Traditionally, the renewable energy source is connected to the load through a traditional DC-DC converter and then
the energy storage system is connected to either the input port or the output port of the traditional DC-DC converter through a
bidirectional DC-DC converter for charging and discharging The main disadvantage of these traditional solutions is the low
efficiency due to the utilization of the additional converter for the energy storage system. Also, the multi-stage architecture may
result in increased size, low power density, and relatively high cost.