding these accelerating trends is crucial for developing effective global policies and adaptation strategies.
Results confirm a critical global crisis, reporting a 1.20 C rise in global surface temperatures and CO2 levels at 421 ppm. Quantitative trends show a 30% increase in heatwaves and a 50% rise in heavy rainfall since the 1950s. Thematic analysis reveals severe impacts, including 250,000 additional deaths annually from heat stress and vectorborne diseases, 6% and 4% declines in global wheat and maize yields, and $200–$300 billion in annual socioeconomic losses. Key Words: Climate Change, Mixed-Methods, Systematic Review, Global Warming, Health Impacts, Socio-economic Effects, Adaptation, Mitigation. Fig 1. Effect of Climate Change
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1Impacts on Global Health and Human Survival
Climate change, primarily driven by industrialization and heavy reliance on fossil fuels, is an escalating global crisis with profound consequences for human and planetary health. Since the 1970s, human-induced climate change has been linked to over 150,000 deaths and more than 5.5 million Disability Adjusted Life Years annually, underscoring the severe public health burden.
The text identifies climate change as a profound threat to human existence, noting that anthropogenic changes since the 1970s have already claimed over 150,000 lives annually and resulted in 5.5 million Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). The rapid rise in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has exacerbated the greenhouse effect, altering risk exposure patterns globally.
The core mechanisms involve increased greenhouse gas emissions, driving global warming and changes confirmed by the IPCC, including rising temperatures, shifting rainfall, sea-level rise, and heightened extreme weather frequency. These climatic shifts directly threaten fundamental human needs like water, food, and shelter. Agriculture is critically vulnerable, with reduced crop
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Impact Factor value: 8.315
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Disease Transmission: Warming temperatures and extreme weather events have shifted the frequency and regional distribution of diseases. Policy and Action: The text highlights the importance of the 23rd Conference of Parties
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