Yiddish - The Book of Psalms

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ึทื–;ืจื‘ืงืจืขื ืขืคืืŸืื–ื™ืื–ื“ืœืื”ืจืขื™ื™ื–;ืชื•ืขืฉืจืจืขื™ื™ื–ื–ื™ืืงื™ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื ื™ืืจืขื™ื™ื–;ืœื™ื•ืžืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืื”ื ื•ืžืืŸื™ื™ืงืื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ืืกืขืื™ืจืื•ื•9

;ื˜ื ืขื”ืขื ื™ื™ืžืŸื™ืื“ื ื™ื–ื–ื™ืืกืขื‘ื™ื•ื;ื”ืฉืขืกืื“ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืื‘ื™ื•ืื™ืงื•ืœื'ื”3 :)ื˜ื ื™ื™ืคืŸื™ื™ืžื–ื™ืื”ื‘ื™ืกืŸืืกืื•ื•,ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ืฆืžืื™ืื‘ืื”ืšื™ื,ืื™;(ืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืžืื•ืœืฉื‘ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืกืื•ื•ืืขื“ื•ืฆื”ึธืจืจื›ืฉื‘ืื”ืšื™ืื‘ื™ื•ื4

?ืจื™ืžืŸื•ืคืื™ื ืคืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื˜ืœืื”ืื‘ื•ื˜ืกืขื•ื•ื’ื ืืœื™ื•ื•?ืฅืœืืจืืค'?ื”,ื—ื›ืฉืšื™ืžื•ื˜ืกืขื•ื•ื’ื ืืœื™ื•ื•.)ืŸื“ื•ื“ืŸื•ืคืจื•ืžื–ืžื,ื“ื™ื’ื ืื•ืฆ1(

ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸึทื“ื˜ื™ืžืŸืขึทืจืคืšื™ื–ื˜ืขืฐืฅืจืื”ืŸึทืž;ื“ืกื—ืŸื™ื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ืื—ื˜ื‘ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืจืขื‘ื5

ืŸืื˜ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–,ืŸื‘ืจืื“ืจืืคืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–ืื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ืื˜ืื’ืŸื™ื™ืง:ืŸืฆืจืื”ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื˜ืื”ื”ื˜ื•ืฉืจืขื“)ืŸื“ื•ื“ืŸื•ืคืจื•ืžื–ืžื“ื™ื’ื ืื•ืฆ1(

.ืจื™ืžืจืืคืงื–ื—ื•ืฆืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ื™ื™ื–ืืขืจืื•ื•,ืื ืฉืšื™ืžืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื•ื,ืื™ืงื–ื—ืขื ื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืœื™ืฆืžืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืจืข17

.ืŸืœืขืคืขื’ืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืจืขืœึทืฐ,ืŸืขืฐืขื’ืœื™ืฆืžืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืจืข;ื˜ืจืืŸืกื™ื•ืจื’ืืŸื™ืืšืฑืืŸื’ืฑืฆืขื’ืกืฑืจืืšื™ืžื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸื•ื19

.ืจื™ืžืฃื™ื•ืืชื•ื ืžื—ืจื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืšื™ืžืœืื’;ืจืฉื•ื™ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื™ืืšืœื”ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ืืจืขื‘ื11 ื˜ืื’ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขื‘ืšื™ืืœืขืฐืชื•ื“ืขื™ื“ืŸื™ื:ื˜ืจืืŸืฐืจืขืŸืืฃืฑืืœื’ืจืŸึทืžื˜ึทื˜ืฉ12

ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืกืื”ื˜ื ึทืคืขื ึทืžืŸื•ื,ืŸื‘ืฑื”ืขื’ืคืฑืืšื™ืžื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืื•ืจืืฐ';ื”ืื•ืจืšื™ื“ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ื)ืŸื“ื•ื“ืชื™ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืจื™ืฉืŸื•ืืจื•ืžื–ืž1(

ืจืขื“ื˜ืžื•ืงื™ืจืคืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืจืขื‘ื,ืŸื˜ืœืื”ื ืืŸื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ืืŸืขืงื˜ื›ืื ื:ืŸื‘ืขืœืกืื“ื–ื™ืืŸื—ืŸึทื–ืŸื™ื;ืขื’ืจืื–ื™ื•ืœื‘ืฅืกืืœืกืขื›ืŸื™ื™ื–ืื™ืจืื•ื•5

ื•ื“ืŸื•ื;ื˜ืื’ื•ืฆื”ื“ื•ืžืšื™ืืœืขืฐืชื•ืจื™ื‘ืขืขื ึทืž:ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืจืชืกื˜ืฉื™ื ืšื™ืื‘ืื”ืŸื•ืขืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ื,ื“ื ื™ื–ืŸื™ื™ืžืชืจื›ืจื™ื“ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื5

?ืกื˜ื•ื’ืŸืขื–ืœืื–ืจืขื™ื“ื›,ื’ืขื˜ืขืœื™ืคื‘ื™ืœื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืŸื‘ืขืœื˜ืกื•ืœื’ืกืื•ื•,ืฉื˜ื ืขืžืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืจืขื•ื•12

ืŸื™ื™ื–ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืจืขื™ื•ืจื˜ืกืื•ื•ืจืขื ื™ื™ืื™ื•ื•,ื˜ืงื•ื‘ืขื’ืจืขื•ื•ืฉืšื™ื–ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื:ืจืขื“ื•ืจื‘ืจืขื“ืืจื‘ื—ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืืจืขื™ื•ื•ืŸืื˜ืขื’ืšื™ืžื‘ืื”ืšื™ื14

ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกืขื‘ืื”ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืจื™ืžืŸื’ืขืงืŸืขืžื•ื ื•ืฆืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืื™ื‘ืจื—ื™ื“,ืื™;ืฅื‘ืงืšื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื•ื,ื—ืžืฉืšื™ื–ื™ื™ื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืชื•ืจืฆืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื™ืืจืขื‘ื15

ืŸื‘ึทืœื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืจืขืจืขึทื˜ืŸึทืž,ืŸื‘ืจื•ื—ืขืจืขึทื–ืŸื•ืคืœืขื–ืŸึทืžื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ืืจ?ืŸืงื•ืงื•ืฆื•ื˜ืกืขื•ื•ื’ื ืืœื™ื•ื•,ื™ื ื“ื17 .ืึธื‘ืจืŸืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืœืœื”ืšื™ื“ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ื:ื”ืœื•ื“ื’ื”ื”ื“ืขืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸื™ื™ื–ื”ื“ื•ืžืšื™ื“ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ื18

.ืŸืขืœื’ื™ืœืคืขื ึทื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ืืฉืืขื“ืจืขื˜ื ื•ืื˜ืจืขื›ื™ื–ืจืืคืšื™ื–ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืŸื•ืคืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžื™ื“ืŸื‘ืื”ืื•ืจื“'!ื”,ื“ืกื—ืŸื™ื™ื“ื–ื™ืืœื“ื’ื™ื•ื•7

.ื˜ื™ื’ืŸื•ืืชื•ื ืžื—ืจื˜ื•ื˜ืงื™ื“ืฆืจืขื“ืจืขื‘ื,ืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืœืืฆืŸื•ื,ื˜ื’ืจืื‘ืขืฉืจืจืขื“21

.ืื™ื•ื‘ืŸื™ืจื’ืื™ื•ื•ืŸื˜ื™ื™ืจืคืฉืจืืคืšื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื—ื›ืกื™ื•ืจื’ื˜ื™ืžืื™ืขืฉืจื™ื“ื”ืืจื‘ืื”ืšื™ื35

.ืฅืจืื”ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื™ืื–ื™ืื”ืจื•ืชืŸื™ื™ื“,ืื™,ื˜ืื’ืŸื™ื™ืž,ืŸื•ืฆืจืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸืื˜ื•ืฆื”ืื ื”ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื8

.ื˜ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ื•ื“',ื”,ืŸืขืคื™ืœืขื ื™ื™ืžืšืจื•ืฆื˜ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื”ืšื™ื,ื”ื ื”:ื”ืœื•ื“ื’ื”ื”ื“ืขืจืขื“ืŸื™ืื˜ื™ื™ืงื™ื˜ื›ืขืจืขื’ื˜ื’ืื–ืขื’ื ืื‘ืื”ืšื™ื9

.ื”ืœืžื’ื™ื™ื–ืœืื–ืšื™ืื™ื“ื›,ืŸืงืขื•ื•ืจืขื“ืšื™ืžืŸื•ื,ืŸื™ื™ื–ืชื•ื ืžื—ืจืจื™ืžื˜ืกืœืื–',ื”,ื•ื“ืจืขื‘ื10 .ืจื™ืžืจืขื‘ื™ืื—ืฆื ื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ืื‘ื™ื•ืืŸื™ื™ืžืืขืจืื•ื•,ืŸื—ืšื™ืžื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ื–ืืšื™ืืกื™ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื™ืžืจืขื“11 ืงื™ื‘ื™ื™ืืฃื™ื•ืืจื™ื“ืจืืคืื™ืฉืšื™ืžื˜ืกืื”ืŸื•ื,ืจืฉื•ื™ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื™ืืจืžื•ืฉืšื™ืžื˜ืกืื”,ืšื™ืืŸื•ื12 .ืŸืžืืŸื•ื,ืŸืžื.ืืœื•ืขื–ื™ื‘ืŸื•ืืืœื•ืขืŸื•ืคืœืืจืฉื™ื™ืงื•ืœื'ื”ืšื•ืจื‘13

?ื˜ื ึทืคืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื’ื ื•ืงื™ืจื“ืจืขื“ืŸื’ืขืฐืŸืจืขื™ื•ืจื˜ืšื™ืึทื’ืกืืฐ?ืšื™ืžื•ื˜ืกื™ื˜ืจืืคืกืื•ื•ืจืืค;ื–ืขืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืื™ืงื•ืœืืจืขื“ื˜ืกื™ื‘ื•ื“ืืขืจืื•ื•2 .ืŸื˜ืœืขืฆืขื’ืขื ึทื“ื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ื’ืจืื‘ืŸืงื™ืœึทื”ืŸึทื“ื•ืฆืŸืขื’ื ืขืจื‘ืšื™ืžึทื–ืŸืœืื–;ืŸืจื™ืคืšื™ืžื™ื™ื–ืŸืœืื–;ืชืžืืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืื˜ื›ื™ืœืŸื™ื™ื“ื—ืœืฉ3 ื™ืงื•ืœืืŸื™ื™ืžืื™ืงื•ืœื,ืœืœื”ืšื™ื“ืšื™ืืœืขื•ื•ืœื‘ื ืจืขื“ืฃื™ื•ื,ืื™,ื”ื‘ืจื”ื—ืžืฉืŸื™ื™ืž'ื”ื•ืฆ',ื”ื—ื‘ื–ืžืื•ืฆืšืœื”ืšื™ืืœืขื•ื•ื˜ืœืืžืขื“4 ื–ื™ืืกืืฐ,ืื™ืืŸื‘ืฑืœืšืื ืœืขืฐืšื™ืืื•ืจืืฐ,ื˜ืื’ืฃืฑืืŸืคืื”?ืจื™ืžืŸื™ืืŸืงืืจืฉืจืขื“ื•ื˜ืกื˜ึทื–ืกืืฐืจืืคืŸื•ื?ืฉืคื ืŸื™ื™ืž,ืœืคื ื•ื˜ืกื™ื‘ื”ึธืœ5

,ืจื™ืžืฃื™ื•ืืื—ืจ)ืขื‘ืฉ-ืชื‘ืŸื™ื™ืงืื•ื‘ื–ื™ืืจืขื™ื•ื•ืืขื“ื›ืื ,ืŸืขืžื•ืงืขื’ืื™ืื•ืฆื–ื™ืืื™ื‘ื ื”ืŸืชื ืŸืขื•ื•,ืŸื“ื•ื“ืŸื•ืคืจื•ืžื–ืžื,ื“ื™ื’ื ืฉืืจืื•ืฆ1( .ืชื•ืจื™ื‘ืขืขื ื™ื™ืžืงื—ืžืื™ืžื—ืจืื™ืžื—ืจืขื ื™ื™ื“ื˜ืฑืœ,ื“ืกื—ืŸื™ื™ื“ื˜ื™ื•ืœ,ื˜ืื’ ืื˜ื—ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืšื™ืžืจื”ื˜ืŸื•ื,ืŸื•ืขืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืคืšื™ืžืฅื—ืจ2

.ืงื™ื‘ื™ื™ืืŸื•ืืงื™ื‘ื™ื™ืืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคืชื•ื ืžื—ืจื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ืื—ื˜ื‘ืšื™ื:ื˜ืื’ืŸื•ืคื–ื™ื•ื”ืืขื“ืŸื™ืืชื™ื–ืŸื™ืจื’ืื™ื•ื•ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืจืขื‘ื8

.ืจื‘ืฉืจืขื˜ืื”ื“ื ื•ื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–;ืื•ืœืฉืื™ืื˜ื™ืžืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืŸื’ืขืงื˜ื ืขื”ืขื ื™ื™ื–ื˜ืงืขืจื˜ืฉืขื’ืกื™ื•ืื˜ืื”ืจืข20 ,ืŸืžืฉืŸื•ืคื”ื›ืจืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ืื™ืจื‘ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื–;ื‘ืœืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื–ื™ืื”ืžื—ืœืžืจืขื‘ื,ื”ืืžื—ืŸื•ืคื˜ืืœื’ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ื”ืคืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืคื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื“21

.ื–ื–ื•ืฆืงื™ื“ืฆืืขื“ืŸืชื ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืข;ืื™ื™ืงืžืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸื•ื',ื”ืฃื™ื•ืืืฉืžืŸื™ื™ื“ืฃืจืื•ื•22 ื‘ืœืื”ืŸื‘ืขืœื˜ื™ื ืŸืœืื–ืŸืฉื˜ื ืขืžืขืฉื™ืจืขืœื“ื ื™ื•ื•ืฉืŸื•ืืขืงื™ื˜ื•ืœื‘:ืŸื‘ืจื•ื—ืŸื•ืคื‘ื•ืจื’ืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืจืขื“ื™ื ืคืืจืื™ื™ื–ื˜ืกืœืื–,ื˜ืื’,ื•ื“ืจืขื‘ื23

ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ื™ืœืืขื“ืŸื™ื'ื”ืจืืคืšืœื”ืœืื–ืšื™ืื™ื“ื›,ื”ืœื™ืคื ืŸื•ืคืื™ืœื’ืจืขื ื™ื™ืžืœื™ืฆืžื˜ืฉื™ื ื•ื˜ืกืขื•ื•;ืชื•ืžืŸื•ืคืฉืคื ืŸื™ื™ืžืœื™ืฆืžื˜ืกืื”ืืขืจืื•ื•13

ืชื•ื ืžื—ืจืŸื™ื™ื–,ื˜ืื’,ืจื™ืžื•ืฆืŸืœืฆื™ืœืื ืžื—ืจ)ืœื™ื™ื”ืจืขื“ืŸื™ืืŸืœื•ืืฉืŸื•ืคืŸืคืืœื˜ื ืื–ื™ืืจืขืŸืขื•ื•,ืŸื“ื•ื“ืŸื•ืคืึนื›ืž,ื”ื˜ื™ืฉืชืœืื“ื™ื’ื ืื•ืฆ1( ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืชื•ืจืฆืขืงื™ื–ืื“ื™ื“ื–ื™ื‘,ื˜ืœืงืžืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื›ืืžืšื™ืืœืขื•ื•ืœื’ื™ืœืคืŸื™ื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืŸื˜ืืฉืืขื“ืŸื™ื,ืื™;ืจื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ืื—ื˜ื‘ื”ืžืฉื ืŸื™ื™ืžืืขืจืื•ื•,ืจื™ืžืฃื™ื•ื

.ืขืœืก.ื“ืจืขืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคืŸืงืขื™ื“ื–ื™ื‘ื‘ืงืขื™ืŸื™ืื˜ืœื•ืฉื˜ืื’ื–ืืŸืกื™ื•ื•ืŸืœืื–ื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื;ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ื ืŸืœืื–ื™ื™ื–ื–ื,ื™ื™ื–ืœื›ื,ืŸืจืืฆืžื™ืจื’ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื–ืœื›ื13 ื˜ืื˜ืฉืจืขื“ืื•ืจืืŸึทื’ืžื•ืจืืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ื•ื”ืื™ืฐืฉืขืจืืŸื›ืืžึทื–ืŸืœืื–ืŸื•ื;ืŸืจืขืงืžื•ืืšื™ื–ึทื–ืŸืœืื–ื˜ื ืฐืืŸื™ืืŸื•ื14 .ื˜ืื–ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื‘ื™ื•ืืจืขืฆืšื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ื–ื™ื™ืคืฉื•ืฆืคืืจืืŸื•ืืฃื™ื•ืจืื“ื•ื“ื ื™ื™ื–ืŸืœืื–15

,ื”ื‘ื•ื–ืžืจืื˜ื™ืžืŸื•ืืื™ืืจื”ื ืžืจืื˜ื™ืžืŸื‘ื™ืจืขื’ืšื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืขืŸืขื•ื•;ืŸืขื ืจืขืœื•ืฆ,ืŸื“ื•ื“ืŸื•ืคืึนื›ืž,ืชื•ื“ื ืฉื•ืฉืฃื™ื•ืืจืขืงื™ื–ื•ืžื˜ืคื™ื•ื”ืืขื“ื•ืฆ1(

ืšื™ื–ืŸืœืขื•ื•ืจื™ืž:ืชื•ืจืฆื—ืขื ื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ืื‘ืฉื™ืœืื–ืจืขื™ื“ื›,ืจื™ื“ื•ืฆื‘ืจืงื˜ืกืขื•ื•ื•ื“ืŸื•ื,ื˜ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืกืื•ื•ืฉื™ืืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืœื™ื•ืื•ื•4

.ืื™ืืจืืคืšื™ื–ื™ื™ืจืคืŸื•ื,ื”ื•ื”ื™ืŸืขืžืื ืŸื™ื™ื–ืšืจื•ื“ืŸืขืœืžื™ื”ื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ืื˜ืืจืกืื•ื•ืืขื“ืื•ืจ:ืŸืขืžืื ืŸื™ื™ื–ื•ืฆื”ืœื™ื”ืชื’ื ื™ื–',ื”ื•ืฆื’ื ื™ื–4 ืื™ืฉื“ืงืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ื'ื”ื–ื™ื,ืชื•ื ืžืœืื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ืคื•ืฉืืŸื•ื,ืื•ืชื™ืŸื•ืคื‘ืื5

.ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืืŸื™ืื‘ืฉื™ืื™ืจืจื•ืกื™ื“ืจืขื‘ื,ืŸื˜ืขืจื›ื˜ื™ืžืชืจื›ืŸืขื ืขื–ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืกื™ื•ืจืื˜ื’ื ืขืจื‘ืจืข,ืชื•ื—ืคืฉืžืŸื™ืืื™ื“ื“ื•ื‘ืชืžืŸืชื ืื™ืงื•ืœื6

.ื™ืœืชืคื ืŸื•ืคืื™ืจืฉื™ื“ืŸื•ื,ืŸื•ืœื•ื‘ื–ืŸื•ืคืื™ืจืฉื™ื“,ื”ืฆืขื•ืžืจืขื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ืื”ื“ื•ื”ื™ืŸื•ืคืื™ืจืฉื™ื“,ื™ืื‘ื’ืจืขื™ื™ื–ื˜ื™ืžืŸื˜ืงื”ืŸื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื27

.ื–ื“ื ื•ืืจืืคื”ืฉืขื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืกืื•ื•,ื™ืงื•ืœื,ืงื–ื—;ื—ื•ื›ืŸื™ื™ื“ื”ื•ืฆื˜ืื”ืšื™ืงื•ืœืืŸื™ื™ื“28 ืชื•ื ืชืžืŸืขื’ื ืขืจื‘ืจื™ื“ืื™ื›ืœืžืŸืœืขื•ื•ืื™ืœืฉื•ืจื™ืŸื™ืืœื›ื™ื”ืŸื™ื™ื“ื‘ื™ืœื•ืฆ29

ื˜ื™ื ื–ื™ืื˜ืกึทื’ืŸึทื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืฆืจืื”ืจืขึทื–ืŸื˜ืœืื”ืขื’ื˜ื™ื ื˜ืื”ืกืืฐืจื•ื“ื;ืจื•ื“ื”ื“ื™ืจืžืŸื•ืืŸืฉืงืขื,ืชื•ื‘ืืจืขื™ื™ื–ื™ื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืฉื™ื ืœืื–ืŸื•ื8

;ืงืื˜ืฉื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸืงื™ื–ืื“ืืขื“ื“ืงืคืŸื•ื,ื”ึตื”ืŸื•ื,ืœืžื™ื”ืŸื•ืคืคืืจืืงื•ืง,ืชื•ืื‘ืฆืื™ืงื•ืœื,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืจื™ืž,ืšื™ื–ืจืขืง14

.ื˜ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸืจืืคื™ื•ืจื˜ืฉืจืขื“ื™ื•ื•;ื“ืืจืื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ื›ืืž,ืื™ืงื•ืœืืŸื™ื™ืž13 ;ืฉืืŸื™ืืื™ืจื”ื™ื“ืื™ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ื•ืŸื•ื,ืฅึธืŸืืฃืจืฉืฉืื™ื“ื™ื•ื•14 .ืืขืจื•ื˜ืฉืŸื™ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื–ื“ื—ืคืŸื•ื,ืืขืจื•ื˜ืฉืŸื™ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื–ืฃื“ืจื™ื•ื–ื15

.ืื™ืขืฉืจื™ื“ืŸื•ืคื˜ื ืื”ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืคึทื–ืœื™ืฆืžืจืข;ื”ึธืจืื ืฉ',ื”ืŸื‘ืื”ืกืื•ื•,ืจื™ื10

.ืŸื’ื™ื•ืืขื ื™ื™ืžืŸื™ืืจืืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืงืฉื˜ื“ืขืจืกืื•ื•ืจืขื“;ืชื™ื‘ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื™ืื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืชื•ืืžืจื˜ื•ื˜ืกืื•ื•ืจืขื“7

ื™ื™ืจืฉืขื’ืŸื™ื™ืžืœืื–ืŸื•ื',ื”,ื”ืœืคืชืŸื™ื™ืžืขืžืฉ'.)ื”ืจืืคื”ื ืขื˜ืŸื™ื™ื–ืกื™ื•ืืšืคืฉืจืขืŸื•ื,ืŸื’ืืœืฉืจืขื“ื–ื™ืืจืขืŸืขื•ื•,ื™ื ึธืืขื“ืŸื•ืคื”ืœืคืชื1(

;ืื™ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆื”ืงื“ืฆืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืื™ืืืจื™ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ืฃื™ื•ืืืœื•ืขื–ื™ื‘ืืœื•ืขืŸื•ืคื–ื™ื'ื”ืŸื•ืคื“ืกื—ื™ื“ืจืขื‘ื17 ืŸืื˜ื•ืฆื™ื™ื–ื˜ืื‘ืขื’ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸืขืงื ืขื“ืขื’ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืฆืŸื•ื,ื“ื ื•ื‘ืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื˜ื™ื”ืกืื•ื•,ื™ื“ื•ืฆ18

.ืชื•ื“ื‘ื—ืขืจืขื™ื™ื–ืจื‘ืฉื˜ืื”ืŸื•ื,ืชื•ืžืŸื•ืคืœืฆืืขื“ืŸื•ืืšืฉื—ืŸื•ืคื˜ื›ืืจื‘ืขื’ืกื™ื•ืจืื™ื™ื–ื˜ืื”ืจืข14

.ืจื™ืžื”ื ืขืŸื•ื,ื˜ื ืื”ืจืขื˜ื›ืขืจืŸื™ื™ื“ื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืฆื”:ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืœืฆื ืœืื–ืขื˜ื‘ื™ืœืขื’ืŸื™ื™ื“ื™ื“ื›6 ืชื•ื›ื•ืกืœืื˜ืืขื“ืŸื–ืืœืกืฑืืŸื•ื,ืื›ืฉืŸืœึทื˜ืขืฆืœืขืฐืšื™ื,ืŸืขึทืจืคืšื™ื–ืœืขืฐืšื™ื;ื”ืฉื•ื“ืงืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืืจื‘ื“ื˜ืื”ืื™ืงื•ืœื7

ื“ื ื™ื–ืืŸืจืขื•ื•ืœืื–ื”ืœื™ืคืชืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืคืฉืžืจืืคืจืขืœืื–,ืŸืจืขื•ื•ื˜ืคืฉืžืขื’ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸืขื•ื•7 .ื˜ืžืืŸื™ื™ื–ืŸืจืขื’ืกื™ื•ืืšื™ืืœืื–ืŸื•ื;ืงื™ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸื™ื™ื–ื’ืขื˜ืขื ื™ื™ื–ืŸืœืื–8

.ื”ืžืžื“ืŸื™ืื“ืจื™ืกืื•ื•ื™ื“ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื•ื',ื”ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื‘ืœืœืื™ืชืžื™ื“17

.ืœื’ืฉื“ื ื•ืฆืืงื™ืฉ,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื',ื”',ื”,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื,ื“ื ื•ืฆืื˜ื™ื”25

.ื“ื‘ึธืŸื™ื™ื“ื•ืฆืจื‘ื“ืŸื™ื™ื“ื˜ื™ื•ืœ,ื”ืžื—ื ืŸื™ื™ืžืจืืคืŸื™ื™ื–ื“ืกื—ืŸื™ื™ื“,ืšื™ื“ื˜ืขื‘ืšื™ื,ืœืื–76

ืŸื—ืŸื™ื™ืžื–ื™ืื”ืจื•ึนืŸื™ื™ื“ืืขืจืื•ื•,ืŸื‘ืขืœืœืื–ืšื™ืื™ื“ื›,ืื™ืžื—ืจืขื ื™ื™ื“ืจื™ืžื•ืฆืŸืขืžื•ืงืŸืœืื–77 .ื˜ืื‘ืขื’ืขื ึทื“ืŸื™ืืŸืจืขืœืงืœืขืฐืšื™ืืจืขื‘ื,ื”ื‘ื™ืกืืŸืื˜ืจืขืงืจืืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืžืŸืื˜ืขื’ืŸื‘ืื”ึทื–ืื•ืจืืฐ;ื”ื•ื•ืื’ื™ื“ืŸืจืขื•ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืšื™ื–ืŸืœืื–78

ืŸืขืžืขืฉื˜ื™ื ืšื™ื–ืœืื–ืšื™ืื–ื;ืื™ืงื•ื—ืขื ื™ื™ื“ืŸื™ืื˜ื ื•ื–ืขื’ืŸื™ื™ื–ื‘ืœืŸื™ื™ืžืœืื–80

.ืื™ื“ื‘ืขืขื ื™ื™ื–ืฃื™ื•ืืŸืจืขื•ื•ื”ื˜ืจื—ื˜ืขื•ื•ืจืขืŸื•ื,ืืขืŸื™ื™ื–ื˜ืคืฉืžื˜ืขื•ื•'ื”ืืขืจืื•ื•14

;ื˜ื™ื ืŸืขืขื–ึทื–ืจืขื‘ื,ึทื–ืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื’ืฑื;ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸื“ืขืจื™ื™ื–ืจืขื‘ื,ืœื™ื•ืžืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–16

.ืœืฑืžืจืขึทื–ืŸื™ืื˜ื™ื ื–ื™ืืืขื˜ืืŸึทืงืŸื•ื;ื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืจืขื”ื™ื™ื–ืจืขื‘ื,ืŸืจืขื™ื•ืืŸื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื–17 ื™ื™ื–ืŸื™ืื™ื•ืจื˜ื•ืฆืกืื•ื•ืจืขื ื™ื™ืืจืขื“ืขื™ื–ื™ืื™ื•ื–ื;ื™ื™ื–ื™ื•ื•ืŸืขื ืขื–ื™ื™ื–ืŸื›ืืžืกืื•ื•ื™ื“18 ;ืŸืจื”ืืชื™ื‘',ื”ืšืจื‘,ืœืืจืฉื™ืชื™ื‘',ื”ืšืจื‘19 '.ื”ืšืจื‘',ื”ืืจื™ืกืื•ื•ืจื™ื:ื™ื•ืœืชื™ื‘',ื”ืšืจื‘20 ื”ื•ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ืฑืœืื™ืœืฉื•ืจื™ืŸื™ืื‘ืฉื™ืกืื•ื•ืŸื•ื™ืฆืŸื•ืค'ื”ืšื•ืจื‘21

ืŸื˜ื‘ืกืจืขื˜ื•ืžืŸึทืžืŸื™ืื”ืกื›ืšื™ืžื˜ืกืื”,ืกื™ืจืขื ึทืžืฉืจื™ื˜ืกืื”ื•ื“ืื•ืจืืฐ13 .ื˜ื•ื’ื˜ืกื™ื™ื•ื•ื”ืžืฉื ืŸื™ื™ืžื–ืืŸื•ื;ืงืจืขืฐืขื ึทื“ืŸืขื ึทื–ืจืขื“ื ื•ืฐ;ื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ืงื™ื“ืจืขื“ื ื•ืฐืŸื•ืืงื™ื“ืืจื•ืžืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืื•ืจืืฐ;ื—ื‘ืฉืšื™ื“ืœืขื•ื•ืšื™ื14 ืŸื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืชื—ืชื™ื“ืŸื™ืืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื“ื‘ืขืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืŸื•ื,ืจืชืกืŸื™ืืŸืจืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ื›ืืžืขื’ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืŸืขื•ื•,ืจื™ื“ืจืืคืจืชืกื ืŸืขื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ืืจืžื—ืŸื™ื™ืž15 .ืฅืจืื” ,ืื™ืจื‘ืืขื ึทืžืขืœืืŸืจืืฐืขื’ืŸื‘ื™ืจืฉืจืืคืŸืขื ึทื–ืšื•ื‘ืŸึทื“ืŸื™ืืŸื•ื;ืื•ืœืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืŸืขื ื™ื™ื–ื™ื™ื–ืจืขื‘ื,ืจื‘ื—ืŸื™ื™ืžื”ืืจืŸื‘ืื”ืŸื’ื™ื•ืืขื ื™ื™ื“16

ื”ืžืฉื ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื’ืขื•ื•ื˜ื’ืจืื–ืขื’ .ืขืงื™ื“ืขื‘ืขืœื™ื“ืŸื•ืคืฅืจืืŸื™ืืงืœื—ืŸื™ื™ืžืŸื•ืื˜ืœืงืžืŸื™ื™ืžื˜ืกื™ื‘ื•ื“:ืจืžืื‘ืื”ืšื™ื':ื”,ืจื™ื“ื•ืฆืืจืงืšื™ื5 ืŸื•ืคืจืขืงืจืื˜ืฉืŸืขื ึทื–ึทื–ืื•ืจืืฐ;ืื™ืคื“ื•ืจืขื ึทืžืŸื•ืคืšื™ืžืœื™ืฆืž:ืŸืจืืฐืขื’ื˜ืงื™ืจืขื“ื™ื ืจืขึทื–ืŸื™ื‘ืšื™ืืื•ืจืืฐ;ื™ื™ืจืฉืขื’ืŸื™ื™ืžื•ืฆืšื™ื–ื˜ื™ื”6

ื™ื™ื–ืŸืจืขื˜ืฉืขืฆืŸื•ื,ืœื™ื™ืคืŸื™ื™ื“ืกื™ื•ืืŸืกื™ืฉ:ืŸืคืจืื•ื•ืขืฆื™ื™ื–ืŸื•ื,ืฅื™ืœื‘ืกื™ื•ืจืื˜ืจืื•ื•6 ;ืจืขื“ื ื™ืงืขื“ืžืขืจืคืŸื•ืคื˜ื ืื”ืจืขื“ืŸื•ืค,ืŸืจืขืกืืฐืขืกืฑืจื’ืŸื•ืคืšื™ืžืœื™ืฆืžืŸื•ื,ืคืืšื™ืžื˜ึทืจ;ืŸื‘ื™ื•ืืŸื•ืคื“ื™ืŸื™ื™ื“ื—ืœืฉ7

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