For the transportation sector, vehicle electrification is a game changer due to major energy and environmental
implications driven by high vehicle efficiency i.e. EVs are approximately 3–4 times more efficient than comparable internal
combustion engines vehicles (ICEV), zero tailpipe emissions, and reduced petroleum dependency as great fuel diversity and
flexibility exist in electricity production. Far-reaching implications for vehicle grid integration extend to the electricity sector and
to the broader energy system.
