EUROPEAN STATISTICS HANDBOOK A collection of key production, import and export information, market trends and patterns of trade for Europe’s fresh fruit and vegetable business. Presented at:
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EUROPEAN STATISTICS HANDBOOK Contents
Europe, a key market for fresh produce
02
Belgium
04
EU-28
Europe may not be the most dynamic market for fresh produce, but it surely will remain the most important one for a long time. Worldwide, the percentage of fruit exports that go to Europe ranges between 45 per cent and 70 per cent.
06 France 08
Germany
10
Italy
12
Netherlands
14
Poland
16
Scandinavia (DNK, FIN, SWE)
18
Spain
20
United Kingdom
22
SEE – Greece
24
SEE – Serbia
26
SEE – Macedonia / Albania / Kosovo / Bosnia-Herzegovina
Liability The publisher affirms that it has used all reasonable care and attention in the preparation of this publication. Except in cases of gross negligence the publisher cannot be held responsible or made liable in any way for errors or omissions of any kind. © Copyright Messe Berlin GmbH 2018 All rights reserved. Unauthorised publication or reuse in any form whatsoever of all or part of the content of this publication is expressly forbidden without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in Germany
Besides, Europe is a big producer of fresh fruit and vegetables itself, with approximately 12 per cent of global production. For several products, like apples or onions, Europe has switched from being a net importer to a net exporter in the last few years. Trade flows and consumption habits are subject to constant change, but not all trends are consistent. While European exporters are looking for more distant destinations, consumers are looking for sustainably produced fruit and vegetables in their own regions; convenience is in demand everywhere, even though not all consumers are willing to admit it; and ethics are influencing buying decisions more and more. In the end, however, price still matters. Wherever you work in the fresh produce industry, the European Statistics Handbook provides valuable information that can help you make decisions in the most important European markets – including, in this edition, a special focus on Southeast Europe.
Wilfried Wollbold Global Brand Manager FRUIT LOGISTICA Messe Berlin GmbH
Publisher Messe Berlin GmbH Messedamm 22, 14055 Berlin fruitlogistica@messe-berlin.com www.fruitlogistica.com
Dr. Hans-Christoph Behr Director – Horticulture and Consumer Research AMI AgrarmarktInformations-GmbH
Production AMI Agrarmarkt-Informations-GmbH Dreizehnmorgenweg 10, 53175 Bonn info@AMI-informiert.de www.AMI-informiert.de
In cooperation with: Presented at:
Area 30,500 km²
Population 11.4 m
GDP per Inhabitant 37,500 EUR
GDP Growth 1.5 per cent
BELGIUM Although Belgium is only a small country in Europe in terms of area, it is an important hub for European imports and exports, thanks to the seaports in Antwerp and Bruges-Zeebrugge. It’s not simply Belgian pears that are shipped via the country; kiwifruit from New Zealand also arrive in Zeebrugge, while many exotic fruits enter exclusively through Belgium on their journey to destinations within Europe. Other arrivals, such as citrus or stonefruit, are destined for domestic consumption. The mainstays of Belgian fruit production are apples and pears. Cultivation of the latter has been extended at the expense of the former in recent years. Currently, pears are grown on 10,000ha and apples on approximately 6,200ha. Much of the fruit is produced in Flanders, in the region around Sint-Truiden (Limburg province), while most of the vegetables are grown in Flanders. Important growing regions can be found in Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Roeselare and Hoogstraaten. Tomatoes, leeks, carrots, salads and chicory are important crops produced in Belgium.
PRODUCTION
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
02
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
03
FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Pears Apples Strawberries Other
374 318 39 12 743
369 285 48 11 713
322 234 45 10 611
302 86 43 10 441
2014
2015
2016
2017p
249 154 81 43 39 25 18 12 12 1,095 1,728
253 130 63 43 40 25 17 13 15 1,029 1,628
260 96 93 41 39 27 24 15 14 1,114 1,723
262 105 80 39 40 28 22 15 16 1,090 1,679
TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 1)
Tomatoes Leeks Carrots Lettuce Chicory Witlof Peppers Cucumbers Courgettes Celery Other 2) TOTAL
1) Excluding potatoes, open field and under glass. 2) Including products cultivated for processing.
While apple production is dominated by the varieties Jonagold and Jonagored, the main pear variety is Conference. Once exotic fruits are excluded, pears lead the Belgian fruit export trade. Because of the Russian embargo, new markets outside Europe have been opened: Conference pears are now exported to China, India, Brazil and Vietnam, for example. A large part of Belgium’s fruit and vegetable production is marketed through auctions known as Veilingen. According to the Association of Belgian Horticultural Cooperatives (VBT), its members’ turnover amounted to €926.4m in 2016 – with vegetables accounting for 64 per cent and fruit 36 per cent. Based on sales volume, pears led the way ahead of tomatoes and apples. In terms of value, tomatoes, strawberries and pears were the top performers in recent years. Belgium is also the largest producer of frozen vegetables in Europe. In 2016, production once again rose to one million tonnes, accounting for a good quarter of total European production. Production is centred around south and west Flanders, and around 90 per cent of production is exported. Important destinations are neighbouring countries like France, Germany and the Netherlands; and recently 86 per cent of exports have ended up in EU markets. For third countries, the US and Australia received the largest quantities. In recent years, Belgium has imported about twice as much fruit as vegetables. In both cases, it is a net importer. It also imports typical vegetable crops like peas, beans and cauliflower from neighbouring countries for processing
CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.9
Unemployment 4.7 per cent
IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
Exotics Citrus Apples Peaches Other
F.Y.R. OF MACEDONIA
TOTAL
Antwerpen
uzla FLANDERS ajevo
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,723 250 140 60 234 2,407
1,620 252 152 67 228 2,319
1,699 269 131 65 248 2,412
1,720 280 200 70 240 2,510
2014
2015
2016
2017p
250 129 133 64 99 69 28 304 1,076
257 139 115 84 93 69 30 310 1,097
281 141 112 96 88 76 32 357 1,183
295 130 117 90 85 80 33 360 1,190
FRESH VEGETABLES
Carrots/Turnips Onions/Shallots Peas Cucumbers Tomatoes Green Beans Cauliflower Other
Brussels
NA Liège WALLONIE
TOTAL
EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
TOP 5 FROZEN VEGETABLE EXPORTS +6 +4
Germany United Kingdom
+3
Italy
+3
France +0
+4
Total
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Exotics Pears Apples Strawberries Other
1,570 328 178 42 128 2,246
1,466 306 232 52 128 2,184
1,467 328 212 41 103 2,151
1,490 320 200 45 125 2,180
FRESH VEGETABLES
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Tomatoes Carrots/Turnips Leeks Cucumbers Onions/Shallots Peppers Celery Chicory Other
229 135 73 46 50 33 28 19 221 834
232 137 74 62 49 41 31 18 202 846
223 139 69 68 57 40 33 19 195 843
235 130 78 70 60 45 35 19 200 872
TOTAL
VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2007-2016) Netherlands
FRESH FRUIT
TOTAL
FRESH VEGETABLE EXPORTS 2016 BY DESTINATION (million euros)
TRADE BALANCE 283
France 193
Germany 167
Netherlands United Kingdom
Extra EU
FRESH FRUITS
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
56 109
Other EU
VALUE (million euros)
18
Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Eurostat; VLAM
FRESH VEGETABLES
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
2014
2015
2016
2017p
2,299 2,019 -280
2,324 1,992 -332
2,506 2,008 -498
2,700 2,100 -600
2014
2015
2016
2017p
744 674 -70
829 801 -28
906 826 -80
875 830 -45
Area 4,381,300 km²
Population 511.8 m
GDP per Inhabitant 29,100 EUR
GDP Growth 1.9 per cent
EUROPEAN UNION Europe’s climate is hugely varied, which means it can produce a wide range of products on a large scale, with the notable exception of tropical fruits. The continent’s largest vegetable producers are Spain and Italy, which together make up about 42 per cent of total European production, followed by Poland, France and the Netherlands. The majority of Poland’s production goes for processing. Tomatoes are the most important product in terms of production volume, followed by onions and carrots. Tomatoes account for around 31 per cent of European vegetable production, although most of this volume is used for processing. Spain and Italy are also the leading fruit-producing nations, followed by Poland, France and Greece. Apples are almost as dominant as tomatoes are for vegetables.
PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
FRESH FRUIT
04
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
05
Apples Oranges Easy Peelers Watermelons Pears Peaches Table Grapes Melons Nectarins Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 1)
Tomatoes 2) Onions Carrots Head Cabbage Cucumbers Peppers Headed Lettuce Cauliflower Courgettes Other TOTAL
2016
2017p
12,648 12,417 12,033 6,020 6,192 6,364 3,401 3,060 3,262 2,706 2,876 2,953 2,437 2,408 2,179 2,366 2,266 2,198 1,648 1,726 1,779 1,839 1,820 1,775 1,516 1,488 1,368 9,831 10,270 10,922 44,412 44,523 44,833
2014
2015
9,300 5,900 3,000 3,000 2,100 1,600 1,700 1,700 1,480 11,920 41,700
2014
2015
2016
2017p
15,737 6,347 5,558 3,758 2,907 2,484 2,410 2,332 1,358 15,978 58,870
17,624 6,140 5,083 3,632 2,713 2,516 2,455 2,296 1,450 14,132 58,041
17,961 6,594 5,597 3,822 2,765 2,514 2,283 2,325 1,528 12,585 57,974
16,900 6,000 5,400 4,000 2,600 2,500 2,100 2,250 1,500 13,550 56,800
1) Excluding potatoes. 2) Including tomatoes for processing. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Eurostat
However, their share of total fruit production is only 27 per cent and processing is comparatively less prominent. Other major fruits include oranges and easy peelers. Strawberries and other berries are being produced to an increasing extent, although despite being high in value their volumes are not big enough for a place among the top eight fruits. Despite its strong production potential, the EU also depends on imports of fruit and vegetables. Its trade balance is negative for both, although the deficit for fruit is much larger – this is because bananas and other tropical fruits are only produced in minor quantities in the EU. The vegetable trade is concentrated on product flows between the EU countries. Only around 13 per cent of vegetable imports come from third countries. The most important source of vegetables outside the EU is Morocco, followed by Israel and Egypt. Within the EU, Spain and the Netherlands are the main sources. Germany, France and the UK are the main importers. Only 13 per cent of EU production is exported to third countries. The share of third-country exports is high for onions: Russia has long been the most important export destination outside the EU, but this changed after the import ban in August 2014. Belarus, Senegal and Brazil were the most important third-country destinations recently, with mainly onions exported to the latter two. Fruit tends also to be traded mostly within the EU itself. However, the share of imports from third countries is significantly higher than it is for vegetables. In fact, around 40 per cent of fruit imports come from countries outside the EU – the main sources being Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador and South Africa. Within the EU, Spain, the Netherlands and Italy are the most important origins. Bananas lead in terms of import volume, followed by oranges and apples. Exports to countries outside the EU account for about 16 per cent of total export volumes. The main destinations for fruit from the EU are Germany, France and the UK. The most important third country is Belarus.
CPI for Food (2015=100) 100.3
Unemployment 5.5 per cent
IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
Bananas Oranges Apples, fresh market Easy Peelers Table Grapes Watermelons Pineapples Lemons Pears Other TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
2017p
7,805 2,679 2,507 2,048 1,525 1,218 1,406 943 1,109 6,646 27,886
8,133 2,936 2,906 2,112 1,554 1,387 1,231 1,088 1,109 7,286 29,743
8,466 2,938 2,530 2,181 1,564 1,535 1,304 1,168 1,099 7,553 30,339
9,300 2,800 2,530 2,000 1,690 1,660 1,390 1,260 1,090 8,080 31,800
FRESH VEGETABLES
Tomatoes Onions Peppers Lettuce Cucumbers Carrots Cauliflower Courgettes Mushrooms Other TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
2017p
3,072 1,493 1,339 1,271 1,252 972 538 405 409 3,314 14,064
3,182 1,419 1,352 1,305 1,306 1,096 531 389 435 3,331 14,346
3,047 1,478 1,348 1,314 1,301 1,113 520 454 418 3,491 14,485
3,020 1,400 1,360 1,370 1,290 1,060 590 440 410 3,690 14,630
EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
TOP 8 VEGETABLE PRODUCERS 2016 (million tonnes) 15.0
Spain 11.0
Italy
3.7
Germany Greece
2.7
Portugal
2.5
3,540 3,300 2,290 1,770 11,800 22,700
Pears for processing
+13 +10
2015
2016
2017p
3,023 2,124 1,420 1,309 6,886 14,763
2,879 2,055 1,436 1,301 6,897 14,567
2,760 2,320 1,440 1,405 7,075 15,000
VALUE (million euros) +25
Blueberries
2014
3,023 1,954 1,388 1,524 6,707 14,597
TRADE BALANCE
VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2007-2016)
FRESH FRUITS
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
2014
2015
2016
2017p
25,206 18,828 -6,378
28,514 20,836 -7,678
30,529 21,588 -8,941
32,300 22,670 -9,630
+9
Blackberries
+8
Limes
Fresh fruits
2017p
3,651 2,827 2,541 2,061 10,937 22,016
TOTAL
TOP 5 FRESH FRUIT IMPORTS
Avocados
2016
4,141 2,814 2,634 2,086 10,840 22,515
Tomatoes Onions Lettuce Peppers Other
4.8
Netherlands
2015
3,687 2,781 2,402 2,118 10,310 21,298
FRESH VEGETABLES
5.4
France
2014
Apples Bananas Oranges Easy Peelers Other TOTAL
5.6
Poland
FRESH FRUIT
+1
FRESH VEGETABLES
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
2014
2015
2016
2017p
14,044 13,155 -889
15,736 14,554 -1,182
16,166 15,058 -1,108
17,300 16,110 -1,190
Area 633,200 km²
Population 67.0 m
GDP per Inhabitant 33,300 EUR
GDP Growth 1.2 per cent
FRANCE Like Europe itself, France’s size and varied climate enable it to produce a wide range of fruit and vegetables, with the addition of bananas and other exotic fruits from its overseas departments. But France imports a huge amount of fruits and vegetable as well, resulting in a negative trade balance. This deficit has in fact increased from year to year, with imports of both fruit and vegetables growing faster than exports. The long-term development of French fruit production shows a slightly negative trend. Pear production in particular has decreased considerably since 2006, while production of apples and apricots was more or less stable during that time. A decrease in fruit production during 2017 was mainly due to a smaller apple harvest.
PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
FRESH FRUIT 1)
06
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
07
Apples Melons Bananas Plums 2) Apricots Pears Peaches Nectarines Kiwi fruit Nuts Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES
Tomatoes Carrots Onions Sweetcorn Green Beans Cauliflower Peas Lettuce Chicory Leeks Other TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,444 253 291 199 174 131 124 107 62 35 633 3,453
1,674 278 283 165 157 155 120 97 67 42 488 3,526
1,515 252 291 216 116 138 113 94 65 40 514 3,354
1,424 280 220 215 157 133 118 96 58 40 519 3,260
2014
2015
2016
2017p
786 543 319 403 338 306 236 238 168 166 1,690 5,193
786 563 384 373 305 290 235 231 170 160 1,635 5,132
823 578 389 311 300 289 233 228 172 151 1,671 5,145
770 560 380 350 314 290 235 225 165 160 1,641 5,090
1) Including overseas departments. 2) Including greengages and mirabelles. 3) Including nectarines and clingstones. 4) Including broccoli. 5) Including nuts.
Banana production in those overseas departments decreased because of heavy storms in the Caribbean in September. The trade balance for apricots has been positive for many years. In 2016, exports reached 42,000 tonnes, whereas imports were just 20,400 tonnes. Production of peaches and nectarines was estimated to be slightly higher in 2017 than the year before. Across Europe, availability of stonefruit was high and French households bought more than they did in 2016. Imports of peaches and nectarines usually exceed exports significantly, and in 2016 the difference reached 130,000 tonnes. French melon production, most of which is the Charentais variety, remained stable in 2017 at around 14,000ha. French vegetable production is dominated by tomatoes, carrots and onions. These are mainly sold fresh, although an important part of the country’s vegetable production is sold for processing – including at least 90 per cent of all peas, green beans and sweetcorn. Cauliflower is an important vegetable for France’s domestic market and its exports, but during production peaks a large quantity ends up being processed – an important means of stablising the fresh market. A long-term view suggests French vegetable production is decreasing and imports are increasing. Tomatoes are the most important veg export, but also the largest import. Carrots are second, even though France harvests carrots nearly all through the year (with a small gap from April to mid-May). Cauliflower and chicory are traditional French export items, helping it to defend its positive trade balance. French consumers mainly buy their fresh fruit and vegetables in big supermarkets (hypermarché). However, their share of the market (about one-third) has not grown in recent years, while discounters have cornered only a little more than 10 per cent. It is interesting to note the success of the so-called ‘green multiples’ format in France: these ‘grand surface frais’ stores only sell fresh produce and have stopped the sales decline among greengrocers.
VO EL
N
CPI for Food (2015=100) 100.7
Unemployment 6.1 per cent
Lille NORD Rouen Paris ÎLE-DEFRANCE
OREIA LLADA
Nantes
Strasbourg
Lyon
2015
2016
2017p
616 449 285 175 153 148 119 1,400 3,225
599 490 257 177 182 165 149 1,462 3,331
577 503 256 172 172 171 167 1,572 3,422
670 550 150 170 175 178 185 1,707 3,600
2014
2015
2016
2017p
556 143 141 135 129 74 690 1,868
540 144 142 128 128 74 712 1,869
539 152 151 150 142 77 733 1,945
535 156 150 135 130 75 709 1,890
2014
2015
2016
2017p
688 307 36 33 64 359 1,486
610 287 47 44 53 367 1,407
564 255 46 42 42 340 1,289
520 260 44 41 55 370 1,290
2014
2015
2016
2017p
249 83 100 84 141 52 313 1,021
243 106 82 92 143 63 333 1,063
248 119 108 98 96 60 328 1,056
242 105 115 75 145 70 318 1,070
TOTAL
EXPORTS
SUD-OUEST MEDITERRANE Marseille
Toulouse
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
Nice
FRESH FRUIT 5)
TOP 6 FRESH VEGETABLE EXPORTS VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2007-2016) +11
Peas Onions
Apples Bananas Oranges Melons Apricots Others TOTAL
+7 +7
Shallots
FRESH VEGETABLES
Tomatoes Carrots Beans Onions Cauliflower 4) Peas Other
+6
Cucumbers +5
Tomatoes +4
Celery
Total
2014
Bananas Oranges Clementines Melons Apples Peaches 3) Watermelons Others
TOTAL
CENTRE-EST
Bordeaux
FRESH FRUIT 5)
Tomatoes Carrots Peppers Courgettes Onions Cucumbers Others
OUEST KENTRIKI ELLADA
PELEPONNESE
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
FRESH VEGETABLES
EST
BASSIN PARISIEN
IMPORTS
+2
TOTAL
FRESH FRUIT EXPORTS 2016 BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes)
TRADE BALANCE
267
Spain
VALUE (million euros)
145
United Kingdom
FRESH FRUITS
124
Belgium/Lux. Germany
121
Import Export
Italy
118
TRADE BALANCE
99
Switzerland Netherlands Others
FRESH VEGETABLES
72 343
Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Agreste; Eurostat; Businessfrance/Agrotech
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
2014
2015
2016
2017p
3,560 1,526 -2,034
4,164 1,601 -2,563
4,442 1,567 -2,876
4,600 1,570 -3,030
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,776 962 -814
2,012 1,037 -975
2,132 1,078 -1,054
2,220 1,120 -1,100
Area 357,300 km²
Population 82.8 m
GDP per Inhabitant 38,100 EUR
GDP Growth 1.9 per cent
GERMANY Production of fruit and vegetables in Germany is limited to a certain extent by climate. Although some new greenhouses have been built in recent years, the country continues to rely heavily on imported produce. Where vegetables are grown, they tend to be the classic field products such as carrots, onions or cabbage, plus of course asparagus (mainly white) remains a special feature of Germany’s vegetable industry, with almost a quarter of total outdoor vegetable production area dedicated to the crop. Despite a short season of only around three months, and relatively low yields, asparagus makes up a good 3 per cent of the country’s vegetable output. In total, around 3.5m tonnes of vegetables are harvested outdoors in Germany, equal to just under 6 per cent of European production. For asparagus, howev-
PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
FRESH FRUIT 1)
08
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
09
Apples Strawberries Pears Plums Sweet Cherries Currants Blueberries Sour Cherries Mirabelle Plums Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 2) 3)
Carrots Onions White Cabbage Gerkins Red Cabbage Asparagus Iceberg Lettuce Cauliflower Spring Onions Other TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,116 169 45 56 40 13 12 17 7 11 1,485
974 173 43 47 31 14 12 17 5 12 1,327
1,033 143 35 38 29 14 11 16 4 11 1,334
564 107 23 20 17 13 10 9 3 9 775
2014
2015
2016
2017p
609 500 478 198 148 114 130 121 89 1,154 3,541
527 455 404 190 107 114 130 105 98 1,114 3,245
642 523 431 207 119 120 121 93 94 1,166 3,516
650 503 490 200 150 128 115 100 95 1,119 3,550
1) Including open field and protected production. 2) Excluding potatoes. 3) Only open field production. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Eurostat; Stat. Bundesamt
er, the country’s share is 40 per cent, making it by far the most important producer in Europe and among the leaders worldwide. Germany does still import a significant amount of fresh asparagus, but the marketing window has become smaller and smaller in recent years. Fruit production in Germany amounts to around 1.3m tonnes in a normal year. However, 2017 was an exceptional year. Massive frosts in April hit the fruit blossom at a delicate stage and nearly halved the apple harvest, which makes up about 75 per cent of the country’s entire fruit harvest. In volume terms, strawberries are Germany’s second most-important fruit – in recent years, open-field cultivation has been reduced and protected production increased to safeguard supply – with plums, pears and cherries following in terms of importance. Germany’s berry production is growing, but recent growth in the category has been driven mainly by imports. Only blueberry production shows a clear upward trend. Germany relies heavily on fresh fruit and vegetable imports. All exotic fruits, citrus, melons and grapes, as well as large volumes of stonefruit, have to be imported. Vegetable imports consist predominantly of vegetables like tomatoes, peppers and aubergines, but outside the German growing season a large range of salads and other outdoor vegetables are imported. Germany is about 38 per cent self-sufficient on vegetables, but only about 15 per cent on fruits. Both fruit and vegetable imports were at a record high in 2016. While fresh vegetables come mainly from Spain and the Netherlands, fresh fruit comes from a wide variety of origins. Some products are also exported, but the trade balance is definitely negative in both cases. More than half of all fresh fruit and vegetables are bought in discount stores in Germany. Traditional outlets such as greengrocers, street markets and producers account for only 10 per cent of the purchased volume. For some products like asparagus or strawberries, however, direct sales from producers are very important.
R P
CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.0
Unemployment 2.9 per cent
SCHLESWIGHOLSTEIN
MECKLENBURGWESTERN
Hamburg Bremen LOWER SAXONY
Berlin BRANDENBURG
Hannover SAXONYANHALT
NORTH RHINEWESTPHALIA
SAXONY
THURINGIA
HESSE Frankfurt
RHINELANDPALATINATE
Nuremberg
SAARLAND Stuttgart
BAVARIA
BADENWÜRTTEMBERG
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Bananas Apples Oranges Watermelons Table Grapes Easy Peeler Nectarines Pineapples Pears Other
1,396 551 420 318 314 383 178 168 169 1,177 5,074
1,399 549 487 368 338 392 187 144 168 1,301 5,332
1,403 520 490 401 330 401 172 170 169 1,332 5,387
1,417 489 451 397 320 353 182 149 153 1,368 5,279
2014
2015
2016
2017p
745 515 382 227 246 320 81 83 74 526 3,198
757 520 398 265 235 327 79 91 74 569 3,316
743 467 392 254 248 317 89 97 65 621 3,292
691 463 380 216 193 298 87 93 82 592 3,095
FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Bananas Apples Oranges Table Grapes Other
378 72 30 29 215 724
381 111 36 29 223 781
358 82 32 28 215 715
333 105 27 33 195 694
2014
2015
2016
2017p
79 42 64 40 233 457
101 48 75 48 223 494
87 40 39 39 223 427
78 42 40 26 173 359
TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES
Dresden
Cologne
IMPORTS
Tomatoes Cucumbers/Gherkins Pepper Carrots Onions Lettuce Courgettes Mushrooms Cauliflower Other TOTAL
EXPORTS
Munich
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
TOP 5 PRODUCTION OF FRESH VEGETABLES VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2007-2016) +8
Pumpkins
+8
Rocket
TOTAL
Romaine Lettuce
+7
FRESH VEGETABLES
Spring Onions
+7
Onions Lettuce White Cabbage Cucumbers/Gherkins Other
+4
Radish
Fresh Vegetables
+1
TOTAL
TOP 8 FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 2016 HOUSEHOLD PURCHASES (kg)
VALUE (million euros) 18.1
Apples 16.6
Bananas 11.6
Tomatoes 9.3
Oranges
8.6
Carrots Cucumbers
TRADE BALANCE
7.2
FRESH FRUITS
Import Export TRADE BALANCE FRESH VEGETABLES
Easy Peelers
6.8
Import Export
Onions
6.7
TRADE BALANCE
2014
2015
2016
2017p
4,709 705 -4,004
5,303 801 -4,502
5,695 797 -4,898
5,638 773 -4,865
2014
2015
2016
2017p
3,703 350 -3,353
4,188 394 -3,794
4,301 364 -3,937
4,430 339 -4,091
Area 302,100 km²
Population 60.6 m
GDP per Inhabitant 27,700 EUR
GDP Growth 0.9 per cent
ITALY Italy, alongside Spain, is a very important producer and exporter of fresh fruit and vegetables in Europe. With a highly diverse climate stretching along the Italian Peninsula, the country has a wide product range: in addition to traditional fruits grown in temperate zones – apples and pears, for example – Italy is known as a key producer of stonefruit, citrus and exotics such as figs and kiwifruit. In several fruit and vegetable categories – pears, nectarines, apricots, kiwifruit, table grapes, tomatoes and aubergines – Italy is in fact Europe’s largest producer. In recent years, the country produced up to 9m tonnes of fruit and around 8m tonnes of vegetables. One third of the fruit and 10 per cent of the vegetables are exported each year, heading mainly to Germany, France and Austria. Around 17 per cent goes to countries outside the EU.
PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
FRESH FRUIT
10
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
11
Apples Oranges Table Grapes Peaches 2) Melons Pears Easy Peelers Kiwifruit Nectarines Others TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
2017p
2,456 2,280 2,272 1,757 1,669 1,668 1,495 1,714 999 813 981 933 617 673 606 674 560 584 632 646 736 764 681 719 617 752 649 734 475 575 452 390 765 736 657 689 1,476 1,602 1,630 1,754 10,369 10,448 10,056 10,009
FRESH VEGETABLES 1)
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Tomatoes 2) Courgettes Fennel Carrots Cucumbers Lettuce Onions Artichokes Cauliflower/Broccoli Aubergines Others
989 540 504 539 453 487 425 451 405 309 2,250 7,352
1,045 494 524 513 538 477 372 349 400 300 2,256 7,268
979 554 505 531 513 475 451 366 388 318 2,260 7,339
993 552 517 510 519 466 435 388 356 325 2,210 7,270
TOTAL
1) Excluding potatoes. 2) Excluding products grown for processing. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; CSO; Eurostat; ISTAT
On the other hand, Italy is also an important fruit and vegetable importer. Fruit imports are predominantly tropical products such as bananas, pineapples or citrus, supplied mainly by Costa Rica, Spain and Colombia. Despite its large domestic production, Italy also imports a lot of tomatoes, as well as salad vegetables and potatoes. France, Spain and Germany dominate in this area. In the last ten years, the importance of domestic berry production has increased. Some of these berries are also grown for export. As a result, relative growth in blackberry and blueberry exports is very high compared with other products, even if the volumes themselves remain modest. Processing plays an important role in Italy’s vegetable business, especially for tomatoes. The country is the third-largest tomato processor worldwide; in addition to its sizeable fresh market, it produced another 5.5m tonnes of the product for processing in 2016. Having reached their lowest level in 2013, purchases of fruit and vegetable in Italy have apparently increased year by year, and this trend was expected to continue in 2017 – by the end of October 2017, fruit and vegetable sales were around 3 per cent higher than in the previous year. In 2016, each household purchased an average of 179kg of fruit worth €285 and 144kg of vegetables worth €250. Apples, oranges and bananas are the three most commonly purchased fruits; tomatoes, salads and courgettes are the top three in vegetables. In recent years, supermarkets and discounters have gained increasing importance: 62 per cent of fresh fruit and vegetables were bought in supermarkets in Italy in 2016, up from 51 per cent in 2007. Compared with Germany, discounters play a minor role with a share of 14 per cent, and traditional shopping centres such as farmer’s markets (13 per cent) and greengrocers (21 per cent) remain more important. In southern regions and on the islands, the importance of these outlets is especially high.
N Turin Geno
S
CPI for Food (2015=100) 100.2
Unemployment 6.6 per cent
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
691 159 161 91 678 1,780
679 139 217 115 752 1,902
712 141 137 104 722 1,816
750 170 240 115 685 1,960
FRESH VEGETABLES 1)
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Tomatoes 2) Lettuce Onions Others
119 102 65 304 590
144 105 64 334 647
118 104 81 300 603
110 110 50 310 580
Bananas Pineapples Oranges Lemons Others
NORTH-EAST Milan
IMPORTS
Venice
NORTH-WEST
TOTAL
oa Florence CENTRO
TOTAL
Rome
EXPORTS
Bari
Naples
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
SOUTH
SARDINIA
FRESH FRUIT
Cagliari
Palermo SICILY
VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2007-2016) +11
Blackberries +7 +7
Melons
+6
Figs
+4
Apricots
Fresh Fruits
+1
BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes, 2016) 1,176
Germany 376
Poland
Czech Republic
945 400 300 150 195 150 100 40 45 525 2,850
FRESH VEGETABLES 1)
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Lettuce Tomatoes Carrots Cauliflower/Broccoli Kohlrabi/Kale Fennel Beetroot Onions Courgettes Others
180 116 71 64 58 54 56 38 32 151 819
184 103 74 67 54 57 54 41 29 150 813
196 105 98 89 65 62 60 45 34 170 923
175 65 75 80 65 45 60 40 25 160 790
TRADE BALANCE VALUE (million euros) FRESH FRUITS
213 212
TRADE BALANCE
157
FRESH VEGETABLES
131 1,114
Other EU Extra EU
2017p
1,010 474 413 152 253 150 88 59 46 416 3,060
Import Export
Austria
United Kingdom
2016
1,104 462 349 120 269 148 79 47 41 334 2,952
TOTAL
FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EXPORTS
France
2015
944 445 340 121 262 171 87 61 45 348 2,824
TOTAL
TOP 5 FRESH FRUIT EXPORTS
Blueberries
2014
Apples Table Grapes Kiwifruit Oranges Peaches/Nectarines Pears Easy Peelers Plums Lemons Others
731
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,420 2,550 1,130
1,659 2,808 1,149
1,625 2,898 1,273
1,780 2,970 1,190
2014
2015
2016
2017p
553 1,043 490
671 1,148 477
612 1,217 605
612 1,213 601
GDP per Inhabitant 41,300 EUR
Area 41,500 km²
Population 17.1 m
GDP Growth 2.2 per cent
NETHERLANDS The Netherlands might be among the EU’s smaller countries, but its long coastline on the North Sea mean it punches above its weight as an important trading hub for fruit imports and exports. Its production might be relatively modest, but it exported a huge amount of fresh fruit in 2016, second only to Spain among EU countries. At the same time, a lot of fruit reaches Europe from overseas via Dutch ports. Bananas are the leading fruit import in volume terms, as well as the most important fruit export. Oranges, table grapes, pineapples and avocados make up the top five imports, while the other leading exports are pears, pineapples, table grapes and oranges. Less than 10 per cent of all Dutch fruit exports are produced in the country itself. Around 85 per cent of domestic production is pears and apples, and like many other European countries the Netherlands saw its
PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Pears Apples Strawberries Other Berries Other
349 353 54 15 21 792
349 336 58 17 20 780
374 317 58 18 19 786
326 234 52 18 15 645
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
TOTAL
12
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
13
FRESH VEGETABLES
Onions Tomatoes Carrots Cucumbers Peppers Mushrooms White Cabbage Iceberg Lettuce Leeks Celery Aubergines Chicory Brussel Sprouts Spinach Other TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,379 900 555 440 340 310 145 76 91 74 51 51 60 38 674 4,910
1,504 890 563 405 360 310 142 90 86 71 53 52 60 47 706 5,057
1,449 900 601 370 365 300 129 89 82 75 54 49 47 45 677 4,962
1,600 900 550 360 380 300 145 85 85 85 54 50 48 55 688 5,385
1) Including re-exports. 2) Excluding nuts.
output limited in 2017. Open-field production of strawberries has diminished slightly in recent years, while protected crop volumes have grown. The country’s main fruit exports are pears, apples and strawberries, but with a rather limited export basket the trade balance for fresh fruit is negative. However, with export values becoming stronger, this negative balance is shrinking year by year. The situation in the Dutch vegetable market is different. With imports limited and production and exports of fresh vegetables high, the trade balance is obviously positive. Onions are the largest in terms of production and export volumes (the Netherlands is the secondlargest exporter worldwide), with both cultivated area and export sales showing an upward trend. According to preliminary official estimates, planted area for onions increased by 4 per cent in 2017, reaching a record of nearly 35,000ha. Export destinations are widespread, with a focus on Senegal and other African countries. In addition to its huge onion production, the Netherlands is an important producer of glasshouse vegetables. This industry is dominated by tomatoes, production of which has been stable recently with a tendency towards more Roma-type varieties on the vine and snack tomatoes. Artificial light is gaining importance when it comes to growing premium tomatoes in winter. Planted area for cucumbers has decreased in the last few years, but there is a growing trend in the production of sweet peppers. Germany is the main export destination for Dutch vegetables – about 45 per cent of all tomato exports went to Germany in 2016 – followed by the UK. For cucumbers, Germany has an even stronger share of 62 per cent. Traditionally, cabbage and carrots were important Dutch exports, normally heading for Germany and eastern Europe. But with increasing production in those countries and greater investment in storage capacity, these export trades are becoming more limited.
CPI for Food (2015=100) 100.8
Unemployment 4.2 per cent
Groningen NOORD
IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT 2)
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Bananas Oranges Table Grapes Pineapples Avocados Apples Other
452 476 351 340 169 268 1,525 3,581
677 522 353 267 187 236 1,674 3,916
773 548 340 282 242 213 1,757 4,155
850 520 370 280 255 230 1,945 4,450
2014
2015
2016
2017p
179 134 95 90 595 1,093
183 132 85 91 496 987
176 120 95 74 482 947
190 170 98 85 557 1,100
TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES
Tomatoes Onions Cucumbers Peppers Other
Amsterdam OOST
WEST Den Haag
Nimwegen
TOTAL
Rotterdam
EXPORTS
Eindhoven
Göteborg
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
ZUID
FRESH FRUIT 2)
org
penhagen
TOP 6 PRODUCTION OF FRESH VEGETABLES VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2007-2016) +11
Lettuce Red Beetroot +3
Celery root
+3
Aubergines
+3
Asparagus
+3
+1
Fresh Vegetables
FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EXPORTS BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes, 2016) 827
Germany 420
United Kingdom Senegal France
TOTAL
126
FRESH VEGETABLES 792
Sources: AMI-informiert.de; CBS; Eurostat; KCB/GroentenFruitHuis
2015
2016
2017p
2,920
3,198
3,550
216 68 31 3 318
173 68 32 4 277
186 56 30 1 273
175 50 27 3 255
2014
2015
2016
2017p
4,322
4,378
4,198
4,600
964 808 299 342 125 66 231 2,835
1,066 777 307 295 115 66 227 2,853
1,051 754 306 254 99 52 224 2,740
1,400 745 315 285 95 65 195 3,100
VALUE (million euros)
TRADE BALANCE
479
2014
2,617
TRADE BALANCE Import Export 1)
Italy 105
Extra EU
FRESH VEGETABLES
FRESH FRUITS 2)
164
Sweden 100 Other EU
TOTAL
in Total 1) Dutch origin only Onions Tomatoes Peppers Cucumbers Cabbage Carrots Other
+5
Mushrooms
in Total 1) Dutch origin only Pears Apples Strawberries Other
Import Export 1) TRADE BALANCE
2014
2015
2016
2017p
3,861 3,410 -451
4,368 4,119 -249
4,831 4,635 -196
5,330 5,160 -170
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,069 3,963 2,894
1,194 4,538 3,344
1,214 4,603 3,389
1,450 5,000 3,550
Area 312,700 km²
Population 38.0 m
GDP per Inhabitant 11,100 EUR
GDP Growth 2.9 per cent
POLAND Every fourth apple produced in the EU comes from Poland, a statistic that puts it ahead of Italy and France as Europe’s top apple-producing country. It also occupies a leading position for other fruit and vegetable crops like sour cherries, carrots and cabbage, and just outranks the Netherlands on mushrooms. But processing plays a major role in Poland’s fruit and vegetable sector, as does the notable wild production of items like Chanterelle mushrooms and blueberries. Apples account for 78 per cent of total Polish fruit production, with the largest concentration of orchards found in Grójec, around 40km south of Warsaw. Its main varieties are Idared, Shampion, Golden Delicious and Gala. Until Russia banned EU fruit imports in 2014, it was traditionally the main consumer of Polish apples, taking
PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
FRESH FRUIT 2)
14
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
15
Apples Strawberries Currants Raspberries Sour Cherries Pears Plums Aronia Sweet Cherries Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 3)
Cabbage Tomatoes Carrots Onions Cucumbers Beetroot Mushrooms Cauliflower Other TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
2017p
3,195 203 163 126 177 74 106 43 48 53 4,188
3,146 205 154 78 174 66 91 43 46 46 4,049
3,604 197 166 129 195 82 110 49 54 58 4,644
2,600 178 130 110 70 60 60 40 20 47 3,315
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,156 811 823 651 532 358 310 246 1,030 5,917
875 790 678 548 487 297 315 195 925 5,110
1,018 867 822 651 538 341 320 240 1,133 5,930
1,000 870 827 667 515 336 325 238 1,012 5,790
1) Including re-export. 2) Including fruits for processing. 3) Excluding potatoes, open-field and under glass. 4) Including vegetable juice and nectar. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Eurostat; GUS; IERiGZ
half of its neighbour’s exports. With the market’s closure, the flow of exports changed dramatically, for example bringing Arab countries suddenly into focus. In 2017/18 however, given the small EU harvest, it will probably be possible to sell more Polish apples in Europe. PÓLNOC For vegetables, Poland’s output is very ZACHOD much focused on cabbage, carrots, onions and beetroot, vegetables that are very often used in traditional eastern European cuisine. In terms of exports, however, mushrooms are number one: most are exported to Western Europe, including speciality items like oyster mushrooms and shiitake. W For cabbage, on the other hand, the main destinations are countries in south-east and eastern Europe, often those with historical connections to Poland. While Poland is a net importer of fruit, for vegetables it is a net exporter. Fruit imports consist mainly of items that cannot be grown in Poland, such as bananas, citrus and exotic fruits. Behind Belgium, Poland is the second-largest producer of frozen vegetables in Europe. According to the Institute of Agricultural and Food Economics, its production amounted to 660,000 tonnes in 2016, just over half of all processed vegetables. The canned vegetable and tomato processing industries are also important. For fruit, one of Poland’s strengths is the production of juice, nectar and fruit juice drinks. Poland is also the world’s leading producer of blackcurrants, which are also used for juice. Another mainstay is the production of frozen fruit and juice concentrate. In these two cases, Poland occupies a leading position in Europe. Apples especially are used to make juice and concentrate. For frozen fruit, strawberries, sour cherries and raspberries are the biggest items.
CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.1
Unemployment 3.8 per cent
Gdansk PÓLNOCNY
IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Bananas Oranges Easy Peelers Watermelons Table Grapes Other
330 173 159 120 120 498 1,400
380 170 163 123 114 509 1,459
370 162 160 131 108 504 1,435
380 163 154 123 105 475 1,400
2014
2015
2016
2017p
148 101 47 54 191 541
144 73 56 53 212 538
142 60 53 52 227 534
132 66 54 53 229 534
TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES
CNODNI
Tomatoes Onions Cucumbers Peppers Other
Warsaw
Poznan
CENTRALNY Lublin
Lódz
TOTAL
EXPORTS
Wroclaw WSCHODNI
POLUDNIOWOZACHODNI
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
Kraków
Apples Pears Raspberries Strawberries Plums Sour Cherries Sweet Cherries Other 1)
POLUDNIOWO
PROCESSED FRUIT PRODUCTION
TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,096 37 18 19 13 8 4 175 1,370
946 29 18 17 7 13 6 140 1,176
1,093 50 17 15 9 9 7 159 1,359
900 42 15 13 6 4 3 167 1,150
2014
2015
2016
2017p
208 125 99 75 42 31 17 137 734
212 122 98 65 31 28 15 110 681
221 117 95 36 23 28 20 139 679
225 118 97 50 31 28 21 145 715
(‘000 tonnes, 2016)
Frozen Fruit
FRESH VEGETABLES
1,580
Juice, Nectar 4)
Mushrooms Onions Tomatoes Cabbage Carrots Cauliflower Peppers Other
495
Concentrate 4) 396 126
Fruit Jam Other
438 3,035
Total
PROCESSED FRUIT PRODUCTION
TRADE BALANCE
VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2007-2016)
VALUE (million euros) +7
Concentrate 4) +5
Frozen Fruit +4
Other +2
Total Juice, Nectar
4)
Fruit Jam -2
+1
TOTAL
FRESH FRUITS
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
1,110 613 -497
1,217 567 -650
1,245 583 -662
1,215 545 -670
FRESH VEGETABLES
2014
2015
2016
2017p
447 559 112
488 568 80
501 574 73
545 590 45
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
Area 819,900 km²
Population 21.2 m
NORDIC COUNTRIES The climate in Sweden, Finland and Denmark precludes these countries from producing a lot of fruit and vegetables, so with their high consumer purchasing power they are particularly popular export destinations. That’s especially true in Finland, where the domestic growing season is short due to the cold winters. Although Sweden and Denmark benefit from the warming Gulf Stream in winter, their summer months are only moderately warm. Thus, the three Nordic countries produce a combined vegetable volume of under 950,000 tonnes, equal to only 1.5 per cent of total European production. The region’s most significant vegetable crops are carrots, onions and cabbage, all grown in open field, and tomatoes, which are the leading crop under greenhouse cultivation. Of the three countries, Sweden has
PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
FRESH FRUIT
16
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
17
Denmark – Apples – Strawberries 2) – Pears Finland – Strawberries 2) – Apples Sweden – Apples – Strawberries 2) TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES 1)
Denmark – Carrots – Onions – White Cabbage Finland – Carrots – Tomatoes Sweden – Carrots – Onions TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
2017p
55.2 28.3 7.5 7.5 20.9 12.9 5.2 44.4 24.6 16.0 120.5
67.6 28.5 6.5 7.8 23.1 14.4 6.0 45.6 25.4 17.1 136.2
54.5 23.0 7.9 5.5 21.4 11.9 6.4 45.2 26.8 15.3 121.1
50.0 19.0 7.0 5.0 20.0 12.0 5.5 42.0 24.0 15.0 112.0
2014
2015
2016
2017p
297.2 107.3 51.9 26.3 268.6 74.4 39.9 377.7 119.0 53.3 943.6
316.2 102.5 54.7 22.4 250.1 63.9 38.9 380.6 115.6 64.6 947.0
315.0 117.6 62.0 23.0 262.5 73.0 40.6 372.4 111.6 59.4 949.8
330.7 125.0 68.0 23.0 265.0 74.0 42.0 380.0 111.4 63.0 975.7
1) Excluding potatoes. 2) Including greenhouse production. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Eurostat; national statistics
GDP per Inhabitant 44,800 EUR
GDP Growth 2.4 per cent
DENMARK, FINLAND, SWEDEN
retained its position as the largest vegetable producer in recent years, but since 2012 Denmark’s own vegetable production has shown an upward trend, mainly due to increased volumes of onions and carrots. In particular, it has been producing more snack and organic carrots for the European market. At around 120,000 tonnes, the three Nordic countries’ fruit production is much lower than their vegetable output. While apples and strawberries are the most important fruits produced, low domestic production means the countries rely heavily on imports and only export very small quantities of fruit, as is also the case for vegetables. Their self-sufficiency is only around 9 per cent for fruit, compared with around 62 per cent for vegetables. The foreign trade balance is very negative for G both fruit and vegetables. Overall, the trio imports about 660,000 tonnes Albo of fresh vegetables per year, with a slight upward Arhus trend. The leading imports are tomatoes, salads Kop and cucumbers, with volumes offset by exports of Odense around 90,000 tonnes. Sweden imports the largest volume and has the highest domestic consumption of the three. However, it also has the largest population. Its per-capita vegetable consumption is around 50kg, compared with 70kg in Finland and 78kg in Denmark. The latter is the leading exporter of vegetables, with carrots accounting for more than half of the export volume. In recent years, carrot exports have risen sharply. With a total of around 1.39m tonnes, fruit imports are significantly higher than vegetable imports. By far the biggest imported product are bananas, followed by apples for the fresh market and oranges. In the long term, white currants, raspberries and blackberries are among the most important imports, buoyed by growth in the Scandinavian berry market. Imports are offset by exports of just over 80,000 tonnes. Domestic per-capita fruit consumption is more similar across the three countries than it is for vegetables. In Sweden, it stands at around 70kg, in Denmark 68kg and in Finland almost 64kg.
CPI for Food (2015=100) 100.3
Unemployment 5.0 per cent Oulu
IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
Denmark – Bananas – Apples – Oranges Finland – Bananas – Apples Sweden – Bananas – Oranges
Umeá Kurpio
Tempere
TOTAL
Turku
Uppsala
Helsinki
FRESH VEGETABLES
Stockholm
Jönköping
2016
2017p
2014
2015
2016
2017p
199.2 36.1 27.7 21.9 122.3 28.1 23.9 342.4 89.6 35.0 664.0
187.4 35.4 23.0 21.6 126.6 27.0 25.8 351.2 93.1 37.0 665.2
188.0 33.3 23.1 21.4 124.1 25.1 26.1 348.0 82.0 38.0 660.1
FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Denmark – Bananas – Apples Finland Sweden
27.4 6.9 3.8 0.9 44.0 72.3
33.5 8.6 4.0 0.3 48.8 82.7
35.3 7.5 4.8 0.2 45.2 80.7
36.6 9.4 4.2 0.8 47.0 84.4
org
TOTAL
penhagen Malmö
EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE IMPORTS 2016 BY NORDIC COUNTRIES*) (‘000 tonnes) 389
Bananas 178
Apples
TOTAL
164
Oranges
156
Tomatoes 125
Easy Peelers 77
Watermelons
67
Cucumbers
49
*) Denmark, Finland, Sweden.
TOP 5 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE IMPORTS VOLUME GROWTH*) (% p.a. 2007-2016)
+25
Perry Pears +16
Raspberries
FRESH VEGETABLES
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Denmark – Carrots – Onions Finland Sweden
50.2 19.0 12.8 2.4 16.1 68.8
60.0 29.1 12.0 4.3 15.4 79.7
58.4 30.3 11.6 10.1 21.9 90.4
59.6 39.4 5.7 10.5 19.7 89.8
TOTAL
TRADE BALANCE VALUE (million euros)
+33
White Currants
FRESH FRUITS
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,315 86 -1,229
1,484 111 -1,373
1,526 118 -1,409
1,560 120 -1,440
FRESH VEGETABLES
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Import Export
888 77 -812
961 89 -873
981 95 -885
1,044 117 -927
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
+14
Blackberries
+13
Artichokes Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
2015
189.2 34.3 25.9 22.4 122.8 29.4 24.3 339.7 91.0 33.9 651.7
Denmark – Tomatoes – Lettuce – Cucumbers Finland – Tomatoes – Lettuce Sweden – Tomatoes – Cucumbers
Göteborg
Table Grapes
2014
372.0 379.6 369.4 365.7 88.5 87.6 80.4 82.8 52.3 56.8 49.5 48.5 38.8 42.5 42.7 36.0 289.4 314.4 328.4 327.8 85.7 101.9 110.5 113.3 45.6 47.3 44.4 44.8 670.2 686.8 691.1 691.0 199.2 208.8 201.9 206.0 86.9 92.7 92.2 87.6 1,331.6 1,380.9 1,389.0 1,384.5
+1
*) Denmark, Finland, Sweden.
TRADE BALANCE
Area 506,000 km²
Population 46.5 m
GDP per Inhabitant 24,100 EUR
GDP Growth 3.3 per cent
SPAIN Spain is by far the largest producer of fruit and vegetables in Europe, something which holds especially true when it comes to the fresh market. With a broad range of climates, Spain produces temperate fruit, citrus and even some tropical fruit. Its export-oriented production is concentrated in the eastern and southern parts of the country bordering the Mediterranean Sea. While apples and pears are produced mainly in Catalonia and Aragon, citrus is still mainly produced in the regions of Valencia and Murcia, even if Andalusia is gaining importance in that category. Huelva on the Atlantic coast is the centre of Spanish berry production, while various regions cultivate stonefruit. Export-focused vegetable production is concentrated in Murcia (open field) and Almería (protected crops).
PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
FRESH FRUIT
18
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
19
Oranges Easy Peelers Watermelons Lemons Peaches 1) Melons Nectarines Apples Strawberries Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES
Tomatoes 1) Onions Peppers 1) Lettuce Cucumbers Courgettes Broccoli Carrots Green Beans Other TOTAL
2015
2016
2017p
3,484 3,087 2,390 1,992 918 1,040 1,089 776 557 566 720 692 544 556 505 482 370 399 2,764 3,306 13,341 12,896
2014
3,635 2,315 1,075 979 570 685 535 495 370 2,977 13,636
3,170 1,803 1,120 906 623 611 585 474 361 3,778 13,431
2014
2015
2016
2017p
2,360 1,347 1,070 941 779 465 446 377 187 2,359 10,331
2,125 1,241 1,040 927 705 543 452 411 180 2,290 9,914
2,353 1,344 1,090 925 720 574 497 401 172 2,338 10,414
2,200 1,370 1,158 941 612 596 460 398 165 1,765 9,665
1) Excluding products grown for processing. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; DGA; Eurostat; Fepex; Mapama
NOROESTE N Spain is also Europe’s leading exporter of Turin fresh fruit and vegetables, as well as one of its Geno most dynamic. In the last decade, its fruit and vegetable exports grew by an annual average of 4 per cent, with vegetables slightly outperforming fruit. Growth rates were especially high for berries, watermelons and kiwifruit. Persimmons, known locally as kaki, were also a great success, but figures are only available for the last five years. Spain also performed CEN well exporting stonefruit: its success with peaches was mainly due to growing exports of flat varieties, which have gained a significant market share in S central Europe. The highest relative growth rates in vegetable exports are found in some minor items like spinach or leeks, but the highest absolute Sevilla growth rates can be observed in fruit vegetables like peppers, cucumbers and courgettes. Brassica exports were mainly broccoli, while iceberg lettuce is still the most exported salad vegetable crop; growth in this category was due to the success of other articles like baby leaf or romaine hearts. Spanish exports go mostly to other EU countries, with only 6 per cent sent to third countries. Germany (26 per cent) is the most important destination, followed by France (18 per cent), the UK (12 per cent) and the Netherlands (8 per cent). Produce exported to the Netherlands is often re-exported. Spanish imports, meanwhile, are growing but still of limited importance compared with exports. The country’s fresh produce trade surplus seems to be increasing from year to year. Offering high per-capita consumption, the domestic market is also an interesting destination for Spanish producers. Compared with Germany, private households in Spain buy double the quantity of fresh fruit and vegetables. Only 50 per cent of consumer expenditure on fresh fruit and vegetables is spent in supermarkets or discounts. The big supermarkets (hipermercados, 8 per cent) and discount chains (10 per cent) still play a limited role and their market share has not increased much in the last five years. Smaller Supermarkets (31 per cent) remain important, but about 25 per cent of the budget for fresh fruit and vegetables is still spent at traditional shops, mainly greengrocers. These outlets are more important for fresh fruit than for fresh vegetables.
CPI for Food (2015=100) 101.4
Unemployment 12.8 per cent
IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
259 202 126 111 660 1,358
228 203 148 133 681 1,393
285 223 162 164 779 1,613
300 200 200 150 770 1,620
FRESH VEGETABLES 1)
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Beans Tomatoes 1) Onions Other
126 54 45 197 422
109 85 41 197 432
138 92 71 203 504
140 100 50 210 500
Bananas Apples Kiwifruit Oranges Other
Milan Oviedo NORTH-WEST
TOTAL
Bilbao
oa Valladolid
NORESTE Zaragoza
Barcelona ESTE
Madrid
NTRO
TOTAL
EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
Valencia
SARDINIA
Palma
Cagliari SUR Málaga
+25 +15 +12
Apricots +9
Watermelons
+8
Kiwifruit
Fresh Fruit
2015
2016
2017p
1,657 1,594 644 558 295 404 373 470 143 1,085 7,223
1,891 1,566 639 655 283 435 379 470 185 1,081 7,584
1,556 1,464 545 719 311 444 407 419 193 1,141 7,199
1,640 1,450 680 740 300 460 470 480 200 1,140 7,560
2014
2015
2016
2017p
968 869 720 595 445 353 294 125 143 525 5,037
950 672 724 625 450 354 276 149 159 560 4,919
908 701 743 632 464 357 327 163 153 603 5,051
870 720 750 630 450 370 320 165 140 635 5,050
FRESH VEGETABLES 1)
VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2007-2016)
Raspberries
2014
Oranges Easy Peelers Lemons Watermelons Strawberries Melons Peaches Nectarines Kaki Other TOTAL
TOP 5 FRESH FRUIT EXPORTS Blueberries
FRESH FRUIT
+4
Tomatoes Peppers Lettuce Cucumbers Brassicas Onions Courgettes Garlic Aubergines Other TOTAL
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE EXPORTS 2016 BY DESTINATION (‘000 tonnes) 3,223
Germany 2,235
France 1,547
United Kingdom
Portugal
709
Italy
664
Extra EU
802
FRESH FRUITS
Import Export
FRESH VEGETABLES 2,322
Other EU
VALUE (million euros)
TRADE BALANCE
1,032
Netherlands
TRADE BALANCE
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
2014
2015
2016
2017p
1,182 6,311 5,129
1,336 7,063 5,727
1,576 7,279 5,703
1,600 7,400 5,800
2014
2015
2016
2017p
544 4,342 3,798
635 4,839 4,204
737 5,207 4,470
800 5,500 4,700
GDP per Inhabitant 36,500 EUR
Area 248,500 km²
Population 65.8 m
GDP Growth 1.9 per cent
UNITED KINGDOM Domestic fruit and vegetable production in the UK is relative small, although it is the EU’s eighth-largest producer of vegetables. After a low around 2005, its vegetable production area has recovered to around 131,000ha, of which 35,000ha are used to grow peas for processing. Protected veg production is insignificant, at just 850ha. In terms of EU fruit production, the UK sits in twelfth place. Production of apples and pears appears small, with the notable point that the country grows a high proportion of ‘culinary apples’ (essentially Bramley), which are not consumed raw. The soft fruit sector, in the meantime, is developing very dynamically. Since 2000, its planted area has more than doubled, and for the most part is now essentially protected cultivation under
PRODUCTION
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
20
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
21
FRESH FRUIT 1)
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Apples Strawberries Pears Raspberries Blackcurrants Plums Cherries Other Soft Fruit Other TOTAL
175 104 25 18 13 12 4 8 4 362
183 115 25 17 15 11 5 9 4 385
183 118 27 15 11 9 2 7 5 378
137 125 25 15 11 9 2 7 4 336
FRESH VEGETABLES 2)
2014
2015
2016
2017p
755 374 212 231 124 97 93 85 53 50 383 2,455
731 394 235 230 122 104 91 84 54 51 375 2,471
723 372 246 231 93 88 82 81 53 50 315 2,333
725 370 245 230 120 90 80 80 55 50 350 2,395
Carrots Onions Peas 1) Cabbage Lettuce Turnips and Swedes Cauliflower Parsnips Celery Brussel Sprouts Other TOTAL
1) Including products grown for processing. 2) Excluding potatoes. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Defra; Eurostat
plastic tunnels. In the rainy summer climate, the quality of berries grown in open fields is too often unreliable and does not meet the high demands of British supermarkets. Overall growth in protected cultivation of fruit (140ha in 2006, 217ha in 2016) has outpaced vegetables (700ha in 2006, 730ha in 2016). Due to its relatively small domestic production, the UK is one of the largest importers of fresh fruit and vegetable in Europe, ranking third in the EU for both fruits and vegetables. Two-thirds of its fresh vegetables come from Spain and the Netherlands, with only 12 per cent from third countries. By contrast, almost twothirds of its fruit come from third countries – in addition to the traditional banana suppliers of south and central America, South Africa (9 per cent) plays a prominent role. The most important EU source is Spain (16 per cent). As imports have climbed year by year, the UK’s self-sufficiency rate for fruit has fallen to 17 per cent, while for vegetables it is higher at 54 per cent. The UK’s fresh fruit and vegetable exports are minor, although in the past five years re-exports of items including bananas and oranges have risen. In 2015, UK household spending on fresh fruit and vegetables was the second highest in the EU at €12.2bn, just behind Germany (€13.1bn). That figure was high primarily due to price – purchased volumes per household were only 10 per cent higher than in Germany, but expenditure per household exceeded the German figure by a third. This was not only due to higher prices of comparable items, but also to a higher proportion of more expensive products. The soft fruit sector alone accounts for 11 per cent of the UK’s total spending on fresh fruit and vegetables. A slight increase in purchased volumes can be attributed to higher demand for root vegetables, cabbage, bananas and soft fruit. Traditionally, quality requirements in the UK have been very high, with competition between individual supermarkets comparatively low. But this has changed somewhat over the past few years thanks to the increased presence of German discounters, even if that part of the market still has some way to go to catch up with the continent.
R P
CPI for Food (2015=100) 97.6
Unemployment 3.3 per cent
SCOTLAND
Glasgow NORTHERN IRELAND Belfast
IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Bananas Oranges Apples Easy Peelers Table Grapes Melons Pineapples Pears Watermelons Other
1,142 531 435 298 253 145 144 164 90 586 3,787
1,144 539 400 302 252 153 142 145 103 677 3,857
1,190 550 366 316 267 160 146 142 121 741 3,998
1,210 540 560 300 270 165 165 140 130 780 4,260
2014
2015
2016
2017p
395 284 199 169 141 138 99 78 432 1,936
377 223 205 164 141 129 94 72 458 1,863
381 217 219 189 154 136 93 78 522 1,990
375 220 210 175 145 125 95 70 455 1,870
2014
2015
2016
2017p
22 28 14 34 93
31 28 16 49 116
53 28 13 41 129
50 30 14 46 140
2014
2015
2016
2017p
33 17 5 45 101
26 18 8 71 123
17 20 6 88 132
25 20 7 78 130
TOTAL
NORTH WEST
Manchester
NORTH EAST Newcastle
FRESH VEGETABLES
YORKSHIRE AND Leeds THE HUMBER
Nottingham MIDLANDS WALES Birmingham Cardiff
EAST OF ENGLAND
Tomatoes Onions Lettuce, all Peppers Cucumbers Cauliflower/Broccoli Mushrooms Celery Other TOTAL
London SOUTH WEST Plymouth
EXPORTS
SOUTH EAST
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
TOP 5 FRESH FRUIT IMPORTS VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2007-2016) +14
Blueberries +13
Figs Watermelons
+10
Avocados
+10
Fresh Fruits
Carrots and Turnips Salad Beetroot Cauliflower/Broccoli Other
+2
TOTAL
TOP 5 FRESH VEGETABLE IMPORTS
TRADE BALANCE
VOLUME GROWTH (% p.a. 2007-2016)
VALUE (million euros) +13
Brussel Sprouts +9
Horseradish Peppers
+5
Asparagus
+5
Celery
+5
Fresh Vegetables
+2
TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES
+7
Limes
Bananas Oranges Apples Other
FRESH FRUITS
Import Export TRADE BALANCE FRESH VEGETABLES
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
2014
2015
2016
2017p
3,512 87 -3,425
4,133 116 -4,017
4,327 127 -4,200
4,360 140 -4,220
2014
2015
2016
2017p
2,285 81 -2,204
2,512 113 -2,400
2,534 118 -2,415
2,460 115 -2,345
GDP per Inhabitant 16,200 EUR
Area 132,000 km²
Population 10.8 m
SOUTHEAST EUROPE Unlike other countries in south-east Europe, Greece has been an EU member for more than three decades, having joined in 1981 – five years before Spain and Portugal. Greece enjoys a special relationship with many countries in the surrounding region, partly because of the high direct investment of Greek companies in those neighbouring countries, and partly because of the region’s importance as a market for Greek exports. Greek vegetable production has declined at an annual rate of 3 per cent over the last decade, although this was mostly due to a decrease in tomato production for processing. Fresh market production has declined only slightly. Most of the fruit vegetables, like tomatoes, cucumbers, courgettes and peppers, are grown under protection. Crete is Greece’s leading region for
PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
FRESH FRUIT
22
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
23
Oranges Watermelons Table Grapes Peaches 1) Apples Kiwifruit Easy Peelers Nectarines Lemons Other TOTAL FRESH VEGETABLES
Tomatoes 1) Onions Peppers Cucumbers Lettuce Courgettes Green Beans Cauliflower, Broccoli Carrots Other TOTAL
2014
2015
2016
2017p
859 572 294 230 245 172 140 83 64 750 3,409
881 547 249 162 242 199 158 82 45 746 3,311
917 536 317 175 259 180 146 87 69 661 3,346
900 500 300 286 232 200 150 104 65 633 3,370
2014
2015
2016
2017p
575 204 148 165 63 63 60 58 44 343 1,723
567 229 154 147 90 76 73 67 36 367 1,807
531 217 152 127 75 65 69 55 35 308 1,635
540 220 150 125 75 65 65 55 35 300 1,630
1) Excluding products grown for processing. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; CSO; Europech; Eurostat; WAPA
GDP Growth -0.2 per cent
GREECE
greenhouse production, followed by the Peloponnese, Macedonia, Thessaly, Central Greece, Epirus and the Aegean Islands. A significant proportion of the greenhouse area used for vegetables is occupied by high tunnels. Other important open-field crops are onions and leafy vegetables. Fruit production in Greece is comparatively more important. It has remained stable or even increased slightly after 2007. Citrus is the most important sector, but there is more focus on oranges compared with other Mediterranean suppliers, with only limited production of lemons and easy peelers. Melons in Greece are mainly watermelons, and are produced and consumed in huge amounts; they are also the most important export item, in volume terms. Stonefruit is another important category, production of which is situated mainly in Macedonia. While clingstone peach production for processing is fluctuating a lot and decreasing, production of peaches and apricots for the fresh market is stable and nectarine production is rising. All of the country’s stonefruit products, including cherries, are exported in major quantities. That also holds true for grapes, where production has shifted to seedless varieties. Production of apples and pears, located mainly around the city of Vólos, is less important. Greece was hit hard by Russia’s ban on fruit imports, which previously took 10 per cent of its fruit exports and 3 per cent of vegetable exports in the year before the ban. But after a certain ‘shock period’, Greek exporters found new markets: Egypt, Turkey, Jordan and Saudi Arabia have more than doubled their fruit imports from Greece since 2013. Fruit exports to Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia and other countries in the region have also increased considerably. Exports of fresh vegetables are increasingly directed at countries like Bulgaria, Romania and Italy, with shipments to Germany stable. The latter’s demand for imported white asparagus has declined to such an extent that it has all but disappeared from German supermarket shelves, but Greek cucumbers have retained a stable market share in southern Germany.
VO EL
CPI for Food (2015=100) 99,8
Unemployment 14.1 per cent
IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
138 19 15 6 40 218
139 21 20 7 41 228
151 17 19 6 38 231
147 23 23 5 30 228
2014
2015
2016
2017p
9 14 6 29 58
12 10 7 47 76
18 11 7 29 65
17 11 8 36 71
FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Watermelons Peaches Kiwifruit Table Grapes Apples Nectarines Oranges Strawberries Apricots Cherries Pears Other
177 106 102 88 68 62 32 34 17 18 4 447 1,155
170 84 101 80 90 64 25 20 10 25 5 389 1,063
178 100 132 77 85 69 40 23 216 16 5 394 1,335
171 116 114 90 72 70 38 25 25 15 7 368 1,110
2014
2015
2016
2017p
39 40 10 45 134
36 35 10 36 116
41 40 12 52 145
34 25 8 32 99
FRESH FRUITS
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
154 654 500
174 618 444
175 698 523
200 640 440
FRESH VEGETABLES
2014
2015
2016
2017p
48 111 63
66 95 29
62 117 55
68 104 36
Bananas Lemons Apples Pineapples Other TOTAL
Thessalonica
FRESH VEGETABLES
OREIA LLADA
Tomatoes 1) Onions Mushrooms Other
Larissa
TOTAL
KENTRIKI ELLADA Athens
EXPORTS
PELEPONNESE
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
NISI AIGAIOU/ KRITI
CRETE
FRESH FRUIT EXPORTS 2016 BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes) 180
Romania
TOTAL
161
Bulgaria
157
Germany
FRESH VEGETABLES
90
Poland
371
Other EU 81
Serbia Egypt
57
TOTAL 238
Other Extra EU
FRESH VEGETABLE EXPORTS 2016 BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes)
21
Germany 14
Italy
8
Czech Republic
7 23
Other EU Extra EU
13
TRADE BALANCE VALUE (million euros)
57
Bulgaria
Romania
Tomatoes Cucumbers Peppers Other
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
GDP per Inhabitant 4,900 EUR
Area 88,400 km²
Population 7.0 m
SOUTHEAST EUROPE Serbia is the biggest producer of fruit and vegetables among the former Yugoslav countries. Despite being a major producer of vegetables, fresh vegetables have traditionally not been an important export product, but they do seem to be increasing a little faster than fresh vegetable imports, which are normally more or less in balance. Exports of frozen vegetables are also increasingly slightly, but this is of secondary importance compared with frozen fruit exports. The country’s fruit production amounts to approximately 1.4m tonnes in a normal year. Stonefruit and especially plums make up a large share of that production, as is true for neighbouring countries, with other important products being apples, melons, sour cherries and raspberries. South-east Europe is probably the only
PRODUCTION VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
FRESH FRUIT
24
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
25
2014
2015
2016
2017p
401 336 228 91 93 64 61 30 23 73 1,400
344 355 242 107 92 74 66 27 26 77 1,409
463 328 208 95 81 64 62 24 23 69 1,416
331 306 220 90 75 70 57 23 21 57 1,250
FRESH VEGETABLES
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Cabbage and Kale Peppers Tomatoes Cucumbers Carrots Onions Beans Other Vegetables
261 114 128 53 50 50 11 63 730
289 165 147 53 64 64 13 55 850
290 228 160 55 49 49 13 82 925
290 220 160 55 55 55 13 82 930
Plums Apples Melons Peaches, Nectarines Sour Cherries Pears Raspberries Apricots Strawberries Other TOTAL
TOTAL
Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Comtrade; Eurostat; Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia
GDP Growth 2.8 per cent
SERBIA
region of the world where plum production exceeds apple production, and in Serbia much of that crop is used for processing. Fresh fruit exports have risen by more than 60 per cent in the past five years, with apples commanding an increasing share of that expanding trade. Back in 2013, apples amounted to 51 per cent of all fruit exports, but in 2016 this was 63 per cent. Russia was always an important export destination, but has became even more important in that time. In 2016, 89 per cent of all Serbian apple exports went to Russia, compared with only 65 per cent three years earlier. In total, Russia takes just over three-quarters of the country’s fresh fruit exports, which were among the few European countries not subject to import restrictions after August 2014. A temporary ban on exports from Turkey to Russia also helped Serbian exporters. Plums are the second most-important export item. Unlike for apples, Russia’s share of exports has decreased in recent years and amounted only to 35 per cent in 2016. Plum exports were rather volatile, depending on crops in Serbia and other European countries. Exports of fresh sour cherries or fresh raspberries are mainly used for processing – Germany is an important destination in this case. More important than exports of fresh cherries and raspberries is the export of these products as frozen fruit. Serbia is a global market leader in the export of frozen raspberries and, together with Poland, is an important source of frozen sour cherries. Both are used mainly by processing companies in import markets to make products like fruit yoghurt, ice cream and jam. Only 10-15 per cent sold in consumer packs. Germany is the most important destination, followed by France and Belgium. Russia is of lesser importance when it comes to frozen fruit exports.
CPI for Food (2015=100) 100.0
Unemployment 15.3 per cent
Subotica VOJVODINA
IMPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Bananas Apples Easy Peelers Oranges Other TOTAL
46 22 25 47 89 229
52 49 21 41 105 268
58 78 27 47 118 329
60 80 27 47 126 340
FRESH VEGETABLES
2014
2015
2016
2017p
26 14 6 24 70
26 12 6 23 67
30 11 7 22 70
30 12 7 21 70
2014
2015
2016
2017p
127 4 7 20 6 51 216
175 5 3 18 5 61 267
218 7 12 24 9 74 344
220 7 7 20 9 87 350
2014
2015
2016
2017p
4 6 8 6 8 15 48
8 12 11 6 16 16 69
12 13 12 5 16 26 83
12 13 12 5 16 27 85
2014
2015
2016
2017p
98 68 -30
116 80 -36
140 97 -43
150 105 -45
2014
2015
2016
2017p
36 22 -14
40 28 -11
40 36 -4
40 40 0
Tomatoes Brassicas Onions Other
Novi Sad
Belgrade
TOTAL
CENTRAL SERBIA Kragujevac
EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
Nis
FRESH FRUIT
Apples Sweet Cherries Sour Cherries Plums Strawberries Other TOTAL
FRESH FRUIT EXPORTS 2016
FRESH VEGETABLES
BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes) 262
Russia 11
Germany Austria
8
Belarus
7
Bosnia-Herzeg.
7
Italy Slovenia
TOTAL
6 4 39
Other countries
FROZEN FRUIT EXPORTS 2016 BY DESTINATION ('000 tonnes)
Belgium
11
United Kingdom
10
Russia Other countries
FRESH FRUITS
Import Export
30
France
TRADE BALANCE VALUE (million euros)
61
Germany
Austria
Tomatoes Peppers Cucumbers, Gherkins Brassicas Onions Other
TRADE BALANCE FRESH VEGETABLES
9
Import Export
6 40
TRADE BALANCE
GDP per Inhabitant 1) 4,000 EUR
Area 116,500 km²
Population 10.4 m
SOUTHEAST EUROPE Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Albania and Macedonia are smaller countries in the western Balkans. Apart from Albania, all of them formerly belonged to Yugoslavia. The population of these four countries comprises 10.4m inhabitants across an area of 12m hectares, making them comparable to Greece in terms of population and size. While GDP growth in the region is impressive at more than 3 per cent, double-digit unemployment rates plague all of these countries. Typical export destinations are neighbouring countries, Russia and – for some products – western Europe (plums, tomatoes and frozen fruit). Imports are mainly tropical fruit like bananas or citrus. Bosnia and Herzegovina is the region’s most northern and biggest country, and due to a mostly rugged and mountainous terrain its production potential is more
PRODUCTION
STATISTICS HANDBOOK
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
26
FRUIT LOGISTICA 2018
27
FRESH FRUIT
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Bosnia-Herzegovina – Plums – Apples – Raspberries Kosovo Albania – Melons – Apples F.Y.R. of Macedonia – Melons – Apples
197 74 45 11 67 499 259 82 314 137 96
318 117 92 14 65 526 281 92 361 131 137
314 132 62 22 90 544 284 102 322 140 101
300 110 60 25 70 500 280 90 300 140 90
FRESH VEGETABLES
2014
2015
2016
2017p
Bosnia-Herzegovina – Cabbage – Tomatoes Kosovo Albania – Tomatoes – Onions – Cucumbers F.Y.R. of Macedonia – Tomatoes – Onions
211 58 30 131 691 234 110 80 639 161 60
253 63 41 109 749 256 91 83 714 173 60
330 80 57 117 876 284 99 94 670 162 61
330 85 55 115 870 280 100 95 700 165 60
1) Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia. Sources: AMI-informiert.de; Comtrade; Eurostat; Kosovo Agency of Statistics
GDP Growth 1) 3.1 per cent
ALBANIA, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, KOSOVO, F.
limited. Plums are a prominent Pristina part of the country’s fruit production plums and are exported in major volumes, although this deTu pends on production in the importer Sara countries: due to small plum crops in BOSNIA AND Germany and Austria, exports rose signifiHERZEGOVIN cantly in 2017. The major destination for apple Mostar exports is Russia, which took 12,000 tonnes in 2016. Berries, mainly raspberries, are also important, with production reaching an estimated 22,000 tonnes in 2016, but much of this was exported frozen, mainly to western Europe. Since Bosnia and Herzegovina has the highest population of the four, it is also the group’s biggest importer of fresh fruit and vegetables. Bananas and tomatoes are the most important import categories. Kosovo is a much smaller, but has also regions suited to fruit and vegetable production. Due to the regional conflict with Serbia, however, it is difficult to get detailed data on production and foreign trade. Albania has a long tradition of sending vegetables to westerm Europe – mainly tomatoes, which are still important in terms of production and export. Melons play a prominent role in its fruit production, meanwhile, with apples, plums and citrus also important. Macedonia is the region’s most important fruit and vegetable producer and exporter, with notable diversification in terms of its apple exports. Russia, which took 12,000 tonnes of apples in 2016, is among the most important destinations, but not as prominent as Serbia. Melon exports are mainly watermelons, while cabbage exports are mainly early white cabbage and Chinese varieties, shipped to neighbouring and eastern European countries.
IMPORTS
Unemployment 1) 21.8 per cent
VOLUME (‘000 tonnes) FRESH FRUIT
Bosnia-Herzegovina – Bananas – Apples Kosovo Albania – Bananas F.Y.R. of Macedonia – Bananas
F.Y.R. OF MACEDONIA
uzla FLANDERS ajevo
FRESH VEGETABLES
Banja Luka
NA
KOSOVO Skopje F.YR. OF MACEDONIA Tirana
Bosnia-Herzegovina – Tomatoes – Peppers – Onions Kosovo Albania F.Y.R. of Macedonia
2014
2015
2016
2017p
163 39 25 29 76 17 60 20
171 42 31 30 70 21 57 20
190 48 29 33 78 23 69 23
195 50 30 35 80 25 70 25
2014
2015
2016
2017p
64 17 11 8 22 13 9
63 15 12 8 23 13 13
70 19 13 7 23 12 12
72 20 14 8 24 12 12
2014
2015
2016
2017p
16 8 4 3 30 156 69 28
31 17 5 3 52 173 82 38
31 14 6 4 43 167 82 39
33 15 8 4 45 165 80 39
2014
2015
2016
2017p
8 5 51 33 5 207 70 35 29
12 3 85 58 11 164 40 34 27
17 5 103 64 15 171 68 29 24
17 5 110 65 15 170 65 30 25
EXPORTS VOLUME (‘000 tonnes)
ALBANIA
FRESH FRUIT
FRESH FRUIT EXPORTS 2016 ALBANIA, BOSNIA-HERZEG., KOSOVO, MACEDONIA (‘000 tonnes) 109
Apples 51
Watermelons 40
Table Grapes 12
Plums Easy Peelers
9
Peaches
8
FRESH VERGETABLE EXPORTS 2016 ALBANIA, BOSNIA-HERZEG., KOSOVO, MACEDONIA (‘000 tonnes) 89
Tomatoes 77
Cabbage 38
Cucumbers
35
Peppers 9
Onions Leeks
2
Bosnia-Herzegovina – Apples – Plums Kosovo Albania F.Y.R. of Macedonia – Apples – Table Grapes FRESH VEGETABLES
Bosnia-Herzegovina Kosovo Albania – Tomatoes – Cucumbers F.Y.R. of Macedonia – Cabbage – Peppers – Tomatoes
TRADE BALANCE FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES, VALUE (million euros) ALBANIA
Import Export TRADE BALANCE F.Y.R. OF MACEDONIA
Import Export TRADE BALANCE
2014
2015
2016
2017p
45 19 -25
45 38 -7
50 51 1
52 50 -2
2014
2015
2016
2017p
32 112 79
35 111 76
40 119 79
42 95 53
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