Hebrew - The Letter of Aristeas

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ืšื ื™ืืฉื™ืคื›,ืกื˜ืจืงื•ืœื™ืค,ื”ืชืืฉืŸื•ื•ื™ื›ืžื•,ืื™ื“ื•ื”ื™ื”ืœืฉืœื•ื“ื’ื”ืŸื”ื›ื”ืจื–ืขืœืืœืฆืื™ืจื•ืงื™ื‘ืœืฉื—ื›ืฉื ื™ืชืœื‘ื“ื•ืขื™ืชืœืจืžื•ื—ื™ืชืคืกืืฉืจื—ืืž1 ืœืฉืจื•ืจื‘ืจื‘ืกื”ืšืจื•ื‘ืขื—ืกื ืœื™ืชื™ืกื™ื ,ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ืœืฉืชืจื˜ืžื•ื™ื™ืขื™ื ืžืœืฉืจื•ืื™ืชืชืœื‘ืงืœื”ื‘ืจืชื•ื‘ื™ืฉื—ืชืกื—ื™ื™,ื™ืœืจื™ื›ื–ื”ืœืชื•ื ืžื“ื–ื”ืฅื™ืžื—ืž ื™ืืœืžืœืฃื™ืกื•ื”ืœ'ืฃืจื”ืืœืœืชื•ืกื ืœ-ืื“ืื”ืœืฉืจืชื•ื™ื‘ื”ืœืขื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืจื”ืื™ื”ืฉื”ื ื•ื›ืช,ื”ื“ื™ืžืœืœืชื™ืขื‘ื˜ื”ื‘ื”ืืšืœืฉื™ืฉืŸื™ื‘ืžื™ื ืืŸื›ืฉ,ืŸื™ื™ื ืขื”

ื”ืจื˜ืžื”,ื“ื•ื‘ื›ืชืืจื™ืœืขื”ืชืจื˜ืžืชืื”ืขื‘ืงืฉืจื—ืืœื•,ืจื”ื•ื˜ื‘ืชืกืกื‘ืชืžื”ืžืฉื ื”,ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ืื™ืœื™ืฆืื”ืชื•ื“ื•ืกื™ื”ืชื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื“ื™ืœืข,ื•ื–ืšืจื“ื‘2

.ืšืœืžื”ืชืจื˜ืžืชื,ื•ืชืœื•ื›ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืžื›,ืขืฆื™ื‘ืื•ื”,ืงื•ืชืขืชื•ื”ืฉื™ื›ืจืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘12 ืฅืžืืžื”ืฉืขืื•,ืšืœืžื”ื™ื ื•ื“ื,ืฃืœืืื™ื™ืชืืžืžืจืชื•ื™,'ื”ื ืขืื•ื”ื•?ื”ื™ื™ืจืคืกื‘ืฉื™ืื™ืจืคืกื™ืคืœืื”ืžื›,ืœืืฉื ,ื™ืชื—ื›ื ืฉื›,ืื™ืจืงืžื”ื“ื—ืื‘13 ืงื•ืชืขืชื”ืชืืื™ื•ื•ืฉืื™ื“ื•ื”ื™ื”ื™ืงื•ื—ืฉื™ืœืจืžืื ืœื›ื”ืšืกื‘ืฃืœืืชื•ืืžืฉืžื—ืœืขื™ื’ื”ืœืœื›ื•ืืฉืšื›,ืจืืฉื”ืชืืื’ืฃื•ืกืืœื‘ื•ืจืงื”ื“ื™ืชืขื‘

ืชื•ื™ืชื•ืืชืจื•ืฆืฉื™ืื™ืจืฆืžืœืื’ืฉื•ืžื›(ื“ื—ื•ื™ืžืชื™ื‘ืคืœืื‘ืื™ืฉืžืชืฉืžืื™ื“ื•ื”ื™ื”ืฅืจืื‘ื™ื›,"ืกื•ื™ืจื˜ืžื“ื”ื ืข",ืืชื•ืืื’ืจืชืœืšื™ืจืฆ15"

.ืื”ืžื•ืขืชืจื™ื™ืื™ื“ื™ืœื™ื”ืื™ืจืฆืžื”ืฉื™ื“ื›ืื”ื™ื“ื™ื‘ืืชื•ืื“ื™ืงืคื”ื•ืื™ืจืฆื‘ืž ื™ืฉืคื•ื—ืœื™ืชืจืจื—ืฉ-ืื›ื™ื—ืจื–ืื•ื™ื”ืฉื”ืœืื™ืคืœื›ื“ื—ื•ื™ืžื‘ื•,ื™ื ื™ืชื ืœื›ื™ืคืœื›ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื”ืฉื™ื’ื™ืชืฆืžื™ื,ื”ื›ื•ืœืžื”ืกื›ืœืขื™ืชื™ืœืขืจืฉืื›,ื™ื ืื•17 ื™ืชื•ืฆื™ืค,ืŸื•ืžื”ื”ื™ืจืฆื™ืšืจื“ืื›ืžืขืœืขืจื”ืฉืขื ืืขืคื™ืืืื•,ืืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืืจื”ืงื•ืฉื”ืจื™ื—ืžืชืืื”ื™ืœืขื‘ืœื™ืชืžืœื™ืฉื•,ืื™ื™ื•ื‘ืฉืฃืœืื”ืืžืžืจืชื•ื™ .ืืชื•ื ืืœื•ืขื”ืœื›ื‘ื”ื‘ืจื”ืœื™ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื•ืœืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ื›ืœืžืชืจื™ืžืฉืœืขืŸื•ื™ืœืขื”ืœืืœืชื•ื“ื•ื”ืœื•ืชื•ืงื™ื“ืื‘ืœื•ืขืคืœืŸื•ืฆืจื”ื”ื™ื”ื™ืชืœื•ืขืคืชืืขื™ื ื”ืฉืขื™ื ืžื”18 ,ืจืฆื—ื”ืŸื•ืžืืœืื™ื™ื•ืืจื•ื™ื™ืœืืฃืจื˜ืฆื”ืœืื™ื™ื•ืืจื•ื™ื”ืฉื”ืœืืชืื•,ื™ืื‘ืฆืœื™ืชืกื™ื™ื’ืื”ื™ื™ื—ืื™ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื”ืฉืšืžืขื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืืชื,ืŸื›ืœืขืจืชื™19

ืื’ืจื•ืชืชืื›ืชืจื•ืชืฉื™ืชื˜ืœื—ื”,ืื™ืื‘ื”ืชื•ืจื•ื“ืœื•ืืœื•ืขื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจื‘ืื™ื“ื•ื”ื™ืœ,ื”ืœืืื™ืฉื ืืœื™ืชื“ื•ืชืชืืชื•ืืจื”ืœื˜ื•ื”ืœื™ื ืืฉืจื—ืืž,ื”ืชืขื•20 .ื™ืชื™ื™ืจืคืกื‘ืฉืื™ืจื—ืื”ืื™ื™ืชื•ื›ืœืžื”ืื™ืจืคืกืœื•ืคืกื•ื•ืชื™ื”ืœืืื™ืจืคืกืฉื™ื“ื›,ืชื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื”ื”ืคืฉืœืื›ื‘ืจืงื‘ื”ื’ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื™ืจื‘ืขื”ื”ืคืฉื”ืž

ื”ื™ืœืฉื,ื•ื”ื™ืชืชืž,ืกื•ืื“ืข,ืœืื•ืžืฉ,ืŸื•ืขืžืฉ,ื”ื“ื•ื”ื™,ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืฉื”ืž37 .ืกื™ืงื“,ืกืื™ื ืจื•ื,ืกื™ื™ื‘,ืกื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืืช,ืฃืกื•ื™,ื”ื™ืžื—ื ,ื™ืฉื™ืœืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืฉื”ืž38 ...ืกืื™ืจื‘ื—ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื—,ืขืฉื™ืœื,ืกื•ืืจื‘ื,ืŸืชื ื•ื™,ื™ืขื™ื‘ืจื”ื˜ื‘ืฉื”ืž39 ื™ื•ืœื•ืŸื•ืขืžืฉ,ื™ืชื‘ืฉ,ืขื•ืฉื™,ื‘ืงืขื™,ืงื—ืฆื™,ื™ืฉื™ืžื—ื”ื˜ื‘ืฉื”ืž40 .ืกืืžืœืกื•ืœืื•ืžืฉ,ื”ื™ืจื›ื–,ืŸื•ืขืžืฉ,ืฃืกื•ื™,ื”ื“ื•ื”ื™,ื™ืฉื™ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืฉื”ืž41 ื™ืชื ื•ื•ื”ื™ืขืฉื™,ืงื—ืฆื™,ื‘ืงืขื™,ื•ื”ื™ืงื“ืฆ,ื™ืชื‘ืฉ,ื™ืขื™ื‘ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืฉืœ42 .ืŸืชื ื•ื”ื™ื•ืŸื ื—ื•ื™,ืกื•ื˜ื•ื“ื•ืืช,ืขื•ืฉื™,ืŸื•ืกืื™,ืกื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืืช,ื™ื ื™ืžืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืฉื”ืž43 .ืœืื™ื ื“,ืกืื™ืžื“ื ื,ืŸื•ืกืื™,ืกื•ืžืกืจื,ืื”ืจื‘ื,ืกื•ืœื™ืคื•ืื™ืช,ื™ืขื™ืฉืชื”ื˜ื‘ืฉื”ืž44 ืกื•ืื™ืชื“ื•ืขืฉื™ืœื,ืกืื™ื ื‘,ื”ื™ืจื›ื–,ืจื–ืขืœื,ื•ื”ื™ืžืจื™,ื™ืจื™ืฉืขื”ื˜ื‘ืฉืž45

.ืšื›ื•ืืšื›ืฉืžืฉืœื”ื“ืขื•ื ื”ืจื™ืฆื™ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืจื™ื‘ื‘ืจืจื‘ืชื”ืšื›ื™ืคืœ31 ืชื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ืฆืžื”ืชื•ื‘ืจืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื™ืžื“ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ืืื’ื•ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืื“ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื,ืชื•ื˜ืœื•ื‘ืชื•ืจืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื›ืจืžื‘ื•',ืจื“ื ืืž'ื•ื˜ืจื—ื•ืžืฆืขืŸื—ืœื•ืฉื”ืœืข32

.ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืŸื™ืืฉื™ืคื•ื™ื•ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืŸื™ืืฉืชื•ื ืžืื‘,ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ื”ืžื™ืฉืจืžื•ื”ืืœืคื ื”ืจื•ืฆื‘,ื•ืชื™ื ื›ื•ืชืœืืืชื”ื‘ืืœืฉื•ื”ืœื›ื”ื•43 ืŸื™ื‘ื•,ืื™ืฉืงืฉืงืชืžื’ื•ื“ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื‘ืชืชื“ื•ื‘ืขื‘ืชื•ื˜ื•ืจื—ื•ื™ื”ืขืฆืžืื”ื“ืขื•ืกื™ืกื‘ื”ืžื•,ื‘ื”ื–ืชื•ื™ื•ืฉืขื•ื™ื”ืื™ื™ืชืฉ,ื‘ื•ื‘ืจืขื”ืชื•ืจืขืงืŸื™ื‘ืž44 .ื”ื‘ืจืชื™ืชื•ื ืžืืชื•ื ืžื•ื™ืžื‘ืชื•ืจืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกื ื›ื•ื”ืื™ืฉืงืฉืงื” ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ื™ืชื•ื ืžืืฅืžืืžื•ื ื™ื’ืคื”ื•,ืื™ื‘ืจืื™ืขื‘ืฆื‘ืชื•ืจืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืื™ื™ื•ืฉืขื•ื™ื”ื•ืœืฉื—ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืฉ,ื”ืžืื”ื‘ื•ื’ื‘'ืจื“ื ืืž'ื”ื™ื”ืšื›ืจื—ื45 .ืื™ืœื•ื“ื’ .ื”ืคืฉื”ื“ืขืขื™ื’ื”ื•ืชืฉืจื™ื•ืžื“ื”ืืจืžืœืขื‘,ืŸื™ื•ืขืžืชืจื•ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืฉืข,ืกืคื™ืกืคื”ื™ื”ื”ื–ื™ื‘ื’ืœืข46

,ืชื•ืขื‘ืฆืืขื‘ืจืืžืชื•ื—ืคืืœืœืฉื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘,ืื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ื’ื•ืกื‘ื•ืŸื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืกืœื•ื—ื ื•ื”ืฉ,ืชื•ื ื•ืฉืชื•ืจืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืื™ื™ื•ืฉืข,ืื™ื ื˜ืงืื™ื ื’ืž,ืขืฆืžืื‘47

.ื•ืœืฉื”ืžืžื“ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืกืžื”ืชื•ืจื™ืฉื”ืชื ื™ื—ื‘ืžืŸื”ื•ืชื™ื–ื™ืคื”ื•ืชืœื•ื‘ื™ืกืชื ื™ื—ื‘ืžืŸื”,ืšืจื“ืœื›ื‘ืชื•ืจื—ืชืืœืœืื•ื”ืื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื”ืชื•ืจื™ืฉ20 ื•ืœื”ืชืฆืงื•ื”ืฉืชื“ื—ื•ื™ืžื”ืžื™ืฉืžืฉื™ืื”ืžื“ื—ืืœื›ืœื•,ื‘ื™ืื›ืžื•ื‘ืจืฅืžืืžื‘ืšื•ืจื›ื”ื–ืฉื™ืคืœืขืฃื,ื™ื ื˜ื ื•ืคืกืŸืคื•ืื‘ืื™ืœืขื•ืคืืœื•ื›ื™ื›21

ื™ืชืจื›ื–ื”ืฉืชื•ืžื•ื—ื”ืœื’ืขืžืžื”ื‘ืจื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ื’ื”ื™ื”ืื•ืงื™ืžื”ื•,ืื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ื’ื•ืกืžืชื•ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื”ืžื—ืœืžื™ืขื•ื ืžื•ื‘ืฆื•ื”ื”ื“ื•ืฆืžื”ื™ืœื“ื’ืžืœืข39

.ืืฆืจืืœืืชื•ื ืžืื ืœืจืชื•ื™ื‘ื”ืœื•ื“ื’ื”ื”ื—ื›ื•ื”ื”ืชืื•ื ืชื ืจืฉืืจืชื•ื™ื‘ืื™ื ืžืื ืื™ืฉื ืื™ื“ื™ืœืขื•ืจืžืฉื ืื™ืœื“ื’ืžื”ืื’40 .ื”ื™ืœืืกื ื›ื™ื”ืœืื™ืจื–ืœื•ืฉืจื”ืืœืื’ื•,ืชื•ืฆื•ื‘ืงื‘ืงืจื–ืื•,ื’ื—ื™ืžื™ื‘ื˜ืขืžืœ,ื”ื“ื•ืฆืžื”ืชืื‘ื•ื–ืขืœื•ืฉืจื•ื”ืืœืืœื•ืขืžื”ืœืืื™ืฉื ื41

.ืฉืจื“ื ื”ื™ื‘ื’ืœื”ืจื•ืจื‘ื”ื ื‘ื•ืชืื”ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื”ืŸื›ืฉ,ืชื•ื™ื•ืืจื”ืชื•ื™ืฆืจื•ืคื•ืจืคื‘ืื™ื™ืจื•ืงืžื”ืจื™ืขื”ื™ื“ืกื™ื™ืžื”ืชื•ืื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื›ื‘ืืœ6

,ืื™ื™ืจืจื”ืื™ืจื—ืืื™ืงืœื—,ืื™ืžื•ื“ืื”ืฅืจืื‘ืื™ืœื‘ื•ื’ื”ื•,ืชืืจืงื ืื™ื”ืฉื™ืคื›,ืŸื•ืจืžื•ืฉืœืื™ื›ื™ื™ืฉื”ืชื•ื–ื•ื—ืžื”ื“ื—ื•ื™ืžื‘,ืื™ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”ื ืžืžืื™ืงืœื—8

ื—ืœืฉืฉืืœื-ืขื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื”ื•ืœืฉื™ื˜ืจืคืกืจื˜ื ื™ืืงืจืืืื™ืฉื ืื”ืชืืจืจื—ืฉื™ืืœืืœื•ืขืœืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ื‘ื•ืจืงืื™ืชืขืœืจื™ื”ืฆื”ืื•ื”ื•48

ืื™ื“ื’ื•ืกื•,ืชื•ืžื”ื‘ื”ื•ืื™ืฉืžืจื”ื™ื ื™ืžื‘ื•ืจื•ืจื‘ืชื•ื™ื—ืœืขืื™ื›ืžืชืกืžืจืฉื,ืื”ื™ืžื•ื“ื•ืื™ืจืฆืž,ืื™ืจื•ื›ืžื”ืื™ืจื—ืืื™ืžืขืœืขืจื‘ื“ืœื•ื ื™ืœืขืขื•ื“ืž15 ?ืืชื•ืžื‘ืื’ื•ืื™ื™ื—ื‘ืื’ืชื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืงืื”ืœืื™ื‘ื™ืจืงืžื•ืื”ืœ ืœื–ืจื‘ืชื•ืžื•ื—ื‘ื•ื ืชื•ืืจื“ื’ื•,ื˜ืจืคื•ื˜ืจืคืœื›ื”ืืจ,ืื™ืจื‘ื“ื”ืœื›ืชืืŸื™ื‘ื”ืœื“ื—ื•ื™ืžืŸื—ื™ื ืื™ื”ื•ืœืืžืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืื›ื—ืื“ืื•ืชื•ื™ื”ื‘,ื•ื ืœืฉืงืงื•ื—ืžื”16 ,ืื•ื•ืฉืŸื•ื™ืžื“ืœื›ืžืื™ื™ืงื ,ืฉืคื ื‘ื•ืฃื•ื’ื‘ืื™ืจื•ื”ื˜ืจืืฉื™ื ืืœื,ืื™ืจื—ืื”ืื™ื™ื•ื’ื”ืžืชื—ืืฃืืืขืœืœื›ื‘ื‘ืจืขืชื ืืœืฉื™ื“ื›,ืชื•ืจื™ื“ื—ื™ืชืœื‘

ืœืฉืžืœืŸื•ื’ื›,ืชื•ื™ื ื˜ืงื•ืื™ื ื’ื“ืœืฉืื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ื’ื•ืกืžืชื•ื ื•ื–ื™ื ,ืŸืŸื•ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื ื™ื™ืคื•ืืžื•ืชื•ืคืœื•ืืžืŸื”ืŸื”ื‘ืื™ืฉืžืชืฉืžื•ื ืืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืฆื”ืœื›ื™ื›27

.ื”ื–ื’ื•ืกืžืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืฆื”ืจืืฉืœื›ื•ืื™ื–ื•ื•ืืื’,ืชื•ืœื’ื•ื—,ื”ื‘ืจื,ืื™ืจื•ืช,ืื™ื ื•ื™

ืฃืจื˜ื™ื“ื™ืœืขืชื•ื™ืจื–ื›ืื‘ืŸื•ื–ืžืชื•ื’ื™ืฉืžื•,ืŸื—ื•ื›ื‘ืชื•ืจื—ืื”ืชืืชื•ืคื“ื•ืจ,ืชื•ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืชื•ื™ืืจืคืŸื”ืฉื•ืœื’ืชืชื•ืจื•ืกืื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืฆื”ืชืืšื28 .ืœื™ืขืœืชื•ื™ื•ื ืžื”ืชื•ืชื™ื•ื‘ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืฆื” ืชื•ืืืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘ืŸืชื ,ืื™ืืžื˜ื›ืื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื‘ืŸื›ืœื•,ืื™ื™ื—ื•ืืื™ืชืž,ืื“ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืื’ืื™ืขื’ื•ืคื•,ื™ื“ื’ื•ืื™ืฉื‘ื›ืื™ืกืคื•ืชืื”ืฉืืœื,ืชืื–ืงืจืืœื•29 ื”ืืจื•ื‘ืขืจืฉื,ื•ืœืืฉ ืชืืŸื•ื•ื›ืœืืœื,ืจื‘ื“ืื”ืžืœื•ื–ื’ืœืืœื•ืื”ืœืฉืื—ื•ื›ืœืขืšืžืชืกื”ื‘ืฉื™ืืฃื“ื•ืจืœืืœื•ืื‘ืœื‘ืงื“ืฆื‘ื’ื•ื”ื ืœืื”ื™ืœืข,ื”ืงื™ืงื—ื”ืขื‘ืงื ืจืฉืื› ื”ืžื“ืื”ื™ื ืคืœืขืื™ืœื“ื’ื”ืื™ื ื•ืฉื”ืชื•ื™ื ื˜ืงื”ื™ื ื™ืžืชืืชื•ื›ืจื•ืฆ,ื•ืจื›ื–ื•ื”ืจื‘ื›ืฉ,ืชื•ืชื™ื•ื‘ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืฆื”ืฉืืฉื›,ืงื“ืฆืœืืืชื”ื‘ืื”ื™ื™ื—ืœื•ืœืกืž .ืŸื”ื™ื‘ื•ืจืงืชื“ืžืฉื”ืœืชื•ืคื“ื•ืจืŸื ื™ืื•

ืจื‘ื“ืขืฆื‘ืœืืœื•ืื™ืงื™ื“ืฆืชื•ื™ื”ืœืื”ื™ืœืขืฉ,ืื™ืžื›ื—ืœืื™ื–ืžืจืื™ื ืชื™ื ื”ืœืื›ืชื•ื˜ื™ืฉืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘ืฉื•ื ืœืฉืงืงื•ื—ืžื”ื•ื ืชื•ืื“ืžื™ืœืŸื›ืœ30

ืชื—ืงืœืšืจื•ืฆืฉื™ืฉืจืžืืื•ื”,ืื™ื‘ืจืงื•ืžื”ืื™ื–ื™ืขื•ืื™ืœื™ื,ืื™ืœื’ืขืœืื’ื•ืกื—ื™ื™ืชื”ื‘ืŸื›ืฉ;ืชื•ื“ื•ืงื ื”ืœื›ื‘ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื”ื ื’ื”ื’ื™ืฆื”ืื•ื”ืฉื™ืœื”ืืจื 65 ืชื™ืœืžืกื”ืชื•ืขืžืฉืžื”ืชืื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ืชื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืงื”ื™ื‘ื™ืจืงืžืฉื™ื“ื›,ื™ืืจืคืจื‘ื“ืื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืงื”ืœืืœื•ืชื•ืคืœื•ืืžืชื•ื™ื—ื‘ื™ืจืงื”ืœื•,ืŸืืฆื”ื•ืื™ืจื“ืขื”ืžืืชื•ื .ื”ืจื™ื”ื™ืชื™ืžืฆืขืชื•ืขื“ื•ืžืชืขืคืฉื”ืœืื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ื™ื”ื™ืืœื•ืงืงื•ื—ืžื”ืŸืชื•ื ืœืฉ

ืื”ื™ื›ืจืฆืœื’ื•ืื“ืœืื™ื“ื—ื•ื™ืžืื™ื“ื™ืงืคืŸื”ืœืื™ื ื•ืžืž,ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื,ื”ื™ื™ืชืฉืจื‘ื“ื‘ืื™ื“ื—ื•ื™ืžืื™ื’ื”ื ืžืŸื”ืœืฉื™ืจืฉืืื™ืจืขืœื›ื™ื›19

ื”ื ื›ื•ื”ืฉื”ื“ื•ืขืกื”ืžื”ืื ื”ืœื•ื ืคืŸื›ืžืจื—ืืœื•,ื‘ืจืŸืžื–ื•ื›ืฉืžื ืฉืชื•ื—ืžืฉื•ืชื•ืžืจืื™ื™ืคื›ืชื•ืื™ื—ืžื•ืฆืจืคืื”ื™ืจื‘ื“ืขืžืฉืžืœ29

?ื•ืœื”ืจืงืฉื”ืžืœื›ืชืื—ื•ืจืจื•ืงื‘ืชืืฉืœืœื›ื•ื™ื“ืฆื™ื›,ืื‘ื”ื—ืจื•ืื”ืชืืœืืฉื•ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืชืœื•ืชืžื›ืกื”ืชืืขื™ื‘ื”ืšืœืžื”48 ืชืืื’ื•ืžื›ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ืœื•ื“ื’ื”ืขืจื”ืชืืงื•ืœื—ืœืื™ื”ื•ืœืื™ื“ื™ืœืขื•ื ื™ืžืื“ืื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื›ืฉื”ื‘ืฉื—ืžื”ืœืฉื”ื ืชื™ืื”ื–ื™ื—ืืšืœืฉื™ืื,"ืจืžืืื•ื”ื•49 ."ื“ื™ืžืชื”ืœืฅืžื•ืื•ื ื‘ืจืจื•ืขืž,ื“ื™ืžืชืœืœืคืชื”ืœื•ื ื™ืœืขื•ื™ืœืืฉ,ืื™ื”ื•ืœืืœื‘ื.ื”ืœืืžืจื•ื˜ืคื”ื™ื”ื™ืื“ืืฉืจืฉืคืื™ืืŸื›ืฉ,ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ืœื•ื“ื’ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ืชืขืœืจื•ืฆืขืื–ืื•,"ืฃื™ืกื•ื”",ื”ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืืชื—ืื”ืœืืฉืœืืฉื."ืชื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื•ื™ื”ืื”ื™ืชื•ื‘ื•ืฉืชืœื›ืฉืจืžื,ืฉื™ืื”ืชื‘ื•ืฉืชืžื”ืฆื•ืจืž,ืšืœืžื”50 "ืื™ืขื ืŸืžื–ืชื•ืœื‘ืœื•ื”ื“ื•ืขืกื”ืชืื ื”ืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืœืชืžื•ืฉืชืชืืชื•ื ืคื”ืœืœื›ื•ื ืฉื™ื“ื›:ื”ืชืข ?"ืฅืžื•ืืœืฉืชื™ืชื™ืžืื”ื”ืจื˜ืžื”ื™ื”ืž,"ืฉื™ืื”ืชืืœืืฉืŸื›ืžืจื—ืืœ51

,ืชื•ืงื™ื“ืื”ืœืœื›ื™ืคืœืขืšื™ืฉืขืžื•ืšื™ืจื‘ื“ืชืืœื”ื ืœ,ืชื™ืจืฉืคืืšืจื“ืœื›ื‘,ืšืœืž,ืšื™ืœืข.ื”ืื‘ื”ื”ื ืงืกืžืœื™ืชืขื’ื”,ื˜ื™ืœื—ื”ืœืœื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืืฉืœื›ื›21 ืœืขืืœืืœื•ืขืœื•,ื”ื ื•ื‘ืชื”ืŸื•ื‘ืฉื—ืœืขืšืžืฆืขืชืืงืคืกืœืจื—ื•ื‘ืšื ื™ืืืœื•ืขืœืฉื•,ืชื•ื‘ื•ื˜ืชื•ื“ื™ืžืœืขืจืžื•ืฉื”ืชืืฉืšื›ืœืชื•ืขื“ื•ืžืšืœื”ื™ื”ืชืฉื™ื“ื› .ืงื“ืฆื”ืชืื”ื–ื‘ืชืšื—ื•ื›ืœืฉื”ืขืจืœืœื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื˜ืžืœืื™ื ื•ื•ื›ืžื•ื™ืฉืขืžื•ื•ื™ืชื•ื‘ืฉื—ืžืœื›ืฉื™ืžื•.ื”ืจืขืื™ื”ืฉื›ืื”ื‘ื”ืงื™ืกืขืžืื™ื”ืฉืื™ืจื‘ื“ืืชื•ืื‘ื”ืชื ืฉื‘ืจืงื™ืขื‘ื”ืงื•ืกืขื”ืขื“ื•ืชื”ื™ื›22 ื™ืžืฆืขื”ืœืฉืชื“ืžืชืžืชืขืžืฉืžื‘ืŸืชื™ืืชื•ื™ื”ืœืšื™ืœืข,ืŸื›ืœืŸืฉื™ืื•ื”ืฉื›ืŸื”ื•ืจืขืื•ื”ืฉื›ืŸื”ืงื“ืฆื‘ื•ืžืฆืขืชืืื™ืงืž,ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ืชื•ืœืขื ื” ,ื”ืœืืฉื”ืชืืœืืฉื–ืื•'.ื”ืชืฉืžืœื•ื ืžืฆืขืชืืฉื™ื“ืงื ,ืจื‘ื“ืชืฉื›,ืชื•ื ืขืœื™ืจื™ืฉืขื”ื”ืชืืฉืŸื•ื•ื™ื›ืž:'ืจื—ืืœืจืžืื•ืฉื™ืื”ืชืื—ื‘ื™ืฉืšืœืžื”23

,ืืœืžืœืื”ื™ืœืขืจืฉื,ื“ื™ืงืคืชื”ืชืื”ื“ื™ืคืงื‘ืื™ื“ืžื•ืœืจืฉื,ืื™ื ืงื—ืฉื”ืžืจืชื•ื™ืขื•ืจื’ืชื•ืืจื™ื”ืœืšืœืจื•ืกืื™ื›.ืšื™ืœืขืื™ืจื‘ื“ืžื•ืื™ื‘ืฉื•ื—

?ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืืœื–ื•ื‘ืœืœื›ื•ื™ื“ืฆื™ื›,ืจื—ืืœืืฉืŸื›ืžืจื—ืืœื•ืšื•ืจืืื•ืื ื‘ืฉื™ืื”ืชืื—ื‘ื™ืฉืšืœืžื”31 ืื™ื”ืื™ืฉื ืื”ืœื›ื‘ืจืงื‘ื™ืจืœื•ืคื•ืคืชื•ื™ื”ืœ.ืฉื™ืืžื“ื—ืคืœืšื™ืจืฆืšื ื™ื,ืืชื•ื“ื™ื“ื™ืœื”ื›ื•ื–ื•ืื™ืฉื ืื”ืœื›ืœื“ืกื—ื”ืืจืžื”ืชืืื,'ื”ื ืขืื•ื”ื•32 !'ืื™ื”ื•ืœืืžืœื‘ืงืœืจืฉืคืืฉืจืชื•ื™ื‘ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื”ื”ื ืชืžื”

?ื”ื‘ืจื”ื•ืชืœื™ื”ืชืœืขืจื•ืžืฉืœืœื›ื•ื™ื“ืฆื™ื›,ื”ืœืืฉื”ืœืขืชื•ื ืขืœืื‘ื”ืื“ืืœืšืœืžื”ื”ืจื•ื”,ื•ื–ื”ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืชื”ืชืื—ื‘ื™ืฉืฉืจื—ืืœ33 ืšื ื•ืฆืจื‘ืืืšื,ืšืชืœื™ื”ืชืชืื“ื‘ืืชืืœืืœื•ืขืœ,ืื™ืจื—ืืœื“ืกื—ื™ืฉืขืžื•ื“ืกื—ืชืœื™ืžื’ื‘ื‘ืœื‘ื—ืจื•ื‘ื™ื“ื ื”ื™ื”ืชืื'ื™ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื”ืื•ื”ื•34

'ืฃืจื”ืืœืœืื™ื”ื•ืœืืœืื•ืจืงืœืšื™ืœืข,ืšืœืฉืชื•ื™ื”ืœื•ื›ื™ืฉืžื™ืœ"ื ื”ืื™ื“ืกื—ื”ืฉ

47ืงื•ืกืคื‘ื”ืœืืฉืœืื’ื‘ืœื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืฉืชืœื•26ืงื•ืกืคื‘ื”ืœืืฉืœื“ื—ื•ื™ืžื‘ื‘ืœื•ืžื™ืฉืชื™ืจื•ื”ื”ื‘ื™ื—28,ืงื•ืกืคืขื“ื™ื”ืšืจืขืชืืืœื’ืž8ืงื•ืกืค .ืื™ืงืกืขื™ืฉื ืืœื”ืžื›ื—ื”ืฆืขื™ื”ื•ื–.ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืชืœื• ืจื‘ื›ืฉื”ืœืื“ื™ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ืฉืื™ืฉื ืื”ืชืืชื•ืœืืฉืœื•ืืฉืœืœื—ื”,ืชื•ื ืžื“ื–ื”ื”ืœืคื ืฉืขื’ืจื‘,ืšืœืžื”ื•,ื”ืชืฉืžืœืื’ืื™ืจื•ื“ื™ืกื”ืืชื•ืื•ืฉืขื ืชืจื—ืžืœ1

."ื‘ื•ื˜

?ื“ื—ืคืžืจืจื—ืชืฉื”ืœืœื›ื•ื™ื“ืฆื™ื›,ืจื—ืืšืœืžื”ืœืืฉ,ืจืืฉืœื•ืžื›ืื™ื—ื‘ืฉืืชื•ืืชืื•ืœืงื™ื ืขื”ืฉืจื—ืืœื•13

."ืื™ืœื•ื“ื’ื”ืœื™ื”ืชื•ื“ื•ื‘ื›ืื™ืจื—ืืœืื™ื‘ืžื•ื’ื•ืฉื’ืฉื”ืž

?ื”ืื ื”ื•ืชื•ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ืžืขื ืžื™ื”ืœืœื›ื•ื™ื“ืฆื™ื›,ื”ืœืืฉื”ืœืขืชื•ื ืขืœื•ื™ืจื—ืืื‘ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื‘ื•ืชื•ืคื™ืื™ื ืคืจื‘ืกื‘ืฉื™ืื”ืœืฉื•ื™ื ืคืชืืงื™ื ืขื”ืšืœืžื”17

,ืื™ืจื—ืืื™ืจื‘ื“ื‘ืงื•ืกืขืชื•ื™ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืžืœืŸื™ืื™ื›ื•,ืื™ืžื•ืฆืขืื™ื ื•ืžื”ืŸื•ื“ืื•ื”ืœื•ื“ื’ื”ื™ืจืคืžื™ืืœืฉื˜ื™ืœืฉืื•ื”ืฉื“ื™ืžืชืจื•ื›ื–ื™ืื,'ื”ื ืขืื•ื”ื•18 .'ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืื•ืฉื—ื™ื ื–ืชืืœืฉืื™ื”ื•ืœืืœืœืœืคืชื”ืœืื’ื•ื™ืœืข.ืืชื—ื•ื•ืจืชืืจืชื•ื™ื‘ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื”ื”ืจื•ืฆื‘ืื“ืงืœืœื›ื•ื™ื“ืฆื™ื›ืœื•ืงืฉืœื“ื™ืžืชื•ื™ืœืขืืœื ?ื•ื‘ืื™ื“ื’ื•ื‘ืฉื”ืœืืชืืชื•ื”ื–ืœืœื›ื•ื™ื“ืฆื™ื›,ื™ืจื™ืฉืขื”ืชืืšืœืžื”ืœืืฉ,ืื™ื—ื‘ืฉื•ืœืงื™ื ืขื”ืฉืจื—ืืœ19 ื™ื•ืืจื”ืชื•ื™ื•ืคื™ื“ืขื”ืœืœื›ืœืขื•ืจืžืฉืื”ืืื”ื•ืชื™ืขื‘ื˜ื”ืชื™ื™ื”ื•ืชื•ืืื™ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื”ืœืฉืืชื•ื’ื”ื ืชื”ืืื”ื‘ืœืืฉื”ื™ื”ืื:"ื”ืœืืฉืœื‘ื™ืฉื”ืื•ื”ื•20

ืชื™ื ื›ื•ืชืœื›ืœืื”ื—ื•ื›ื‘,ืœื›ืžื‘ื•ืฉื—ื•.ื’ืฉื•ืชื•ื ืชืจื˜ืžื•ื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื”ืฆืขืœื‘ืงืœืœื›ื•ื ื”ื“ื•ืงื ืœื›ืชืœื™ืงืฉื™ื“ื™ืœืขืฉืชื ืžืœืข,ื”ื›ื•ืคื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืžื”ืชื“ื•ืงื 

ืชืืืžื•ืจืžื•,ืกืคืืœืื™ืื’ื”ืชืืื™ื‘ืžืื™ื”ื•ืœืื•ืื“ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ืœื•ืฉื”ืื“ืืื•ื”ืฉืชืขืœื›ื‘ืจื™ื›ื–ื™ื•ืŸื•ื™ื•ื•ืฉืœืขืจืžื•ืฉืื•ื”ืื:"ื”ื ืขืื•ื”ื•46

?ื•ื™ืฆืขื•ื™ื›ืจื•ื—ื‘ืœืื“ืืšื™ืจืฆื™ืžืชื,ืื‘ื”ืชืืœืืฉื•ืชื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ื™ืœืืจื‘ื™ื“ืšืœืžื”47 ื”ืœืืœื•ืžืฆืขืชืื”ืœื’ืžืื™ื”ื•ืœืื•.ื•ืœืฉื•ืขื‘ื˜ืœืขืื™ืงืœื•ื—ื•ืืœืฉื‘ื•ื˜ืŸื•ืฆืจื•ื™ืœืขืื™ืจืžื•ืฉื•ืื™ื‘ืจืื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื ื—ื‘ื ืจืฉืื”ืœื:"ื”ื ืขืื•ื”ื•48 ."ื•ื’ืฉื•ื™ื”ืœืืชื•ืจื˜ืžืฉืšื›ืœืื™ื™ื•ืืจื” ?ืšืœืžืœืจืชื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื—ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื•ื”ืž,ืจื—ืืœืืฉื•ื•ืชื•ืื—ื‘ื™ืฉืšืœืžื”49

ืื™ืขื ื›ืฉืžืื™ื”ื•ืœืื—ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื•ืชื•ืืขื ื›ืฉืœื”ืจื˜ืžื‘ื•ืœื—ื‘ืฉืŸืชืžื™ื“ื™ืœืขืืœื,ื•ืœืชื•ื“ื’ื ืชื”ื™ื“ื™ืœืขืืœ,ืšืขืžื•ืฉื‘ื”ื›ื–ืชืšื›ื™ื›52

ื™ื“ื™ืœืขืืœื•ื›ื™ืคืœื›ื™ืคื•ืืชื•ืœื™ืฆืืŸื™ื’ืคืžื”ืชืืฉืืฉื›,ื“ืžืฉื•ืžืขืจื”ื”ืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘ื•,ืื™ื‘ื•ื˜ืื™ืฉืขืžืชืจืฆื•ื™ืื™ื”ื™ื›,ื”ืœื•ื’ืก,'ื”ื ืขืื•ื”ื•65

ืชืื•ื“ื‘ืื™ืืืื’ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื™ื‘,ื•ืœื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื•ื‘ื˜ื”ืœื”ืจื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืขืžืœื•ืžื—ืœื™ื™ืืœื•ื›ื™ื›ื•,ื•ื™ื ื™ืชื ืžื“ื—ืืฃืืœืขืจื”ืฉืขืืœืฉื•ืจื›ื–ื‘,'ื”ื ืขืื•ื”ื•67 'ืšื™ืœืขืขื™ืคืฉื”ืื™ื”ื•ืœืื•ื‘ืฉื‘ืœื”ื‘ื•ื˜ืื•ื”ื”ื–ื›-ื“ื—ืืฃืืœืŸื•ืงื™ืชื‘ืœืฉื›ื ืšื ื™ืืืœื•ืขืœื™ื›ืื”ื‘ืื™ื™ื•ืœืชื”ื”ืœืืœื’ืื“ืช,ืื”ื™ื™ื— ,ืื”ืžื“ื—ืืœื›ืœืฉืืชื•ืื™ืจื‘ืŸืขืžืœื”ื›ื•ืจืื”ืžื™ื’ืœื”ืชืฉืŸื›ืžืจื—ืืœื•,ื”ื‘ืจืชื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื—ื‘ืื”ื™ืœืืจื‘ื™ื“,ืืœื•ื›ืœืืจืœื•ืงื‘ืื™ื™ืคื›ืื—ืžืšืœืžื”68

ืชื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื”ืชื•ื“ื™ืžื”ืœืฉืœื’ืจื”ื”.ืชื•ื ื“ืžื—ืœืฉืœื•ื‘ืžื•ืœื•ื•ืขื—ืžื•ืฆ,ืŸืื›ืž.ื”ืื ื”ืœืื™ื˜ื•ื ื•ืชื•ื ื•ืชืžื™ืจืกื—ืืขื‘ื˜ืžืื“ืื”ื™ื ื‘ืœื›,'ื”ื ืขืื•ื”',ื™ื›5' 'ื”ืœืื”ืื™ืจื‘ื“ื”ืŸื•ื“ืืื•ื”ืื™ื”ื•ืœืื™ื›ืงื“ืฆื”ื•ืชื•ื ื™ืชืžื”ืชืคื“ืขื”ืชืืื”ื™ืœืขื”ื•ื•ืฆืžืื•ื”ืฉืื•ืฉืžื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ื—ืœืื™ืจื•ืกืžื”ื”ืœืืœืœื•ืฉื›ืžืื•ื” ื™ื™ื—ืชืื‘ื™ืฉื”ืœื•ืœื›ื•ื™ืื™ืงื™ื“ืฆืื™ืงื•ื—ืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘ืฉื™ื“ื›,ืื™ืงื•ื—ื”,'ืจืžืืื•ื”ื•?ืชื™ื™ืฆืœืื™ื›ืœืžืœืขื”ืžืœ,ืœืืฉื•,ื‘ื˜ื™ื”ื”ื ืขืฉืจืžืืšืœืžื”6 .'ื™ื—ืฆื ืŸื•ืจื›ื–ืšืžืฆืขืœืชืจื‘ืฆ,ื™ื”ื•ืœืื”ื•ืฆืœืชื•ื™ืฆื‘ื•ื–ื›ืชื•ื’ื”ื ืชื”ื‘,ื”ืชืืฉืืฉื›.ืื“ืื”

?ืื™ืœืฉื•ืžื›ืชื•ื ืžืœื•ื ื™ืœืขื™ืžืชื,ืื‘ื”ืชืืœืืฉื•,ื”ืคื™ืจื‘ื™ื“ื”ื–ืื’ืฉืจืžืืšืœืžื”7 ืšืœืž,ื”ืฉื•ืขื”ืชืืŸื›ื™ื›.ื“ื™ืžืชื‘ื•ื˜ืืฉืœืขื•ืจืžืฉื™ืŸืขืžืœืงื“ืฆื‘ืื™ืœืขื•ืค,ืšื™ืฉืขืžืชืืื™ื™ืงื—ื”ื•,ืขืฉืจื”ืชืืื™ืื ื•ืฉื”ืœื›:'ื”ื ืขืื•ื”ื•"

?ื”ื™ืจืคืžื™ืืŸื•ื˜ืœืฉื‘ืจืชื•ื™ื‘ืœื•ื“ื’ื”ื’ืฉื™ื”ื”ื•ื”ืž,ืืœื•ื›ืžืŸื•ืจื—ืื”ืชืืœืืฉืŸื›ืžืจื—ืืœื•ื”ื–ื”ืฉื™ืื”ื—ื‘ืฉื‘ื”ืžืŸืžื–ื”ืœื™ื‘ืšืœืžื”23

,ืื“ืื™ื™ื—ืชืœืฆื”ืœื•ืฆืจืžืชืืฉื™ื“ืงืžื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื”ืชืื‘ื”ื•ืื•ืขืจืื ื•ืฉืฉืื“ืืื•ื”ืจืฉืื›,ื˜ื™ืœืฉื”ืชืขืคืฉื”ืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘ืชื•ื’ืฉื•ืžื”ืœืืชื•ืืฆื•ืช25 ืšืœืงื™ื ืขืžืื™ื”ื•ืœืืŸื›ืฉ,ื™ื—ืฆื ืŸื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืšืžืฆืขืœืชืจืฆื™ืงื“ื•ืฆื”ืšืœื•ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืขืฆืžืื‘ื•,ืขืจืœืฉืจืชื•ื™ื‘ื”ืขื•ืจื’ื”ื”ืจื•ืฆื›ืœื•ื•ืขื‘ื™ืฉื—ืžื”ืชืืฉืืฉื›

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