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https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38434

October 2021

Literature in Culture & Culture in Literature: Explain 21ST century Dr. Sanghamitra Behera Asst. Professor in Odia, P.G. Department of Odia, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack Abstract: As the cultural environment of the twenty first century comes into clear focus, Cambridge Studies in Twenty-First Century. Literature and culture presents a series of monographs that undertakes the most penetrating and religious analysis of contemporary culture and thoughts. The series is driven by perception that critical thinking today is in a state of transition. The global forces that produce cultural forms are entering into powerful new alignments, which demand new analytical vocabularies in the wake of later twentieth century theory. The series will demonstrate that theory is not simply availed revolutionary gesture that we need to move beyond, but rather brings us to the thresh hold of a new episteme, which will host work that explores the most important emerging critical contours of the 21st century, marrying inventive and imaginative criticism with theoretical and philosophical rigor. The aim of the series will be to produce an enduring account of the 21st century intellectual landscape that will not only stand as a record of the critical nature of our time, but that will also forge new critical language and vocabularies with which to navigate an unfolding age. Keyword: cultural environment, perception, revolutionary, episteme, transition, vocabularies I. INTRODUCTION Literature is a team used to describe written and sometimes spoken material. It means writing form with letters. Literature most commonly refers to works of the creative imagination, including poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction and in some instances, journalism and song. In simply, language literature is a group of works of art made up of words. Most of are written, but some are passed on by words of mouth. Literature usually means works of poetry and prose that are especially well written, it means that says tale of society, language of nation, and heart of culture. Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writings, which is looked at for its artistic value. Literature has so many purposes, it does everything, it implifies the writer’s opinion, thoughts and voice. Its purpose is to enlighten, to protect against something, to challenge, to educate, inform, comfort, express and even to heal in some cultures. As urban cultures and societies developed, there was a proliferation in the forms of literature. If we see old age, our literature had two parts: A. Visible Literature B. Audible Literature In modern or renaissance period it became two parts changing in it’s form – 1) Poetry (Epic, Lyric etc) 2) Prose (Essay, Drama, Fiction, Biography & auto-biography etc) Culture set of patterns of human activities within a community of social group and the symbolic structures that give significances to such activities. Customs, laws, costumes, architectural style, social standards, religious beliefs, and traditions are examples of cultural elements. There are some elements of culture like, Social Organization Customs and Traditions Religion Arts and Literature Forms of Government Economic Systems etc. In society the two basic types of culture are :- Material culture(physical things produced by society)

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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429 Volume 9 Issue X Oct 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com Non-material culture(intangible things produced by society).We must say that “DIFFERENT PLACES, DIFFERENT CULTURES”. We can describe these cultures thusMATERIAL 1.Material culture consist with a or many things or objects.

NONMATERIAL

1. Non-material culture consists with intenal thought or believeness. 2.It has a quantity and quality . For 2. It has no quality and quantity. It is known Example-Tree, Iron, Stone, Cotton etc. as ‘Shunya or Nirgun’. 3.It is symbolism of believeness. 3.It isn’t seen.

Culture is bloodly related with ones’ religion and nation. It is a life of the nation. Gandhiji said that , “If there is no culture there is no identity of nation”. Literature is an art that uses language as a means to shape an image to reflect social life and express the author’s thoughts and feelings. Culture refers to the history, geography, customs, traditions, ways of life, literature and art, behavioral norms, modes of thinking and values of country or a nation. It is also culture influences literature through religious ideas, moral values, language and gender norms, just to name a few potential variables. Literature is a large and powerful part of cultures. Different countries study looks that shape their nations and children and adults will read them so that they understand what made their home how it is. Literature can inform people, it can shape history and it becomes the history of certain place or world. Example: Mahabharat, Ramayan, Gita, Ved etc. Though the puranas known as epic, but it has realistic and ever truthful word that attractive and tremendous not only India, but also whole world. As the cultural environment of the twenty first century comes into clear focus, Cambridge Studies in Twenty-First Century. Literature and culture presents a series of monographs that undertakes the most penetrating and religious analysis of contemporary culture and thoughts. The series is driven by perception that critical thinking today is in a state of transition. The global forces that produce cultural forms are entering into powerful new alignments, which demand new analytical vocabularies in the wake of later twentieth century theory. The series will demonstrate that theory is not simply afailed revolutionary gesture that we need to move beyond, but rather brings us to the thresh hold of a new epistime, which will host work that explores the most important emerging critical contours of the 21st century, marrying inventive and imaginative criticism with theoretical and philosophical rigor. The aim of the series will be to produce an enduring account of the 21st century intellectual landscape that will not only stand as a record of the critical nature of our time, but that will also forge new critical language and vocabularies with which to navigate an unfolding age. In offering a historically rich and philosophically nuanced account of contemporary literature and culture, the series will stand as an enduring body of work that helps us to understand the cultural moment in which we live.(General Editors: Peter Boxall, University of Sussex) In fact, there are a direct relationship between literature and culture and both of them are in harmony with each other. The culture includes the beliefs, values, of a society and the literature. On the other hand, expresses them in different literature shapes. Culture can refer to the beliefs, customs, values and activities of a particular time. Works of literature are particularly good indexes of these values, in that they often engage the culture in depth. Here’s another differences of twenty first century literature, modernists would be more in lines of free verse, no set rhyme scheme, or format unlike conventional writers. Ancient literature, if that’s what you mean by traditional literature, was predominantly oral, didactic and mythical full of romanticism and idealism. It is the literature refers to world literature. The measure of years is, for the purpose of the article, literature written from (roughly) the year 2001 to the present. Themes in literature in the Twenty First century:-Identity with increasing globalization, intersections of cultures and more vocal discussions of women’s rights and LGBT ( Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender) rights, identity has become a common theme a) History and memory b) Technology c) Intertexuality etc.

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International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429 Volume 9 Issue X Oct 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com Indian literature that makes reflection of society in twenty first century:- We got in Indian literature and novelists in 21st century how they reflects society in their novel twenty first century ‘The White Tiger’ by Aravind Adiga. In this book we find a young man from a poverty stricken village who moves to Delhi to take a job as a chauffeur for the upper class. ‘Sacred Games’ by Vikram Chandra, we find Mumbai’s criminal underworld. It traces the links between organized criminal players, local politicians, the entertainment industry and the other rich and powerful residents of Mumbai through a riveting storyline. Thus we find other books like ‘The Ministry Of Utmost Happiness’ by Arundhati Roy, ‘ Sleeping on Jupiter’ by Anuradha Roy, ‘The palace of Illusions’ by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni (mythological related), ‘Narcopolis’ by Amitabh Ghosh etc. (theculturetrip.com-Sridevi Nambiar /4 Dec 2017). In twenty first century we meet a new religion in India. They are known as ISKCON. It means International Society For Krishna consciousness. The religion started from New York on 1966 and now it created in India and Odisha. It also combine the believe of eastern and western religion like Jejus and God Krishna. In this period we create new language like globalization, liberalization, privatization etc. In COVID-19 we are effected new language sangarodha (isolation), quarentine, social distance, mask, sanitizer etc. This language now used in our everyday life and also written in literature. Thus our society and culture effect to our literature in twenty first century. Whereas literature from the late Twentieth Century was going through a transition from modern, centralized, individual, experimental school of thought to post modern, decentralized school of thought. On the other hand the Twenty-first Century is facing a major technology boom and capitalism. The purpose of Twenty-first Century literature is if teaches about life by exposing us to the lives of different people through their stories and from these vicarious experiences, we learn important lessons and values. Literature teaches us humanity – to be sensitive and empathesis towards others. The importance of Twenty-first Century literature still in the act of being created. Neverthless, Twenty-first century literature is important, because it can help us to better understand our world today, and the great questions that are being hammered out right before our very eyes. In this period our literature say about LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization), woman empowerment, psychology of children and woman etc. In old age or before Independence our literature mainly discussed by a development of chat:  Early Indian Literature & Theatre (Abhilekh/ inscript)  Sanskrit and early Indian literature  History of Indo-aryan language (Sanskrit, Prakrit)  Buddhist literature (Dhammapada)  Puran Period  Nirgun or Tatwa Literature  Riti or Medieval Literature  Modern Literature  Nationality or freedom Literature Then we got literature create voice of independence and change so fast as it possible. Some group create literature. Thus we got a great change in 1970-80 to till period literature. When students study Twentyfirst Century literatures they broken hearted and said that what it is reality of society? Sometimes it isn’t attractive to readers. It hasn’t language of common society. So if there are many creative workers but readers are smallest boundary. We got two types of readers now-a-days. First category written it and write preface of the book , second category only listened it and clapping. Now third communication line is mass media. Literature also marketilized. So when a writer awarded, he /she is only selected by some group of people but he /she isn’t selected by readers. It is a opposite of our early literature. Literature genre combines three media: books, movie / video, and internet website. In order to get the full story, student must engage in navigation, reading viewing in all three formats. In conclusion it may be said that characteristics of Twenty First Century learners are:  They demonstrate independence,  They build strong content knowledge  They responds to the varying demands of audience, task, purpose and discipline  They comprehend as well as critique  They value evidence  They use technology and digital media strategically and capably. In my openion Twenty first centry is a period of possiblity.

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Das, Chittaranjan- Social and Cultural History of Oriya Literature. Publisher-Pathika Website www.english.la.psu.edu/ the culture trip.com www.cambridge.org wikipedia Lecturer of Prof. Puranchand Tandan Prof. Ranjan Tripathy Prof. Yamini Goutam

Prakashani, GGP Colony, Rasulgarh, BBSR. 2nd edition-2003.

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