International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 11 | Nov 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
A Review on Authentication and Key-Establishment Protocols in Internet of Vehicles Amiya Kumar Sahu1 1Asst. Professor, Department of Computer Science and Applications,
Sambalpur University, Odisha, India, ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Secure authentication mechanism and efficient
This review synthesizes the recent research works proposing authentication and key-establishment schemes for IoV. The objective is to provide a cohesive analysis that compares designs, identifies practical constraints, highlights empirical evaluation gaps, and lays out a research agenda that prioritizes deplorability.
Key-Establishment protocols are fundamental requirements for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). In addition, safety-critical messaging, high mobility, and device heterogeneity implies strict performance, privacy, and robustness constraints. This manuscript synthesizes the recent research contributions across five principal approaches, such as, hardware-rooted Physical Unclonable Function schemes, blockchain enabled decentralization and batch verification, anonymous or conditional-privacy protocols, edge/ UAV-assisted continuity and handover, and group/seamless handover schemes. We examine cryptographic primitives, protocol flows, claimed security properties, computational and communication costs, methodologies for evaluation, and practical deployment challenges. The review highlights recurring gaps— standardized adversary models, city-scale empirical evaluation, secure offload attestation, and transitional interoperability and proposes a concrete research agenda aimed at bridging the gap between theoretical proposals and real-world IoV deployments.
1.1 Methodology and corpus selection The selection criteria for the corpus were:
Key Words: Internet of Vehicles, Authentication, Key establishment, PUF, Blockchain, Edge computing, UAV, Privacy, Handover
The review works include PUF-based identity and multifactor protocols, blockchain batch-authentication and hybrid ledger handover approaches, anonymous and conditionalprivacy schemes, chaotic-map-based edge-assisted seamless handover protocols, and UAV-assisted authentication frameworks.
1. INTRODUCTION The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) augments vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) with roadside infrastructure, fog/edge computing, cloud services, and often aerial elements such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)[1]. Real-time safety applications, such as, collision warnings, cooperative adaptive cruise control, impose stringent latency and reliability requirements. At the same time, privacy concerns, for example, driver anonymity with conditional accountability, are of serious concern. Device heterogeneity, such as, resource-constrained on-board units, or OBUs, and resource-rich RSUs/edge, and high mobility with frequent handovers create a constrained design space for authentication and session key establishment [2, 3]. High vehicular mobility generates frequent handovers, while heterogeneous computational capabilities across OBUs, RSUs, and UAVs complicate protocol design. As emphasized in the reviewed corpus, designing secure yet lightweight authentication and key- establishment mechanisms within these constraints remains a central challenge for IoV deployments [4, 5].
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Impact Factor value: 8.315
Recent publications of last five years. Explicit proposal of an authentication and/or keyestablishment protocol targeted at IoV or vehicular networks. Availability of technical details including protocol flows and sufficient analysis to extract claimed computational or communication costs and security properties. Representation across the major recent directions: hardware-rooted PUFs, blockchain-assisted ledger designs, anonymous conditional-privacy schemes, edge/UAV-assisted handover protocols, and group/handover optimizations.
For each paper, we extracted the primitives used, the vehicle-side computational burden, communication overhead, claimed security properties, the type of formal analysis employed (if any), and the evaluation platform, simulator or testbed, or noted absence thereof. These extractions feed the comparative table and the cross-cutting analysis.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW Authentication protocols are fundamental to securing the Internet of Things (IoT), ensuring that only authorized entities can access data and services in highly diverse and resource-constrained environments [8, 9, 10]. Recent research strongly emphasizes lightweight, scalable, and
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