Casting is the oldest manufacturing processes used to manufacture metallic components. Sand casting is mostly used
casting manufacturing process because of its process simplicity of producing complex geometry with ease. Various casting
defects have adverse effect on casting quality and productivity. The defects in the component are identified to be solidification
shrinkage, gas porosity, blow holes, pin holes, cold shuts, unfiled riser, misrun and incomplete mould cavity. The reasons of
defects are analyzed as either improper selection of process parameter or improper design of gating and feeding system. Many
researchers reported that 90% of the defects in casting are obtained only because of improper design of gating and feeding
system.
