International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 06 | Jun 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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A Comprehensive Review of Passive and Semi-Active Dampers in Earthquake-Resistant Design Shyam Sundar V1, Sudha K2 1Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem-11
Professor CAS, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Salem-11 -------------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Abstract— In recent years, the demand for enhanced
of earthquake. The seismic waves generated by the sudden release of energy radiate outwards from the earthquake’s epicenter, causing the ground to shake.
structural safety under dynamic loads such as earthquakes and wind has led to significant advancements in vibration control technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive overview and comparative analysis of various damping systems including viscous dampers, friction dampers, tuned mass dampers (TMDs), tuned liquid dampers (TLDs), magnetorheological (MR) dampers, and hybrid control systems. Studies reveal that passive control systems like TMDs and viscous dampers are effective in reducing seismic responses by dissipating kinetic energy, with viscous dampers showing optimal performance when strategically placed using mass-proportional distribution. Active and semi-active systems, such as MR and hybrid dampers, offer real-time adaptability with minimal power requirements, making them suitable for structures experiencing variable or intense excitations. Additionally, multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs) demonstrate superior efficiency over single TMDs due to their robustness against frequency shifts. The importance of proper placement, tuning, and consideration of soil-structure interaction is emphasized to maximize damping efficiency. This study consolidates findings across literature and experimental data, highlighting that the integration of tailored damping solutions is vital for resilient, performance-based structural design.
The impact of an earthquake can range from minor tremors that go unnoticed to catastrophic events that result in significant destruction, loss of life, and economic damage. The severity of an earthquake’s effects depends on the various factors, including its magnitude, depth, distance from populated areas, local geology, and the response of the buildings and the infrastructure due to shaking. Seismic analysis refers to the process of evaluating the response of the structures to seismic waves or vibrations. It involves studying the behavior of the structures, such as buildings, bridges, dams and other infrastructure under seismic forces, which are generated by earthquake. The primary goal of seismic analysis is to ensure that structures can withstand the shaking and ground motion caused by earthquake and remain functional after seismic events.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Viscous Dampers in Seismic Control This study investigates the impact of viscous dampers on reducing the vibrations experienced by structures during seismic events. By using nonlinear dynamic analysis in ETABS, the research evaluates how fluid viscous dampers affect structural responses such as displacement, base shear, and velocity. The study focuses particularly on eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) and demonstrates that incorporating viscous dampers significantly improves their seismic performance. The findings reveal that these dampers enhance energy dissipation and structural resilience, especially under near-fault earthquakes. The work also explores how damping affects the first mode of vibration and suggests distributing dampers based on story shear rather than equally. Overall, the research
Index Terms— Seismic Vibration Control, Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD), Friction Dampers, Magnetorheological (MR) Dampers, Earthquake Engineering, Structural Control Systems, Structural Dynamics.
1.INTRODUCTION An earthquake is a natural phenomenon characterized by the shaking or trembling of the Earth’s surface. It occurs when two tectonic plates, which are constantly moving, become locked or struck due to friction at their boundaries, stress accumulates over time. When the stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, it is released in the form
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