Let's start the history of Haiti by drawing the island in the Caribbean. An island divided in half between two countries: Dominican Republic and Haiti. Haiti, the only nation to have a slave revolution that takes power. The only nation to have Blacks in power in the Americas. The only society to accomplish the ideals of the French Revolution: Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Haiti, the first independent nation of Latin America. It was also the first nation to abolish slavery in the Americas. Brazil was the last country to abandon the exploitation of slave labor. From 1791 to 1804, the process of Haitian independence develops, fighting against troops of Napoleon (in full expansion of its Empire). For its defiance and threat to the colonial and slave regime, Haiti was isolated politically and economically. Until a few decades ago, it paid debt to France for its independence. Under US military power, the island is in the United States’ "backyard" and is the target of US marines several times during the 20th century.
Haiti: a country practically excluded from financial capitalism but within the geopolitical game of military control. USA, Brazil, France, Canada, Spain, and the European Union, through the peace keeping mission of the United Nations, currently militarily occupy Haiti "assuring its political stability." Brazil made Haiti its own laboratory for the military occupation of favelas, using this control technology in taking Complexo do Alemão in Rio de Janeiro. There are always new diagrams of control being drawn between countries and regions of America and the world. Against this wave of occupation, Haitian people rise in a contemporary struggle for a real democracy. A struggle against electoral fraud, foreign occupation, and biopolitical submission. In this cartography we try to draw these invisible threads between forces, fluxes, and happenings, using the symbol of Haiti as a historical resistance against the process of domination.
Voodo
The colony of Saint-Domingue was producing 40% of the world's sugar in 1789. The "Pearl of the Antilles" was the most important French colony. It was the most prosperous of the colonies in the Caribbean. All this was based on the manual slave labor (plantation). In the island of Santo Domingo, the Black slaves represented 90% of the population. [1] In this context, the colony rebels from inside out, from the bottom up. Under the leadership of Toussaint Louverture, a selfeducated slave, rebellions spread across the island, confiscating all the fazendas (plantations) and killing almost all the white colonizers. A slave uprising took power. Nothing is that easy or so simple. A long process of struggle is established, through a succession of leaders and battles against internal and external oppressors. For more than 10 years, between political and social alliances, the great enemy remains to be defeated: France.
NOU PAP OBEYI One of the chapters of the project Emergency Exit created by Daniel Lima and Felipe Teixeira, documents the processes of demonstration and resistance, and the political debate in search of the cancellation of the Haitian presidential elections of 2016.
http://www.danielcflima.com/Haiti---Nou-Pap-Obeyi
Haitianism and white fear
Rogozinski, Jan (1999). A Brief History of the Caribbean. Revised ed. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3811-2.
BRAZIL QUILOMBO A documentary series by the collective Policy of the Impossible between 2009 and 2010, in which the conceptions of Urban and Rural Quilombo in Brazil is discussed, through social practices in the states of São Paulo, Pernambuco and Maranhão. https://youtu.be/H4syNVCm-E
Rio de Janeiro
http://novosestudos.uol.com.br/v1/files/uploads/contents/97/20080627_sedicoes_haitianismo.pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281464561_Haitianismo_em_perspectiva_comparativa_Brasil_e_Cuba_secs_XVIII-XIX Tradução livre de Daniel Lima da canção A Revolução Não Será Televisionada de Gil Scott Heron em https://youtu.be/Fko0jXCsT74?t=19m9s
Morro da Providência
The Hill of Providence, the first favela of Rio de Janeiro (1910), on a stone cliff, remains today without the basic services of sewers, water supplies, electricity, health, housing, etc.
NOW WE ARE ALL BLACKS!
the largest black city outside Africa
Haitianismo had its most expressive representation in Rio de Janeiro, the largest black city outside Africa, capital of the Empire. How to maintain order? How to keep track of a majority by a minority? “One of the few exceptions occurred in Rio de Janeiro, in 1805, when ‘o Ouvidor do Crime’ ordered to rip from the breasts of some cabras and Creoles forros, the portrait of Desalinas [sic], the Black Emperor on the island of São Domingos. And what else was remarkable was that those same black men were employed in the militia troops in Rio de Janeiro, where they cleverly maneuvered artillery.” Today this city carries the marks of a slave-holding society that determined the regions, flows, and destinations of its Black population. One of these destinations was created despite these elites. It was created moving up the hills, sketching a new geography for the city.
Favelas: population of the enemy army https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281464561_Haitianismo_em_perspectiva_comparativa_Brasil_e_Cuba_secs_XVIII-XIX
After the late abolition of slavery in 1888, the Black population, abandoned to its luck without a social and economic structure to host it, migrates to urban areas. In the process, the Brazilian Government stimulates the arrival of European and Japanese immigrants to Brazil so they can "whiten" the nation. From the beginning of industrialization in the cities, jobs are now occupied by immigrants. Blacks are relegated to informal work and marginalization. It is no wonder that even today domestic service is the largest category of work in Brazil, among many examples. In this context favelas are born. The Morro da Providência is the oldest favela and it is responsible for the name that identifies this process of living and the pracarity of life - soldiers from the war of Canudos (1896 to 1897), nicknamed the Morro da Providencia a "favela," a
ARCHITECTURE OF EXCLUSION Documentary about the construction of walls executed by the State of Rio de Janeiro around the favela Santa Marta and implementation there of the first UPP in 2008. How does Carnival and police control relate to the construction of the idea of Racial Democracy? How can the extreme control over certain populations be accompanied by the image construction of freedom and joy? https://youtu.be/nUZBkMDm8zU
French Revolution All men are equal and free ... and women, blacks and the indigenous as well?
July 14, 1789, Paris, France: The Bastille (a Parisian prison and symbol of the monarchy) falls, marking the beginning of the French Revolution. On August 26, 1789 the National Constituent Assembly publishes the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which declared that all men were free and equal. Can it be? This principle is the basis of all modern republics and also their fallacy and hypocrisy. Especially in the colonized world across the planet where the right to citizenship is reserved for a small section (few, privileged and white) of society. Returning to the famous Revolution: in 1792 the French Republic is proclaimed; the head of King Louis XVI of France is cut in 1793; and in 1799, after upheavals of various political factions, Napoleon, then General, stages a coup and establishes himself as supreme ruler.
USA and its influence
In the 90s we have the return, albeit difficult, albeit tortuous, of democracy to Haiti. The Salesian priest JeanBertrand Aristide was elected president in 1990. After being in and out of power, he breaks free of commercial agreements with the United States. He creates an uncomfortable relationship with them; in a complex political process that culminates with the kidnapping of Aristide in the early morning hours of February 28, 2004 by U.S. military personnel, they remove the democratically elected Government of Haiti and take Aristide to the heart of Africa. It is a political kidnapping which was legitimized later by international communities, the United Nations in particular.
In 1805 in the Haitian Constitution in article 14, reads: "All citizens, going forward, will be known by the generic name of Blacks." A visionary design that today carries the possibility of unification of the fractional struggle of all After the independence of Haiti, the fear of slave revolts spread across America. disadvantaged – which are constantly and systematically Haitianismo and white fear express the threat felt by colonial elites in all excluded from the hegemonic white, colonizing world. countries of the Americas that were sustained by the regime of slavery. Everyone feared that the slave revolt would spread within its borders. They In a world where most individuals are subjected to the feared that its enslaved population would rebel and take power, as in Haiti. precariousness of life, unite. Women, mestizos, “In 1814, after an uprising in Itapoã Salvador – cruelly repressed – traders denounced that ‘slaves spoke openly of their revolts, commenting on the events in Haiti’, and shouted 'Freedom! Long live the black and their King!’ Death Blacks, Northeasterners, indigenous, to the whites and mulattoes!’. In Recife of 1817, a Commander said: ‘the example of Hispaniola is so awful and is still so recent that it alone will be enough transgender, let us unite. to bring down the owners of this continent ’”... “According to some historians, haitianismo would have been responsible for ‘catalyzing’ social forces scattered through the vast territory of Portuguese America, creating ‘a compromise solution with the metropolis’ which ended with the adoption of the monarchical regime Unite cabecitas negras! in 1822. This is an idea, once again corroborated by Brazilian experts in slavery, that characterizes the end of the colonial period and the first decades of the Brazilian Empire as a moment in which a ‘great fear’ would have prevailed by the slaveholders, at all times concerned with the possibility of rebellion by their captives.” This white fear permeates every aspect of America's societies, creating complex systems of control of their populations. The masses need to be controlled and the knowledge and awareness of its condition need to be prevented. Education denied. The memoirs of invisibilized history and culture. Its self-image trampled. Walls in cities were and are made visible and invisible, preventing social and geographic traffic. And in cognitive capitalism, these walls are meant to repeatedly build negative images about Blackness. “Slaves, tricksters, and thieves will not be the face of my nation!”
In 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte sends a huge fleet of warships, full of French soldiers, to retake the island and restore the system of slavery. Between the various agreements (& political corruption), the French come to dominate rebel Haiti. But, in 1803, when the conservative intentions of the French were clear to all, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, a former slave from Guiné, turns the tide and defeats the Napoleonic troops. “The last battle of the Haitian revolution, the battle of Vertières, occurred on November 18, 1803, near CapHaitien. It was fought between Haitian rebels led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the French colonial army under the Viscount of Rochambeau's leadership. On January 1, 1804, from the city of Gonaïves, Dessalines officially declared the former colony's independence, renaming it ‘Haiti’ after the indigenous Arawak name. This loss was a decisive blow to France and its colonial empire.” https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Haitiana
President Aristide kidnapped at dawn by the USA
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Haitiana#cite_note-16
Slave Revolt
Today and always Haiti represents symbolically the ‘quilombo’ (maroon), the resistance and struggle. The concept of Urban Quilombo needs to be updated, needs to be occupied, populated by actions and policies – the maroon, as the prospect of a world more in our own way, as the prospect of a transformation of hegemonic rules of the societies in which we live. Every police van is a slave ship and every ghetto may be an urban quilombo. And here as there, the fight is for democracy. We will not obey!
NEW DIASPORAS New Diasporas: Haiti Episode was a project undertaken in June 2016 by Invisible Productions, with the support of the Goethe Institut and the Heinrich Böll Stiftung, focusing on South-South (i)migration within Brazil and Haiti.
Voodoo, an African-American religion, was instrumental in the empowerment of the Haitian population in the war for independence, the slave revolt that takes power. “The signal to begin the revolt was given by Dutty Boukman, a high priest of Voodoo and leader of the Maroon slaves, during a religious ceremony at Bois Caïman on the evening of August 14, 1791. Within 10 working days, the slaves had taken control of the entire northern province in an unprecedented slave revolt. The whites kept control of only a few isolated fortified camps.” Voodoo is also used as a symbol of national identity by the dictatorships of Papa Doc and Baby Doc; at the same time, Voodoo has been historically demonized, reproduced in large part to represent haitianismo, along with white fear in relation to Haiti across America. Afro-Brazilian religions as well were demonized for not being part of the scope nor: bowing down to the mythology of Judeo-Christian religiosity. Voodoo today appears again at the center of political demonstrations. A Voodoo ritual began in Cité Soleil: the manifestation that canceled presidential elections in January 2016. An empowerment ritual, a rite for a population "without fear." What can a population do without fear?
War against Napoleon
The third US President Thomas Jefferson, “owner” of more than 600 enslaved Blacks, author of the US Declaration of Independence in 1776, refused to recognize the independence of Haiti. In agreement with France and Spain, the US Congress created an embargo, preventing trade with Haiti. As Eduardo Galeano writes in his article “The White Curse”: “Thomas Jefferson, hero of freedom and slave owner, warned that Haiti was giving a bad example, and said that we should 'confine the plague to this island.’ His country heard him. The United States took 60 years to diplomatically recognize the most free of Nations.” The 20th century witnesses a period of direct military intervention by the United States against Haiti. In 1915, 330 marines land in Port-au-Prince to defend the interests of the Haitian American Sugar Company, a North American sugar production company, and at the same time ensure their control and area of influence. Again Galeano points out:“In 1915, the Marines landed in Haiti. They stayed 19 years. The first thing they did was take the Customs and the Tax Collection Office. The occupying army withheld the Haitian President's salary until he signed the liquidation of the Bank of the Nation, which became a branch of the City Bank of New York. The President and all other Blacks were forbidden from entering hotels, restaurants, and exclusive clubs of the foreign occupying power. The occupiers did not dare to re-establish slavery, but imposed forced labor for the building of public works. And they killed a lot of people. It was not easy to quell the fires of resistance. The guerrilla chief Charlemagne Péralte was exhibited in the public square, crucified to a door, to teach the people a lesson.” The last contingent of Marines departed on August 15, 1934 after a formal transfer of power and return of the control over customs to Haiti. “The occupiers withdrew leaving a National Guard, which they had created, in their place to exterminate any possible trace of democracy. They did the same in Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. Some time later, Duvalier was the Haitian equivalent of Somoza and Trujillo.” The United States performed other military interventions in Haiti over the course of the 20th century. And so the evil influence of the United States spread beyond its "backyard." The US Government starts to promote military coups throughout Latin America in the second half of the 20th century. https://www.monticello.org/site/plantation-and-slavery/property
Haitian immigration Earthquake
With the capital in ruins, economic destabilization and lack of employment, Haitians began to look outside of the country in search of new opportunities. In illegal conditions, aided by coyotes, thousands of Haitians have embarked upon the path of immigration, across 4 countries: Dominican Republic, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru, until finally entering Brazil through the state of Acre, in the extreme north. In 2012, through normative resolution No. 97 of the National Immigration Council (CNIg), Brazil began to grant humanitarian visas to Haitians as a consequence of the environmental disaster. The humanitarian visa is a special category of protection that allows Haitians to stay in Brazil, to seek employment, and to have the same rights as any legal foreigner. According to the National Immigration Council (CNIg), currently there are approximately 80,000 Haitians in Brazil.
The Brazilian disappointment
http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo/0,,MUL1456904-5602,00TEMOR+DE+FUGA+EM+MASSA+PREOCUPA+AUTORIDADES+DO+HAITI.html
In 2016 a new phenomenon is observed: Haitians are starting a new migration flow from Brazil. With the slowdown of economic growth and the high rate of unemployment, the devaluation of the real against the dollar (which makes it harder to send funds to relatives in Haiti), Haitian immigrants are leaving Brazil. The solution they found was to make their way back by way of Acre but, this time, to try to get into the United States, or migrate to Chile.
UPP: Peacemaking Police?
The geography of Rio de Janeiro, as well as several other cities in America, is a structured around the coast, not concentric. Then the region of the South next to the coast is the privileged region historically, the northern region being historically neglected of public power. No wonder the UPPs were initially implemented in the South. The Unidades de Polícias Pacificadoras (Peacemaking Police Units)… The UPPs proved as yet another manifestation of the police state in Brazil. Implemented in 2008, the UPPs reinforce the idea that the police is the center of the social debate and must mediate all conflicts within a community. Proof of this is that one of the absurd proposals, in progress, put in the hands of the police the responsibility for the monitoring school attendance. The police state invades society with its tentacles. The UPP New Brasilia in Complexo do Alemão was installed within a public school that serves middle and high school students. We see the project's failure of a pacifying police involved in several cases of violence and humiliation. We see again, behind the veil of pacification, the same police force that historically has been racist, authoritarian and lethal.
thorny plant that covered the hill on which the soldiers stayed while in Canudos. The favelas have marked the city of Rio de Janeiro and were invisible until a few decades ago. They were not reflected in official maps nor in official figures. Serving as a "deposit" of cheap labor for the operation of the city. In the census of 2010, residents of favelas in Rio de Janeiro account, for 22% of the population of the city. Long before, with the arrival of the cycle of drug trafficking, the favela had become a stereotype of armed confrontation by the drug trade. “With the growth of international drug trafficking and the consolidation of Rio de Janeiro as a fundamental route in international trafficking, there is a process of affirmation of control of the favelas by more experienced assailants. Groups that will grow as criminal gangs will reinstate their power and, to defend their territory, begin to get more and more heavy weapons. The police, taking their turn, begin to assert more and more the need to have heavy weapons to confront these groups. An arms race starts, which involves the different groups and police forces. The logic of war begins to resound throughout relationship of the State with these criminal groups, the key terrain,
this same Papa Doc Within geopolitical Baby Doc trajectory, a violent
the key arena being, the favelas. What is the population of the favelas to the State, today still? It is the civilian population of the enemy army. It's a war of annihilation. And the population of the favelas suffers the ‘side effects’ of this process of war. The logic of combating drug trafficking is made from a specific place, against a specific subject: Black kids, poor, from the outskirts and the slums. This is the logic. So, when there's a definition of the crime, the definition of the criminal, and you place the full weight of the State in the strategy to reduce the access of this group to users, you end up building a genocidal policy.” Jailson de Souza, Observatory of Favelas in the movie Architecture of Exclusion. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUZBkMDm8zU http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/reformuladas-upps-acompanharao-frequencia-escolar-de-jovens-oferecerao-atividades-15550530#ixzz4M1z3BIZC http://apublica.org/2015/11/no-alemao-quem-ocupa-escola-e-a-upp/
Vengeful France
France charged dearly with a humiliation imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte
“France did not forgive the impertinence and loss of earnings: 800 destroyed sugar plantations, 3,000 lost coffee estates. A brutal trade blockade was imposed. In 1825, in return for recognizing Haitian independence, France demanded indemnity on a staggering scale: 150 million gold francs, five times the country's annual export revenue... Haiti must pay for its freedom, and pay it did, through the nose, for the next 122 years. Even when the total indemnity was reduced to 90 million francs, Haiti remained crippled by debt. The country took out loans from US, German, and French banks at exorbitant rates... Weighed down by this financial burden, Haiti was born almost bankrupt. In 1900 some 80% of the national budget was still being swallowed up by debt repayments... The debt was not paid off until 1947. By then, Haiti's economy was hopelessly distorted, its land deforested, mired in poverty, politically and economically unstable, prey equally to the caprice of nature and the depredations of autocrats. Seven years ago, the Haitian Government demanded restitution from Paris to the tune of nearly $22 billion (including interest) for the gunboat diplomacy that had helped to make it the poorest country in the western hemisphere.” In 2015, the first official visit of a French Head of State to Haiti by President François Hollande promised to It is interesting to note that the end of Haiti's pay a “moral debt” to Haiti. debt coincides with the beginning of http://www.irdeb.ba.gov.br/evolucaohiphop/?p=1356 http://www.voxeurop.eu/pt/content/article/174701-franca-culpas-do-colonizador independence of French colonies in Africa and the payment of its debts to colonial France. “As I am writing this article [2014], 14 African countries are obliged by France, through a colonial pact, to put 85% of its foreign reserve at the Central Bank of France under the control of the French Minister of Finance. So far, Togo and about 13 other African countries still have to pay the debt to colonial France. African leaders who refuse are killed or victims of coup... Actually, it's because of the total French control over most francophone Africa's finances that no French President (from de Gaulle to Hollande) needed authorization from its Parliament Currently Haiti is living in a struggle for (National Assembly) or budget release to democracy. At the same time that it is perform any of the 52 raids promoted in Africa ensuring democratic elections, Minustah over the past 54 years. The resource creates a manipulation of the results in requirements are met by the African money the heart of the process. The Core deposited in their banking establishments, Group, an occupation group along with employed, as well, to invade Africa and Brazil, Canada, France, Spain, United ensure even more agricultural and mineral States and the European Union is resources for the French.” accused of modifying the numbers of the http://www.siliconafrica.com/france-colonial-tax/ http://www.opovo.com.br/app/opovo/mundo/2014/01/04/noticiasjornalpresidential election according to their mundo,3185785/franca-a-invasao-como-modelo-de-uma-politicaexterna.shtml interests. http://www.ocnus.net/artman2/publish/Editorial_10/Africans-Pay-For-The-BulIn 2016 we follow a popular uprising against lets-The-French-Use-To-Kill-Them_printer.shtml the manipulation that has already determined past elections. The pressure resulted in the cancellation of the presidential election and new elections scheduled for October 2016.
dictatorship was implemented in Haiti headed by physician François Duvalier nicknamed Papa Doc (daddy doctor), elected in 1957 but became "President for life" in 1964. Later, in 1971 his son Baby Doc assumes dictatorial power at 19 years of age. The violence of this dictatorship remains a part of the history of massacres within America. Washington supports the 30-year dictatorship of the Duvaliers, against the feared spread of communism (Cold War). The dictatorship in Haiti marks a string of dictatorships that were sown throughout Central and South America, with direct participation of the United States. Direct oppression lasted until 1986, when after a year of strong popular protests, Baby Doc is forced into exile in France. In 1990 the hope of democracy arises when free elections led to the Presidency of Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Ironically, Papa Doc and Baby Doc brought an appreciation of African culture, creating close cultural relations between Haiti and Africa.
in 2010: more than 200,000 dead
In 2010, an earthquake of 7.3 degrees on the Richter scale struck the capital Port-auprince and left 200,000 dead (estimated numbers) and more than 1 million homeless. Brazil announces aid package for the reconstruction of the country. The United States fears mass migration of Haitians to the country. Brazil seeks to send 900 more troops to Haiti. The U.N. Secretary General recommends more than 3,500 military personnel.
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We Will Not Obey
Urban Quilombo
The debt of former French colonies in Africa
UN and the Core Group
Minustah: military occupation In 2004, after the removal of President Aristide from power, the U.N. determines that there must be a process of political stabilization of Haiti. The Brazilians, invited to be a protagonist in this stabilization mission, head the Minustah (United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti) - the U.N. military occupation of Haiti- and operates the largest military contingent. U.N. troops remain until today, after 12 years, as the main instrument of the country's police. A military occupation that is present in the history of America. What is the pacification by Rio de Janeiro police but a military occupation? What were the occupations of the communes of Medellín other than military occupations? All were military occupations to control an American population, Black and poor.
And these control technologies in urban combat are exported and shared among Governments. In the words of the Brazilian Ambassador in Haiti, Igor Kipman, “Haiti is a lab for us in the military and civil areas, of Government, and of civil society.” Minustah has served as a laboratory for military occupation of favelas in Brazil. With in the ranks of army soldiers that occupied and policed the Complexo do Alemão, a large part were trained by Minustah in Haiti. Of those 2000 soldiers, approximately 700 had already pointed their guns at Haitians. Journalists, activists, researchers, and community leaders denounce endless violence, arbitrariness and humiliation by Minustah troops against the Haitian population.
Current election situation
“In January 2016, the Government backed down and canceled the 2nd round that was scheduled for the same month between the official party candidate Jovenel Moise (PHTK) and the opposition Jude Celestin (LAPEH), facing great public pressure. President Martelly’s term came to an end on February 7 and the country was without a Government for more than 20 days until Congress elected the President of the Senate, Jocerleme Privert for 120 days... The CEP (Provisional Electoral Council) canceled the October 25, 2015 presidential election
and called new elections for October 9 2016 with the same 54 candidates that were registered. During this process, many candidates have made alliances with others, and only 27 were presented to the debate. Only 4 of the 27 have real chances of winning: Moise Jovenel (PHTK), Jude Celestin (LAPEH), Moise Jean Charles (Pitit Dessalines) and Maryse Narcisse (Fanmi Lavalas). The vote in Haiti is not mandatory.” https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2016/09/16/eleicoes-haitianas-os-desafios-de-um-pais-em-crise-institucional/
Texts, drawings and design: Daniel Lima Coleção Urgência Research: Daniel Lima, Felipe Teixeira, and Raquel Borges Collaboration: Raquel Borges, Eduardo Marchesan, and Élida Lima Photo/Images: Daniel Lima, Frente 3 de Fevereiro, and Política do Impossível Project is supported in part by the Getty Foundation as part of the initiative Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA and the participating exhibition Talking to Action: Art, Pedagogy, and Activism curated by Bill Kelley, Jr. and presented by Ben Maltz Gallery at Otis College of Art and Design, Los Angeles. Supported by Goethe Institut São Paulo, Boell Stifund, Atelie 397. English/Spanish translations by Celia Rocha, Rebecca Zamora and Bill Kelley, Jr. Download this and other publications in issuu.com/invisiveisproducoes Presented by
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