International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 12 Issue: 12 | Dec 2025
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e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072
A REVIEW OF COMPARATIVE STUDY OF HORIZONTAL STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR IN TALL BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTED USING VARIOUS CONCRETE GRADES Fazal Ahmad1, Mr. Ushendra Kumar2 1Master of Technology, Civil Engineering, Lucknow Institute of Technology, Lucknow, India 2Head of Department, Department of Civil Engineering, Lucknow Institute of Technology, Lucknow, India
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Abstract - Concrete’s high strength-to-weight ratio makes it
becoming a critical component of developing residential, commercial and mixed-use projects in contemporary urban settings.
a popular choice among builders of tall buildings due to its ability to resist heavy loads while providing ample vertical space. Tall building construction has increased exponentially over recent years and the resulting increased demand for understanding the horizontal structural response of these structures when subjected to wind or seismic forces necessitates an enhanced understanding of how the horizontal structural performance of tall buildings can be influenced by the properties of concrete used to build them. A number of factors that affect the overall lateral performance of tall structures include ductility, strength, stiffness, and strengthto-weight ratios; however, the most significant factor is likely the type of concrete selected (concrete grade). A review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the comparative effects of four types of concrete used in the construction of tall buildings (normal-strength concrete (NSC), high-strength concrete (HSC), high-performance concrete (HPC) and ultrahigh performance concrete (UHPC)) on both the horizontal structural performance characteristics of tall buildings and the lateral performance characteristics of tall buildings. In addition to reviewing previous studies involving both analytical and numerical approaches, this review included a review of previous experimental studies related to the use of different types of concrete in the construction of tall buildings.
1.2 Importance of Horizontal (Lateral) Structural Behavior in Tall Structures Due to the height and flexibility of tall structures, they are very sensitive to large horizontal or lateral displacements (caused by wind and earthquake forces) that can cause interstory drifts, dynamic vibrations, and potentially structural failure; therefore, excessive lateral movement in tall structures can create serviceability problems with the building, cause structural damage and be uncomfortable to people occupying the building. The safety and stability of tall structures can also be compromised by lack of sufficient lateral resistance if an extreme load event occurs (e.g., earthquake or hurricane). Thus, assessing and controlling horizontal structural behavior in tall buildings is a significant part of designing and assessing the performance of tall buildings.
1.3 Role of Concrete Grade in Influencing Structural Performance
Key Words: Tall buildings; Concrete grade; Lateral structural behavior; Seismic performance; Wind response; Performance-based design.
Concrete grade is one of the most influential parameters affecting the structural performance of tall buildings. It directly governs the mechanical properties of structural members and significantly impacts the overall response of the building under lateral loading conditions.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.3.1 Influence on Stiffness and Strength
1.1 Background on the Rapid Growth of Tall Buildings
Structural members made with higher strength grade concretes exhibit higher modulus of elasticity and compressive strengths; both are responsible for providing a stiffer structure that will carry larger loads and therefore provide less lateral displacement in the event of seismic or wind loading events. Stiffer structures also provide less inter-story drift as compared to softer structures. Higher strength concretes allow engineers to design structural members smaller than would be required if using lower strength concretes (assuming the same strength requirements), resulting in structurally more efficient designs.
The rapid rate of urban development has increased the need for effective use of available land in large cities due to growing populations. The limited land and increasing costs of that land are making it necessary for urban planners and developers to incorporate vertical development into their plans. This has resulted in an increase in the number of tall building projects in dense, metropolitan areas; the ability to develop these types of projects is also being made possible by advances in construction technology, materials science and computer-aided engineering. Tall buildings are
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