Respuestas a la Sociedad con Pavimentos de Hormigรณn Jeffery Roesler, PhD, PE Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements Minneapolis, Minnesota USA August 30-September 3, 2020 http://12thiccp.concretepavements.org
Background
12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements continues history of this series of conferences dating back to 1977
First six conference organized by Purdue University 1st,
4th, 5th ICCP - West Lafayette, Indiana, USA (1977, 1989, 1993)
2nd,
3rd, 6th ICCP - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA (1981, 1985, 1997)
Past five conferences in series organized by ISCP 7th
ICCP - Orlando, Florida, USA (2001)
8th
ICCP – Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA (2005)
9th
ICCP - San Francisco, California, USA (2008)
10th
ICCP - Québec City, Québec, Canada (2012)
11th
ICCP - San Antonio, Texas, USA (2016)
Preliminary Conference Schedule
Sunday, August 30, 2020
Registration (Open Noon through Wednesday) Welcome Reception and Exhibit Hall Opening
Monday, August 31, 2020
Exhibit Hall Open
Plenary Session
Technical Sessions
Poster Displays
Student Poster Board Displays (afternoon)
Wednesday, September 2, 2020
Exhibit Hall Open (morning only)
Student Poster Board Judging (morning)
Technical Sessions
Poster Displays
Awards Banquet and Entertainment (evening)
Thursday, September 3, 2020
Field Trips and Site Visits (morning)
Tuesday, September 1, 2020
Exhibit Hall Open
Student Poster Board Displays
Poster Displays
Workshops
Field Trips and Site Visits
http://12thiccp.concretepavements.org
Presentation Objectives: Respuestas a la Sociedad con Pavimentos de Hormigรณn 1. What is the state of the art in designing high performance concrete pavements? 2. How to use existing or new material to enhance concrete pavement performance? 3. What new technology to design/construct concrete pavement to reduce costs & increase performance? 4. What solutions are needed with concrete pavements for societal transportation challenges?
Presentation Outline: Respuestas a la Sociedad con Pavimentos de Hormigรณn
Design
Technology
Materials
Emerging Opportunities
Outline
Design
Technology
Materials
Emerging Opportunities
Concrete Pavement Solutions
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)
Concrete Pavement Overlay Solutions
Uruguay Ruta 24 (2016)
IRI = 2.0m/km
Hamilton County, IL (2013-14)
Short Jointed Slab Systems Ruta 60, Chile (2010)
Santiago (2010) Cerro Castillo, Chile (2012)
Punta Arenas (2012) 10
Mechanistic-Empirical Design Software
Bonded Overlays of Asphalt
JPCP, CRCP, Overlays
Thin Concrete Overlays of Asphalt
JPCP & Overlays
Short Jointed (Unbonded) Systems
M-E Pavement Design Process Climate
Traffic Materials
Structure
Response
Time Damage Accumulation
Distress
Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) Pavement Design Benefits • M-E Pavement calculates slab thickness and considers & sensitive to: • • • • • • •
Joint spacing Traffic volume especially for heavy trucks Climate Tied concrete shoulder/widen lane Dowels and the size Base type and friction Construction effects (curing, construction temperature)
• M-E Pavement method need calibration or modification for local conditions
Outline
Design
Technology
Materials
Emerging
Opportunities
Sustainable Cementitious Substitute Silica Fume Metakaolin
Class C Fly Ash
Class F Fly Ash
Slag
Calcined Shale
Recycling of Old Pavements
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP)
Compressive Strength (psi)
8000 7000
17
6000 5000
0%
4000
20%
3000
35%
2000
Virgin Aggregate
Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)
50%
1000 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Testing Age (days)
Steel Furnace Slag
Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) for Pavements • Fiber Materials: • Type I: Steel FRC • Type II: Glass FRC (alkali-resistant only) • Type III: Synthetic FRC (moisture and alkali-resistant) • Type IV: Natural FRC (moisture and alkali-resistant) • Specified as a dosage rate (kg/m3) or volume fraction (% of total volume) • Steel 39 kg/m3 ~ 0.5% Vf • Polypropylene 4.6 kg/m3 ~ 0.5% Vf
Macro vs. Micro Fibers Macro-Fibers Hooked end
Diameters: 0.2 to 0.8 mm Length: 20 to 65mm Steel, Synthetic, etc.
crimped
Micro-Fibers
Diameters: < 0.1 mm Length: 6 to 20mm
Polypropylene, Steel, Carbon, ...
Variety of Macrofibers Emboss-48
Smooth-40
Emboss-50
Smooth-58
Hook-60
Helical-25
FRC Slab Testing
Concrete Slab - Load vs. Deflection Synthetic Macrofibers vs. Plain Concrete 225
Plain 0.48% Synthetic Macro Fiber
200
0.32% Synthetic Macro Fiber 175
Load (kN)
150
125
100
75
50
25
0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average Interior Maximum Surface Deflection (mm)
10
11
12
13
Modified Strength Equations for FRC Pavement Design
ASTM C1609-12
• MOR’ = MOR + f150 • MOR = plain concrete flexural strength • MOR’ = effective flexural strength of FRC • f150 = residual strength (ASTMC1609-12)
• Stress Ratio (SR)= (Total Stress) (f150 + MOR)
Roesler et al. (2019)
Example Projects with Macrofibers North Lorang Road, Kane County
Western Avenue, Chicago
2007-13 Health Center Parking Lot, UIUC
Airport Apron
2006-13 Law School Parking Lot, UIUC
Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) Pavement • Re-emergence of roller-compacted concrete (RCC) • Sustainability = lower cement content, lower initial cost, faster opening time • Equipment = high density pavers
• Challenges to adoption • Mix design/selection is different • Slab thickness design procedure
ASTM D1557
PCC
RCC
HMA
RCC vs. other cement-based pavement materials Roller-Compacted Concrete
Pervious Concrete
Conventional Concrete
Cement Content
Soil-Cement CementTreated Base
Full-Depth Reclamation Cement-Modified Soil
Water Content
Flowable Fill
Concrete Pavements Curls Moisture/Temperature
Wei and Hansen 2011
Internal Curing of Concrete Pavements • Effects of moisture curling: • Early age cracking (low and high severity), • Reduced smoothness (increased IRI) • Combined load+environment to produce premature failure with top-down or longitudinal cracks.
• Dry regions are more susceptible (California, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, etc.) Internal Curing Aggregate
RH=relative humidity Moisture loss (t) @ RH: 20-50% Concrete Slab
Low RH
Slab High RH 4mm
Fine Lightweight Aggregates (FLWA) for Internal Curing • Generally an expanded natural aggregate (shale, slate) or slag • Aggregate absorption values of 9-35% • For example: • • • •
4mm
Expanded shale Absorption: 14.3% SSD SG: 1.63 OD SG: 1.43
Expanded Slate (Stalite)
Expanded Slag (Phoenix Services)
Expanded Shale Castro et al. 2011
Curling of FLWA (F0) vs. Virgin (V0) mixtures without moisture curing Virgin Materials
27% FLWA
1.4m x 0.15m x 0.08m beams
Amirkhanian and Roesler (2016)
Moisture Profile for Normal (Virgin) and FLWA Concrete
Outline
Design
Technology
Materials
Emerging Opportunities
Full-Depth Reclamation (FDR) o Reciclado • Uso de Material Existente
• Elimina la incorporación de una nueva capa base
• Recicla mediante la Pulverización del Pavimento Asfaltico Existente, Base, Subase, y capas de la subrasante • Usualmente se adiciona un estabilizador • Rápido y sustentable
Secuencia TÃpica de Construccion del Reciclado
Sawcut Timing: Ultrasoncic Test System (UTS) and Computer Vision • Common concrete pavement question: When to saw-cut concrete? What is a good saw-cut?
ASK
Joint Raveling
Transverse cracks Too late
Too early
Non-Contact Ultrasonic a Computer Vision for Joint Raveling Limitations: Access, contact, & companion specimens
Limitations: Relative quantification
Technique 1: Non-contact Ultrasonic Testing System (UTS)
Technique 2: Computer vision-based technique
Computer
Air-coupled ultrasonic transmitter (sender)
AIR
Ď´i Incidence angle Leaky Rayleigh waves (LR-wave)
Acoustic baffle
DAQ (NI X6363)
1 2
Contactless MEMS 3 4 (receiver)
Surface guided wave (R-wave) CONCRETE
Shear wave (S-wave) Longitudinal wave (P-wave)
In-situ final setting time
Quantify sawcut damage Objective
Estimate earliest time of saw cutting when the risk of raveling is minimal
Non-Contact Ultrasonic Principle Leaky Rayleigh (LR) wave
air
concrete Computer
DAQ (NI X6363) Air-coupled ultrasonic transmitter (sender)
AIR
Ď´i Incidence angle Leaky Rayleigh waves (LR-wave)
Acoustic baffle
LR-wave propagation
1 2
Surface guided wave (R-wave) CONCRETE
Shear wave (S-wave) Longitudinal wave (P-wave)
Contactless MEMS 3 4 (receiver)
Non-Contact Ultrasonic Test Setup Receiver movement controller (1mm per step)
50kHz Transmitter Acoustic buffer
4 MEMs Receivers
Transmitter angle controller
Contactless receivers
Computer
DAQ (NI X6363) Contactless transmitter
Scanned points (1mm spacing) 3 contactless receivers Scanning direction 10 mm 76 mm
133 mm Cement paste
Scanned region 266 mm 533 mm
Acoustic baffle
Moving direction of the receivers
Contactless transmitter
133 mm
70 mm
Leaky Rayleigh Wave Energy over Time
Energy of LR-wave signals at different times
LR-wave energy over time for the four MEMS sensors (20 mm spacing)
Computer Vision Assessment for Joint Raveling Step 1: - Take multiple pictures of each saw cut - Construct point cloud and dense model
Step 2: Build Mesh model
Step 3: Compute surface area of damaged and undamaged elements
Quantification of Joint Raveling Damage over Time 3D Meshed model
Damage development over Time
Determination of Sawcut Time Construct damage index (DI) plots of all mixtures using CVbased technique C-39
C-45
Determine the acceptable DI (DIa) using CV-based technique and statistical data analysis
C-50
740
700
660
620
580
540
500
460
420
380
340
300
260
220
180
140
45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 100
Damage index (%)
Determine the final setting time (tf) using non-contact UTS of all mixtures
Time (minutes)
Establish sawcut timing ts from DIa
Establish relationship between tf and ts
đ?‘Ąđ?‘ = 1.3 ∗ đ?‘Ąđ?‘“ + 39
DIa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 …12
Near surface waves
▪ Slab thickness and Steel depth ▪ Delamination ▪ Void ▪ Cracks
Concrete Joint Activation Detection • Do notched contraction joints (above) actually propagate a crack through the slab thickness?
Shear Wave Transmissions with MIRA Device
Activated transducer or transmitter 2 1 3
Sensing transducers 4
5
6
30 mm
7
8
9
10
11
12
Incident S- waves
h
d
• Signal energy:
Concrete slab
• Normalize transmission energy (NTE)
đ??¸đ?‘–đ?‘— đ?‘ đ?‘‡đ??¸ = đ??¸đ?‘–6
�����: i : transmitter from 2 to 4 j: receiver from 7-12
Normalized Energy (NTE) Plot
Amplitude (a.u.)
Diffracted S-wave pulse received by channel 9
Direct S-wave pulse received by channel 6
Reflected S-wave pulse received by channel 9
Notch
Reflected and diffracted S-wave pulse received by channel 6
Laboratory Test Sample Results No crack
Partial crack
Full crack
Outline
Design
Technology
Materials
Emerging Opportunities
Photocatalytic Concrete Pavements (TiO2 cements) • Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) reduction • TiO2 oxidizes NOx in the air into nitrates in the presence of sunlight
O2
Atmospheric Gases H2O
UV Radiation
NOx Pollution NO NO2
• Self-cleaning surface • TiO2 degrades surface contaminants • Self-cleaning property helps to maintain a higher albedo and the ability to oxidize NOx over time
• Urban Heat Island (UHI) mitigation • Concrete overlays with a higher albedo have a lower surface temperature and Global Warming Potential (GWP)
TiO2
∙OH Hydroxyl Radicals
NO3- Reaction Byproduct
Photocatalytic Concrete Pavement
NOx Removal Mechanism • TiO2 when added to cement leads to the ability to remove atmospheric NOx • TiO2 absorbs photons (from sunlight) that have more energy than its activation energy to form electron-hole pairs
NOx Removal Mechanism đ?‘‡đ?‘–đ?‘‚2 + â„Žđ?œˆ → â„Ž+ + đ?‘’ − đ??ť2 đ?‘‚đ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘ + â„Ž+ →∙ đ?‘‚đ??ť + đ??ť + đ?‘‚2 + đ?‘’ − → đ?‘‚2− đ?‘ đ?‘‚đ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘ +∙ đ?‘‚đ??ť → đ??ťđ?‘ đ?‘‚2 đ?‘ đ?‘‚đ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘ + đ?‘‚2− → đ?‘ đ?‘‚3− đ??ťđ?‘ đ?‘‚2 +∙ đ?‘‚đ??ť → đ?‘ đ?‘‚2đ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘ + đ??ť2 đ?‘‚ đ?‘ đ?‘‚2đ?‘Žđ?‘‘đ?‘ +∙ đ?‘‚đ??ť → đ??ťđ?‘ đ?‘‚3
Photoreactor Test Setup
Photocatalytic Performance
Photocatalytic Paste Specimen Performance 120
Noncarbonated 100
PEF (µmol/m2.hr)
Carbonated 80
60
40
20
0 W_W4_T2.5_F15
W_W6_T2.5_F15
C_W4_T2.5_F15
C_W6_T2.5_F15
2.5% TiO2, W4 = white cement with w/c=0.4, F15 –15% fly ash
Energy Consumption U.S. (2017)
Significant opportunity!
Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV)
Expand BEV Charging by Placement in Pavement
Urban Heat Island (UHI) Mitigation • UHI: A sustained increase in temperature in urban areas as compared to adjacent rural areas • Causes include: low reflectance materials including concrete, low wind speed in cities because of urban form like building, little vegetation
Pavement properties affect UHI • At the surface: Optical Properties • đ?›źđ?‘? is the albedo of the pavement surface • đ?œ– is the emissivity of the pavement surface
• Within each pavement layer: Thermal Properties • đ?œŒđ?‘?đ?‘? is the (volumetric) heat capacity, in J/m3K • đ?‘˜ is the thermal conductivity, in W/mK
Rapid measurement of pavement albedo with D-SPARC
Sen (2019)
Albedometer
3D Pavement - Urban Canyon Model and Mesh Coarse
Medium
Fine
66
UHI Mitigation with Reflective Concrete Pavements
Existing 2 m air temperature
Reflective concrete pavements
Typical concrete pavements
Reflective roofs, walls, & pavements
Lateral Position Detection for Autonomous Vehicles (AV) • Modifying pavement signature (markings or materials) to detect lateral roadway position of AV • Bad weather conditions (rain, snow, ice, fog)
Electrically-Conductive Concrete for Lateral Vehicle Position Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Eddy current system detects conductive concrete
Eddy Current Sensor (Metal Detector)
Summary of Current & Future Impacts for Concrete Pavements • Excellent concrete pavement design methods • AASHTO Pavement ME, Overlays, Opti-Pave
• Sustainable materials solutions • Pozzolans, recycled aggregates, TiO2 cements, FRC
• Newer technology for concrete pavement • RCC Pavement, Full-Depth Reclamation, internal curing, noncontact sensing for construction decisions
• Societal challenges for temperature, air quality, safety • Urban Heat Island – reflective concrete • Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer – BEV charging • Passive sensors for lane positioning for Autonomous Vehicles