International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 13 Issue: 01 | Jan 2026
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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A Novel Approach to Non-Invasive Hemoglobin Estimation using Optical Sensor Rutuja Saharkar Student, Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Monitoring blood hemo globin (Hgb) levels is
the lungs to all of the body's tissues. Millions of individuals worldwide suffer from anemia, a disorder caused by the body's inability to properly distribute oxygen to its organs due to a lack of hemo globin. Anemia affects people of all ages and backgrounds, and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.6 billion people worldwide, or roughly 30% of the population, suffer from it.
crucial for a variety of illnesses' diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. An economical and effective hemo globin measurement method is becoming more and more in demand worldwide, especially in developing countries. This article provides a thorough review of several continuous, non-invasive hemo globin monitoring strategies, emphasizing those that employ embedded platforms for picture analysis. It also talks about the best non-intrusive method that may be used everywhere. There are still not many commercially feasible non-intrusive hemo globin monitors on the market, despite continuous attempts by research organizations. Compared to typical invasive procedures, non-invasive hemo globin monitoring techniques offer a number of benefits, such as a high accuracy rate of 90.9% and the removal of infection concerns related to blood samples and needles. Usually, these non-invasive methods make use of wearable sensors that can be affixed to the skin for ongoing monitoring, like a finger probe. This method is especially beneficial for broad use since it eliminates the need for intrusive procedures, which lessens patient discomfort and improves safety. An Arduino Uno (with an embedded system), a MAX30105 light-sensing diodephotodiode, several UV LEDs, a liquid crystal display (LCD), and an I2C are the hardware components that make up the system suggested in this study. This arrangement helps to overcome problems brought on by variations in blood volume brought on by cardiac cycles by enabling the computation of an average hemo globin concentration from samples collected over a one-minute period. Such devices may eventually give doctors access to real-time data, facilitating quicker diagnosis and treatment. This will be particularly helpful in urgent circumstances where prompt action can significantly impact patient outcomes.
Measuring hemoglobin levels precisely is crucial for diagnosis and treatment since anemia has a substantial negative influence on health. Invasive techniques like blood draws, which call for medical personnel to gather samples, have historically been used to evaluate hemoglobin content. Despite their effectiveness, these techniques have a number of disadvantages, such as the possibility of infection, discomfort for the patient, delays in receiving findings, and less compliance from those who require recurrent testing. With the advancement of medical technology in recent years, non-invasive hemo globin measurement techniques have been developed. Compared to conventional methods, these non-invasive methods—such as spectroscopy, pulse oximetry, and near-infrared light—offer a number of benefits. These techniques offer a quicker, safer, and more pleasant alternative to check patients' hemo globin levels without requiring blood samples. Systems for non-invasive hemo globin monitoring are very useful in a variety of clinical contexts, such as critical care, surgery, and the treatment of chronic illnesses. Healthcare providers may monitor a patient's condition continuously and in real time with these devices, eliminating the hazards and pain of repeated blood draws. Additionally, they are particularly helpful in places with low resources, where access to trained healthcare professionals or laboratory facilities may be restricted. Apart from its clinical uses, noninvasive devices also lower the danger of infection and crosscontamination, which makes them perfect for use in routine checkups or emergency scenarios.
Key Words: Non-Invasive, Hemoglobin, Embedded Platform, Arduino Uno, MAX30105, Liquid Crystal Display, I2C Module, PPG (Photoplethysmography), Multiple LED’s, Optical Sensor
1. INTRODUCTION Blood is a crucial part of the human body that performs several vital tasks that keep us alive. It circulates throughout the body to maintain body temperature, send signals to different organs, and provide nutrition, hormones, and oxygen. A key component of this process is hemo globin, a protein present in red blood cells that carries oxygen from
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