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DECEMBER 2024

INVESTIGATIVE QUARTERLY

A Publication by the International Homicide Investigators Association (IHIA) Rob Peters, PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE Sergeant Sacramento County Sheriff’s Office Dear Colleagues, Members and Sponsors, The Holiday Season is upon us. Like many of us, I sometimes have difficulty stepping back from work and focusing on the things that truly matter, such as family. If you have the opportunity this holiday season, please take the time to spend it with your family and friends and create those special experiences and memories. On behalf of the IHIA Board of Directors, I would like to wish everyone a Happy Holiday Season and thank everyone for their continued and unwavering support of the association and our mission to develop and bring the best training possible to law enforcement and the membership. As 2025 approaches, 2024 has been another incredible year of growth for IHIA. Again, none of this could have been done without our membership. The 30th Annual Training Symposium in Washington, DC, was a huge success. We had a great turnout and excellent presenters and exhibitors. We saw a lot of old friends and made many new friends, and we look forward to seeing all of you this upcoming August in Louisville, Kentucky. Planning for the 2025 Symposium in Louisville is underway. As many of our members and sponsors know, we are dedicated to bringing our members great case presentations, the latest investigative tools, and developing technologies that could assist our members in their death investigations. The Symposium Planning Committee is currently seeking case presentations and presentations on emerging trends/technologies for our Louisville, KY, symposium. If you know of any great cases that you would like to be presented or any new trends, please go to the main page of our website (www.ihia.org) and access the link: https://ihia.wufoo.com/forms/ z1adefn81l3j00l/) to upload your submissions. We would love to hear from the membership. In addition to the 2025 Symposium, we will be offering more great training opportunities to share best practices and experiences with our course attendees throughout the United States and Canada and potentially in Colombia and Guam. Please continue to check www.ihia.org for the latest training opportunities.

What’s Inside the IQ: • Letter from President Rob Peters • From the desk of the IHIA Executive Director Steve Lewis • Cold Case Conference - Wrap Up • Create Opportunities by Training Director, David Eddy • IHIA 31st Annual Symposium • Article: Stalking and Sexual Homicide – Unveiling the Shadows • Article: Trophy, Souvenir, or Simple Theft? • Article: When DNA Is and Isn’t Magic • Article: Genetic Genealogy and Where It’s Headed Next • Upcoming Training • Marketing Opportunities

Thank you for your membership and continued support on behalf of the Association Board. We couldn’t do any of this without you. We will continue to strive to provide resources, guidance, and training to each of you and our profession.

President Rob Peters International Homicide Investigators Association

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www.IHIA.org

The IHIA is the world’s largest and fastest growing organization of homicide and death investigation professionals. The non-profit organization represents the largest network of homicide professionals and practitioners ever assembled. The IHIA has representatives in every U.S. state and nations on six continents. For membership information, visit: www.ihia.org/Membership

From the desk of The IHIA EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Steve Lewis Dear Members, Partners, and Supporters, As we approach the end of another successful year, I am honored to reflect on the accomplishments of the International Homicide Investigators Association (IHIA) in 2024. It has been a year of remarkable progress, collaboration, and growth, all driven by our shared commitment to advancing the field of homicide investigation. The IHIA has completed its Annual Report for 2024. If you want to review it, please click here. ACHIEVEMENTS AND HIGHLIGHTS This year, we celebrated the success of our 30th Annual Training Symposium in Washington, D.C., which brought together experts from across the globe to share their knowledge and experience. The event featured groundbreaking presentations, and invaluable networking opportunities, solidifying our position as a leader in homicide investigation training. Our training programs and workshops have reached new heights, providing cutting-edge education to investigators at all levels. The response has been overwhelmingly positive, and we are proud to have equipped so many professionals with the skills they need to tackle the most challenging cases. COLLABORATIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS Collaboration has been at the heart of our efforts this year. We have strengthened our partnerships with law enforcement agencies, academic institutions, and other organizations dedicated to justice and public safety. These collaborations have enhanced our ability to support investigators in the field. LOOKING AHEAD As we look to the future, we are excited about the opportunities that lie ahead. Our strategic initiatives for 2025 include expanding our training programs and increasing our support for cold case investigations. We are dedicated to providing our members with the resources and knowledge they need to succeed. GRATITUDE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS None of this would be possible without the dedication and hard work of our members, partners, sponsors, and volunteer board members. Your contributions have been instrumental in our success, and I am deeply grateful for your continued support. Together, we are making a significant impact on the field of homicide investigation and bringing justice to countless families and communities. Thank you for being part of the IHIA community. I look forward to our continued collaboration and success in the coming year. Wishing you all a safe and joyous holiday season!

Steve Lewis IHIA Executive Director

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DECEMBER 2024 | PAGE 2

EVENT HIGHLIGHTS: 2024 IHIA Cold Case Conference | Horseshoe Bay, Texas In early December, the International Homicide Investigators Association (IHIA) delivered our first of its kind Cold Case Conference in Horseshoe Bay, Texas to over 300 law enforcement professionals from agencies across the United States and Canada. Nearly a year in the making and surpassing initial expectations, the event gathered experts from around the country representing numerous disciplines within the criminal investigative enterprise who shared valuable insights, expertise, and resources to help solve some of the profession’s most complex and difficult cases. Co-sponsored by the Texas Attorney General’s Cold Case and Missing Persons Unit and supported by several key sponsors, a repeatable and sustainable template was created for what will become an enduring annual IHIA engagement. In fact, if you were unable to join us this year, plans are already underway to return to the beautiful and accommodating Horseshoe Bay Resort in 2025. We look forward to seeing you there, as well as at our annual symposium and some of our other course offerings between now and then! Contact us for more information and look for updates at ihia.org.

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DECEMBER 2024 | PAGE 3

CREATE YOUR OPPORTUNITY by DAVE EDDY “Find a job you love, and you’ll never have to work a day in your life.” - unknown I’ve given a few graduation speeches in my life, but I don’t recall ever offering that advice to anyone, graduating or otherwise. While I understand and appreciate the sentiment, it strikes me much the same way as ‘work smarter not harder’ does. It sounds good, but hard work isn’t necessarily a bad thing. On the contrary, the world – and more than a few people in it – would do well to do more of it. And no matter how much you love what you do, success is going to take work. Hard work. And lots of it.

I don’t begrudge people offering quips like those to motivate and inspire; there’s wisdom in each of them. My point is the real world isn’t going to be all unicorns and rainbows. Life is going to challenge you. People are going to hurt and disappoint you. The career you envision may leave you unfulfilled or uninspired. Adulting is going to take hard work, commitment, various unpleasantries, and searching for answers to questions that haven’t even been asked yet. If this all sounds like what graduates might hear at their commencement, you’re on target. I was motivated to adapt this from an article I wrote several years ago when my daughter graduated high school after attending her fiancé’s mid-year college graduation recently. Attending events like those always remotivate and challenge me to do more to help make the world a better place, and to never stop learning. As someone who was almost 40 when I finished my bachelor’s degree and attended grad school in my 50s, I speak from experience on the lifelong learning thing. So let me make a few other points I’ve shared at a commencement or two that are applicable to anyone. And perhaps there are few other professions than ours where this is more important in today’s environment.

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Tim Bograkos, a former Michigan State University basketball player who went on to play professionally overseas prior to entering the business world, spoke at a local scholarathlete banquet I attended with my daughter some time ago. He challenged the athletes to do the work, prepare for the game, and wait for their opportunity. I’ll add not to simply wait for your opportunity, but to create your opportunity. Relentlessly pursue whatever it is you love. Do your best and work hard at it. Take care of yourself physically, spiritually, mentally, emotionally. Likewise take care of others…which is what we’re particularly called and expected to do in the public safety profession anyway, isn’t it? When you face challenges or make mistakes, learn from them. Be ready to conquer the giants that you face in your life and overcome obstacles in your way. Get up, dust yourself off, keep moving forward. Don’t let those define who you are or how far you will go. Make constant improvement in some area of your life. Do at least one thing better today than you did yesterday. Whatever you do, keep moving forward. Finally, understand that you can’t do it alone. This has perhaps never been more evident than now, considering the exponential advancements with investigative resources and technologies. Do the best you possibly can, wherever you are, with what you have. It’s more important now than ever to be a good teammate, friend, and human being. The world and our profession needs it. Wishing you a happy and prosperous new year. Keep doing great things!

DECEMBER 2024 | PAGE 4

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DECEMBER 2024 | PAGE 5

Article: Unveiling the shadows: Investigating the interplay of stalking and sexual homicide ABSTRACT Stalking can be defined as a pattern of fixated, repeated, and unwanted behaviours. Stalking is not an isolated incident and was associated to sexual violence. While the relationship between sexual violence and stalking is scarcely explored, no studies have tested the relationship between stalking and sexual homicide, which both involves elements of obsession. The aim of this paper was to study the relationship between stalking and sexual homicide using an exploratory case study analysis of 7 males convicted for sexual homicide. Results revealed: (1) The presence of obsession prior to the homicide; (2) The victims were exintimate partners or acquaintances; (3) The victims were followed several times prior to the index offence; (4) Stalking elements were not always considered by the authorities, which has led to an escalation of behaviours. This study expands our understanding between stalking and sexual violence, supporting the design of prevention and treatments.

women (Chan & Sheridan, 2019; Stefanska et al., 2022). Stalking is not an isolated incident. Research suggests that it is associated to sexual violence (McEwan et al., 2017; White et al., 2022) and sexual homicide (Longpré, Tachmetzidi Papoutsi, & Stefanska, 2023). However, because of the severity of the offence and the absence of witness testimony, stalking elements are usually not considered or are not the primary focus of the investigation with cases of sexual homicide (Longpré, Tachmetzidi Papoutsi, & Stefanska, 2023). Furthermore, the relationship between stalking and sexual homicide is understudied, and little is known about the context in which stalking can increase the risk of severe sexual violence, stressing the need for more research. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between stalking and sexual homicide using a case study approach, analysing seven male sexual killers who served a custodial sentence in England & Wales, with a focus on the presence of risk factors.

INTRODUCTION Stalking can be defined as a pattern of fixated, repeated, and unwanted behaviours, ranging from contacting, spying, to homicide (Longpré, Stefanska, et al., 2023). Stalking involves two or more incidents, that cause the victim to feel harassed, distressed, or afraid that violence might be used against them (White et al., 2022). It includes an element of obsession, and given its chronic nature, it can impact the victim over a long period of time (Sheridan & Lyndon, 2012). Stalking remains a peculiar offence as its occurrence is not solely defined by the behaviours of the perpetrator, but also by the reaction of the victim (James & MacKenzie, 2018).

SEXUAL HOMICIDE Sexual homicide combines two different types of offences, a sexual assault, and a homicide (Stefanska et al., 2020). The sexual assault can occur before, during or after the act of killing (Stefanska et al., 2017). Furthermore, while sexual sadism is an important motivational factor in sexual homicide (Longpré et al., 2020), with studies reporting a prevalence of sadism ranging between 29.3% and 37% among sexual murders (James & Proulx, 2016; Stefanska et al., 2018), it is not a feature for all cases. Other situational circumstances include cases where the victim is killed to eliminate a witness or where the victim is killed when resisting sexual assault (Georgoulis et al., 2023; Stefanska et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2023). While both It is estimated that 20.6% of women and 8.7% of men men and non‐binary identifying can be victims of sexual will be victims of stalking in their lifetime, and 4.4% of homicide, and women and non‐binary identifying can women and 2.4% of men over 16 years old were victims be perpetrators, a majority of victims are women and a of stalking in the last year (Crime in England and Wales ‐ majority of perpetrators are men (Beauregard & Chopin, Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk)). Furthermore, 2023; Stefanska et al., 2016). As such, sexual homicide is it is estimated that between 1% and 8% of the population considered as a gender‐based crime. has engaged in stalking perpetrations at some point in their life (Patton et al., 2010). Stalking is considered as a gender‐based offence, with a majority of convicted READ FULL ARTICLE HERE perpetrators being men, and a majority of victims being

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DECEMBER 2024 | PAGE 6

Article: Trophy, souvenir, or simple theft? Taking items from the victim in sexual homicide ABSTRACT Although most people have heard the terms ‘souvenirs’, ‘trophies’, and ‘mementos’, discussed in books and movies on the true crimes of sexual murderers, limited research has delved into the phenomenon of theft in sexual homicide (SH). Using a sample of 762 SH cases coming from the Sexual Homicide International Database, the current study examines the crime‐ commission process of the pre‐crime, crime, and post‐ crime phases of sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) who engaged in theft during a SH. Additionally, this study seeks to determine if a specific type of SHO engages in this behaviour over others. Results from the sequential logistic regression indicate that victims who are 16 years or older, were strangers to the SHO, and were sex workers were more likely to be victims of theft. Additionally, results indicate that the presence of sadism made it more likely the SHO would engage in theft from the victim and/or crime scene. Findings suggest there is a group of SHOs who engage in theft not for monetary purposes but due to the paraphilia of the offender. These findings can inform the police investigation of these crimes. INTRODUCTION Sexual homicide (SH) investigations pose unique challenges to police, who hold the weight of public pressure to solve these cases in a timely manner. The brutality of this crime, with its sexual elements and seemingly random attack, demonstrates why such fear exists in society (Beauregard & Martineau, 2017). Until recently, much of what we know about SH and sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) was based on clinical interviews made up of small convenience samples or through police interviews with SHOs (Beauregard & Martineau, 2017; Ressler et al., 1988). Lack of investigative experience due to the low occurrence of SH illustrates the vast investigative challenges to these cases. SH crime scenes are behaviourally rich as oftentimes, with a close enough analysis, the crime scene will be reflective of the characteristics of the perpetrator (Beauregard & Martineau, 2017; Ressler et al., 1988). Investigators are posed with challenges as SH cases are distinct from other types of violent crime, yet each case is vastly different from

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another (Beauregard & Martineau, 2017). SHOs have been shown to differ in their modus operandi and ritualistic behaviours, making each case seem unique (Beauregard & Martineau, 2017; Schlesinger et al., 2010). The various dynamics displayed at a SH crime scene would initially appear as unusual and random to a first‐time detective of SH (Beauregard & Martineau, 2017). However, upon further examination, the crime scene characteristics provide investigators with immense information about the offender and their motives. However, because the crime scene is so behaviourally rich, this is where investigators can begin to understand the perpetrator by focusing on specific behaviours. Ritualistic behaviours might seem unordinary or too unique to focus much attention on, as these are behaviours that can easily go unnoticed—such as theft. However, investigators may be missing an essential piece of these investigations in which these unusual and ritualistic behaviours can significantly assist the investigation. Suppose SHOs engage in ritualistic behaviours such as theft from the victim or crime scene. In that case, it may be committed for a reason that investigators can use to substantiate their evidence in support of the investigation. SHOs may still have the items they stole in their possession, which could be obtained through a search warrant. Additionally, because SHOs display characteristics of sexual deviancy, there is a possibility that theft in these cases is committed for a psychological need and not for monetary purposes. Therefore, investigators must consider the psychological aspects driving this behaviour and incorporate it into their interrogation tactics. The current study examines the pre, per, and post‐crime phases of the crime‐commission process involved in SH where items were taken from the victim or crime scene. Previous literature (e.g., Dietz et al., 1990; Ressler et al., 1988) has suggested that sadistic SHOs take souvenirs and trophies from their crimes, yet empirical literature is limited. This study aims to fill the gap within the literature on the behaviour of theft in SH to provide investigators with consistent and reliable information to develop investigative techniques for these offenders and their crimes. READ FULL ARTICLE HERE

DECEMBER 2024 | PAGE 7

Article: When DNA Is and Isn’t Magic: A Conjunctive Analysis of How Context Matters in Homicide Investigations ABSTRACT Previous studies of homicide have examined the probative value of DNA and other forensic evidence for increasing case solvability and identifying best practices in prioritizing investigative resources. The current study was designed to extend this research by evaluating how different types of model specifications may dramatically alter substantive conclusions about the overall and context-specific effects of a DNA match on the likelihood of a homicide’s solvability. Analyses of a sample of 315 homicide cases from Cleveland, Ohio revealed that the presence of a DNA match had no overall significant effect on case clearance, but the impact of DNA exhibited large context-specific effects on this case outcome when its effect was evaluated conjunctively within subsets of offense attributes (i.e., different case profiles involving the presence or absence of eyewitnesses, contact weapons, and incidents in indoor locations) and victim characteristics (i.e., gender, race/ethnicity, income level of the victim’s place of residency). Results show that the most difficult to solve homicide cases are assisted by DNA matches, while DNA matches in homicides that occurred indoors with no eyewitnesses were associated with lower solvability. The results of these analyses are discussed in terms of their implications for future research to better identify the particular situational contexts in which DNA evidence is most and least effective in homicide solvability.

Traditional methods for analyzing homicide clearance data that focus on the average effect of DNA and other forensic evidence across all contexts make it difficult to tease out these complexities of when and how this evidence leads to cases being solved. In this paper, we extend previous research by applying the method of Conjunctive Analysis of Case Configurations (CACC) to assess the nature and magnitude of contextual variability in the impact of a DNA match on homicide clearance. The results of this study are discussed in terms of their implications for future research and investigative practices to better identify the particular situational contexts in which DNA evidence is most and least effective in homicide solvability.

PRIOR RESEARCH ON THE CORRELATES OF CASE CLEARANCE As Prince et al. (2021) note, most research on case clearance has historically focused on the identification of the most important solvability factors. Early research in the 1970s suggested that factors out of investigators’ control (e.g., socio-demographic attributes of the victim and offender) were more influential than particular investigator efforts (Greenwood et al., 1975). More recent homicide research has shown that young victims, female victims, and victims who knew their assailant were more likely to have their cases cleared (Jarvis & Regoeczi, 2009; Lee, 2005; McEwen & Regoeczi, 2015; Regoeczi et al., 2008). Additionally, Hawk and Dabney (2019) note INTRODUCTION Based on its extensive coverage in social media and law that ecological factors that demonstrate neighborhood enforcement shows on television, DNA evidence is widely culture, like population size and education levels, have viewed by the public as the gold standard for its probative an impact on case clearance, finding that clearance value in criminal investigations (Brewer & Ley, 2010). likelihood is higher in less population neighborhoods that Attention given to high profile cases solved through DNA have more foreign-born residents. feed the myth that as long as the police can collect DNA from a crime scene, the crime will be solved. While forensic READ FULL ARTICLE HERE evidence is collected at many homicide scenes, the role of forensic evidence in general and DNA in particular is far more complex than portrayed on crime shows. Given the high-profile nature of DNA and the perceptions of jurors and other criminal justice system actors about its role in producing arrests and convictions (see Lieberman et al. 2008), it is important to explore the particular crime circumstances under which DNA is an important factor in solving homicides and those where it is not.

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Article: How cold case DNA technique came to Ottawa from California — and where it’s headed next Family tree enthusiasts and the websites that cater to them are helping police solvedecades-old homicides, including here in Ottawa. And the former California districtattorney who helped bring the technique to the world with the prosecution of theGolden State Killer back in 2018 says it has the potential to solve many more — as longas it’s managed appropriately. Investigative genetic genealogy — the process of using DNA to find relatives ofunidentified suspects and victims of crime — burst into the consciousness in easternOntario last year when Ontario Provincial Police used it to help identify the Nation RiverLady.

DNA profile they know belongs to a suspect, but which didn’tyield results in traditional DNA databank searches. Sgt. Mahad Hassan suggested the Smith case and they both agreed it met the bar,O’Brien said. From there, they had to bring the 1996 investigation up to code, so tospeak. “With a lot of these old cases, it’s about bringing a lot of what was done 30 years agointo the modern standard that’s accepted for prosecutions in court today,” O’Brien said.

FAMILY TREE SLEUTHS PROVIDE DNA FOR COMPARISON She was found dead nearly 50 years ago, floating in the To find out more about their heritage, people use Nation River after beingdropped from a bridge on Highway companies like 23andMe,Ancestry and others to upload 417 between Montreal and Ottawa. She wasn’tidentified their DNA and trace family links through the generations. as Jewell Parchman Langford until decades later, and her But many of those companies don’t allow law enforcement alleged killer remains before the courts on a charge of to upload DNA profiles ofunidentified suspects and victims of crime to compare with their users. murder. Now, investigative genetic genealogy has been used for READ FULL ARTICLE HERE the first time by Ottawa policeto help identify a suspect in the stabbing death of a man on the Portage Bridge back in1996. Suspect in 1996 killing arrested, charged thanks to DNA: Ottawa police Twenty-nine years later, Lawrence Diehl, who is now 73, is facing a charge of second-degree murder in Christopher Smith’s killing, and remains in custody as his case beginsto make its way through the courts. The allegations against him have not been proven. ‘LONG, GRUELLING, PAINSTAKING’ It’s taken four years for Ottawa police to get to this point. In 2020, as genetic genealogy started making more and more headlines in old policeinvestigations, Ottawa police put Sgt. Chris O’Brien in charge of figuring outwhich cases might benefit from the new technique.

Take a look at this video where, Anne Marie Schubert, one of our Annual Conference Speakers, is interviewed about the use of DNA Technology.

He put out a call to the rest of the homicide unit to go through dozens of cold cases and find any containing a

WATCH THE FULL VIDEO HERE

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UPCOMING REGIONAL TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES and Mass Casualty Response ions Course Active Shooter Investigat The IHIA, the FBI, and Columbus Police Department will host the course

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For questions, please contact: D/F/Lt. Dave Eddy (ret), deddy@ihia.org, (517) 749-4167 Lt. Steve Lewis (ret), (813) 299-9921, slewis@ihia.org or visit IHIA.org You must be pre-registered and you will not be admitted without a Law Enforcement identification. You may register at www.ihia.org. Space is limited for this class, so please register early if you plan to attend.

Topics Include: • National Threat Assessment and Threat Management (TATM) Initiative • Introduction to The Behavioral Threat Assessment Center (BTAC) • ResearchRelated to Pre-Attack Behaviors of Active Shooters • Pathway to Violence • Threat Assessment Threat Management (TATM) Concepts and How to Build a Team

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