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Vol. 1 Issue V, December 2013 ISSN: 2321-9653
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN AP PLIED SCIENCE AN D E N G I N E E R I N G T E C H N O L O G Y (I J R A S E T)
Flexural strength and Ultrasonic pulse velocity of Crushing Sand-Lime-Cement-Phosphogypsum Building Brick Grade SW LAMIA BOUCHHIMA1, MOHAMED JAMEL ROUIS2, MOHAMED CHOURA3 Unit Of Oesearch Environmental Geotechnique And Civil Materials, Institute Of The Engineers Of Sfax, Road Sokra, Km3.5, B.P1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia Abstract The present work focuses on the flexural strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of wade sand –lime-cement-phosphogypsum building bricks grade SW. It is observed that these bricks have sufficient flexural strength and Ultrasonic pulse velocity Tests were also conducted to study the relationship between ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) with strength of bricks.. The results suggest that compressive and flexural strength values may approximately be determined without a destructive testing by using the non-destructive UPV measurements. Keywords: Bricks, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity. INTRODUCTION
building brick grade SW (severe weathering),
bricks
Phosphogypsum (PG) from Tunisia, crushing sand (CS),
intended for use when high and uniform resistance to damage
natural hydraulic lime (NHL), cement (C) and water are used
caused by cyclic freezing is desired and where the brick may
in solid bricks production. phosphogypsum, wade sand,
be frozen when saturated with water [1].
natural hydraulic lime and cement were mixed, humidified,
This study addressed the flexural strength, ultrasound pulse
compacted and cured for periods of 28, 56 and 90 days. The
velocity (UPV) and relations of UPV with strength properties
compressive strength, density, water absorption, saturation
of CS-NHL-C-PG bricks grade SW.
coefficient and leaching test of the bricks were measured. The
Analyzing the properties of materials and establishing
obtained results showed that CS-NHL-C-PG bricks are found
relationships between them through non-destructive tests is an
to be conforming to physical requirements of clay or shale
active area of study and many different methods were
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Vol. 1 Issue V, December 2013 ISSN: 2321-9653
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN AP PLIED SCIENCE AN D E N G I N E E R I N G T E C H N O L O G Y (I J R A S E T)
developed for this purpose. One of these is the measurement
the quality of bonding at interfaces between different
of ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) which provides important
components forming the material and rheological and
information about the internal structure of materials. With this
mechanical properties of components can be evaluated by
technique, relationships between internal structure and
ultrasonic methods. The ultrasonic method was used to predict
mechanical properties of numerous materials can be studied.
the hydration activity of fly ash cement binder composites [8].
UPV is commonly used to predict and evaluate the
The velocity of ultrasonic waves is sensitive to the additives
mechanical properties of various materials in a non-
and admixtures accelerating the setting and hardening
destructive way [2]. Many studies were made on the
behavior of concrete and mortar [13]. Ultrasound may be used
relationships between UPV and strength and, elastic properties
to characterize the mechanical properties of cement and
of natural [3] and artificial stones, especially those of cement-
epoxies as well as other materials [14, 15].
binder concrete and mortars [4-9] as well as wood materials
Because the speed and attenuation of sound waves are
[10,11]. Studies on checking pozzolanic activity with UPV
sensitive to the viscoelastic properties of the material,
and evaluating the relationship between the two are
ultrasound can be used to monitor the curing process of
inadequate in the literature.
cement composites [8]. Mineral admixtures increase the UPV
Propagation speed of sound waves within materials changes in
value of concrete [16].
accordance with the type and inner characteristics of the In this paper, we start work the flexural and flexural strength material. Due to this behavior, information about the inner of full bricks grade SW. We deal in the second part with the structure of the material can be obtained. A high transmission relationship between ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) with rate of sound means less pores and, thus higher strength. strength of bricks. When the pulse is transferred to the material by a transducer, it undergoes multiple reflections at the boundaries of different phases within the material.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 1- Mix proportion The mix proportions of phosphogypsum crushing sand (CS),
By conducting in-field tests on historical and modern lime and cement (cement HRS 42.5) for bricks are given in structures important information about the state of the table I. materials in the structure can be obtained. Many structural properties such as microstructure, distribution of micro cracks,
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Vol. 1 Issue V, December 2013 ISSN: 2321-9653
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN AP PLIED SCIENCE AN D E N G I N E E R I N G T E C H N O L O G Y (I J R A S E T)
The water contents of Phosphogypsum-crushing sand-lime
TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
mixtures were fixed to 4 %. Bricks produced with more than 4
2. Flexural strength
% showed cracks after fabrication due to excessive water.
The results, obtained as an average of measurements
2- Manufacturing process
performed on three specimens, are shown in Figs. 1-3. The
The weighed quantity of phosphogypsum, wade sand, lime
code ASTM does not specify a requirement for flexural
and cement are first thoroughly mixed in dry state for a period
strength. However the values obtained were favorable when
of 10 minutes to uniform blending. The required water is then
compared with those of clay bricks (11.2 MPa) [19]. These
gradually added and the mixing continued for another 5 min.
Figures also shows increase in the flexural strength with the
All full bricks were made on a bench model, semiautomatic
phosphogypsum and cement additions.
press having a capacity of 25 tons, to produce bricks of
2. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements of bricks
0.051Ă—0.095Ă—0.203 m in size under a static compaction of Figures 4-6 shows the results of the direct UPV values 27MPa. obtained from the tests. The figures show also increase in the All bricks were dried to the free air for a period of 28, 56 and direct UPV with the cement and phosphogypsum additions 90 days. and curing time. TESTING OF BRICKS Relationships
between
the
UPV
and
mechanical
Flexural strength tests on the bricks were performed according characteristics of bricks have been evaluated with respect to to ASTM C 67[17]. Test specimens were taken as full-size compressive, flexural strength and significance of the brick units. Three bricks for each different mixes and testing correlations has been investigated. condition were tested. Bricks were tested simply supported at 2.1- Relationship between sound velocity and flexural strength each end with supports and subjecting them to a beam Likewise, relationships between UPV- flexural strength have loading. The load was applied at the mid span in the direction been investigated using experimental data with linear of depth of the brick unit. regression, and the evaluations are made under conditions The direct UPV values are measured on the flexural strength similar to those of the compressive strength tests. samples having direct path length required by BS1881 [18]. Here, a strong relationship can be established between UPV and flexural strengths of bricks. As with the case of
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Vol. 1 Issue V, December 2013 ISSN: 2321-9653
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN AP PLIED SCIENCE AN D E N G I N E E R I N G T E C H N O L O G Y (I J R A S E T)
compressive strengths, the correlation between UPV and
immersion in water was studied using the relationship of
flexural strength has high value for 60, 70 and 80%
water absorption = f (UPV) and applying the relationship
phosphogypsum mixed brick within (r2= 0,932, 0,959 and
linear regression on the data obtained from water absorption
0,997, respectiely) (Figure 7).
tests for bricks. Bricks with a higher water absorption give lower values VS.
2.2 - Relationship between UPV and compressive strength
There is an inverse relationship between the speed of sound
The compressive strength of building brick grade SW, tested
and the water absorption for the bricks. Therefore there is an
after 90 days of treatment, are shown in table II [1]. UPV-Rc
inverse relationship between the speed of sound and water
correlation has been investigated by using the compressive
absorption. An inverse relationship between porosity and UPV
strength=f(UPV) relationship and applying linear regression to
is also indicated in the literature [20-21]. The linear regression
the data obtained from compressive tests of bricks.. The linear
coefficient (r2) of the correlation between UPV and water
regression coefficient (Rc) of the correlation between UPV
absorption
and compressive strength of bricks containing 60, 70 and 80
phosphogypsum, CHN, C and crushing sand was determined
% phosphogypsum, NHL, C and crushing sand were
r2 = 0,81, 0.88 and 0,999, respectively (Fig. 9). Strong
determined r2 = 0,927 , 0.998 and 1, respectively (Fig.8).
correlation coefficients indicate a strong relationship between
Strong correlation coefficient indicates a strong relationship
water absorption and values of VS bricks.
bricks
containing
60%,
70%
and
80%
between compressive strength and values of UPV bricks. The CONCLUSION correlation indicates the homogeneity of bricks. Based on the experimental investigation reported in this paper, Flexural strength, such as compressive strength also indicates
following conclusions are drawn:
the homogeneity bricks based phosphogypsum
1-The CS-NHL-C-PG bricks grades SW have sufficient
grade SW
produced under a pressure of 27 MPa.
flexural strength. 2-There is generally a close relationship between UPV values
2.3 - Relationship between sound velocity and water absortion
and mechanical (Rc, Rf,) properties of full bricks grade SW.
The water absorption of building brick grade SW are shown in
Mechanical properties of full bricks grade SW can be reliably
table III[1] Correlation UPV water absorption after 24 h
determined by means of the UPV test method.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN AP PLIED SCIENCE AN D E N G I N E E R I N G T E C H N O L O G Y (I J R A S E T)
3-There is a high degree of correlation between the UPV
[5] Philippidis, T.P., Aggelis, D.G., “Experimental study of
values and water absorption of full bricks grade SW.
wave dispersion and attenuation in concrete”, Ultrasonics, 43:
4-The correlation coefficient increases with increasing content
584–595 (2005).
of phosphogypsum indicating that the homogeneity of bricks
[6] Aggelis, D.G., Polyzos, D., Philippidis, T.P., "Wave
containing sand wade increases with the content of
dispersion and attenuation in fresh mortar: theoretical
phosphogypsum.
predictions vs. experimental results”, J. Mech. Phys. Solids,
The
bricks that contain
more
than
phosphogypsum are more homogeneous.
53: 857–883 (2005). [7] Demirboğa, R., Türkmen, İ., Karakoç, M.B., “Relationship
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Vol. 1 Issue V, December 2013 ISSN: 2321-9653
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH IN AP PLIED SCIENCE AN D E N G I N E E R I N G T E C H N O L O G Y (I J R A S E T)
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