Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information Edition 09.2017
Service Department. Technical Information
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List of Workshop Manual Repair Groups
Repair Group
44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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Technical information should always be available to the foremen and mechanics, because their carefulandconstantadherencetotheinstructionsisessentialtoensurevehicleroad-worthinessand safety. In addition, the normal basic safety precautions for working on motor vehicles must, as a matter of course, be observed.
1.1.1Wheels and Tyres Guide - General In‐formation
The Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information contains in‐formation on the following subjects:
♦ Prerequisites for retrofitting
♦ Installation instructions/notes on wheels, tyres, temporary spare wheels and snow chains
♦ Fault finding; possible sources of faults
1.1.2Wheels and Tyres Guide - Vehicle-spe‐cific Section
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The Wheels and Tyres Guide - vehicle-specific section contains information on the following subjects:
♦ Retrofitting options approved by manufacturer
♦ Wheel allocation with genuine Volkswagen wheels
♦ Recommended tyre makes
1.2General information
Volkswagen vehicles are built according to the latest findings in safety engineering. To keep it that way, we recommend the use of only genuine Volkswagen spare parts. These can be recog‐nised by the VW Audi logo and by the part number. It has been established that these parts are reliable, safe and suitable.
Despiteconstantappraisalofthemarket,wecannotassessother products on these points, even when in isolated cases they have been passed by official inspectors or have been granted official approval. Therefore, we cannot, of course, assume any liability if these products are installed. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012
The wheel and tyre combinations or changes listed in the vehicle tablesreferexclusivelytoVolkswagenGenuinewheels.Approval of wheel and tyre combinations or a change to wheels from the accessories trade is not possible with the certificate statement attached here.
Notes regarding the recommended tyres
♦ Tyres are one of the most important elements in motor vehicle constructionandhaveamajorinfluenceonroadsafety.There‐fore, they must fulfil numerous conditions which are specified for tyre manufacturers in the DIN (German industrial stand‐ards) and the directives of the German rubber industry e. V. (W.d.K.). In addition, comprehensive testing is carried out at Volkswagen before tyres are approved for initial fitting on our vehicles.
♦ The overview of the allocation of the recommended tyres con‐tains all tyre makes and tread patterns that are fitted to Volks‐wagen vehicles ex-factory, at the time of publication of this information.
♦ These tyre makes and tread patterns meet the aforemen‐tioned demands. We therefore recommend the tyres/tread types listed in this guide are chosen as replacements.
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♦ Bear in mind the special aspects that need to be taken into accountinthecaseoftyreswithemergencyrunningproperties ⇒ page 67
♦ The sizes of the winter tyres listed in the table are the most sensible from the handling and economic aspects. Of course, all other wheel-and-tyre combinations listed in the COC paper (EEC Certificate of Conformity) and/or in part I of the registra‐tion certificate may also be mounted as M&S tyres.
1.3Notes
• Type and size of snow chains ⇒ Owner's Manual; Snow chains .
• Inthevehicleregistrationcertificatepart1,onlyonetyrepack‐age is allocated to the vehicle.
• General notes on winter tyres ⇒ page 74 and
• General notes on snow chains ⇒ page 120 .
• All tyre sizes listed in the vehicle documents can also be used aswintertyres.Itisrecommendedtousewintertyresofasize forwhichsnowchainsarepermitted⇒ Owner'sManual;Snow chains .
• The wheel and tyre combination tables contain the type ap‐proval data. Tyres which are not labelled M+S may still be winter tyres. Only when winter tyres are in use may the top speedthatavehiclecanachievebegreaterthanthemaximum speed specified by the speed symbol of the tyre. In this case, acorrespondingindicatinglabelmustbeattachedatalocation which is clearly visible to the driver ⇒ page 74
1.4Explanations
regarding world regions
The countries belonging to world regions are listed below.
World regions
AGCC (Arab Gulf Cooperation Council)
Volkswagen
Europe
North America
Scandinavia
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South America
Countries in the world regions
Bahrain
Qatar
Kuwait
Oman
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Belgium
Germany
France
Spain
Portugal
Italy
Austria
Switzerland
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Poland
Czech Republic
Romania
Slovakia
Hungary
Slovenia
Croatia
United Kingdom
USA
Canada
Denmark
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Argentina
Brazil
Bolivia
Chile
Ecuador
Columbia
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
1.5Definition of tyre package
Forahigherenergy-efficiencyandsafetyandtobetterprotectthe environment Volkswagen has developed special tyre packages Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤
AG.
Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
whichhavebeencomposedforeachparticularvehicletypetaking the respective engine type into account.
In order to guarantee a high-performance product for the end customer and to comply with country-specific tax regulations, the tyre package has been designed in such a way that CO2 emis‐sions are reduced according the specifications of the European Union.
For additional information on CO2 emissions and the rolling re‐sistance, refer to ⇒ Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Informa‐tion;Rep.gr. 44;EUtyrelabel;EUtyrelabel,categories;EUtyre label, categories, rolling resistance .
There are two ways to determine which tyre package a vehicle requires:
1 -Via the PR number of the PR number family KRR ⇒ page 4
2 - Via the version key in the vehicle registration certificate part 1 ⇒ page 4
1.6Procedure for determining the required tyre package
⇒ “1.6.1 Determining the required tyre package via PR number”, page 4
⇒ “1.6.2 Determining the required tyre package via version key in the vehicle registration certificate part 1”, page 4
1.6.1Determining the required tyre package via PR number
There are two ways to determine which tyre package a vehicle requires:
1 -Via the PR number of the PR number family KRR ⇒ page 4
2 - Via the version key in the vehicle registration certificate part 1 ⇒ page 4
The PR number can be obtained in the vehicle data section in ELSA -arrow-.
The tyre package can be found in the PR number family “KRR”. It provides the PR number including the tyre package.
1.6.2Determining the required tyre package viaversionkeyinthevehicleregistration certificate part 1
There are two ways to determine which tyre package a vehicle requires:
1 -Via the PR number of the PR number family KRR ⇒ page 4
2 - Via the version key in the vehicle registration certificate part 1 ⇒ page 5
♦ Identify version key in section D2 of vehicle registration certif‐icate part 1
⇒ “1.7 Vehicle registration certificate part 1”, page 5
♦ Look for type approval number in section K of vehicle regis‐tration certificate part 1
⇒ “1.7 Vehicle registration certificate part 1”, page 5
♦ Determine capacity and output
⇒ “1.7 Vehicle registration certificate part 1”, page 5
♦ Select tyre package, e.g. package 61 ⇒ Wheels and Tyres Guide; Rep. gr. 44 ; General Information; Version key (D2)
♦ Select a permissible wheel and tyre combination ⇒ Wheels and Tyres Guide; Rep. gr. 44 ; General Information; Wheel and tyre combinations depending on tyre package
Example:
1 - in section P.1 of the vehicle registration certificate part 1, the capacity is listed in "cm3", and in section P.2 the output is listed in "kW"; these values indicate the type and output of the engine installed in the vehicle
⇒ “1.7 Vehicle registration certificate part 1”, page 5
2 - The version key contains the two digits indicating the tyre package ⇒ Wheels and Tyres Guide; Rep. gr. 44 ; General In‐formation; Version key (D2)
3 - In section K of the vehicle registration certificate part 1, the type approval number is indicated
⇒ “1.7 Vehicle registration certificate part 1”, page 5
4 - These three selection criteria can be used to determine the permissiblewheelandtyrecombinationfortherespectivevehicle ⇒ Wheels and Tyres Guide; Rep. gr. 44 ; General Information; Wheel and tyre combinations depending on tyre package
1.7Vehicle registration certificate part 1
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D.2-Comprisesthemodelkey and the version key
K - Comprises the type appro‐val number
P.1 - Capacity in cm3
P.2 - Rated output in kW
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⇒ “2.4 Vehicle registration documents since 1.10.2005”, page 10
⇒ “2.5 COC document (EEC Certificate of Conformity)”, page 11
⇒ “2.6 EU general type approval number, sales type and sales or trade designation”, page 11
2.1Legislative conditions
⇒ “2.1.1 Permissible wheel and tyre combinations in Germany”, page 7
⇒ “2.1.2 Vehicles with Tyre Pressure Monitoring System”, page 7
2.1.1Permissible wheel and tyre combina‐tions in Germany
The manufacturer is issued with a general operating permit (GTA inaccordancewith§20StVZO(Germanroadtrafficandlicensing regulations) and EU operating permit) for the overall vehicle for specific conversions.
Conversions of wheels and tyres can be carried out under certain conditions. The following must be observed:
♦ Ifthesizeofwheelandtyre,withanindicationoftheloadindex and the speed symbol, is included in the vehicle GTA and EU operating permit/type approval ⇒ page 11 , this wheel and tyrecombinationcanbefittedonthevehiclewithoutanyprob‐lem.
It is not necessary for the wheel and tyre combination specified in the registration certificate part I (certificate of registration) to be fitted. All combinations approved in the vehicle GTA or EU oper‐ating permit/type approval ⇒ page 11 may be fitted to the vehicle.
♦ For the recommended conversions (see appendix for certifi‐cate statements) there are no general operating permits in accordance with § 22 StVZO (German road traffic and licens‐ing regulations).
♦ Unless the wheels and/or tyres are included in the relevant vehicleGTAorEUoperatingpermit/typeapproval,thevehicle will no longer meet the requirements of the German Vehicle Registration Regulations (VRR).
TheseversionsarebasedontheconditionsvalidintheEuropean Union and no guarantee can be provided for their completeness.
2.1.2Vehicles with Tyre Pressure Monitoring System
Since 01.11.2014, tyre pressure monitoring systems are compul‐sory in new vehicles in accordance with the EU directive (no. 661/2009). Two different systems are employed. A differentiation is made between a system that measures indirectly “Tyre Pres‐sure Loss Indicator” and a system that measures directly “Tyre Pressure Monitoring System” ⇒ page 38 .
2.2Technical conditions
• Thewheelandtyrecombinationsandconversionslistedinthe tables of the individual vehicles refer exclusively to genuine wheel rims.
• Approval of wheel and tyre combinations or a change to wheelsfromtheaccessoriestradeisnotpossiblewiththecer‐tificate statement attached here.
• Tubeless radial tyres may only be fitted to rims with a safety hump feature on the shoulder.
• Tyres with run-flat properties (reinforced side walls) may only be used on disc-type wheels with an extended hump and on vehicles with a tyre pressure monitoring system ⇒ page 72
• If the wheel and tyre combinations listed are used, the asso‐ciated tyre inflation pressures must be adhered to. Tyre pres‐sure information is located on the tyre pressure plate on the inside of the tank flap or on the driver side B-pillar.
• Sufficient clearance to the wheels and tyres at parts of the wheel housing, suspension and braking system is assured if the notes and specifications established in the certificate statement are observed in all operating conditions.
• Unlessotherwisestated,snowchainsmayonlybefittedtothe drive wheels. On all-wheel drive vehicles, however, only the front wheels may be fitted with snow chains.
Additional wheel arch extensions
For type approval technical reasons some vehicles require wheel arch extensions on the wing or bumper -arrows- when using cer‐tain wheel and tyre combinations.
Please check if there is a requirement to fit extensions.
The information is located in the overview table for the respective vehicle.
2.3Load-carrying capacity depending on vehicle speed, winter tyres
Maximum speeds for V and Extra Load (XL) winter tyres
2003 > 3.0l V6 TDI 165 kW
Phaeton 2003 > 4.2l V8 246 kW
Phaeton 2003 > 6.0l W12 309 kW
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Registration regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany
Onlywhenwintertyresareinusemaythetopspeedthatavehicle canachievebegreaterthanthemaximumspeedspecifiedbythe speed symbol of the tyre.
In this case, a label stating the following must be attached:
Important! Winter tyres!
Maximum speed … km/h
Note
Thislabelmustbeclearlyvisibletothedriver!
2.4Vehicle registration documents since 1.10.2005
The implementation of EU Directive 1999/37/EU "Registration Documents for Vehicles" in national law and legal requirements for data protection have necessitated the introduction of new, fal‐sification-proof registration documents.
Since 01.10.2005, only the new documents are issued by the registration authorities in the event of new registrations, change of ownership, registration of technical modifications and all other matters.
The new registration documents are comprised of:
♦ Registration certificate part I, which replaces the certificate of registration and
♦ Registration certificate part II, which replaces the vehicle log book.
Registration certificate part I (certificate of registration)
♦ Contains all vehicle technical data which must be available to registeravehicleinEurope;however,onlyonewheelandtyre combination approved as standard is specified
♦ Contains the EU-wide, standardised, alphanumerical codes assignedtothetechnicaldata,sothattheGermanregistration certificate can be converted without problems into the regis‐tration document prescribed in non-member European coun‐tries for registration there
♦ Contains a field for documenting temporary or final immobili‐sation of the vehicle, and is therefore no longer withdrawn in the event of temporary or final immobilisation
Registration certificate part II (vehicle log book)
♦ Contains the note that the holder of the registration certificate is not identified as the owner
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♦ Contains only the current and, if applicable, the last vehicle owner; the actual number of previous owners is shown nu‐merically
♦ Contains only a small percentage of the technical vehicle data
♦ No longer serves to document temporary vehicle deregistra‐tion. The vehicle and body type specified under number 1 in theoldvehicledocumentswillnotexistinthefuture.Inthenew documents, this will be replaced by standardised EU vehicle classes with body type
Introduction of the new registration documents will lead to barely any changes for the vehicle operator.
Like the old certificate of registration, the registration certificate part I (certificate of registration) must be kept in the vehicle and submitted to responsible persons on request.
It is not necessary for the wheel and tyre combination specified in the registration certificate part I (certificate of registration) to be Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
fitted.Allcombinationsapprovedaccordingtothegeneralvehicle type approval or EU type approval ⇒ page 11 may be fitted.
The validity of a wheel and tyre combination which deviates from the general vehicle type approval or EU type approval must still be verified via an entry in the registration certificate part I (certif‐icate of registration), an installation certificate based on a part certificate or general type approval for the wheel and tyre combi‐nation.
2.5 COCdocument(EECCertificateofCon‐formity)
Manufactures of motorized vehicles must apply for an EU oper‐ating permit for all class M1 passenger carrying vehicles.
Acertificateisproducedonthebasisofthisoperatingpermit-the COC (Certificate of Conformity).
This document certifies that the vehicle complies with the EU op‐erating permit (EU type approval) and can be registered in every EU country without an individual type approval.
Volkswagen
The document will be issued for all vehicles that comply with the EU operating permit.
These vehicles have an EU type plate (black sticker) in the area of the driver's door, or in the case of older vehicles, in the engine compartment.
The COC document has the same value as the registration docu‐ment and therefore the original should not be carried on the vehicle.
The COC document provides detailed technical data and all per‐missible wheel and tyre combinations.
Since 1.1.1998, all passenger cars licensed within the European UnionmusthaveatypeapprovalcorrespondingtoEUguidelines. Vehicles licensed for road use with single-vehicle approval ac‐cording to § 21 StVZO in Germany are excepted.
This means the same guidelines apply to all vehicle manufactur‐ers. This makes it easier to trade across national borders within the EU.
The COC document contains the EU general type approval num‐ber and detailed technical information on the vehicle such as emissionsclassificationandallthepermittedwheelandtyrecom‐binations ⇒ page 11
EU general type approval model code (type approval model code)
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EU general type approval model code (type approval model code) Sales type Sales or trade designation
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3Wheel change
⇒ “3.1 Fitting instructions”, page 13
⇒ “3.2 Protecting wheel centring seat against corrosion”, page 16
⇒ “3.3 Fitting wheels”, page 17
⇒ “3.4 Position of anti-theft wheel bolts for steel wheels”, page 17
3.1Fitting instructions
Special tools and workshop equipment required
♦ Torque wrench - V.A.G 1332-
♦ Spray wax - D 322 000 A2-
Observe the legislative requirements for vehicles with Tyre Pres‐sure Monitoring System from 01.11.2014 ⇒ page 7
Vehicles with tyre pressure sensor
If the wheels are changed (e.g. switch from summer to winter tyres), the wheel electronics transmit data as soon as the speed of the new wheels exceeds 25 km/h. The new wheel electronics' IDnumbersareautomaticallydetectedandenteredbythecontrol unit.
The acceleration data are additionally checked against the vehi‐cle speed. This process takes approx. 7 minutes.
Thetyrepressuremonitoringsystemcontrolunit-J502-mustfirst switch to learning mode before it can automatically learn the wheel electronics.
To do this, the vehicle must remain stationary for 20 minutes. Following the detection of a flat tyre, this time is 5 minutes.
If the stationary time is not maintained and the control unit con‐sequently does not switch to learning mode, the system detects interference in transmission and will learn the wheel electronics automatically only after a stationary period of 20 minutes. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
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Tyre sets with other specified tyre inflation pressures
If a vehicle is fitted with tyres requiring nominal tyre inflation pres‐sures other than those specified on the tank flap sticker, these tyres (second wheel set) can also be monitored with the TPM system.
Nominaltyreinflationpressuresforthesecondwheelsetmustbe specified to the system with the ⇒ Vehicle diagnostic tester.
isnotpermittedunlessauthorisedbyVolkswagen
The wheel electronics for the wheels of the second wheel set are not automatically detected and adapted by the TPM system (un‐like the wheel electronics for the wheel set with wheel and tyre combinations approved by the vehicle manufacturer).
The following work has to be performed to switch to the second wheel set:
♦ ReadIDnumbers(IDs)ofthewheelelectronics(tyrepressure sensors) prior to installation.
♦ Switch the TPM to wheel set 2.
♦ Enter the necessary nominal tyre pressures and the IDs of the wheel electronics in the system.
–Check to ensure that contact surfaces -arrows- on brake disc are free of corrosion and dirt.
– Check to ensure that contact surface -arrow- on centring seat of wheel hub is free of corrosion and dirt.
–Check to ensure that contact surface -arrow- on inner side of wheel (rim) and also centring seat of rim are free of corrosion and dirt.
– The lug seats* in the holes for the wheel bolts and the threads of the wheel bolts must also be free of corrosion and dirt, oil or grease.
* The lug seat is the curved surface of a section of a sphere cut by a plane.
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–Check whether the wheel bolts can be easily screwed in by hand.Thethreadofthewheelboltsmustnotcomeintocontact with the bore in the brake disc -arrow-.
If the thread of the wheel bolt touches the hole -arrow-, turn the brake disc relative to the wheel hub accordingly. If necessary, remove dirt and corrosion:
♦ Oil or grease from contact surfaces
♦ Oil or grease from threads in wheel hub
♦ Oil or grease from threads in wheel bolts
NOTICE
Damaged, badly corroded or stiff wheel bolts may become loose.
– Affected wheel bolts must be renewed.
Applies to alloy and steel wheels
When changing a wheel, wheel centring seat should be waxed usingwaxspraytopreventcorrosionbetweenwheelcentringseat and rim ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue “ETKA” .
–Corrosion protection for wheel centring seat ⇒ page 16
–Fitting wheels ⇒ page 17 .
3.2Protecting wheel centring seat against corrosion
Applies to alloy and steel wheels
isnotpermittedunlessauthorisedbyVolkswagen
When changing a wheel, wheel centring seat should be waxed usingwaxspraytopreventcorrosionbetweenwheelcentringseat and rim ⇒ Electronic parts catalogue “ETKA” .
–Remove wheel.
–Thoroughly clean wheel centring seat on wheel hub and the centring ring of the wheel rim.
–Apply wax to centring area -arrow- with a brush.
Ensure that only centring ring -arrow- but not contact surface of wheel rim has been waxed. Otherwise, the brakes will be soiled, which would reduce the braking efficiency.
NOTICE
Soiling of the brakes on a moving vehicle results in impaired braking efficiency.
– Only the centring ring of the rim should be waxed.
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–Fit and tighten wheel ⇒ Running gear, axles, steering; Rep. gr. 44 ; Wheels, tyres, Specified torque for wheel bolts .
3.3Fitting wheels
–Preserving wheel centring seat ⇒ page 16
1 -When fitting the wheel, pull in all wheel bolts uniformly by hand.
2 -Tighten diagonally to 30 Nm.
3 -Lower vehicle onto floor. Tighten all wheel bolts diagonally to specified torque using torque wrench ⇒ Wheels, tyres; Rep. gr. 44 ; Wheels, tyres; Specified torque for wheel bolts .
NOTICE
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Wheel bolts tightened with an impact wrench may become loose.
– Screw in all wheel bolts uniformly by hand.
– Tighten wheel bolts in diagonal sequence to 30 Nm.
– Use torque wrench to tighten wheel bolts in diagonal se‐quence to specified torque.
3.4 Positionofanti-theftwheelboltsforsteel wheels
NOTICE
Thewheeltrimmaybecomelooseandgetlostwhenthevehicle is moving.
– Make sure to install anti-theft wheel bolts at corresponding positions.
– Otherwise, it is impossible to ensure that the wheel trim is securely fitted and centred properly.
Steel wheels with 4 holes
On steel wheels, fit the anti-theft wheel bolt -arrow- only in hole located the farthest from valve -1-.
The hub cap on steel wheel can be securely mounted only if antitheft wheel bolt is installed in this position.
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Steel wheels with 5 holes
Anti-theft wheel bolts may be fitted to the immediate right or left -arrows- of valve -1- on steel wheels.
The hub cap on steel wheel can be securely mounted only if antitheft wheel bolt is installed in this position.
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4Fitting tyre
⇒ “4.1 Pressing tyre off wheel rim”, page 18
⇒ “4.2 Removing tyre sealant”, page 18
⇒ “4.3 Removing tyre from wheel”, page 19
⇒ “4.4 Ensuring proper assembly temperature for tyres”, page 22
–Turn wheel, until tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor are posi‐tioned at least at 30° ahead of assembly head.
–Using assembly lever, lever upper tyre bead over assembly finger.
–Remove assembly lever.
–Run tyre fitting unit clockwise until upper tyre bead is fitted completely over wheel rim flange.
–Turn wheel, until tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor are posi‐tioned at least at 30° ahead of assembly head.
–Using assembly lever, lever lower tyre bead over assembly finger.
–Insert plastic assembly lever.
–Remove assembly lever.
–Using plastic assembly lever -1- and working from outside, holdbeadoverwheelrimflange,andruntyrefittingunitclock‐wise until tyre is completely removed from wheel rim.
–Turn wheel, until tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor are posi‐tioned at least at 30° ahead of assembly head.
–Insert depressor -3- opposite to assembly head -1- on wheel rim.
–Using assembly lever, lever upper tyre bead over assembly finger.
–Remove assembly lever.
–Run tyre fitting unit clockwise until upper tyre bead is fitted completely over wheel rim flange.
This action will push the depressor -1- up against the assembly head. This allows it to be removed easily.
–Turn wheel, until tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor are posi‐tioned at least at 30° ahead of assembly head.
–Now lever tyre bead over assembly finger on assembly head using assembly lever -3-.
–Using assembly lever, lever lower tyre bead over assembly finger.
–Insert plastic assembly lever -4-.
–Remove assembly lever -3-.
–Using plastic assembly lever -1- and working from outside, holdbeadoverwheelrimflange,andruntyrefittingunitclock‐wise until tyre is completely removed from wheel rim.
• Store tyres at room temperature of at least 15°C before as‐sembly.
• The minimum fitting temperature of a tyre must be between 15°C and 30°C in the core of the tyre.
• To install tyres without damage, it is especially important to warmtheupperpartofthesidewallandtheinsideoftheupper bead to at least 15℃.
• This internal temperature is referred to as the core tempera‐ture.
• Rubberisapoorconductorofheat.Therefore,acoldtyremust be left in an area with the correct temperature for a sufficiently long period so the inner rubber layers can warm up to at least 15°C.
• The surface temperature of the tyre during the warming up phase is no indication of the internal temperature of the tyre.
• To enable cold tyres to absorb heat from the ambient air as quickly as possible, they should not be stacked on top of one another. Instead, the tyres should be stored individually in or‐dertoallowthewarmairto“circulate”aroundthemeffectively.
• Tyres must never be placed in front of a radiator or hot air blower for warming, since this can very quickly lead to critical surface temperatures.
• Heating the tyres without damage can only be achieved by heating with warm water or warm air (max. 50°C)!
• Ifcoldtyres(below0℃)aretransferredtoawarmenvironment (above0℃),alayerofcondensationimmediatelyformsonthe surface of the tyre. This layer of condensation indicates that the tyre is intensively absorbing heat from its environment through the process of water vapour in the air condensing out on the tyre surface.
• Once the layer of frost has thawed, condensate water forms. The condensation should be dried with a cloth so that the fur‐therwarmingprocessisnotdelayedduetoatemperaturedrop caused by evaporation.
Warming times:
♦ Tyres with a temperature of above 0°C must be kept at least at 19℃ for at least 2 hours.
♦ Tyres with a temperature of below 0°C must be kept at least at 19℃ for at least 2.5 hours.
Warming recommendations:
♦ Ifpossible,tyresshouldbestoredintheworkshop1daybefore they are fitted (order preparation).
♦ Storeonaninsulatedbase,palletoronasimilarsurfaceraised from the floor.
♦ Position the tyres individually to allow the warm air to “circu‐late” around them effectively.
♦ Wipe off condensation
♦ Never heat with a radiator or hot air blower!
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4.5Mounting tyre
⇒ “4.5.1 Mounting tyre, wheels without and with tyre pressure monitoring”, page 23
–Insert new tyre valve using valve fitting tool - VAS 6459- .
–Liberally apply tyre assembly paste to wheel rim flanges, tyre beads and inner side of the upper tyre beads.
–Place tyres with inner side facing downwards onto wheel rim.
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–Turn wheel rim, until tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor are positioned opposite to assembly head.
–Press tyre between tyre valve with tyre pressure sensor and assembly head in -direction of arrow- into drop centre.
–Run tyre fitting unit clockwise until assembly head is posi‐tionedbeforetyrevalveortyrepressuresensor.Thelowertyre bead will now slide over the wheel flange.
–Turn wheel rim, until tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor are positioned opposite to assembly head.
–Run tyre fitting unit clockwise until assembly head is posi‐tioned before tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor. The upper tyre bead will now slide over the wheel flange.
CAUTION
High bead seating pressure when tyres are inflated. Risk of injury from tyre/wheel chippings.
– Wear safety goggles.
– Set the bead seating pressure to 3.3 bar max.
NOTICE
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Risk of damage to wheel rim and tyre due to excessive bead seating pressure.
– Set the bead seating pressure to 3.3 bar max.
– Fill tyres to a maximum tyre pressure of 3.3 bar (bead seating pressure).
– When the tyre bead does not lie completely against the wheel rimflange:deflatethetyre,presstyrebeadoffwheelrimflange and generously coat again with tyre assembly paste.
–If the tyre beads are seated perfectly against the shoulder of the wheel rim, increase pressure to 4 bar.
– If the tyre beads are not completely seated against the shoul‐der of the wheel rim, press off tyre ⇒ page 19 , and install it again.
–Screw in valve insert.
–Inflate tyre until specified tyre pressure is attained.
–Insert new tyre valve using valve fitting tool - VAS 6459- .
–Liberally apply tyre assembly paste to wheel rim flanges, tyre beads and inner side of the upper tyre beads.
–Place tyres with inner side facing downwards onto wheel rim.
–Turn wheel rim, until tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor are positioned opposite to assembly head.
–Run tyre fitting unit clockwise until assembly head is posi‐tioned before tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor -arrow-. The lower tyre bead will now slide over the wheel flange. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
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– Turn wheel rim, until tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor -1- are positioned opposite to assembly head -2-. –Insert depressor -3- on the wheel rim. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
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–Run tyre fitting unit clockwise until assembly head is posi‐tioned before tyre valve or tyre pressure sensor. The upper tyre bead will now slide over the wheel flange.
–Remove depressor from wheel rim flange.
CAUTION
High bead seating pressure when tyres are inflated. Risk of injury from tyre/wheel chippings.
– Wear safety goggles.
– Set the bead seating pressure to 3.3 bar max.
NOTICE
Risk of damage to wheel rim and tyre due to excessive bead seating pressure.
– Set the bead seating pressure to 3.3 bar max.
– Fill tyres to a maximum tyre pressure of 3.3 bar (bead seating pressure).
– When the tyre bead does not lie completely against the wheel rimflange:deflatethetyre,presstyrebeadoffwheelrimflange and generously coat again with tyre assembly paste.
–If the tyre beads are seated perfectly against the shoulder of the wheel rim, increase pressure to 4 bar.
– If the tyre beads are not completely seated against the shoul‐der of the wheel rim, press off tyre ⇒ page 20 , and install it again.
–Screw in valve insert.
–Inflate tyre until specified tyre pressure is attained.
–If necessary, eliminate flat spots caused by storage or han‐dling ⇒ page 101
–Press tyre off wheel rim ⇒ page 18
–Rotate tyre by 180° relative to wheel rim.
–Inflate tyre to 4 bar.
–Attach the wheel (together with tyre) to the wheel balancing machine.
–Check radial and lateral run-out of wheel/tyre ⇒ page 29
–If radial and lateral run out are within specifications, balance the wheel to 0 g ⇒ page 29
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– If radial and lateral run out are not within specifications, match wheel rim and tyre again, and turn tyre by 90° on wheel rim.
–Check radial and lateral run-out of wheel/tyre again ⇒ page 29 .
–If radial and lateral run out are within specifications, balance the wheel to 0 g ⇒ page 29
– If radial and lateral run out are not within specifications, match wheel rim and tyre again, and turn tyre by 180° on wheel rim.
–Check radial and lateral run-out of wheel/tyre again ⇒ page 29
–If radial and lateral run out are within specifications, balance the wheel to 0 g ⇒ page 29
If radial and lateral run out are not within specifications, check radial and lateral run out on wheel rim ⇒ page 36
–If radial and lateral run out are within specifications, renew tyre.
4.7Checking radial and lateral runout of wheels and tyres
⇒ “4.7.1 Checking radial and lateral runout of wheels and tyres, tolerances”, page 29
⇒ “4.7.2 Checking radial and lateral runout on wheels and tyres with tyre gauge”, page 29
4.7.1Checking radial and lateral runout of wheels and tyres, tolerances
Volkswagen
Radial and lateral runout occur when the wheel and tyre do not run absolutely true.
For technical reasons, 100% true running is not possible.
Therefore, the manufacturers of these components allow a pre‐cisely determined tolerance.
Aligning the tyre in an unfavourable position on the wheel can cause the maximum allowed tolerance for wheel with tyre to be exceeded.
Thetableshowsthemaximumpermissibletolerancesforawheel with mounted tyre.
Tolerances for radial and lateral runout of rim with tyre
4.7.2Checking radial and lateral runout on wheels and tyres with tyre gauge
Checking lateral run-out
–Preload tyre gauge approx. 2 mm.
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–Fit tyre gauge to side wall of tyre.
–Turn wheel slowly.
–Make a note of the smallest and largest deflection of the indi‐cator needle.
In this case, you can reduce radial runout by match mounting the tyre ⇒ page 30
4.8Matching wheels and tyres
General information
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When radial or lateral runout of the wheel and tyre coincide, the imbalance of the wheel is amplified by the tyre.
For technical reasons, 100% true running is not possible ⇒ page 29
Before match mounting the used wheels which are fitted on the vehicle, run the tyres warm. This will eliminate any flat spots caused by storage or handling, ⇒ page 103
Procedure for match mounting
–Let air out of tyre.
–Press tyre beads off wheel rim flanges.
–Apply tyre assembly paste all around the tyre beads.
–Rotate tyre by 180° relative to wheel rim.
–Inflate tyre to approx. 4 bar.
–Attach the wheel (together with tyre) to the wheel balancing machine.
–Press tyre off wheel rim flange again as described above.
–Rotate tyre by 180° relative to wheel rim (half a rotation).
If the radial and/or lateral runout are still not within the specified values, check the wheel for radial and/or lateral runout
⇒ page 36
If the measured values for radial and lateral runout of the wheel are within the specified values, the tyre has unacceptably high radial or lateral runout. In this case, the tyre must be renewed.
Dirt and rust in the area of the contact surfaces and centre of the wheel distort the result.
–Clean contact surface, centring element and inside of wheel using e.g. pneumatic brush grinding set - VAS 6446- ⇒ Serv‐iceNet; Workshop Equipment, Catalogue before clamping wheel on wheel balancing machine.
– Allow the wheel (together with tyre) to rotate on the wheel bal‐ancing machine.
– Check that the indicator lines on the sidewalls of the tyre near the wheel rim flange run evenly.
–Check tyre profile with wheel/tyre rotating.
Note
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–Tighten lowest wheel bolt by hand to about 30 Nm. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
Risk of fatal damage to ceramic brakes during wheel removal/ installation.
– When removing/installing the wheel, fit the long assembly pinintotheupperposition(12o'clockposition)insteadofthe wheel bolt, and for additional support fit the short assembly pin into the wheel bolt mountings.
– Tightenremainingwheelboltsdiagonallytoabout30Nm.This process centres the wheel on the hub.
–Lower vehicle onto its wheels.
–Use the torque wrench to firmly tighten the wheel bolts diag‐onally to the prescribed torque.
–Carry out road test.
If you detect vibration during the road test, it may be due to wheel centring tolerances.
In unfavourable circumstances, the component tolerances of wheels and hubs could cumulate. This too can lead to vibration. This can be alleviated using a finish balancer. ⇒ page 35
4.9.3Balancing wheel with finish balancer
Beforeyoustartbalancingthewheels,thefollowingrequirements must be met.
• Tyre pressure must be OK.
• Tread must not be worn on one side. Tread depth should be at least 4 mm.
• The tyre must not show any signs of damage, for example cuts, piercing, foreign bodies, etc.
• Wheel suspension and steering, including shock absorbers, must be in perfect condition.
♦ Tyre sealant or residue must not be mixed or disposed of with other fluids.
♦ Excess tyre sealant must be collected and stored in a plastic container. The plastic container can be disposed of through the disposal system along with the breakdown set (when the expiry date is exceeded)
♦ The items can be returned or disposed of through the existing workshop disposal system.
♦ Contact the service provider or the waste disposal officer of the sales centre or importer.
5Tyre pressure monitoring system
⇒ “5.1 System description - tyre pressure monitoring system”, page 38
⇒ “5.2 Overview of fitting locations - tyre pressure monitor sys‐tem”, page 40
⇒ “5.3 Assembly overview - tyre pressure sensor”, page 42
⇒ “5.4 Removing and installing tyre pressure sensor G222 / G223 / G224 / G225 ”, page 45
⇒ “5.5 Removing and installing tyre pressure monitor control unit J502 ”, page 52
5.1 Systemdescription-tyrepressuremon‐itoring system
⇒ “5.1.1 System description - tyre pressure monitoring system with indirect measurement (Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator)”, page 38
⇒ “5.1.2 System description - tyre pressure monitoring system with direct measurement (Tyre Pressure Monitoring System)”, page 39
⇒ “5.1.3 System description - tyre pressure monitoring system, tyrepressuremonitoringsystem(TPMS)withautolocation”,page 40
5.1.1
Systemdescription-tyrepressuremon‐itoring system with indirect measure‐ment (Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator)
Each time a wheel is changed, the system must be reprogram‐med, irrespective of whether the same wheel is fitted in this position on the vehicle or a different wheel.
TheseversionsarebasedontheconditionsvalidintheEuropean Union and no guarantee can be provided for their completeness.
The tyre pressure monitoring system is part of the software in the ABS control unit - J104- . The system is used to detect slow tyre pressure loss from a wheel. Event memory entries for the Tyre PressureLossIndicatorarestoredintheABScontrolunit-J104-. The Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator compares the speed and the rolling circumference of the individual wheels via the ABS sen‐sors.
After the following work or modifications, the tyre pressure mon‐itor display button - E492- must be pressed and held until a confirmation is sounded.
♦ Change in tyre pressures
♦ Changing one or more wheels
♦ Interchanging wheels, e.g. from front to rear
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♦ Removing and fitting one or more wheels
A change in a wheel's rolling circumference will be indicated by the tyre pressure monitor warning lamp - K220- lighting up in the dash panel insert. A tyre's rolling circumference may change as a result of:
♦ Insufficient tyre pressure
♦ Structural tyre damage
♦ Uneven load distribution in the vehicle
♦ Increased load on one axle, e.g. due to towing a trailer
♦ Use of snow chains.
♦ Temporary spare wheel installed
♦ Wheel renewal
System fault in the ABS system
If a fault in the ABS is displayed by the ESP and TCS warning lamp - K155- then the Tyre Pressure Monitoring System warning lamp - K220- will also light up. However, no fault will be stored in the Tyre Pressure Loss Indicator system.
The warning lamp cannot be erased. In this case, please carry out the following steps:
Follow instructions on screen to perform basic setting.
Carrying out basic setting of Infotainment system
–Switch on ignition.
–Switch on Infotainment system.
–Press Infotainment button CAR .
–Press Setup function button.
–Press Tyres function button.
–Press Set function button.
–Press Confirm function button.
5.1.2 Systemdescription-tyrepressuremon‐itoring system with direct measurement (Tyre Pressure Monitoring System)
♦ Ifthewheelsthatoriginallycamewiththevehiclearereplaced, ensure that the new wheels are equipped with tyre pressure sensorswhicharecompatiblewiththefactory-fittedTyrePres‐sure Monitoring System ⇒ page 45
♦ New wheels with tyre pressure sensors will be identified and integrated in the system. For the new wheels to be detected, the vehicle must be driven for a while at a speed greater than 25 km/h (15 mph).
♦ If replacing or relocating tyre pressure sensors, always use a new set of valves and seals ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” .
♦ Fitted wheels that have no tyre pressure sensors or incom‐patible ones are not able to recognise the tyre pressure con‐trol. The Tyre Pressure Monitoring System is then incapable of measuring the tyre inflation pressure. A malfunction is dis‐played or the system switches off.
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TheseversionsarebasedontheconditionsvalidintheEuropean Union and no guarantee can be provided for their completeness.
5.1.3 Systemdescription-tyrepressuremon‐itoring system, tyre pressure monitoring system (TPMS) with autolocation
♦ As previously the system is based on sensors in the tyres, the sensors send the inflation pressure data to the tyre pressure monitor control unit - J502- .
♦ The function “autolocation” allows the system to react over a relatively short distance, sending inflation pressure and warn‐ings correctly to the display in the dash panel.
♦ The “intelligent aerial” is a combined tyre pressure monitor control unit and a central receiver aerial.
♦ Manualcalibrationisnotnecessaryafterrenewingwheelelec‐tronics or changing a set of tyres. The Tyre Pressure Monitor‐ing System automatically identifies new tyre pressure sensors and programs these as soon as driving commences.
5.2Overview of fitting locations - tyre pres‐sure monitor system
⇒ “5.2.1 Overview of fitting locations - Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) with autolocation”, page 40
Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
5.3.3Assembly overview - tyre pressure sensor, tyre pressure sensor without valve, version 2
1 - Tyre pressure sensor
❑Front left tyre pressure sensor - G222-
❑ Front right tyre pressure sensor - G223-
❑Rear left tyre pressure sensor - G224-
❑Rear right tyre pressure sensor - G225-
❑ Removing and installing
⇒ page 49
2 - Bolt
❑Square-head bolt with flat head
❑ Issuppliedasareplace‐ment part complete with thetyrepressuresensor
⇒ Electronic parts cata‐logue (ETKA)
3 - Metal valve
❑ Issuppliedasareplace‐ment part complete with thetyrepressuresensor
⇒ Electronic parts cata‐logue (ETKA)
4 - Valve insert
❑Always renew when changing tyre
5 - Wheel rim
6 - Union nut
❑4 Nm
♦When tightening, do not use metal valve as a coun‐terhold.
♦ Theresultofadiscbeingplacedintheunionnutisthatthemetalvalveisfirstscrewedontothetyrepressure sensor when the nut is tightened. The tyre pressure sensor is screwed onto the rim after the disc breaks.
❑Renew after each removal
7 - Valve cap
5.4Removing and installing tyre pressure sensor -G222- / -G223- / -G224- /G225-
⇒ “5.4.1 Removing and installing tyre pressure sensor, tyre pres‐sure sensor with valve”, page 45
⇒ “5.4.2 Removing and installing tyre pressure sensor, tyre pres‐sure sensor without valve, version 1 (customer service version)”, page 46
⇒ “5.4.3 Removing and installing tyre pressure sensor, tyre pres‐sure sensor without valve, version 1 (production version)”, page 47
⇒ “5.4.4 Removing and installing tyre pressure sensor G222 / G223 / G224 / G225 , version 2”, page 49
5.4.1Removing and installing tyre pressure sensor, tyre pressure sensor with valve
Special tools and workshop equipment required
♦ Torque wrench - V.A.G 1410-
Removing
–Unscrew union nut -1-.
–Remove tyre pressure sensor -2- from rim well.
Installing
–Clean valve hole.
–Insert tyre pressure sensor -2- with new seal and sealing washer.
– Press tyre pressure sensor -2- into the wheel rim at the points marked by -arrows-.
–Screw union nut -1- from outside onto tyre pressure sensor.
–Press tyre pressure sensor -1- onto bed of rim at the points marked by -arrows- and tighten union nut to 8 Nm.
♦ ⇒ “5.3.2 Assembly overview - tyre pressure sensor, tyre pres‐sure sensor without valve, version 1”, page 43
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5.4.4Removing and installing tyre pressure sensor -G222- / -G223- / -G224- /G225- , version 2
–Turn nut -1- anti-clockwise until tyre pressure sensor -2- can be removed.
Note
Whenthenut-1-isturned,thevalveturnsaswell.
Installing
• Always renew the metal valve completely.
• The hexagon flange nut may only be used once.
• To avoid corrosion, only nickel (silver) valve cores may be used.
• Only use air-tight plastic caps as valve caps.
• In the event of a damage, the affected valve must be renewed completely.
• Always renew tyre pressure sensors and valves when dam‐aged.
• Never use steam cleaners or compressed air for cleaning the tyre pressure sensor .
• Always clean the tyre pressure sensor after application of tyre sealant. The bore to the pressure sensor in the housing must not be blocked. Cleaning the bore with compressed air is not permissible.
• When installed, the original final specified torque is reduced. Re-tightening the flange nut is not permissible.
–Clean valve hole.
Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
–Insert tyre pressure sensor -1- with valve through valve hole from inside.
–Screw hexagon flange nut from outside approx. 3 turns onto tyre pressure sensor .
–Lightly press tyre pressure sensor -1- into rim well until both feet of sensor contact rim well.
–Tighten hexagon flange nut on tyre pressure sensor -1- to specified torque.
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– Performavisualcheckandensurefirmseating.Thetyrepres‐sure sensor must be secured without clearance with support feet resting in the rim well.
NOTICE
Risk of damage to the sensor as a result of improper assembly. – Once tightened to the specified torque, the sensor must not be re-tightened.
–Screw valve cap onto valve.
–Fit tyre on rim ⇒ page 23
Specified torques
♦ ⇒ “5.3.1 Assembly overview - tyre pressure sensor, tyre pres‐sure sensor with valve”, page 42
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5.5Removing and installing tyre pressure monitor control unit - J502-
⇒ “5.5.1 Removing and installing Tyre Pressure Monitoring Sys‐tem control unit J502 , Arteon 2018, Passat 2015, Passat Estate 2015”, page 52
⇒“5.5.2Removingandinstallingtyrepressuremonitoringsystem control unit J502 , Touran”, page 53
5.5.1Removing and installing Tyre Pressure Monitoring System control unit - J502- , Arteon 2018, Passat 2015, Passat Es‐tate 2015
Fitting location:
The tyre pressure monitor control unit - J502- is fitted on the right of the rear cross panel.
Removing –Switch off ignition.
–Remove rear right underbody cladding ⇒ General body re‐pairs, exterior; Rep. gr. 66 ; Underbody cladding; Overview of fitting locations - underbody cladding .
–Press together tabs -arrows-, and swing bracket -1- in -direction of arrow A-.
–Remove bracket -1- in -direction of arrow B-, and hold it.
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Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
–Disconnect connector -2- from tyre pressure monitor control unit - J502- -1-.
–Remove bracket -3- with tyre pressure monitor control unitJ502- -1-.
– Press lug -arrow- slightly upwards and withdraw tyre pressure monitoring control unit - J502- -1- from bracket.
Installing
Install in reverse order.
isnotpermittedunlessauthorisedbyVolkswagen
5.5.2Removing and installing tyre pressure monitoring system control unit - J502- , Touran
Fitting location:
The tyre pressure monitor control unit - J502- is fitted on the right of the rear cross panel.
–Remove rear right underbody cladding, if fitted ⇒ General body repairs, exterior; Rep. gr. 66 ; Underbody cladding; As‐sembly overview - underbody cladding .
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–Unscrew nuts -arrows- and remove bracket -1- downwards.
–Disconnect connector -1- from tyre pressure monitor control unit - J502- -2-.
–Press lug -arrow- slightly outwards and pull tyre pressure monitoring control unit - J502- -2- out of bracket -3-.
Installing
Install in reverse order.
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There are two different versions of lug seats, the spherical seat and the conical seat.
The spherical seat is the curved surface of a section of a sphere -arrow A-. This type of lug seat is sometimes used for Genuine wheel rims.
The conical seat is the flat surface of a section of a cone -arrow B-. This form of lug seat is sometimes used for wheel rims of the accessories trade.
Standard, one-piece wheel bolt Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
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Volkswagen
Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
Two-piece wheel bolt with short rotary shoulder
Two-piece wheel bolt with long rotary shoulder
6.2Wheel bolts, anti-theft wheel bolt
Anti-theft wheel bolt
1 - Anti-theft wheel bolt
2 - Cover
3 - Adapter for wheel bolt
6.3Wheel bolts, adapter sets for anti-theft wheel bolts
Special tools and workshop equipment required
Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
♦ Adapter set for tamper-proof wheel bolts - T10101-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10101 A-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10190-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T10313-
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th respe t h e c o
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Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T40004-
♦ Adapter set for wheel bolts - T40073-
AG Volkswagen AGdo
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7Information on tyres
⇒ “7.1 Identification markings on the tyre sidewall”, page 59
⇒ “7.2 Tyre dimension”, page 61
⇒ “7.3 Load rating code/load index (LI)”, page 61
⇒ “7.4 Speed rating code”, page 62
⇒ “7.5 EU tyre label”, page 62
⇒ “7.6 Structure of a radial belted tyre”, page 67
⇒ “7.7 Run-flat tyre, SST (Self Supporting Tyre)”, page 71
⇒ “7.8 Tyre storage”, page 73
⇒ “7.9 Reinforced and Extra Load (XL) tyres”, page 73
⇒ “7.10 Winter tyres”, page 74
⇒ “7.11 Winter tyres with speed symbol V”, page 76
⇒ “7.12 Rolling resistance optimised tyres”, page 77
⇒ “7.13 Tyre ageing”, page 77
⇒ “7.14 Tyres with flange protection”, page 79
⇒ “7.15 Tyre sizes for vehicles with four-wheel drive”, page 79
. icremmocroetavirprofgniypoCla rup op s e s , i n p a r t o r in w hole,
1 - Size code
❑e.g. 205/55 R 16 ⇒ page 61
2 - Position of TWIs (Tread Wear Indicators)
3 - Manufacturer (trade name)
4 - Construction
❑Radial - radial cord di‐rection in carcass
❑Tubeless - code for tubeless tyres
5-Loadcapacityindex/speed rating
❑e.g. 91 ⇒ page 61
❑e.g. H ⇒ page 62
6 - Specified direction of rota‐tion/installation for tyre
7 - Maximum permissible load
❑Data for North America
8 - Maximum permissible tyre pressure
❑Data for North America
9 - Number of plies in the cen‐tre of the tread and in the side‐walls as well as information about the material
10-Enumber=Approvalnum‐ber
❑Tyre fulfils European guidelines
11 - Manufacturer code / date of manufacture
❑Identification number for manufacturer's plant, tyre size and tyre model
❑Tyre ageing / date of manufacture ⇒ page 77
12 - DOT - Department of Transportation
13 - Identifier for Brazil, INMETRO
14 - Identifier for China, CCC
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15 - Country of origin
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❑Tyre fulfils standards of the Department of Transportation of the United States of America
❑e.g. manufactured in Germany (Made in Germany)
16 - Safety notes for use or fitting of tyre
17 - Relative expected service life - abrasion resistance
❑based on a US standard test
18 - Rating of wet-braking traction, A, B or C
❑According to a US test
19 - Rating of temperature resistance, A, B or C
❑According to a US test
20 - Identifying tyres with run-flat properties
❑e.g. self-supporting run-flat
❑Identifying tyres with run-flat properties ⇒ page 68
21 - Tread pattern
❑e.g. ContiPremiumContact
7.2Tyre dimension
Explanation of tyre dimensions Tyre
1 -Tyre width
2 -Aspect ratio in %
3 -Code for tyre construction “R” indicates radial
4 -Rim diameter designation
5 -Load rating code/load index (LI)
6 -Speed rating code
7 -Winter tyre/code for all-season tyre
7.3Load rating code/load index (LI)
Load rating code/load index (LI)
Theloadratingcanbefoundonthesidewallofthetyre.Itprovides information about the maximum load that the tyre can bear.
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The load rating is included in the size designation of the tyre (e.g. 195/65 R 15 91T). It is indicated on the tyre as a code according to ETRTO. The following table shows the load rating codes with the corresponding load capacity of the tyres.
Arteon
Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
7.4Speed rating code
Speed rating code/maximum speed
Winter tyres with speed symbol “V” ⇒ page 76
7.5EU tyre label
⇒ “7.5.1 EU tyre label, summary”, page 62
⇒ “7.5.2 EU tyre label, objectives”, page 63
7.5.1EU tyre label, summary
Tyre manufactures must mark their tyres according to EU regu‐lation (EC) No. 1222/2009 (labelling of tyres) as of 01 November 2012.
The labelling of tyres regulation contains the requirements refer‐ence markings and representation of information for rolling re‐sistance (fuel efficiency), wet grip and external rolling noise on a
Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
standard and approved EU label. The objective is to increase safety and economic and environmental efficiency of road trans‐port by promoting fuel efficient and safe tyres with low noise levels.
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ThenewEUtyrelabelcontainsspecifieddatainsevencategories from A to G.
There are three different categories:
1 - Rolling resistance (fuel effi‐ciency)
❑Explanations
⇒ page 64
2 - Wet grip
❑Explanations
⇒ page 65
3 - Noise emissions
❑Explanations
⇒ page 66
7.5.2EU tyre label, objectives
♦ Reducing fuel consumption
♦ Increasing road safety
♦ Reducing traffic noise
The EU tyre label provides the end-user with important informa‐tion on the properties of the tyre. It does not illustrate, however, all decisive safety criteria.
♦ The explanation of other properties of the tyre may influence the decision to purchase.
♦ The customer should be advised of the limited information on the label of tyre properties, such as no information concerning winter properties for winter tyres.
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♦ Tyre tests are another source of information for specialist dealers and end-users.
In the tyres tests other leading factors are also tested, which should be taken into account:
♦ Aquaplaning properties
♦ Driving stability
♦ Steering precision
♦ Service life
♦ Braking properties
♦ Behaviour in wintry conditions
7.5.3EU tyre label, categories
Rolling resistance ⇒ page 64
Wet grip ⇒ page 65
Noise emissions ⇒ page 66
Rolling resistance
Rolling resistance:
♦ Defined as, energy consumed by the tyre in respect of the distance travelled.
♦ Equates to the energy lost per defined unit of distance travel‐led.
♦ The energy form can be described as the quotient of Newton meter (Nm) and distance travelled in meter (m). This then pro‐vides a rolling resistance as a form of force in Newtons (N).
Therollingresistanceofatyreisthendescribedbythecoefficient of rolling resistance (also known as rolling resistance coefficient)
cR:
cR = FR Z
♦ cR - coefficient of rolling resistance
♦ FR - force of rolling resistance
♦ Z - weight of vehicle (sum of all wheel loads)
Objective
♦ Reduction of rolling resistance
♦ Reduction of fuel and CO2
GAnega
Evaluation
Volkswagen
♦ Structured in fuel efficiency categories from A to G
C - + 1.2 l / 100 km, corresponds to higher consumption relative to A of + 2.2 l / 100 km
E - + 1.4 l / 100 km, corresponds to higher consumption relative to A of + 3.6 l / 100 km
F - + 1.5 l / 100 km, corresponds to higher consumption relative to A of + 5.1 l / 100 km
G - + 1.5 l / 100 km, corresponds to higher consumption relative to A of + 6.6 l / 100 km
Wet grip
Definition
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The wet grip index G must be established for the wet grip. The wetgripindexGisestablishedusingadecelerationtest(distance required to decelerate from 80 km/h to 20 km/h) using a standar‐dised vehicle on a wet slippery surface. The test uses a prede‐fined standard reference test tyre (SRTT), with which the wet grip index G can be calculated. The calculation uses the mean fully developed deceleration (mfdd) produced.
The mean fully developed deceleration (mfdd) is calculated as follows:
mfdd = 231.48S
S - the measured braking distance in metres between 80 km/h and 20 km/h
The wet grip index G is calculated as follows:
G=mfddoftyretobecheckedmfddofstandardreferencetest tyre
A - Lowest wet grip index = shortest braking distance
B - 3 m longer braking distance in comparison with category A
C - 7 m longer braking distance in comparison with category A
E - 12 m longer braking distance in comparison with category A
F - 18 m longer braking distance in comparison with category A
1-ThebrakingdistancebetweencategoriesAandFcanbemore than 18 m when undertaking an emergency stop at 80 km/h.
Noise emissions
Objective
♦ Reduction of pass-by noise
♦ Reducing noise emissions
Evaluation
♦ Measured on outside of vehicle only
♦ Divided into three categories
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♦ Three black arcs indicate the worst performance. The tyres produce a rolling noise that lies below the current limit accord‐ing to EU regulation 2001/43/EG. The limit lies above the limit that has been set for from 2016 according to regulation (EG) No. 661/2009.
♦ Twoblackarcs:Thetyrenoiselimitliesbelowthelimitthathas been set for from 2016 according to regulation (EG) No. 661/2009.
♦ One black arc: The tyre noise limit lies below the limit that has been set for from 2016 according to regulation (EG) No. 661/2009, by at least three decibels.
♦ Note,theexternalrollingnoiseofthetyredoesnotalways correspondwiththenoiseinthevehicleinterior. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
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7.6Structure of a radial belted tyre
⇒ “7.6.1 Cross section of a radial belted tyre”, page 67
⇒ “7.6.2 Run-flat tyres, structure and identification of a SST tyre”, page 68
⇒ “7.6.3 Run-flat tyres, seal inside technology”, page 69
7.6.1Cross section of a radial belted tyre
1 - Tread block
2 - Tread groove
3 - Tread
4 - Nylon ply
5 - Belt layers
❑Usually made of steel
6 - Bead core
❑Consists of steel wires vulcanised into rubber.
❑Ensures secure seating of the tyre on the rim.
7 - Bead filler
8 - Rim flange protection
The nylon ply -4-, belt layers -5-, bead cores -6- and bead filler -7- form the carcass. The carcass is the “load-bearing structure” of the tyre. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
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❑ Protectstherimandtyre from abrasion from, for example, contact with the kerb
❑Tyres with Maximum Flange Shield (or rim protector bar) are marked with the abbre‐viation MFS.
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7.6.2Run-flat tyres, structure and identifica‐tion of a SST tyre
Removing and fitting run-flat tyres ⇒ page 23
If run-flat tyres are used, a Tyre Pressure Monitor display must be fitted.
Damage to the tyre and the resulting pressure loss cannot be de‐tected with the naked eye.
SST tyres are identified by a specific sign (RSC = Runflat System Component) in the sidewall.
The identification for run-flat tyres on the sidewall may differ de‐pending on the manufacturer.
Self-supporting tyres are tyre systems with run-flat capabilities in thecaseofpressureloss.Incaseofadeflatedtyre,thedrivercan still drive to the next workshop whereas some restrictions must be adhered to ⇒ Owner's manual .
Advantage
In case of a complete pressure loss, the SST tyres allow for mod‐erate driving with a maximum speed of 80 km/h and over a maximum distance of 50 km.
The distance that can be travelled during a breakdown depends on the driving style, the vehicle speed, the road condition, the weather conditions, the condition of the tyres, and the tyre load.
In case of a complete pressure loss, the wheel must not be changed immediately, if SST tyres are fitted (e.g. no wheel change in poorly visible and hazardous road sections).
The brakes, the steering system and the drive train feel similar, even after a complete pressure loss in the tyre.
If SST tyres are used, no spare wheel is required. This allows for more space and a lower weight in favour of the customer.
Installing
1 - Beading with beading core
2 - Side wall
3 - Reinforced side wall
4 - Wheel rim with extended hump (EH2) on both sides - prereq‐uisite when using tyres with run-flat properties
Detailed information on the technology
Standard tyres without run-flat capabilities Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
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–-I- Standard tyres with regular tyre pressure
–-II- Deflated standard tyre
–When a standard tyre deflates, the side walls are pressed to‐gether by the wheel rims. The rubber material heats up ex‐tremely and comes off the tyre quickly when the tyre is deflated.
Volkswagen A
SST tyres with reinforced sidewall
The SST technology is based on self-supporting reinforced side‐walls.
–-I- SST tyre with regular tyre pressure
–-II- Deflated SST tyre
–Extra thick sidewalls -A- support the deflated tyre on a stand‐ard wheel rim, and the vehicle remains operable. A special rubbercompoundreinforcesthetyreandiscapableofcarrying the vehicle in an emergency.
The reinforced sidewalls do not become pinched between the road and the wheel rim if the tyre is deflated.
Differences between H2 wheel rims and EH2 wheel rims with ex‐tended hump
♦ In case of a pressure loss, the extended hump of wheel rim EH2 prevents the SST tyre from becoming detached from the wheel rim.
♦ The extended hump wheel rim EH2 is higher relative to the centre of the wheel.
♦ This technology, referred to as seal inside technology, is a system that has been developed to allow the car to continue to be driven even if a nail or screw has penetrated the tyre: if screws or nails penetrate the tyre, a protective layer on the inside of the tyre tread immediately seals the resulting holes.
♦ Thismeansnoaircanescape.Thesealingfunctioniseffective for almost all air leaks induced by objects up to 5 millimetres in diameter.
♦ The seal inside technology comprises a sealing compound whichisappliedduringproductionbythetyremanufactureras a preventative measure.
♦ Thesealinsidetechnologycomprisesaself-adhesive,viscous sealing compound that is applied in an even coat from shoul‐der to shoulder on the inside of the tread.
♦ The sealing compound represents an integral component of the mobility tyre.
♦ Amobilitytyrecanbeidentifiedbyaspeciallogoontheoutside of the sidewall.
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♦ If a foreign body with a diameter up to 5 mm punctures the running surface of a mobility tyre, the function of the sealing compound is to surround the object and to prevent any possi‐ble air loss by effecting an almost immediate seal.
♦ The sealing compound is designed to seal the majority of puncture types caused by foreign bodies up to 5 mm in diam‐eter.
♦ Thesealinsidetechnologysignificantlyreducesthefrequency of flat tyres, but it is not intended to allow the tyre to be oper‐ated with reduced pressure or when flat (without air).
♦ Inallotherrespects,mobilitytyresdisplaythesameproperties as tyres without the seal inside technology.
Handling mobility tyres
♦ When handling mobility tyres, take particular care to maintain cleanliness during work and also when storing tyres.
♦ The sealing compound on the inside of the running surface of the tyre is not protected and is therefore very susceptible to any type of contamination.
♦ We recommend storing each tyre individually in a sufficiently large plastic bag or similar.
♦ As with any other tyre, mobility tyres should be regularly checked for signs of cuts, penetrations and loss of inflation pressure.
♦ This inspection should be conducted at least once or twice a month, and always prior to each long trip.
♦ Penetrations or damage that is not attended to in good time canleadtoalossofinflationpressureand/orfailureofthetyre.
♦ Mobility tyres with damage by cuts and/or penetrations must be inspected immediately.
♦ It is necessary to decide whether the tyre must be taken out of use and scrapped.
♦ Removing and installing the mobility tyre involves the same procedure as a normal tyre.
7.7Run-flat tyre, SST (Self Supporting Tyre)
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⇒ “7.7.1 Run-flat tyres - general information”, page 71
⇒ “7.7.2 Run-flat tyres, retrofitting/requirements when using runflat tyres”, page 72
⇒ “7.7.3 Run-flat tyres, repair work”, page 73
7.7.1Run-flat tyres - general information
Tyres with run-flat properties have reinforced side walls when comparing them with normal tyres. This reduces the slippage of thesidewallsandpreventsthetyreflanksstickingwhenthetyres are run deflated. This ensures the vehicle remains controllable and the vehicle has almost normal driving characteristics. This eliminates the necessity to fit the spare wheel in dangerous con‐ditions e.g. hard shoulder of a motorway or in bad weather con‐ditions.
Adeflatedtyrecanbedrivenfurthertothenextworkshop(approx. 50km(approx.30miles))atasuitablespeed(max.80km/h(max. 50 mph)) and in suitable driving style for the conditions, see ⇒ Owner's wallet .
After checking the respective wheel, the responsibility lies with the driver to decide if it is safe to drive further with the deflated tyre.
-I- Tyres with normal air pressure
1 - Tyres with run-flat properties (reinforced side walls -red-)
2 - Normal tyres
-II- Deflated tyre
When a normal tyre -2- deflates, the side walls are pressed against the wheel rims. The side walls heat up extremely or stick and are therefore destroyed when the tyre is deflated.
Tyres with run-flat properties -1- are supported on the reinforced side walls (-red-). A special tyre mixture and the reduced flexing of the reinforced side walls reduces the heat created when the tyre is run and the vehicle remains controllable.
These tyres may only be used on vehicles with a tyre pressure monitoring system as a pressure lose in the tyres is not always visible. This system warns the driver when an inflation pressure is less than a certain inflation pressure.
Permitted are:
Direct measuring systems ⇒ Running gear, axles, steering; Rep. gr. 44 ; Tyre Pressure Monitoring System
Indirect measuring systems ⇒ Running gear, axles, steering; Rep. gr. 44 ; Tyre Pressure Monitoring System
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Tyres with run-flat properties may only be fitted on disc-type wheels with raised double hump (Extended Hump - EH2) ⇒ page 83
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Adhere to the special assembly instructions ⇒ page 23 .
A mixed installation with standard tyres is not permitted, even on same axle.
Only in exceptional circumstances may a standard tyre be fitted e.g. for a short period or a limited distance. The special run-flat characteristics are lost, the driver must always be informed.
Pleaseobservetherecommendedtyremakes⇒ WheelandTyre Guide; Rep. gr. 44 .
7.7.3Run-flat tyres, repair work
CAUTION
Irreparable damage after driving with flat tyre.
– Renew the tyre.
General information
–As with standard tyre/wheel systems, the disc-type wheel must also be checked before fitting.
–Check wheel rim for true running, run out and other damage after a tyre has been run deflated ⇒ page 13 , as a pot-hole etc. could cause damage to the wheel rim.
–Damaged wheels must be renewed.
7.8Tyre storage
Storage room
The conditions have to be:
• dark
• dry,
• cool and
• ventilated in the tyre storage room.
CAUTION
Improper storage of tyres.
Life-threatening situations when the vehicle is driven.
– Stored tyres must not come in contact with fuel, oil, grease or chemicals under any circumstances.
Of course, tyre damage occurs only if the tyre is in contact with the chemical for a relatively long time. If a few drops of fuel land on a tyre during a fill up, this is of no concern.
Storing the tyres
Complete wheels
Tyres mounted on wheels can be stored flat, stacked one upon the other. In this case, it is important to ensure that the tyres are clean and dry. The inflation pressure should be increased to a maximum of 3 bar.
Tyres without wheels
Tyres without wheels are best stored standing vertically. If tyres arestackedforalongperiodoftime,theywillbepressedtogether quite considerably. The tyres will then be more difficult to fit, as they do not sit on the rim shoulders. If tyres are stored standing vertically, it is recommended to turn them every 14 days to avoid flat spots.
7.9Reinforced and Extra Load (XL) tyres
Some tyre manufacturers have for some time replaced the des‐ignation “Reinforced” with the designation “Extra Load”. This
Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
designation has long been standard in non-European countries. Technically, there is no difference between them.
Some tyre manufacturers also use the designation “XL” for Extra Load tyres.
Tyres with the designation “Reinforced” or “Extra Load (XL)” are of equal quality.
V winter tyres marked XL have a higher load capacity than V win‐ter tyres without this code.
XL V winter tyres allow a higher speed, but this does not mean that the top speed of a V tyre is 240 km/h for every vehicle.
The same conditions apply to these tyres as to V winter tyres without a special code!
7.10Winter tyres
M+S symbol
On an “M and S tyre” the tread profile, tread composition or con‐struction are designed so that the handling characteristics are improved on snow as compared with a normal tyre - especially when pulling away or stabilisation of vehicle movements. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤
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Snowflake symbol
The “snowflake” symbol indicates a winter tyre according to the industrial standard based on which winter tyres are defined in the USA. These tyres are extremely capable on snow, icy roads and at low temperatures as far as safety and control are a concerned.
M+S marking for 4x4/SUV tyres
Somevehiclesareequippedwithtyreswhichhavethesymbol“M +S” on the outer tyre wall. The reason is, these models were first available on the North American market where all-season tyres with the symbol “M+S” are common. The marking “M+S” is offi‐cially defined in a EU Directive as the following: “A tyre where the tyre tread and structure are designed for improved properties in snow as opposed to a normal tyre (translation, not from EU reg‐ulation)”. The performance of “M+S” marked tyres are therefore not defined nor tested. The snow performance of winter tyres in North America are specified by the “Snowflake on the Mountain symbol”. Only tyres that fulfil or exceed these requirements may carry the “Snowflake on the Mountain symbol”.
Use of winter tyres
Asof01.05.2006,achangetotheGermanroadtrafficregulations (StVO) came into force which caused the following supplement to be made: "The equipment in motor vehicles has to be adapted totheweatherconditions.Inparticular,thisincludessuitabletyres and antifreeze in the windscreen washing system."
Please point out to customers that, since May 1st 2006, they are legally obliged to adapt their vehicle's equipment, particularly the tyres, to winter weather conditions.
All tyre sizes listed in the vehicle documents can also be used as winter tyres.
The handling characteristics may be affected by the use of winter tyresandthepossiblechangeinthedimensionsofthewheeland tyre. Therefore, when using winter tyres, you must adapt your speed to the changed handling characteristics and to the road conditions.
isnotpermittedunlessauthorisedbyVolkswagen
To achieve the best possible handling, winter tyres must be fitted on all wheels.
If the vehicle is equipped with rims other than the factory-fitted rims, you must take the following into consideration when you fit winter tyres:
♦ Wheels and wheel bolts are matched.
♦ Wheneverthewheelsarechanged,correspondingwheelbolts of the correct length and with the correctly shaped shoulders must be used ⇒ page 76 . The secure fit of the wheels and the functioning of the brakes depends this.
♦ The suitability of winter tyres with less than 4…5 mm tread depth for winter operation is limited.
♦ Some countries require winter tyres to have a tread depth of at least 4 mm.
♦ We recommend that winter tyres be replaced after no more than six years. The special “winter properties” of these tyres decline with age, regardless of how much they are used.
Explanations regarding shapes of the shoulders
There are two different versions of lug seats, the spherical seat and the conical seat.
The spherical seat is the curved surface of a section of a sphere -arrow A-. This type of lug seat is sometimes used for Genuine wheel rims.
The conical seat is the flat surface of a section of a cone -arrow B-. This form of lug seat is sometimes used for wheel rims of the accessories trade.
I - Wheel bolts with spherical shoulder
II - Wheel bolts with conical shoulder
Vehicles with tyre pressure control
On vehicles with tyre pressure control, the tyre inflation pressure hastoberesavedormatchedwhenchangingoverbetweensum‐mer and winter tyres and visa verse ⇒ Owner's manual for relevant model .
Registration regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany
Onlywhenwintertyresareinusemaythetopspeedthatavehicle canachievebegreaterthanthemaximumspeedspecifiedbythe speed symbol of the tyre.
In this case, a label stating the following must be attached:
Important! Winter tyres!
Note
Maximum speed … km/h
AGdoesnotguaranteeoracceptanyliabilitywi
Thislabelmustbeclearlyvisibletothedriver!
7.11Winter tyres with speed symbol V
Table ⇒ page 62
The tyre industry now supplies winter tyres with speed symbol "V".Butonlyundercertainconditionsmaythesetyresbeusedup to the maximum permitted speed vmax = 240 km/h.
Vehicles with V tyres
Vehicles requiring V tyres according to the vehicle's title docu‐mentmaybedrivenatspeedsofupto“v”max=240km/hwithout any restrictions using winter tyres with speed symbol V.
Vehicles with W, Y or ZR tyres:
Under certain circumstances, vehicles requiring W, Y or ZR tyres according to the vehicle's title document may not be driven at speeds of “v” max = 240 km/h.
Why?
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V summer tyres and V winter tyres without special identification have 100 % of their maximum load capacity (as specified by their load index “LI”) only up to speeds of 210 km/h.
Travelling at over 210 km/h is possible with V winter tyres only if themaximumloadofthetyresisnotexceeded.Theloadcapacity of the tyres decreases as the speed increases.
Some vehicles have such a high maximum gross axle weight rat‐ing and maximum achievable speed that the load capacity of the V tyres is not sufficient for speeds of up to 240 km/h.
Example: tyre 205/55 R 16 91V
The load index (LI) 91 certifies that this tyre has a load capacity of 615 kg per tyre at up to 210 km/h.
At a speed of 240 km/h, this tyre can carry a load of only 560 kg, i.e. the axle load may not exceed 1120 kg.
Thevehiclehasamaximumaxleloadof1150kgandamaximum speed of 232 km/h. This vehicle has a maximum speed of 230 km/h with V winter tyres.
This applies to all V winter tyres without special markings.
Winter tyres with the designation Extra Load XL ⇒ page 73
Registration regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany
Onlywhenwintertyresareinusemaythetopspeedthatavehicle canachievebegreaterthanthemaximumspeedspecifiedbythe speed symbol of the tyre.
In this case, a label stating the following must be attached at a location which is clearly visible to the driver:
Important! Winter tyres!
Maximum speed … km/h
7.12Rolling resistance optimised tyres
Tyre label ⇒ page 62
The energy loss caused by the deformation of the tyre when roll‐ing is known as rolling resistance.
With rolling resistance optimised tyres the deformation is greatly reduced by a revised design and the use of optimised tread com‐positions.
The tyres which are approved by the manufacturer have an opti‐mised rolling resistance and provide state-of-the-art technology in terms safety and client-related characteristics.
Therespectiveapprovedmakesoftyresarelistedinthefollowing chapters ⇒ Wheel and Tyre Guide; Rep. gr. 44
7.13Tyre ageing
♦ Even visually flawless, new or barely used tyres with sufficient tread depth, which are older than six years, may show signif‐icantreductionofwetpropertiesandwintersuitabilitydueonly to ageing.
♦ Tyretestsshowthatcontinuousimprovements,theuseofnew rubber compounds and modern raw materials, in conjunction with the optimisation of tread design and geometry, have re‐sulted in steady improvement in tyres.
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♦ Only tyres with state-of-the-art technology can meet the re‐quirements of modern and highly developed vehicles and the constantly growing demand from the customer for economical tyres offering maximum possible safety, driving dynamics and comfort.
♦ Tyres age as a result of physical and chemical processes, which can impair the function of the tyres. Tyres which are stored for longer periods of time harden and become brittle faster than tyres which are constantly in use on a vehicle.
♦ Older tyres may develop hairline cracks as a result of ageing.
♦ When tyres are in regular use, the constant flexing activates softeners in the rubber, preventing hardening and the devel‐opment of cracks.
♦ It is therefore important to take into account not only the tread depth, but also the age of spare tyres, stored tyres and tyres which are not permanently in use.
♦ The tyre age can be determined from the DOT designation, whichincludes,amongotherthings,theproductiondateofthe tyre.
Example of a DOT number to 31.12.1999
DOT ..... . 5 0 9 <
Stands for 199_
Last digit is production year Week
In this example, the production date is the 50th week of 1999.
Example of a DOT number from 01.01.2000
DO T ..... 0 1 0 0
Last 2 digits is production year Week
In this example, the production date is the 1st week of 2000.
Recommendation
♦ It is recommended not to use summer and winter tyres which are older than 6 years anymore. The original properties dete‐riorate due to the ageing process. Winter tyres especially lose their adhesion properties.
♦ When new tyres are fitted, the spare tyre may also be used if it is in flawless condition and is not more than 6 years old. The age of the tyre has a great influence on the high-speed capa‐bility of the tyre. It is possible to combine a spare tyre which is several years old with new tyres; however, this can have an adverse influence on car handling.
♦ Tyres are constantly being further developed, which can lead, for example, to slight changes in the rubber compound, even if the tyres are of the same make, size and tread pattern.
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Vehicles with front-wheel drive:
♦ All vehicles are factory-fitted with four identical tyres and wheels.
♦ For reasons of safety, tyres of the same make and with the same tread pattern should be mounted on one axle.
Vehicles with all-wheel drive:
♦ Vehicles with four-wheel drive must always be equipped with four wheels with tyres of the same size, construction, tread pattern and make.
Renewing tyres
Tyres must always be renewed when:
• the legal minimum tread depth of 1.6 mm is reached
• there is visible mechanical damage
7.14Tyres with flange protection
The tyre industry produces tyres with flange protection for alloy wheels. The flange protection is intended to protect alloy wheels from damage due to contact with kerbs.
The combination of tyres with flange protection, steel wheels and a full-size hub cap can lead to the loss of the hub cap during op‐eration.Theflexingofthetyreseparatesthehubcapfromitsseat.
NOTICE
Tyre with flange protection fitted to steel rim. Wheel trim may become detached from wheel.
– Do not fit tyres with flange protection to steel rims.
The figure shows a prohibited combination of steel rim, full-size hub cap and a tyre with flange protection.
A - Flange protection
B - Flange of a steel rim
C - Full-size hub cap
7.15Tyre sizes for vehicles with four-wheel drive
The following points must be observed for vehicles with fourwheel drive:
♦ Only tyres of the same make, design and tread pattern may be fitted to the front and rear axles.
♦ Different tyre rolling circumferences produce stress in the drive train which increases tyre wear and may damage the drive train.
♦ Theserestrictionsalsoapplytofrontandreartyreswithgreatly differing stages of wear. In such cases, tyres with the most tread must be fitted on the rear axle.
7.16Increase in temperature due to insuffi‐cient tyre pressure
The graph shows the temperature development of a tyre at a speed of 180 km/h.
A - When specified tyre pressure is maintained, the temperature will remain stable.
B - Danger zone: when tyre pressure is 0.3 bar below specifica‐tion, the temperature rises to above 120 °C at high speeds.
C - Critical temperature threshold: A tyre defect will develop.
T - Temperature in °C
t - Travel time in minutes
8Tyre sealant
⇒ “8.1 Models with breakdown set”, page 81
⇒ “8.2 Storage life”, page 81
⇒ “8.3 Waste disposal”, page 81
8.1Models with breakdown set
Depending vehicle equipment, the vehicles are equipped with a tyre mobility set.
The breakdown set is located in the luggage compartment ⇒ Owner's manual; breakdown set .
The breakdown set consists of a bottle of tyre sealant and a com‐pressor.
The tyre sealant in the bottle has a limited storage life ⇒ page 81
Observe regulations for disposal ⇒ page 81
8.2Storage
life
The tyre sealant in the bottle has a limited shelf life. Therefore, the expiry date is indicated on the bottle -arrow-. Renew tyre sealant if the expiry date is reached (the tyre sealant must not be older than 4 years).
If the bottle was opened e.g. at a "flat tyre", it must also be re‐newed.
Observe regulations for disposal ⇒ page 81
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8.3Waste disposal
♦ Tyre sealant or residue must not be mixed or disposed of with other fluids.
♦ Excess tyre sealant must be collected and stored in a plastic container. The plastic container can be disposed of through the disposal system along with the breakdown set (when the expiry date is exceeded)
♦ The items can be returned or disposed of through the existing workshop disposal system.
♦ Contact the service provider or the waste disposal officer of the sales centre or importer.
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9Information on wheel rims
⇒ “9.1 Structure of wheel rim”, page 82
⇒ “9.2 Identification”, page 83
⇒ “9.3 Composite wheels”, page 83
⇒ “9.4 Care and maintenance of alloy wheel rims”, page 83
⇒ “9.5 Restoring alloy wheels”, page 84
⇒ “9.6 Removing and installing hub cover for alloy wheels with open threaded connection”, page 84
⇒ “9.7 Renewing trim elements”, page 85
⇒ “9.8 Removing and installing valve”, page 91
9.1Structure of wheel rim
1 - Wheel rim flange
❑Stop for tyre side bead‐ing
2 - Hump (H2) on both should‐ers of rim
❑Prevents the tyre slip‐ping off the shoulder of the rim while driving through tight bends
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❑Extended hump (EH2)prerequisite when using tyres with run-flat prop‐erties ⇒ page 83
3 - Well
❑Eases fitting/removal of tyre
A - Width of wheel rim
❑Distance between tyre contact surfaces on both rim edges of wheel
❑Dimensions in inches
B - Wheel rim diameter
❑Distance between tyre contact surfaces on op‐posite tyre shoulders
❑Dimensions in inches
C - Wheel offset
❑Vertical distance be‐tween centre of wheel and wheel inner contact surface
❑Dimensions in mm
D - Pitch circle diameter
❑Diameter of circle for wheel bolt holes
❑Dimensions in mm
E - Centre hole
❑Used to centralize
❑Dimensions in mm
9.2Identification
There are several items of information on rims. The following ex‐ampleshowstheinformationneededforclearidentificationofthe rim:
Part number:
6E0 601 027 A
AG. Volkswagen
Wheel size: 6 J x 15
6 - Rim width in inches
J - Shape of wheel rim flange
15 - Rim diameter in inches
Wheel offset in mm: 43
Data on hump of rim shoulder: EH2
Extended Hump 1)
1) Raised round hump on both rim shoulders. These ensure that whenrun-flattyresareusedwithoutairpressure,theywillnotslip from rim shoulder. EH2 wheel rims are required only if run-flat tyres are fitted ⇒ page 71 !
9.3Composite wheels
Split rim alloy wheels consist of several parts.
Themajorpartsaretherimandthewheelcentre.Thesepartsare bolted together with special bolts using a special process. This ensures that the wheel functions properly, that it is sealed and safeandthatitrunstrue.Theserequirementsarenotguaranteed with workshop materials and under workshop conditions.
Note
Donotdismantleorrepaircompositewheels!
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9.4Care and maintenance of alloy wheel rims
Regular care is required to maintain the decorative appearance of alloy wheels over a long period of time.
In particular road salt and dust from brake abrasion must be thor‐oughlywashedoffevery2weeks;otherwisethefinishofthealloy wheel will suffer.
Cleaning agent
Suitable cleaning agents:
♦ Plain water or water with soft soap
♦ Water and essence of vinegar
♦ Alloy wheel cleansers without acids or strong solvents
Do not exceed the soaking time of the cleaning agent.
The shorter the recommended soaking time, the harsher and more aggressive the cleaning agent.
Damage to finish
If the finish is damaged, for example by stones, the damage must be repaired as quickly as possible ⇒ page 84
Removing adhesive residue from glued balance weights on alloy rims
♦ Strongsolventsandacidsattackthefinishonalloywheelsand the surface of the wheel becomes matt and milky. Therefore, these substances should not be used.
♦ Toremoveadhesiveresidueonalloywheels,usealloycleans‐ersorapetrol-basedcleanser.Donotexceedthesoakingtime of the cleaning agent.
♦ After cleaning or removing adhesive residue from wheels, rinse them with water.
9.5Restoring alloy wheels
• Repairing a damaged wheel using heat treatment such as welding or the addition or removal of material is absolutely forbidden.
• Damaged or deformed wheel rims or wheel rims with cracked or deformed wheel bolt holes may not be repaired.
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Torque setting for self-locking hexagon socket head bolts: 5 Nm
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9.8Removing and installing valve
⇒ “9.8.1 Removing and installing valve, description of the valve”, page 91
⇒ “9.8.2 Removing and installing valve, rubber valve”, page 91
⇒ “9.8.3 Removing and installing valve, metal valve”, page 92
9.8.1Removing and installing valve, descrip‐tion of the valve
1. Valve body
1 -Valve body
2 -Valve insert
3 -Valve cap
The rubber valve for tubeless tyres is designed to create an airtight seal in the hole in the rim. The elastic material of the rubber valve body presses tightly into the hole in the rim.
In the case of valves with a threaded metal base, a rubber seal is used to seal the rim. The lateral faces of the rim hole are sealing surfaces. They must therefore be free of rust and dirt and must not be damaged.
2. Valve core
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Thevalveinserthasthemostimportantjobinthevalve.Itcreates a seal and enables the regulation of the air pressure. The small flat seal on the valve core can only function correctly if it is free of foreign particles, dirt and moisture. The compressed air system must be free of water and oil!
3. Valve cap
A valve cap must always be screwed onto the valve. It prevents dirt from getting into the valve. Dirt which may be in the valve would reach the seal of the valve plate when the tyre is inflated and cause a leak.
The valve must be renewed every time a new tyre is fitted.
If the vehicle is driven without caps on the valves, there is the danger that dirt may get into the valve. This leads to a gradual loss of air, which in turn can lead to the destruction of the tyre.
♦ Separation of carcass and rubber ⇒ page 107
♦ Wide, circumferential furrows near the bead ⇒ page 107
♦ Stripped tread or stripped protector ⇒ page 106
NOTICE
No air-tight seal when valve cap is not tightened properly.
– Screw valve cap firmly onto valve.
9.8.2Removing and installing valve, rubber valve
• Ensure that the wheel rim is clean.
–Insert new tyre valve with -VAS 6459- -1-.
–Unscrew and remove valve insert.
– Inflatetyretoapprox.3…4bar.Thebeadofthetyremustslip audibly over the hump of the rim.
–Screw in valve insert.
–Check tyre pressure to make sure prescribed pressure has been reached.
–Balance wheel.
9.8.3Removing and installing valve, metal valve
Special tools and workshop equipment required
♦ Torque wrench - V.A.G 1410-
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♦ Retighteningisimpermissible,asthesealmayotherwisebe damaged. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
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Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
–Tighten nut -1- of metal valve.
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Tyre noise that can be heard by the human ear is caused by vi‐brations which are transmitted by the air from the source of the sound to our ears.
Of interest here are the noises caused by certain characteristics and effects while the tyres are rolling (source of the sound).
The cause of the noise is largely dependent on the combination of the road surface and tyres.
The structure and material of the road surface will greatly affect tyre noise. For example, the noise level on a wet road is much higher than on a dry road.
The pattern of the tyre tread also has a significant influence on tyre noise. Tyres with transverse grooves at an angle of 90° gen‐erate more noise than tyres with grooves running diagonally.
Small tread blocks are unstable. Their highly pronounced defor‐mation agitates the air as the tyres roll. This creates the air vibrations that cause tyre noise.
Wider tyres are louder. They need more tread channels to dis‐placewater.Whentheyarerolling,thesetreadchannelsdisplace the air, also creating air vibrations.
Further effects that also influence tyre noise:
♦ “Tyrevibration”istheprincipalcauseoftyrenoise.Itiscaused by the columns of air in the tread channels being agitated.
♦ “Air pumping” is the compression and expansion of the air caused by the deformation of the tread blocks as the tyre con‐tact patch moves along the road surface.
Useful information regarding tyre noise
Tyre noise is determined primarily by the tyres and the road sur‐face.
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The roughness, structure and material of the road surface influ‐ence tyre noise.
The widths of the tyre and the rim, among other things, influence tyre noise. Due to their larger contact area, wider tyres will cause moretyrenoisethannarrowtyres,asmoreairhastobedisplaced and more “mass” is agitated to create vibrations.
A wider wheel rim will also cause a tyre to have a wider contact patch.Theeffectontyrenoiseisthusverysimilartothatofawider tyre. Moreover, the damping characteristics of the tyre may also be adversely affected by the wider wheel rim.
On vehicles with a front-mounted engine, tyre noise is more per‐ceptible at the rear of the vehicle, as wind and engine noises are not as loud there.
10.1.2Flat spots (from locking wheels)
Flat spots can result from an extreme brake application which causes the wheels to lock, so that the rubber is worn off at the contact patch between the tread and the road surface.
As the tyres slide over the road surface, friction generates heat, which also reduces the wear resistance of the tread material.
Notevenahighlywear-resistanttreadcompoundcanpreventthe flat spots caused by violent braking.
Even ABS-controlled brake systems cannot prevent brief locking of the wheels, and thus, minor flat spots.
The degree of such wear depends largely on the vehicle speed, the road surface and the load placed on the wheel. The following examples should make this clear.
If a vehicle is braked to a standstill on a dry surface with the wheels locked, the amount of rubber worn from the tyre will cover an area the size of a postcard and will have a thickness of:
♦ up to 2.0 mm when braking from a speed of 57 km/h (23.8 m braking distance)
♦ up to 3.3 mm when braking from a speed of 75 km/h (41.8 m braking distance)
♦ up to 4.8 mm when braking from a speed of 92 km/h (71.6 m braking distance)
Flat spots in tread
Tyres with such damage must no longer be used and must be renewed.
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10.2Vehicle pulls to one side
⇒ “10.2.1 General information”, page 96
⇒ “10.2.2 Conicity”, page 96
⇒ “10.2.3 Remedies when vehicle pulls to one side”, page 97
⇒ “10.2.4 Strategic rotation of wheels for non-directional tyres”, page 98
Perform a road test to determine whether a vehicle is pulling to one side and if so, which side. If the vehicle pulls to one side ⇒ page 97 .
When wheel alignment is checked, include the wheel alignment test results in tyre complaint report.
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Manufacturer's tolerances can lead to a slight amount of taper (asymmetry) in the tyre carcass. The rolling tyre then develops a lateral force which acts directly on the wheel suspension, leading toself-steeringofthevehicle.Strategicrotationofthewheelscan balance out this self-steering behaviour.
10.2.2Conicity
Conicity is caused by a slight offset of the tread and/or the belt (amounting to a few tenths of a millimetre) relative to the geo‐metric centre of the tyre. Taper is not visible and cannot be measured with equipment available in the workshop.
Parts of a tyre
1 - Bead
2 - Shoulder
3 - Tread
4 - Steel cord belt
A - Geometrical centre of tyre
AGdoesnotguaranteeoracceptanyliability
B - Actual centre of belt. It can be offset to inside or outside.
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Exaggerated for clarity.
1 - Offset of belt and tread
F1 - Unequal vertical wheel forces
F2 - Unequal vertical wheel forces
Fk - Conicity force
The offset produces differences in stiffness at the inner and outer shoulders of the tyre, resulting in differing vertical wheel forces. Consequently the belt or tread will not be pressed onto the road surfacewiththesameforce(F1,F2).Aconical,ortapered,shape develops. The resulting force (conicity force Fk) can, depending on the speed, become so great that the vehicle then pulls to one side.
IftheforceFkononewheeloftheaxleis,forexample,50Newton, and also 50 Newton on the other wheel, and both forces are ex‐erted in the same direction, the forces are cumulated. Reversing a tyre on the rim can compensate for the lateral pull because the forces then act in opposite directions.
Because the direction in which the force of taper is exerted is not visible, only road tests and strategic rotation of wheels and tyres can establish which tyres cause the pulling.
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The tyre consists of numerous components and materials which are vulcanised to form a single part at the end of a complicated manufacturing process. The result is differing production toleran‐ces which make themselves noticeable through more or less stronglateralforces(conicityforces).Theseforcescanalsooccur in new tyres.
Pulling to one side on front axle
Pulling to one side can be caused by the running gear. However, experience shows that in 90 % of all complaints, the tyres cause pulling to one side.
Pulling to one side during normal driving
On a straight, level road surface, the vehicle wants to pull to one sideataconstantspeedorwithmoderateacceleration.Forcecan be felt at the steering wheel.
Pulling to one side during fast acceleration
Pulling to one side during fast acceleration is, in part, due to the basic design of vehicles with front wheel drive. Different friction levels at the left and right wheels or possible irregularities in the road surface (potholes) and consequently varying road adhesion have a substantial influence on the handling characteristics. This does not constitute a complaint which is covered by the warranty.
10.2.3Remedies when vehicle pulls to one side
Test conditions before and during the road test:
– Check all suspension components on the front and rear axles for damage.
–Check tyre pressure and correct if necessary.
– Checkthetyresforexternaldamage.Punctures,cuts,bubbles on the sidewalls, flat spots from braking and/or damage to the tread.
–Ask the customer if the tyre had been damaged by a nail or similar object and was repaired by a tyre dealer. It may be necessary to renew such tyres.
– If the tyres are non-directional, ensure that all DOT classifica‐tions on the tyre face outwards. The wheels and/or tyres on thevehiclemayhavealreadybeenchangedaroundatanear‐lier date.
–Is the make of tyre approved by the factory as original equip‐ment?
–Perform the road test on a road which is level, straight and ungrooved and does not drop off to one side.
AGdoesnotguaranteeoracceptanyliabilitywi
–Perform the road test with the customer under the conditions specified above. Ask the customer to demonstrate the prob‐lem.
Note
Theremustbenocrosswindduringtheroadtest.
If the complaint is justified, we recommend rotating the wheels and tyres as described below.
Before you begin, observe the following notes; otherwise your ef‐forts may not have the desired effect.
Note
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10.2.4Strategic rotation of wheels for non-directional tyres
Perform a road test to determine if the vehicle pulls to one side and if so, which side.
If the vehicle pulls to one side, interchange the front wheels.
Carrying out road test
Vehicle travels in a straight line - END
Vehicle pulls to other side
Vehicle pulls to the same side
Reverseonefronttyreonitsrim(directionofrotation is reversed).
Carrying out road test
Vehicle travels in a straight line - END
Vehicle does not travel in a straight line.
Interchange the front and rear wheels.
Carrying out road test
Vehicle travels in a straight line - END
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Vehicle does not travel in a straight line.
Interchange front wheels.
Carrying out road test
Vehicle trav‐els in a straight lineEND
Interchange front and rear tyres.
Carrying out road test
Vehicle travels in a straight line - END
Vehicle does not travel in a straight line.
Vehiclepullstootherside No change
Reverse one front tyre on its rim (direction of rota‐tion is reversed)
Check alignment of front and rear wheels and ad‐just if necessary.
If the alignment is correct, contact Product Support.
Vehicle does not travel in a straight line.
Mount new tyres on front axle
Carrying out road test
Vehicletravelsinastraightline-END
Carrying out road test
Vehicle travels in a straight line - END
Vehicle does not travel in a straight line.
Mount new tyres on front axle
Carrying out road test
Vehicle travels in a straight line - END
Vehicle does not travel in a straight line; contact Product Support.
10.2.5Strategic rotation of wheels having unidirectional tyres
Perform a road test to determine if the vehicle pulls to one side and if so, which side.
If the vehicle pulls to one side, interchange front and back wheels with tyres.
Carrying out road test
Vehicle travels in a straight line - END
Vehicle does not travel in a straight line.
First renew one tyre on the front axle.
Carrying out road test
Vehicle travels in a straight line - END
Vehicle does not travel in a straight line.
↓
Renew other tyre on the front axle. ↓
Carrying out road test
Vehicle travels in a straight line - END
Vehicle does not travel in a straight line. ↓
Check front and rear wheel alignment. ↓
Carrying out road test
Vehicle travels in a straight line - END
Vehicle does not travel in a straight line; contact Product Support.
10.3Vibration
⇒ “10.3.1 Vibration, causes for vibration”, page 100
⇒ “10.3.2 Vibration, conducting a road test before balancing wheels”, page 100
⇒ “10.3.3 Vibration, vibration control system”, page 101
10.3.1Vibration, causes for vibration
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Roughrunningcanhaveanumberofdifferentcauses.Itcanalso becausedbytyrewear.Tyrewearcausedbydrivingisnotalways evenly spread across the entire running surface of the tyre. This causes slight imbalances which affect the smooth running of a wheel which was previously exactly balanced.
Minor imbalances will not be felt at the steering wheel, but that doesnotmeanthattheyarenotthere.Theyincreasewearonthe tyre and thus reduce the tyre service life.
Recommendation
To ensure
• optimal safety,
• smoothest possible running and
• even wear
throughoutatyre'sservicelife,werecommendhavingthewheels and tyres balanced at least twice during the tyre's service life.
10.3.2Vibration, conducting a road test before balancing wheels
If a customer brings a vehicle to the workshop complaining about “vibration”, a road test is essential prior to balancing the wheels.
♦ This will give you information about the nature of the rough running.
♦ You will be able to determine the speed range in which rough running occurs.
–Raise the vehicle on a lifting platform immediately after the road test.
–Mark installation position on tyre.
Tyre position
Marked with …
Front left tyre FL
Front right tyre FR
Rear left tyre RL
Rear right tyre RR
–Remove wheels.
–Balance wheels.
10.3.3Vibration, vibration control system
Usingthevibrationcontrolsystem-VAS6230A-youcanperform more functions than just stationary balancing.
A special feature of this system is the testing of the radial force of the wheel and tyre while rolling.
A roller presses against the wheel with a force of about 635 kg. This simulates the vertical tyre force against the road surface during travel.
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Radial and lateral runout in the wheel and tyre and differences in the stiffness of the tyre cause the vertical force of the wheel to vary.
The-VAS6230A-detectsandstoresthepositionofthemaximum measuredradialforceinthetyre.Thenthepositionofthesmallest distance between the wheel rim flange and the centre of the rim is measured.
10.4
Eliminating flat spots caused by storage or handling
–Determining flat spots on tyres ⇒ page 103 .
Eliminating flat spots caused by storage or handling
♦ Flatspotscausedbystorageorhandlingcannotbeeliminated from the tyre using workshop equipment.
♦ Flatspotscausedbystorageorhandlingcanberemovedonly by running the tyres warm.
♦ The method described below is not recommended in cold and wintry weather.
Requirements and conditions:
–If necessary, check tyre pressure and correct.
–If possible, drive the vehicle onto a motorway.
–Traffic and road conditions permitting, drive a 20 to 30 km stretch at a speed of 120 to 150 km/h (where legally permis‐sible).
NOTICE
Danger to driver and other road users during road test.
– Always proceed according to the local legislative regula‐tions.
– Makesurethatthetestandmeasuringequipmentisproperly secured. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
–Jack up the vehicle immediately after the trip.
–Unbolt wheels from vehicle.
–Balancing wheels on stationary wheel balancer ⇒ page 31
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11Evaluating tyres
⇒ “11.1 Flat spots caused by storage or handling”, page 103
⇒ “11.2 Undulations”, page 103
⇒ “11.3 Saw-tooth wear”, page 104
⇒ “11.4 Flat spots caused by hard braking”, page 104
⇒ “11.5 Swellings in the tyre sidewall”, page 104
⇒ “11.6 Cuts”, page 106
⇒ “11.7 Damage caused by foreign bodies”, page 106
⇒ “11.8 Stripped profile”, page 106
⇒ “11.9 Tyre damage due to insufficient tyre pressure”, page 107
⇒ “11.10 Checking tyres”, page 107
⇒ “11.11 Damage caused when fitting”, page 108
11.1 Flatspotscausedbystorageorhandling
What is a flat spot?
The terms flat area and flats are also used for the term flat spot.
Flat spots caused by storage or handling also cause vibration in the same way as incorrectly balanced wheels do. It is important that flat spots on the tread are identified as such.
Flatspotscausedbystorageorhandlingcannotbebalancedand they can reoccur at any time due to various circumstances. Flat spots caused by storage or handling can be eliminated without complicatedspecialtools.Thisdoesnotapplytoflatspotscaused by hard braking ⇒ page 95
♦ The vehicle was parked with warm tyres in a cool garage or similar for a long period of time. In this case, a standing flat spot may even occur overnight.
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–Eliminate flat spots caused by storage or handling ⇒ page 101
11.2Undulations
Radial depressions are slight concavities in the tyre sidewall. They run from the bead towards the shoulder of the tyre. These parts appear in the figure ⇒ page 96
The cause is the accumulation of material at the joints of the tyre components.
Undulations have no effect on:
♦ Safety,
♦ Service life,
♦ Handling or
♦ Other characteristics of the tyre.
Undulations are visible to varying extents. It is not necessary to inspect the tyre or remove it from the rim.
What causes undulations?
Modern steel belted tyres are constructed with single-ply side walls to save weight.
The sidewall components consist of long strips before they are joined together to form a tyre. They must overlap at the joints. Consequently, slight irregularities or waves are created in the areaoftheoverlappingparts.Theoverlapsareeasiertoseefrom the outside due to the single-ply construction.
11.3Saw-tooth wear
⇒ “12.2 Saw-tooth wear”, page 111
11.4Flat spots caused by hard braking
♦ This type of flat spots may be caused by hard braking on a rough surface such as a tarmac road.
♦ During this type of braking manoeuvre only a certain area of the tyre is abraded accordingly and therefore causes an im‐balance.
♦ Consequently, a flat spot caused by hard braking results in vibration in the vehicle, deteriorated vehicle handling and in‐creased noise.
♦ Inmostcases,awheelwiththiskindoftyretendstolockagain in the area with the larger contact surface between road and tyre even at lower braking forces and therefore cause even higher vibration.
♦ Iftheflatspotcausedbyhardbrakingisnottoosignificant,the vibrations may stop after the tyre has been worn all-round ac‐cordingly.
NOTICE
Flat spots with irreparable damage to the tyre caused by ex‐treme braking.
– Renew the tyre.
11.5Swellings in the tyre sidewall
Aswellinginthesidewallofthetyreindicatesthatthesubstructure of the carcass has been damaged.
Typical causes for such damage include, for example, driving over kerbs at a sharp angle.
Pinching the tyre in this way can damage the carcass.
The substructure of the tyre is stretched so far that individual fi‐bres in the carcass may be broken.
The extent of the damage depends on the speed of impact, the angle of impact, the tyre pressure, the axle load and the type of obstacle.
Due to a severe impact, the carcass was pinched on the wheel rim flange and is ruptured in the contact area.
Damage inside tyre due to impact injury (double rupture)
Double rupture -arrows- caused by pinching when a kerb was driven over. Often not detectable from outside.
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11.6Cuts
Cut caused by a sharp-edged obstacle -arrow-
11.7Damage caused by foreign bodies
Driving over hard, pointed objects like nails, screws and the like can pierce the tyre.
This always leads to tyre damage.
Damage due to embedded foreign body
Often, the object -marking- is so securely embedded in the tyre that it will not free itself even at higher speeds. Consequently, it can act as a plug and seal the tyre relatively well. This results in a gradual loss of pressure, which the driver will not notice imme‐diately, but which can lead to sudden and complete tyre failure.
icremmocroetavirprofgniypoCla rup op s e s , i n p a r t o r in w hole,
Such damage usually develops over a longer period of time. If an already damaged tyre is exposed to high stress, the centrifugal forces which occur at high speeds can tear components off the tyre.
The figure shows a tyre with stripped tread due to travel with in‐sufficient tyre pressure.
11.9Tyre damage due to insufficient tyre pressure
Themostcommoncausesfortyrefailureareminorexternaldam‐age, a defective valve or a leaking rim due to corrosion or dam‐age.
Separation of carcass and rubber
Excessiveheatingduetodrivingwithsubstantiallyinsufficienttyre pressure led to overheating and subsequent separation of the carcass from the rubber material -arrows-.
The tyre shown here was periodically driven with an inflation pressure which was insufficient for the load. Typical evidence for this is the circumferential scuffing along the bead caused by the wheelflangeandalsothediscolouration.Small,furrowedcreases are visible along the inside of the sidewall.
When the tyre rolls, strong shear forces develop between the lay‐ers of steel cord, especially at the ends of the belts.
Tyres with wide, circumferential furrows near the bead
Wide,circumferentialfurrowsnearthebead-arrows-indicatethat the tyre was driven with insufficient pressure.
Driving a vehicle with insufficient tyre pressure or ignoring or not recognising tyre damage can have serious consequences.
The tyre can no longer withstand the forces which develop when the vehicle is driven.
The defects mentioned above severely restrict the function of the tyre. The rubber compounds separate, which results in the partial separation of tyre components or even its complete destruction.
11.10Checking tyres
As tyre damage can have serious consequences, you and the driver should regularly check the tyres to identify any problems at an early stage.
Damaged tyres cannot withstand driving conditions such as high speed, long distances, sporty driving, and so on.
Damage can be caused in a number of ways:
♦ Driving with insufficient tyre pressure
♦ Assembly error when tyres were fitted on rims
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♦ Surface erosion or ripples on the inner side (inflation pressure was too low or not sufficient for the load)
♦ Loose rubber or loose radial threads
♦ Separated or deformed bead core
♦ Damage to tyre bead with cord ply visible
11.11Damage caused when fitting Bead core broken during tyre inflation. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
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The hump prevents the tyre from being pressed out of the rim shoulder when travelling with insufficient tyre pressure.
When the tyre is inflated, the bead of the tyre may not slip com‐pletely over the outer rim hump.
In this case, there is a danger of the bead core becoming over‐stretched if the tyre pressure is too high. The steel wires would then rupture partially or completely. A broken bead core cannot be detected from the outside.
CAUTION
Damage to bead core of the tyre. No secure fit of tyre on the wheel. – Renew the tyre. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
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12Tyre wear
⇒ “12.1 Factors influencing the service life of tyres”, page 110
⇒ “12.2 Saw-tooth wear”, page 111
⇒ “12.3 Wear behaviour of high-speed tyres”, page 111
⇒ “12.4 Measuring tread depth”, page 112
⇒ “12.5 One-sided wear”, page 112
⇒ “12.6 Outer shoulder wear”, page 115
⇒ “12.7 Diagonal washout”, page 116
⇒ “12.8 Wear in middle of tyre”, page 116
⇒ “12.9 Permissible deviation in tread depth”, page 117
12.1Factors influencing the service life of tyres
The following factors influence a tyre's service life to varying de‐grees.
Driving style:
♦ Speed
♦ Braking
♦ Acceleration
♦ Cornering
Maintenance:
♦ Tyre pressure
Environment:
♦ Road surface
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♦ Ambient temperature and climate
Vehicle:
♦ Weight
♦ Dynamic toe and camber settings
Tyre use:
♦ Speed range
♦ Wet or dry
Tyre type:
Winter or summer
Running gear modifications:
If “suspension lowering kits” and/or alloy wheels that have not been approved by the vehicle manufacturer are used as acces‐sories, the wheel positions can be altered so that the specified alignment is no longer maintained while driving.
Even if the axle geometry adjustment is correct with the vehicle stationary during wheel alignment, the changed vehicle height and wheel positions can cause the wheel suspension to move differently when driving.
Uneven wear is then unavoidable.
12.2Saw-tooth wear
Saw-tooth wear is a stepped wear pattern on the individual tread blocks ⇒ page 111 that can cause increased tyre noise. The saw tooth is caused by uneven deformation of the tread blocks in the tyre'scontactpatch.Saw-toothwearismorepronouncedonnondriven wheels than on driven wheels.
Newtyresaremoresusceptibletosaw-toothwearbecauseofthe greater elasticity of the high tread blocks. As the tread depth de‐creases, the tread blocks become more rigid and the tendency to wear in a saw-tooth pattern decreases.
Appearance of saw tooth
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A - Tread block of a new tyre; seen in direction of motion -arrow 1-, tread blocks are equally high in front and back.
B - Development of saw teeth; seen in the direction of rotation -arrow 1-, tread blocks are higher in front -arrow 2- than in back.
C - Seen in the direction of rotation -arrow 1-, tread blocks show greater wear in the front section of the “saw tooth” -arrow 3-.
Pronounced saw-tooth wear can lead to customers complaining about tyre noise.
Pronounced saw-tooth wear occurs under the following condi‐tions:
♦ toe values are too high
♦ tyre pressures are incorrect
♦ tread is coarse and open
♦ tyres are fitted on the non-driven axle
♦ very fast cornering.
non-directional tyres
In the event of saw-tooth wear, the direction of rotation of the tyre mustbereversed.Ifsaw-toothwearisespeciallypronouncedand tyre noise has increased, interchange the tyres diagonally. This will reduce the saw-tooth effect.
On front-wheel-drive vehicles, this effect is intensified by the greater wear on the front axle.
Tyre noise will be somewhat louder immediately after the tyres have been interchanged but will return to a normal level after about 500 to 1000 km have been driven.
Directional tyres
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In the event of increased saw-tooth wear on the rear tyres – in particularonfront-wheeldrivevehicles–interchangethefrontand rear tyres. In the event of increased saw-tooth wear on the outer edges of the tyres on one axle, turn both tyres around on their rims. The left-hand wheel must then be fitted on the right side of the vehicle and the right-hand wheel on the left side.
12.3Wear behaviour of high-speed tyres
Thesetyresaredesignedforveryhighspeeds.Whendeveloping these tyres, good grip in wet conditions is the main objective. The tread compositions do not have the same wear resistance as T and H tyres for lower speeds.
The life expectancy of high-speed tyres is therefore considerably lower in comparable conditions of use.
12.4Measuring tread depth
Note
♦ Thetreaddepthismeasuredinthemaintreadchannels.
♦ DonotmeasureattheTWIs(TreadWearIndicators).
Measure the tread depth in the main tread channel, at the points where the tyre is worn most heavily. The position of the TWIs can be seen at various points on the shoulder of the tyre
⇒ Item 2 (page 60)
A “Δ” or the manufacturer's “logo” may appear in the place of “TWI”.
ThebarsoftheTWIhaveaheightof1.6mm.Thisistheminimum tread depth required by German law.
Different values may apply in other countries.
TheTWIsmustnotbeincludedinthemeasurement.Treaddepth should always be measured at the deepest point of the tread channel.
A - TWIs in the main tread channels
B - Main tread channels with TWIs -arrows-
12.5One-sided wear
This is often caused by driving style, but can be the result of in‐correct wheel alignment. Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤ ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
Increased one-sided wear
One-sided wear, usually in conjunction with signs of scuffing on the ribs of the tread and in the fine grooves, always occurs when thetyreshavebeenallowedtorollwithanextremetyreslipangle, causing them to »rub« on the road surface.
Driving fast on a stretch of road with lots of curves will cause in‐creased wear, in particular on the outer shoulder.
A rounded outer shoulder on the tyre in conjunction with a partic‐ularly high degree of wear on the outer tread blocks indicates fast cornering. This wear pattern is influenced by driving style.
Tooptimisehandling,thesuspensionissettospecifiedtoe-inand camber values. Increased one-sided wear can be expected if tyres are allowed to roll under conditions which differ from those specified.
One-sidedwearisespeciallylikelyifthetoeandcamberhavenot been set correctly. Moreover, there is a greater risk of diagonal washout.
Toe-out or negative toe-in
Distance between front of wheels -A- is greater than distance be‐tween rear of wheels -B- (-C- = direction of travel). Arteon 2018 ➤ , Atlas 2017 ➤ , Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , CC 2012 ➤
Toe-in or positive toe
Distance between front of wheels -A- is less than distance be‐tween rear of wheels -B- (-C- = direction of travel).
AG Volkswagen AGdoesnotguaranteeoraccepta
Topreventone-sidedwear,caremustbetakentoensurethatthe wheel is set within the tolerance specified by the vehicle manu‐facturer. The most frequent deviation of the wheel alignment is caused by external influences, for example hard contact with a kerb when parking.
By measuring the axle geometry, you can check whether the wheel alignment is within the specified tolerances or whether it has to be corrected.
Running gear modifications
Using “suspension-lowering kits” and/or alloy wheels that have not been recommended by the vehicle manufacturer may result in altered wheel positions which deviate from the specified align‐ment.
Even if the axle geometry is correct with the vehicle stationary during wheel alignment, the changed vehicle height and wheel positions can cause the wheel suspension to move differently during operation.
Uneven wear is then unavoidable.
Unsuitable use of self-levelling adjustments on pneumatic sus‐pension system
The use of the offroad level is recommended only for driving off‐road. Permanent use of the offroad level during normal road operation can lead to increased tyre wear as the height of the wheel position is different to the road level.
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The way to prevent one-sided tyre wear is to ensure the wheel alignment is correct on one hand and on the other hand to make sure the vehicle is used only for its intended purpose:
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Regular servicing of the vehicle and tyres helps to prevent tyre wear. The following should be noted in particular with regards to this:
♦ The prescribed minimum tyre inflation pressures must be ad‐hered to.
♦ Different wear on the front and rear axle depending on the driving style is unavoidable. This condition can be compensa‐ted for by rotating the wheels from front to rear. The ideal opportunity to do this, for example, is during the seasonal change between winter and summer tyres. This change also has a positive side effect in that the tyres can wear down equally, meaning that a completely new set of tyres can be fitted. This prevents differences between the tread depths of the tyres on each axle, which can have negative effects on road holding.
♦ Sawtoothformationisanormalwearpattern,particularlyifthe driving style is very careful ⇒ page 111 . This can lead to in‐creased rolling noise, which generally becomes less as the tread depth decreases. In the event of light saw tooth forma‐tion or if saw tooth formation is just starting, exchanging the wheels between axles is normally sufficient. If saw tooth for‐mation is very pronounced, the wheels have to be changed in accordance with ⇒ page 111 so their direction of rotation is reversed. This does not apply for tyres with a directional tread pattern.
♦ Some tread patterns may create an impression of premature wear: if winter tyre sipes or channels in the tread are worn down, only compact profile blocks without patterns remain, thus giving the impression of a worn tyre. In this case, the re‐maining tread depth must be measured in each groove. If this is at or below the minimum tread depth, the tyre can continue to be used without restrictions. (In Germany, the minimum is 1.6 mm; it is recommended, and in Austria, required, that win‐tertyresthatareworndownto4mmbeusedonlyinsummer)
12.6Outer shoulder wear
Unsuitable use of self-levelling adjustments on pneumatic sus‐pension system
The use of the offroad level is recommended only for driving off‐road. Permanent use of the offroad level during normal road operation can lead to increased tyre wear as the height of the wheel position is different to the road level.
isnotpermittedunlessauthorisedbyVolkswagen
The way to prevent one-sided tyre wear is to ensure the wheel alignment is correct on one hand and on the other hand to make sure the vehicle is used only for its intended purpose:
Regular servicing of the vehicle and tyres helps to prevent tyre wear. The following should be noted in particular with regards to this:
♦ The prescribed minimum tyre inflation pressures must be ad‐hered to.
♦ Different wear on the front and rear axle depending on the driving style is unavoidable. This condition can be compensa‐ted for by rotating the wheels from front to rear. The ideal opportunity to do this, for example, is during the seasonal change between winter and summer tyres. This change also has a positive side effect in that the tyres can wear down equally, meaning that a completely new set of tyres can be fitted. This prevents differences between the tread depths of the tyres on each axle, which can have negative effects on road holding.
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♦ Sawtoothformationisanormalwearpattern,particularlyifthe driving style is very careful ⇒ page 111 . This can lead to in‐creased rolling noise, which generally becomes less as the tread depth decreases. In the event of light saw tooth forma‐tion or if saw tooth formation is just starting, exchanging the wheels between axles is normally sufficient. If saw tooth for‐mation is very pronounced, the wheels have to be changed in accordance with ⇒ page 111 so their direction of rotation is reversed. This does not apply for tyres with a directional tread pattern.
♦ Some tread patterns may create an impression of premature wear: if winter tyre sipes or channels in the tread are worn down, only compact profile blocks without patterns remain, thus giving the impression of a worn tyre. In this case, the re‐maining tread depth must be measured in each groove. If this is at or below the minimum tread depth, the tyre can continue to be used without restrictions. (In Germany, the minimum is 1.6 mm; it is recommended, and in Austria, required, that win‐tertyresthatareworndownto4mmbeusedonlyinsummer
12.7Diagonal washout
Diagonal washout on a tyre
Diagonal washout runs at an angle of approx. 45° to the direction of rotation.
It usually occurs at one point only, but can also occur at several points around the circumference of the tyre.
Washoutoccursalmostexclusivelyonthetyresonthenon-driven wheels, in particular at the rear left. Washout occurs very often onsomemodels,whileitposesnoproblematallonothermodels. Theeffectisintensifiedbyhightoe-invalues.Toe-invaluesinthe region of the lower tolerance limits of the specified alignment val‐ues improve the wear pattern.
Themostpronounceddiagonalwashoutisoftenfoundinthearea where the tyre components are joined.
Wheels with toe-in also roll with a tyre slip angle when the vehicle is driven in a straight line. This leads to diagonal strain in the con‐tact area between the tyres and road surface.
This wear pattern is intensified when tyre pressure is too low. To avoid such tread wear patterns, the toe-in values of the two rear wheels should be identical and the specified tyre pressures ob‐served.
Ifyoudetectwashout,youshouldfitthewheelsonthedrivenaxle, assuming the washout is identified at an early stage. Deeper washout cannot be repaired.
Adjustment error
If a customer complains of “diagonal wear spots”, the toe adjust‐ment must be examined. If toe-in is correct, the cause of the diagonal washout is very probably the tyre itself.
Tyres with diagonal washout caused by incorrectly set axle ge‐ometry at the wheels are not covered by warranty.
12.8Wear in middle of tyre
This wear pattern is found on the driven wheels of high-perform‐ance vehicles that are frequently driven long distances at high speeds.
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At high speeds, centrifugal forces cause the tyre diameter to in‐creasemoreinthemiddleofthetreadthanitdoesattheshoulder. Thiscausesdriveforcestobetransferredtotheroadsurfacefrom the centre section of the tread. This is reflected in the wear pat‐tern.
Effects of this kind can be especially pronounced on wide tyres. It is not possible to counter this wear pattern by reducing the tyre pressure.
A more or less even tread wear pattern can be achieved by in‐terchangingthetyresonthedrivenwheelsandnon-drivenwheels in good time.
Increased tread wear
The typical tread wear pattern of tyres run on the driven wheels of a high-performance vehicle.
The increased wear in the centre section of the tread results from theextraloadingassociatedwithcentrifugalforceswithinthetyre and the transmission of drive forces.
12.9Permissible deviation in tread depth
♦ Only tyres of the same construction and tread pattern should be used on all four wheels.
♦ Fit tyres with greater tread depth on the rear axle. Applies for all vehicles (with front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive).
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13Exploded view of components
⇒ “13.1 Assembly overview - wheel”, page 118
13.1Assembly overview - wheel
1 - Wheel
❑Fitting wheels ⇒ page 13
2 - Wheel bolts
❑Different versions ⇒ page 55
3 - Tyre
❑ ⇒ “7 Information on tyres”, page 59
4 - Valve/tyre pressure sensor
❑Always renew valve
❑Use only correct valves as specified in ⇒ Elec‐tronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA”
❑ ⇒ page 42
5 - Wheel rim
❑Observe installation in‐structions ⇒ page 23
❑ ⇒ “9 Information on wheel rims”, page 82
❑ ⇒ “9.1 Structure of wheel rim”, page 82
6-Adhesivebalancingweights
❑ Not more than 60 g per‐mitted per wheel rim flange
❑ Remove dirt and grease from wheel rim at bond‐ing point
❑Pull off backing foil
❑Bond on balancing weights at surfaces pro‐vided for this purpose
7 - Anti-theft wheel bolt
❑Observe installation instructions ⇒ page 55
❑Handling ⇒ page 56
8 - Adapter for anti-theft wheel bolt
❑Fit onto wheel bolt ⇒ page 56
9 - Cap for anti-theft wheel bolts
10 - Caps for wheel bolts
11 - Wheel bolts
❑Specified torque: ⇒ Running gear, axles, steering; Rep. gr. 44 ; Wheels, tyres; Specified torque for wheel bolts
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⇒ “14.1 Assembly and use of snow chains”, page 120 14.1Assembly and use of snow chains
Snow chains must be fitted to driven wheels only.
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On all-wheel drive vehicles, however, only the front wheels may be fitted with snow chains.
It is not possible to use snow chains with all wheel and tyre com‐binations. Type and size of snow chains ⇒ Owner's manual; Snow chains
If no particular type of snow chain is specified, then small-link chainsmaybeused.These,includingthechainfastener,maynot protrudemorethan15mmbeyondthewheel'streadandtheinner wall.
Onsomemodels,onlyspecial,small-linkchainsarepossiblewith certain wheel and tyre combinations. Notes on this can be found in the vehicle tables of the certificate statement.
The maximum speed permitted by law when driving with snow chains is 50 km/h.
Snow chains should be removed when there is no snow on the road. There is no point in having them on the wheels, as they adversely affect the vehicle's handling. It causes unnecessary stress on the tyres and above average wear on the chains.
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15Regular and temporary spare wheels, recommended temporary spare tyres
⇒ “15.1 Spare wheel with yellow sticker”, page 121
Inform your customers about the following notes and, if appropri‐ate, refer also to the user's manual of the vehicle as the need arises.
The following notes also apply to spare wheels, e.g. 6.5 J x 17 with 215/65 R 17 tyres, marked with a yellow sticker with the text “MAX 80 km/h” or “MAX 50 mph”.
Refer to ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” for replacement part numbers.
Wheel Tyre
31/2 J x 18 offset 25.5
15.2.2Atlas 2017
Refer to ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” for replacement part numbers.
Wheel Tyre
4 B x 17 offset 20 T165/80 R 17 104M
15.2.3Golf 2013, e-Golf 2014
Refer to ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” for replacement part numbers.
Wheel Tyre
31/2 J x 18 offset 25.5
3 1/2 J x 16 offset 25.51)
1) not for 4Motion
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R 18 99M
R 16 96M
15.2.4Golf 2017, e-Golf 2017
Refer to ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” for replacement part numbers.
17
Wheel
31/2 J x 18 offset 25.5 T125/70 R 18 99M
3 1/2 J x 16 offset 25.52) T125/70 R 16 96M
2) not for 4Motion
15.2.5Golf SV 2015
Refer to ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” for replacement part numbers.
Wheel
31/2 J x 18 offset 25.5 T125/70 R 18 99M
Tyre
170
17 S300
M9500N
17
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3 1/2 J x 16 offset 25.5 T125/70 R 16 96M
15.2.6Golf Estate 2014
Refer to ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” for replacement part numbers.
Wheel
31/2 J x 18 offset 25.5 T125/70 R 18 99M
3 1/2 J x 16 offset 25.53) T125/70 R 16 96M
3) not for 4Motion
15.2.7Golf Estate 2017
Refer to ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” for replacement part numbers.
Wheel
17
17
CST 17
Tyre
Size: Size: Manufacturer Profile
31/2 J x 18 offset 25.5 T125/70 R 18 99M
3 1/2 J x 16 offset 25.54) T125/70 R 16 96M
4) not for 4Motion
15.2.8Passat 2015, Passat Estate 2015
Refer to ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” for replacement part numbers.
170
17 S300
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• Please note: If there is no response to CLICKING the link, please download this PDF first and then click on it.
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Wheels and Tyres Guide - General Information - Edition 09.2017
Wheel Tyre
31/2 J x 18 offset 25.5 T125/70 R 18 99M Continental CST 17
15.2.9Polo 2018
Refer to ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” for replacement part numbers.
Wheel Tyre
Size: Manufacturer Profile
31/2 J x 18 offset 38 T125/60 R 18 94M Continental CST 17
15.2.10Tiguan 2016
Refer to ⇒ Electronic Parts Catalogue “ETKA” for replacement part numbers.
Wheel Tyre
4 J x 18 offset 28 T145/85 R 18 103M Continental CST 17
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List of Workshop Manual Repair GroupsList of Workshop Manual
Repair GroupsList of Workshop Manual Repair Groups
Repair Group
44 - Wheels, tyres, vehicle geometry
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Technical information should always be available to the foremen and mechanics, because their carefulandconstantadherencetotheinstructionsisessentialtoensurevehicleroad-worthinessand safety. In addition, the normal basic safety precautions for working on motor vehicles must, as a matter of course, be observed.
All rights reserved. No reproduction without prior agreement from publisher.
22.2
23.1
23.2
allocation for Golf GTI, type 5K model year 2010 to model year 2012
Golf R from model year 2010
R, sales type 5K model year
R, sales type 5K model year 2011 to model year
24.1 CrossGolf, sales type 521 model year 2011 to model year 2012
24.2 Wheel allocation CrossGolf, sales type 521
26.1
Plus, sales type 521 model year 2012
model year 2012
27.2 Wheel allocation for Golf Plus BlueMotion, sales type 521, model year 2010 to model
28 Golf Variant from model year 2010 .
28.1
28.2 Wheel allocation for Golf Variant, Golf Variant 4Motion, sales type AJ5 model year 2010 to model year 2012
In this chapter you will learn more about tyres and wheels/rims.
Tyres are high-tech products that are especially adapted to the requirements of modern vehicles.
As with all highly developed technical products, tyres require propercare,maintenanceandservice.Thisisessentialtoensure safety, performance and comfort for the entire service life of the tyre.
Tyres are constantly being further developed. Quality tyres are the result of modern design methods and production processes, as well as continuous quality checks. All tyres that are recom‐mended by VW have been tested by the technical development department and have been designed specifically for each model in collaboration with the tyre manufacturers.
We therefore recommend fitting only the recommended tyre makes when renewing tyres.
Vehicle safety is the top priority. With regard to the various oper‐ating conditions such as
• differing speed ranges,
• winter and summer use and
• wet and dry roads,
the optimal compromise for vehicle safety must be found.
Every tyre is subjected to a wide range of different driving condi‐tions over its entire service life. It is therefore important that the basic requirements for ensuring optimal tyre performance are met.
Proper adjustment of the axle geometry during wheel alignment isanimportantprerequisiteforensuringthemaximumservicelife of the tyre. The wheel alignment must always be within the speci‐fied tolerance range.
Information for wheel alignment ⇒ Running gear, axles, steering; Rep. gr. 44 .
Normalwearandtearonatyrewillalteritscharacteristics.Rolling noisesorroughrunningcanbetheresultofsuchwear.Theseare simply the symptoms of normal wear and tear and do not consti‐tutedamageinthesenseofthetyrebeingdefective.Youcantake measures to eliminate the symptoms at least to some degree. However, in some cases it may not be possible to eliminate tyre noise completely.
Special models
Specialmodelsareonlypartlyrepresentedinthecertificatestate‐ments. Modification of these vehicles depends on the engine capacity of the basic model. Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , Eos 2006 ➤ , GTI 2009 ➤ , Golf 2009 ➤ , ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - Standard - Edition 07.2011
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2Legislative and technical conditions for converting wheel and tyre combi‐nations
2.1Legislative conditions for converting wheel and tyre combinations
The manufacturer is issued with a general operating permit (GTA inaccordancewith§20StVZO(Germanroadtrafficandlicensing regulations) and EU operating permit) for the overall vehicle with all parts for specific conversions.
Volkswagen
Conversions of wheels and tyres can only be carried out under certain conditions. When doing this, the following points must be observed:
♦ Ifthesizeofwheelandtyre,withanindicationoftheloadindex and the speed symbol, is included in the vehicle GTA and EU operating permit/type approval ⇒ page 6 , this wheel and tyrecombinationcanbefittedonthevehiclewithoutanyprob‐lem.
It is not necessary for the wheel and tyre combination specified in the registration certificate part I (certificate of registration) to be fitted. All combinations approved in the vehicle GTA or EU oper‐ating permit/type approval ⇒ page 6 may be fitted to the vehicle.
♦ For the conversions recommended by VOLKSWAGEN AG (see appendix for certificate statements) there are no general operating permits in accordance with § 22 StVZO (German road traffic and licensing regulations).
♦ Unless the wheels and/or tyres are included in the relevant vehicleGTAorEUoperatingpermit/typeapproval,thevehicle will no longer meet the requirements of the road traffic regu‐lations if converted.
TheseversionsarebasedontheconditionsvalidintheEuropean Union and no guarantee can be provided for their completeness. Insomecasestherearedifferentlegislativerequirementsoutside the European Union.
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The table included in the attached certificate statements shows the VOLKSWAGEN AG recommended and TÜV NORD Mobilität GmbH Co. KG tested wheel and tyre combinations on VW vehi‐cles and also the conditions to be observed for fitting. The use of genuine disc-type wheels on a vehicle to which they have not been allocated is not permissible.
Thelistofpossibleconversionsdealswithcombinationsthatmeet the requirements of VOLKSWAGEN AG with regards to road handlingandroadsafety.Theyaretheresultofpracticaltrialsand are therefore recommended by VOLKSWAGEN AG.
Refer also to the new vehicle registration documents that were issued from 01.10.2005 ⇒ page 5
2.2Technical conditions for converting wheel and tyre combinations
• Thewheelandtyrecombinationsandconversionslistedinthe tables of the individual vehicles refer exclusively to Volkswa‐gen genuine disc-type wheels.
• Approval of wheel and tyre combinations or a change to wheelsfromtheaccessoriestradeisnotpossiblewiththecer‐tificate statement attached here.
• Tubeless radial tyres may only be fitted to rims with a safety hump feature on the shoulder.
• Tyres with run-flat properties (reinforced side walls) may only be used on disc-type wheels with an extended hump and on vehicles with a tyre pressure monitoring system ⇒ page 46
• If the wheel and tyre combinations listed are used, the asso‐ciated tyre inflation pressures must be adhered to. The tyre inflationpressuresforsummertyrescanbefoundonthestick‐erontheinsideofthetankflaporinthetablesoftheindividual vehicles.
• Sufficient clearance to the wheels and tyres at parts of the wheel housing, suspension and braking system is assured if the notes and specifications established in the certificate statement are observed in all operating conditions.
• Unlessotherwisestated,snowchainsmayonlybefittedtothe drive wheels. On all-wheel drive vehicles, however, only the frontwheelsmaybefittedwithsnowchainswiththeexception of the Touareg (rear wheels may also be fitted with snow chains).
2.3Additional wheel housing extensions (flaps)
For technical reasons some vehicles require wheel housing ex‐tensions (flaps) on the wing or bumper -arrows- when using certain wheel and tyre combinations.
Please check if there is a requirement to remove the flaps.
The information is located in the overview table for the respective vehicle.
2.4„Series 80“ tyres
Tyres of the „80“ series (e.g. 145/80 R 13 74 S) will replace the „82“ series (e.g. 145/82 R 13 74 S). Lawmakers have stipulated that„82“seriestyresmaybereplacedby„80“seriestyreswithout having been entered in the vehicle documents.
The condition for this is that the „80“ series tyres have the same width, be of the same type – cross-ply or radial belted – and have the same or higher load index.
Ifonly„80“seriestyresareenteredinthevehicledocuments,„82“ series tyres may only be used if an entry has been made in the vehicle documents.
3Documents and codes/designations
3.1New vehicle registration documents since 01.10.2005
The implementation of EU Directive 1999/37/EU "Registration Documents for Vehicles" in national law and legal requirements for data protection have necessitated the introduction of new, fal‐sification-proof registration documents.
Since 01.10.2005, only the new documents are issued by the registration authorities in the event of new registrations, change of ownership, registration of technical modifications and all other matters.
The new registration documents are comprised of:
♦ Registration certificate part I, which replaces the certificate of registration and
♦ Registration certificate part II, which replaces the vehicle log book.
Registration certificate part I (certificate of registration)
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♦ Contains all vehicle technical data which must be available to registeravehicleinEurope;however,onlyonewheelandtyre combination approved as standard is specified
♦ Contains the EU-wide, standardised, alphanumerical codes assignedtothetechnicaldata,sothattheGermanregistration certificate can be converted without problems into the regis‐tration document prescribed in non-member European coun‐tries for registration there
♦ Contains a field for documenting temporary or final immobili‐sation of the vehicle, and is therefore no longer withdrawn in the event of temporary or final immobilisation
Registration certificate part II (vehicle log book)
♦ Contains the note that the holder of the registration certificate is not identified as the owner
♦ Contains only the current and, if applicable, the last vehicle owner; the actual number of previous owners is shown nu‐merically
♦ Contains only a small percentage of the technical vehicle data
♦ No longer serves to document temporary vehicle deregistra‐tion. The vehicle and body type specified under number 1 in theoldvehicledocumentswillnotexistinthefuture.Inthenew documents, this will be replaced by standardised EU vehicle classes with body type
Introduction of the new registration documents will lead to barely any changes for the vehicle operator.
Like the old certificate of registration, the registration certificate part I (certificate of registration) must be kept in the vehicle and submitted to responsible persons on request.
It is not necessary for the wheel and tyre combination specified in the registration certificate part I (certificate of registration) to be fitted.Allcombinationsapprovedaccordingtothegeneralvehicle type approval or EU type approval ⇒ page 6 may be fitted.
The validity of a wheel and tyre combination which deviates from the general vehicle type approval or EU type approval must still be verified via an entry in the registration certificate part I (certif‐icate of registration), an installation certificate based on a part
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certificate or general type approval for the wheel and tyre combi‐nation.
3.2 COCdocument(EECCertificateofCon‐formity)
Manufactures of motorized vehicles must apply for an EU oper‐ating permit for all class M1 passenger carrying vehicles.
Acertificateisproducedonthebasisofthisoperatingpermit-the COC (Certificate of Conformity).
This document certifies that the vehicle complies with the EU op‐erating permit (EU type approval) and can be registered in every EU country without an individual type approval.
The document will be issued for all vehicles that comply with the EU operating permit.
These vehicles have an EU type plate (black sticker) in the area of the driver's door, or in the case of older vehicles, in the engine compartment.
The COC document has the same value as the registration docu‐ment and therefore the original should not be carried on the vehicle.
The COC document contains the EU general type approval num‐ber ⇒ page 6 and detailed technical information on the vehicle such as emissions classification and all the permitted wheel and tyre combinations.
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Since 1.1.1998, all passenger cars licensed within the European UnionmusthaveatypeapprovalcorrespondingtoEUguidelines. Vehicles licensed for road use with single-vehicle approval ac‐cording to § 21 StVZO in Germany are excepted.
This means the same guidelines apply to all vehicle manufactur‐ers. This makes it easier to trade across national borders within the EU.
The COC document contains the EU general type approval num‐ber and detailed technical information on the vehicle such as emissionsclassificationandallthepermittedwheelandtyrecom‐binations ⇒ page 6
EU general type approval model code (type approval model code)
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3D 3D Phaeton 2003 > 5N 5N Tiguan 2008 > 7N 7N Sharan 2011 > 7P
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Touareg 2010 >
4Useful information regarding tyres
4.1Identification markings on the tyre sidewall
Example: Continental ContiPremiumContact 2
1 - Size code
❑e.g. 205/55 R 16 ⇒ page 9
2 - Position of TWIs (Tread Wear Indicators)
3 - Manufacturer (trade name)
4 - Construction
❑Radial - radial cord di‐rection in carcass
❑Tubeless - code for tubeless tyres
5-Loadcapacityindex/speed rating
❑e.g. 91 ⇒ page 10
❑e.g. H ⇒ page 9
6 - Specified direction of rota‐tion/installation for tyre
7 - Maximum permissible load
❑Data for North America
8 - Maximum permissible tyre pressure
❑Data for North America
9 - Number of plies in the cen‐tre of the tread and in the side‐walls as well as information about the material
10-Enumber=Approvalnum‐ber
❑Tyre fulfils European guidelines
11 - Manufacturer code / date of manufacture
❑Identification number for manufacturer's plant, tyre size and tyre model
❑Tyre ageing / date of manufacture ⇒ page 12
12 - DOT - Department of Transportation
❑Tyre fulfils standards of the Department of Transportation of the United States of America
13 - Marking for Brazil
14 - Marking for China
15 - Country of origin
❑e.g. manufactured in Germany (Made in Germany)
16 - Safety notes for use or fitting of tyre
17 - Relative expected service life - abrasion resistance
❑based on a US standard test
18 - Rating of wet-braking traction, A, B or C
❑According to a US test
19 - Rating of temperature resistance, A, B or C
❑According to a US test
20 - Identifying tyres with run-flat properties
❑e.g. self-supporting run-flat
❑Identifying tyres with run-flat properties ⇒ page 46
21 - Tread pattern
❑e.g. ContiPremiumContact
4.2Explanation of tyre markings
Explanation of tyre dimensions
1 -Tyre width
2 -Aspect ratio in %
3 -Code for tyre construction „R“ indicates radial
4 -Rim diameter designation
5 -Load rating code/load index (LI)
6 -Speed rating code
7 -Winter tyre/code for all-season tyre
Speed rating / maximum speed
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Load rating code / load index (LI)
Theloadratingcanbefoundonthesidewallofthetyre.Itprovides information about the maximum load that the tyre can bear.
The load rating is included in the size designation of the tyre (e.g. 195/65 R 15 91T). It is indicated on the tyre as a code according to ETRTO. The following table shows the load rating codes used at VW with the corresponding load capacity of the tyres.
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4.3Speed ratings for tyres
The speed rating (e.g. „T“) following the size of the tyre (e.g. 185/65 R 14 86T)) indicates the maximum permitted speed (vmax) of the tyre.
The tyres for the vehicle must be selected so that their maximum permitted speed is greater than the maximum speed that the ve‐hicle („based on model“) can attain.
Vehicles with national type approval
If the vehicle has a national type approval, the maximum speed for the vehicle is calculated as follows:
Formula for vehicles with vmax up to 150 km/h
vmax = 1.03 x v + 3.5 km/h ⇒ page 11
Example: Specified maximum speed v = 145 km/h
vmax = 1.03 x 145 km/h + 3.5 km/h = 152.85 km/h
In this example, a tyre with the speed rating „Q“ or higher must be used.
Formula for vehicles with vmax above 151 km/h
vmax = 1.01 x v + 6.5 km/h ⇒ page 11
Example: Specified maximum speed v = 163 km/h
vmax = 1.01 x 163 km/h + 6.5 km/h = 171.13 km/h
In this example, a tyre with the speed rating „S“ or higher must be used.
Vehicles with EC type approval
If your vehicle has an EC type approval, the maximum speed for all vehicles is calculated as follows:
vmax = 1.05 x v ⇒ page 11
Example: Specified maximum speed v = 172 km/h
vmax = 1.05 x 172 km/h 180.60 km/h
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In this example, a tyre with the speed rating „T“ or higher must be used.
It is permitted to use tyres with a higher speed rating. The same applies to tyres with a higher load index.
Radial depressions are slight concavities in the tyre sidewall. They run from the bead towards the shoulder of the tyre. These parts appear in the figure ⇒ page 32
The cause is the accumulation of material at the joints of the tyre components.
Undulations have no effect on:
♦ Safety,
♦ Service life,
♦ Handling or
♦ Other characteristics of the tyre.
Undulations are visible to varying extents. It is not necessary to inspect the tyre or remove it from the rim.
What causes undulations?
Modern steel belted tyres are constructed with single-ply side walls to save weight.
The sidewall components consist of long strips before they are joined together to form a tyre. They must overlap at the joints. Consequently, slight irregularities or waves are created in the areaoftheoverlappingparts.Theoverlapsareeasiertoseefrom the outside due to the single-ply construction.
Of course, tyre damage occurs only if the tyre is in contact with the chemical for a relatively long time. If a few drops of fuel land on a tyre during a fill up, this is of no concern.
Storing the tyres
Complete wheels
Tyres mounted on wheels can be stored flat, stacked one upon the other. In this case, it is important to ensure that the tyres are clean and dry. The inflation pressure should be increased to a maximum of 3 bar.
Tyres without wheels
Tyres without wheels are best stored standing vertically. If tyres arestackedforalongperiodoftime,theywillbepressedtogether quite considerably. The tyres will then be more difficult to fit, as they do not sit on the rim shoulders. If tyres are stored standing vertically, it is recommended to turn them every 14 days to avoid flat spots.
4.6Tyre ageing
♦ Even visually flawless, new or barely used tyres with sufficient tread depth, which are older than six years, may show signif‐icantreductionofwetpropertiesandwintersuitabilitydueonly to ageing.
♦ Tyre tests show that a continuous development process, the use of new rubber compounds and modern raw materials, in conjunction with the optimisation of tread design and tread geometry, make it possible to continually improve tyres.
♦ Only tyres with state-of-the-art technology can meet the re‐quirements of modern and highly developed vehicles from
Volkswagenandtheconstantlygrowingdemandfromthecus‐tomer for economical tyres offering maximum possible safety, driving dynamics and comfort.
♦ Tyres age as a result of physical and chemical processes, which can impair the function of the tyres. Tyres which are stored for longer periods of time harden and become brittle faster than tyres which are constantly in use on a vehicle.
♦ Older tyres may develop hairline cracks as a result of ageing.
♦ When tyres are in regular use, the constant flexing activates softeners in the rubber, preventing hardening and the devel‐opment of cracks.
♦ It is therefore important to take into account not only the tread depth, but also the age of spare tyres, stored tyres and tyres which are not permanently in use.
♦ The tyre age can be determined from the DOT designation, whichincludes,amongotherthings,theproductiondateofthe tyre.
Example of a DOT number to 31.12.1999
DOT ..... 5 0 9 <
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Stands for 199_
Last digit is production year
Week
In this example, the production date is the 50th week of 1999.
Example of a DOT number from 01.01.2000
DO
T 0 1 0 0
Last 2 digits is production year
Week
In this example, the production date is the 1st week of 2000.
Recommendation
♦ It is recommended not to use summer and winter tyres which are older than 6 years anymore. The original properties dete‐riorate due to the aging process. Winter tyres especially lose their adhesion properties.
♦ When new tyres are fitted, the spare tyre may also be used if it is in flawless condition and is not more than 6 years old. The age of the tyre has a great influence on the high-speed capa‐bility of the tyre. It is possible to combine a spare tyre which is several years old with new tyres; however, this can have an adverse influence on car handling.
♦ Tyres are constantly being further developed, which can lead, for example, to slight changes in the rubber compound, even if the tyres are of the same make, size and tread pattern.
♦ All VW vehicles are factory-fitted with four identical tyres and wheels.
Front-wheel drive vehicles:
♦ For reasons of safety, tyres of the same make and with the same tread pattern should be mounted on one axle.
Four-wheel drive vehicles:
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AG Volkswagen
♦ Vehicles with four-wheel drive must always be equipped with four wheels with tyres of the same size, construction, tread pattern and make.
Renewing tyres
Tyres must always be renewed when:
• the legal minimum tread depth of 1.6 mm is reached,
• there is visible mechanical damage
AGdoesnotguaranteeoracceptanyliabilitywi
4.7Tyre sizes for vehicles with four-wheel drive
The following points must be observed for vehicles with fourwheel drive:
♦ Only tyres of the same make, design and tread pattern may be fitted to the front and rear axles.
♦ Different tyre rolling circumferences produce stress in the drive train which increases tyre wear and may damage the drive train.
♦ Theserestrictionsalsoapplytofrontandreartyreswithgreatly differing stages of wear. In such cases, tyres with the most tread must be fitted on the front axle.
4.8Winter tyres
Use of winter tyres
Asof01.05.2006,achangetotheGermanroadtrafficregulations (StVO) came into force which caused the following supplement to be made: "The equipment in motor vehicles has to be adapted totheweatherconditions.Inparticular,thisincludessuitabletyres and antifreeze in the windscreen washing system."
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Please point out to customers that, since May 1st 2006, they are legally obliged to adapt their vehicle's equipment, particularly the tyres, to winter weather conditions.
All tyre sizes listed in the vehicle documents can also be used as winter tyres.
The handling characteristics may be affected by the use of winter tyresandthepossiblechangeinthedimensionsofthewheeland tyre. Therefore, when using winter tyres, you must adapt your speed to the changed handling characteristics and to the road conditions.
To achieve the best possible handling, winter tyres must be fitted on all wheels.
If the vehicle is equipped with rims other than the factory-fitted rims, you must take the following into consideration when you fit winter tyres:
♦ Wheels and wheel bolts are matched.
♦ Wheneverthewheelsarechanged,correspondingwheelbolts of the correct length and with the correctly shaped tapered seats are used 1). The secure fit of the wheels and the func‐tioning of the brakes depends this.
♦ The suitability of winter tyres with less than 4…5 mm tread depth for winter operation is limited.
♦ Some countries require winter tyres to have a tread depth of at least 4 mm.
♦ We recommend that winter tyres be replaced after no more than six years. The special „winter properties“ of these tyres decline with age, regardless of how much they are used.
Vehicles with tyre pressure control
On vehicles with tyre pressure control, the tyre inflation pressure hastoberesavedormatchedwhenchangingoverbetweensum‐mer and winter tyres ⇒ Workshop manual - Running gear - for relevant model .
1) A spherical cap is the curved surface of a section of a sphere cut by a plane. The tapered seats on the wheel bolt and in the wheel (rim) in the wheel bolt holes are spherical caps.
Registration regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany
Onlywhenwintertyresareinusemaythetopspeedthatavehicle canachievebegreaterthanthemaximumspeedspecifiedbythe speed symbol of the tyre.
In this case, a label stating the following must be attached:
Important! Winter tyres!
Maximum speed … km/h
Note
Thislabelmustbeclearlyvisibletothedriver!
4.9Winter tyres with speed
symbol „V“
Volkswagen
The tyre industry now supplies winter tyres with speed symbol "V".Butonlyundercertainconditionsmaythesetyresbeusedup to the maximum permitted speed vmax = 240 km/h.
Vehicles with V tyres
Vehicles requiring V tyres according to the vehicle's title docu‐mentcanusewintertyreswithspeedsymbolVwithoutrestriction at speeds up to vmax =240 km/h.
Vehicles with W, Y or ZR tyres:
Under certain circumstances, vehicles requiring W, Y or ZR tyres according to the vehicle's title document may not be driven at speeds of vmax = 240 km/h.
Why?
V summer tyres and V winter tyres without special identification ⇒ page 16 have 100 % of their maximum load capacity (as specified by their load index „LI“) ⇒ page 15 only up to speeds of 210 km/h.
Travelling at over 210 km/h is possible with V winter tyres only if themaximumloadofthetyresisnotexceeded.Theloadcapacity of the tyres decreases as the speed increases.
The maximum permitted axle load and the maximum achievable speed of some VW vehicles are so high that the load capacity of the V tyres is not sufficient for speeds of up to 240 km/h.
example: Tyre 205/55 R 16
91 V
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The load index (LI) 91 certifies that this tyre has a load capacity of 615 kg per tyre at up to 210 km/h.
At a speed of 240 km/h, this tyre can carry a load of only 560 kg, i.e. the axle load may not exceed 1120 kg.
The Passat Variant V6 4Motion has a permitted axle load of 1150 kg and an achievable maximum speed of 232 km/h. This vehicle may only travel at speeds of up to 230 km/h with V winter tyres.
This applies to all V winter tyres without special markings.
4.10Extra Load (XL) V winter tyres
V winter tyres marked XL have a higher load capacity than V win‐ter tyres without this code.
XL V winter tyres allow a higher speed, but this does not mean that the top speed of a V tyre is 240 km/h for every VW car.
The same conditions apply to these tyres as to V winter tyres without a special code !
Tyre pressure for Extra Load V tyres
The following table ⇒ page 16 shows how fast VW cars may drive with V winter tyres, depending on their respective axle load.
4.11Maximum speeds for V and Extra Load (XL) winter tyres
Vehicle Version Type of drivetrain Max.
Phaeton 2003 > 3.2l V6 177 kW
and long wheelbase
Phaeton 2003 > 3.0l V6 TDI 165 kW
and long wheelbase
2003 > 4.2l V8 246 kW
Phaeton 2003 > 5.0l V10 TDI 230 kW short wheelbase
Phaeton 2003 > 5.0l V10 TDI 230 kW long wheelbase
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Phaeton 2003 > 6.0l W12 309 kW
Registration regulations in the Federal Republic of Germany
Onlywhenwintertyresareinusemaythetopspeedthatavehicle canachievebegreaterthanthemaximumspeedspecifiedbythe speed symbol of the tyre.
In this case, a label stating the following must be attached:
Important! Winter tyres! Maximum speed … km/h
Note Thislabelmustbeclearlyvisibletothedriver!
4.12Reinforced and Extra Load (XL) tyres
Some tyre manufacturers have for some time replaced the des‐ignation „Reinforced“ with the designation „Extra Load“. This designation has long been standard in non-European countries. Technically, there is no difference between them.
Some tyre manufacturers also use the designation „XL“ for Extra Load tyres.
Tyres with the designation „Reinforced“ or „Extra Load (XL)“ are of equal quality.
4.13Snow chains
Snow chains must be fitted to driven wheels only.
On all-wheel drive vehicles, however, only the front wheels may be fitted with snow chains with the exception of the Touareg (rear wheels may also be fitted with snow chains).
It is not possible to use snow chains with all wheel and tyre com‐binations. Notes on this can be found in the vehicle tables of the certificate statement.
If no particular type of snow chain is specified, then small-link chainsmaybeused.These,includingthechainfastener,maynot protrudemorethan15mmbeyondthewheel'streadandtheinner wall.
Onsomemodels,onlyspecial,small-linkchainsarepossiblewith certain wheel and tyre combinations. Notes on this can be found in the vehicle tables of the certificate statement.
The maximum speed permitted by law when driving with snow chains is 50 km/h.
Snow chains should be removed when there is no snow on the road. There is no point in having them on the wheels, as they adversely affect the vehicle's handling. It causes unnecessary stress on the tyres and above average wear on the chains.
isnotpermittedunlessauthorisedbyVolkswagen
5 Tyrewear/mileageforpassengercar tyres
5.1General
A tyre has to meet numerous requirements ⇒ page 19 .
Different types of tyres meet these requirements to varying de‐grees.
Depending on the conditions in which the tyres are used and on the type of vehicle, some requirements will be more important than others.
H, V, and Z tyres for „high-performance vehicles“ are expected to have good grip on wet and flooded roads. However, mileage per‐formance cannot be as good for tyres of this type as it is, for example, in the case of S or T tyres.
5.2Requirements to be met by tyres
A - Wet braking properties
B - Driving comfort
C - Steering accuracy
D - Driving stability
E - Tyre weight
F - Life expectancy
G - Rolling resistance
H - Aquaplaning
The pie chart illustrates to what extent the tyre meets the various requirements. The tyre in this example (with its specific structure and rubber composition) would meet the requirements listed above (A to H) to the extent indicated by the size of the segments of the pie.
Improvingoneofthecharacteristicswillhaveanegativeeffecton one of the others.
Example:
Animprovementinwetbrakingproperties-A-leadstoareduction in driving comfort -B-, rolling resistance -G- and life expectancy -F-.
The life expectancy of passenger vehicle tyres does not just de‐pend on the rubber composition and design of a tyre. The condi‐tions for use, the vehicle-specific circumstances and driving style have a heavy influence on the service life of a tyre.
Modern vehicles enable comfortable and economic driving, but also a more "sporty" driving style. A tyre life of 5,000 to 40,000 km or more is possible.
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5.3Wear behaviour of high-speed tyres
Thesetyresaredesignedforveryhighspeeds.Whendeveloping these tyres, good grip in wet conditions is the main objective. The tread compositions do not have the same wear resistance as T and H tyres for lower speeds.
The life expectancy of high-speed tyres is therefore considerably lower in comparable conditions of use.
5.4Factors influencing the service
life of a tyre
The following factors influence a tyre's service life to varying de‐grees.
Driving style:
♦ Speed ⇒ page 20
♦ Braking ⇒ page 20
♦ Acceleration ⇒ page 21
♦ Cornering ⇒ page 21
For more information about driving style: ⇒ page 20
Maintenance:
♦ Tyre pressure ⇒ page 21
For more information about maintenance: ⇒ page 21
Environment:
♦ Road surface
♦ Ambient temperature and climate
Vehicle:
♦ Weight
♦ Dynamic toe and camber settings
Tyre use:
♦ Speed range
♦ Wet or dry
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Tyre type:
Winter or summer
5.5Driving
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style
I. Steady driving without deceleration or acceleration
Example:
II. Braking (driving style)
Most wear is caused during braking.
Example: Braking from a speed of 50 km/h
2) g = Freefall acceleration: 9.81 m/s2
3) A deceleration of 0.4 x g corresponds to heavy braking.
III. Acceleration (driving style)
Slip caused when driving off gently is approximately the same as that caused when driving at a constant speed of 100 km/h.
Example:
IV. Driving through curves (driving style)
A »sporty« driving style and driving at higher speeds also cause greater wear when driving through corners.
In practice, this means that wear is increased 16-fold when the cornering speed is doubled. This is the price that has to be paid for going faster.
Example: Driving through a curve with a radius of 150 m
4) g = gravitational acceleration: 9.81 m/s2
5.6Tyre maintenance
Tyre pressure
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The weight of the vehicle causes the tyre contact area to flatten. This in turn causes the running surface and the entire ply of the tyre to be continually deformed when a tyre is rolling. If the tyre is underinflated, the amount of flex is higher, resulting in a greater increase in heat and increased rolling resistance. This then leads to increased wear and poses a greater safety risk.
Example: Specified standard tyre pressure with cold tyres, ac‐cording to vehicle load
If tyre pressure is too high, this will result in poor rolling comfort and increased wear across the centre of the tread. We recom‐mend always to maintain the tyre pressure specified by the man‐ufacturer.
Treaddepthovertyreservicelifeforvehicleswithfour-wheeldrive and V-rated tyres
P - Tread depth
S - Mileage covered
1 - Front axle
2 - Rear axle
Diagrams 1 and 2 show that the tread on a new tyre wears faster than that on a heavily used tyre. As the wear curve is not linear, it is not possible to estimate the tyre service life on the basis of wear after the first 5,000 km.
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On front-wheel drive vehicles, the front tyres not only have to transmit the steering and driving forces, but also the greater part of the lateral and braking forces. This causes the front tyres on front-wheeldrivevehiclestowearmuchfasterthanthereartyres. Even tyre wear can be achieved by rotating (interchanging) the front and rear tyres on a regular basis. Changing wheels ⇒ Run‐ning gear, axles steering; Rep. gr. 44 ; Instructions for changing/ fitting wheels
5.7Evenly worn tyres
The requirements to be met by tyres are increasing continuously. This is caused by the following factors:
♦ greater vehicle weight
♦ high speeds
♦ high level of vehicle safety
Greater loads on the tyre will, of course, lead to an increase in tyre wear.
Driving style has a critical effect on tyre wear. For this reason, customerclaimsregardingtyrewearonevenlyworntyresarenot covered by the warranty.
The effective service life of a tyre can be determined only when the remaining tread depth has reached 2 mm (see diagrams ⇒ page 22 ).
5.8Measuring
tread depth
Note
♦ Thetreaddepthismeasuredinthemaintreadchannels.
♦ DonotmeasureattheTWIs(TreadWearIndicators).
Measure the tread depth in the main tread channel, at the points where the tyre is worn most heavily. The position of the TWIs can be seen at various points on the shoulder of the tyre ⇒ Item 2 (page 8)
A „Δ“ or the manufacturer's „logo“ may appear in the place of „TWI“.
ThebarsoftheTWIhaveaheightof1.6mm.Thisistheminimum tread depth required by German law.
Different values may apply in other countries.
TheTWIsmustnotbeincludedinthemeasurement.Treaddepth should always be measured at the deepest point of the tread channel.
A - TWIs in the main tread channels
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B - Main tread channels with TWIs -arrows-
5.9One-sided wear
This is often caused by driving style, but can be the result of in‐correct wheel alignment.
Increased one-sided wear
One-sided wear, usually in conjunction with signs of scuffing on the ribs of the tread and in the fine grooves, always occurs when thetyreshavebeenallowedtorollwithanextremetyreslipangle, causing them to »rub« on the road surface.
Driving fast on a stretch of road with lots of curves will cause in‐creased wear, in particular on the outer shoulder.
A rounded outer shoulder on the tyre in conjunction with a partic‐ularly high degree of wear on the outer tread blocks indicates fast cornering. This wear pattern is influenced by driving style.
Tooptimisehandling,thesuspensionissettospecifiedtoe-inand camber values. Increased one-sided wear can be expected if tyres are allowed to roll under conditions which differ from those specified.
One-sidedwearisespeciallylikelyifthetoeandcamberhavenot been set correctly. Moreover, there is a greater risk of diagonal washout.
Toe-out or negative toe-in
Distance between front of wheels -A- is greater than distance be‐tween rear of wheels -B- (-C- = direction of travel).
Toe-in or positive toe
Distance between front of wheels -A- is less than distance be‐tween rear of wheels -B- (-C- = direction of travel).
Topreventone-sidedwear,caremustbetakentoensurethatthe wheel is set within the tolerance specified by the vehicle manu‐facturer. The most frequent deviation of the wheel alignment is caused by external influences, for example hard contact with the kerbstone when parking.
By measuring the axle geometry, you can check whether the wheel alignment is within the specified tolerances or whether it has to be corrected.
Running gear modifications
Using „suspension-lowering kits“ and/or alloy wheels that have not been recommended by VW may result in altered wheel posi‐tions which deviate from the specified alignment.
Even if the axle geometry is correct with the vehicle stationary during wheel alignment, the changed vehicle height and wheel positions can cause the wheel suspension to move differently during operation.
Uneven wear is then unavoidable.
Unsuitable use of self-levelling adjustments on pneumatic sus‐pension system
The use of the offroad level is recommended only for driving off‐road. Permanent use of the offroad level during normal road operation can lead to increased tyre wear as the height of the wheel position is different to the road level.
The way to prevent one-sided tyre wear is to ensure the wheel alignment is correct on one hand and on the other hand to make sure the vehicle is used only for its intended purpose:
Regular servicing of the vehicle and tyres helps to prevent tyre wear. The following should be noted in particular with regards to this:
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♦ The prescribed minimum tyre inflation pressures must be ad‐hered to.
♦ Different wear on the front and rear axle depending on the driving style is unavoidable. This condition can be compensa‐ted for by rotating the wheels from front to rear. The ideal opportunity to do this, for example, is during the seasonal change between winter and summer tyres. This change also has a positive side effect in that the tyres can wear down equally, meaning that a completely new set of tyres can be fitted. This prevents differences between the tread depths of the tyres on each axle, which can have negative effects on road holding.
♦ Sawtoothformationisanormalwearpattern,particularlyifthe driving style is very careful ⇒ page 29 . This can lead to in‐creased rolling noise, which generally becomes better as the tread depth decreases. In the event of light saw tooth forma‐tion or if saw tooth formation is just starting, exchanging the wheels between axles is normally sufficient. If saw tooth for‐mation is very pronounced, the wheels have to be changed in accordance with ⇒ page 29 so their direction of rotation is reversed.
♦ Some tread patterns may create an impression of premature wear: if winter tyre sipes or channels in the tread are worn down, only compact profile blocks without patterns remain, thus giving the impression of a worn tyre. In this case, the re‐maining tread depth must be measured in each groove. If this is at or below the minimum tread depth, the tyre can continue to be used without restrictions. (In Germany, the minimum is 1.6 mm; it is recommended, and in Austria, required, that win‐tertyresthatareworndownto4mmbeusedonlyinsummer)
5.10Outer shoulder wear
Unsuitable use of self-levelling adjustments on pneumatic sus‐pension system
The use of the offroad level is recommended only for driving off‐road. Permanent use of the offroad level during normal road operation can lead to increased tyre wear as the height of the wheel position is different to the road level.
The way to prevent one-sided tyre wear is to ensure the wheel alignment is correct on one hand and on the other hand to make sure the vehicle is used only for its intended purpose:
Regular servicing of the vehicle and tyres helps to prevent tyre wear. The following should be noted in particular with regards to this:
♦ The prescribed minimum tyre inflation pressures must be ad‐hered to.
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♦ Different wear on the front and rear axle depending on the driving style is unavoidable. This condition can be compensa‐ted for by rotating the wheels from front to rear. The ideal opportunity to do this, for example, is during the seasonal change between winter and summer tyres. This change also has a positive side effect in that the tyres can wear down equally, meaning that a completely new set of tyres can be fitted. This prevents differences between the tread depths of the tyres on each axle, which can have negative effects on road holding.
♦ Sawtoothformationisanormalwearpattern,particularlyifthe driving style is very careful ⇒ page 29 . This can lead to in‐creased rolling noise, which generally becomes better as the tread depth decreases. In the event of light saw tooth forma‐tion or if saw tooth formation is just starting, exchanging the wheels between axles is normally sufficient. If saw tooth for‐mation is very pronounced, the wheels have to be changed in accordance with ⇒ page 29 so their direction of rotation is reversed.
♦ Some tread patterns may create an impression of premature wear: if winter tyre sipes or channels in the tread are worn down, only compact profile blocks without patterns remain, thus giving the impression of a worn tyre. In this case, the re‐maining tread depth must be measured in each groove. If this is at or below the minimum tread depth, the tyre can continue to be used without restrictions. (In Germany, the minimum is 1.6 mm; it is recommended, and in Austria, required, that win‐tertyresthatareworndownto4mmbeusedonlyinsummer
5.11Wear in middle of tyre
This wear pattern is found on the driven wheels of high-perform‐ance vehicles that are frequently driven long distances at high speeds.
At high speeds, centrifugal forces cause the tyre diameter to in‐creasemoreinthemiddleofthetreadthanitdoesattheshoulder. Thiscausesdriveforcestobetransferredtotheroadsurfacefrom
the centre section of the tread. This is reflected in the wear pat‐tern.
Effects of this kind can be especially pronounced on wide tyres. It is not possible to counter this wear pattern by reducing the tyre pressure.
A more or less even tread wear pattern can be achieved by in‐terchangingthetyresonthedrivenwheelsandnon-drivenwheels in good time.
Increased tread wear
The typical tread wear pattern of tyres run on the driven wheels of a high-performance vehicle.
The increased wear in the centre section of the tread results from theextraloadingassociatedwithcentrifugalforceswithinthetyre and the transmission of drive forces. Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , Eos 2006 ➤ , GTI 2009 ➤ , Golf 2009 ➤ , ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - Standard - Edition 07.2011
5.12Diagonal washout
Diagonal washout on a tyre
Diagonal washout runs at an angle of approx. 45° to the direction of rotation.
It usually occurs at one point only, but can also occur at several points around the circumference of the tyre.
Washoutoccursalmostexclusivelyonthetyresonthenon-driven wheels, in particular at the rear left. Washout occurs very often onsomemodels,whileitposesnoproblematallonothermodels. Theeffectisintensifiedbyhightoe-invalues.Toe-invaluesinthe region of the lower tolerance limits of the specified alignment val‐ues improve the wear pattern.
Themostpronounceddiagonalwashoutisoftenfoundinthearea where the tyre components are joined.
Wheels with positive toe-in roll with a slip angle even straight ahead. This leads to a diagonal stress in the contact patch or footprint on the tyre/road surface.
This wear pattern is intensified when tyre pressure is too low. To avoid such tread wear patterns, the toe-in values of the two rear wheels should be identical and the specified tyre pressures ob‐served.
Ifyoudetectwashout,youshouldfitthewheelsonthedrivenaxle, assuming the washout is identified at an early stage. Deeper washout cannot be repaired.
Faulty adjustment
If a customer complains of „diagonal wear spots“, the toe adjust‐ment must be examined. If toe-in is correct, the cause of the diagonal washout is very probably the tyre itself.
Tyres with diagonal washout caused by incorrectly set axle ge‐ometry at the wheels are not covered by warranty.
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6Tyre noise
6.1General notes on tyre noise
Tyre noise that can be heard by the human ear is caused by vi‐brations which are transmitted by the air from the source of the sound to our ears.
Of interest here are the noises caused by certain characteristics and effects while the tyres are rolling (source of the sound).
The cause of the noise is largely dependent on the combination of the road surface and tyres.
The structure and material of the road surface will greatly affect tyre noise. For example, the noise level on a wet road is much higher than on a dry road.
The pattern of the tyre tread also has a significant influence on tyre noise. Tyres with transverse grooves at an angle of 90° gen‐erate more noise than tyres with grooves running diagonally.
Small tread blocks are unstable. Their highly pronounced defor‐mation agitates the air as the tyres roll. This creates the air vibrations that cause tyre noise.
Volkswagen
Wider tyres are louder. They need more tread channels to dis‐placewater.Whentheyarerolling,thesetreadchannelsdisplace the air, also creating air vibrations.
Further effects that also influence tyre noise:
♦ „Tyrevibration“istheprincipalcauseoftyrenoise.Itiscaused by the columns of air in the tread channels being agitated.
♦ „Air pumping“ is the compression and expansion of the air caused by the deformation of the tread blocks as the tyre con‐tact patch moves along the road surface.
Useful information regarding tyre noise
Tyre noise is determined primarily by the tyres and the road sur‐face.
The roughness, structure and material of the road surface influ‐ence tyre noise.
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The widths of the tyre and the rim, among other things, influence tyre noise. Due to their larger contact area, wider tyres will cause moretyrenoisethannarrowtyres,asmoreairhastobedisplaced and more „mass“ is agitated to create vibrations.
A wider wheel rim will also cause a tyre to have a wider contact patch.Theeffectontyrenoiseisthusverysimilartothatofawider tyre. Moreover, the damping characteristics of the tyre may also be adversely affected by the wider wheel rim.
On vehicles with a front-mounted engine, tyre noise is more per‐ceptible at the rear of the vehicle, as wind and engine noises are not as loud there.
6.2Saw-tooth
wear
Saw-tooth wear is a stepped wear pattern on the individual tread blocks ⇒ page 30 that can cause increased tyre noise. The saw tooth is caused by uneven deformation of the tread blocks in the tyre'scontactpatch.Saw-toothwearismorepronouncedonnondriven wheels than on driven wheels.
Newtyresaremoresusceptibletosaw-toothwearbecauseofthe greater elasticity of the high tread blocks. As the tread depth de‐creases, the tread blocks become more rigid and the tendency to wear in a saw-tooth pattern decreases.
Appearance of saw tooth
A - Tread block of a new tyre; seen in direction of motion -arrow 1-, tread blocks are equally high in front and back.
B - Development of saw teeth; seen in the direction of rotation -arrow 1-, tread blocks are higher in front -arrow 2- than in back.
C - Seen in the direction of rotation -arrow 1-, tread blocks show greater wear in the front section of the „saw tooth“ -arrow 3-.
Pronounced saw-tooth wear can lead to customers complaining about tyre noise.
Pronounced saw-tooth wear occurs under the following condi‐tions:
♦ toe values are too high
♦ tyre pressures are incorrect
♦ tread is coarse and open
♦ tyres are fitted on the non-driven axle
♦ very fast cornering.
non-directional tyres
In the event of saw-tooth wear, the direction of rotation of the tyre mustbereversed.Ifsaw-toothwearisespeciallypronouncedand tyre noise has increased, interchange the tyres diagonally. This will reduce the saw-tooth effect.
On front-wheel-drive vehicles, this effect is intensified by the greater wear on the front axle.
Tyre noise will be somewhat louder immediately after the tyres have been interchanged but will return to a normal level after about 500…1,000 km have been driven.
Directional tyres
In the event of increased saw-tooth wear on the rear tyres – in particularonfront-wheeldrivevehicles–interchangethefrontand rear tyres. In the event of increased saw-tooth wear on the outer edges of the tyres on one axle, turn both tyres around on their rims. The left-hand wheel must then be fitted on the right side of the vehicle and the right-hand wheel on the left side.
6.3Flat spots (from locking wheels)
Flat spots can result from an extreme brake application which causes the wheels to lock, so that the rubber is worn off at the contact patch between the tread and the road surface.
As the tyres slide over the road surface, friction generates heat, which also reduces the wear resistance of the tread material.
Notevenahighlywear-resistanttreadcompoundcanpreventthe flat spots caused by violent braking.
Even ABS-controlled brake systems cannot prevent brief locking of the wheels, and thus, minor flat spots.
The degree of such wear depends largely on the vehicle speed, the road surface and the load placed on the wheel. The following examples should make this clear.
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If a vehicle is braked to a standstill on a dry surface with the wheels locked, the amount of rubber worn from the tyre will cover an area the size of a postcard and will have a thickness of:
♦ up to 2.0 mm from a speed of 57 km/h (23.8 m braking dis‐tance)
♦ up to 3.3 mm from a speed of 75 km/h (41.8 m braking dis‐tance)
♦ up to 4.8 mm from a speed of 92 km/h (71.6 m braking dis‐tance)
Flat spots in tread
Tyres with such damage must no longer be used and must be renewed.
7Vehicle pulls to one side
7.1General
Perform a road test to determine whether a vehicle is pulling to one side and if so, which side. If the vehicle pulls to one side ⇒ page 33
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When wheel alignment is checked, include the wheel alignment test results in tyre complaint report.
Manufacturer's tolerances can lead to a slight amount of taper (asymmetry) in the tyre carcass. The rolling tyre then develops a lateral force which acts directly on the wheel suspension, leading toself-steeringofthevehicle.Strategicrotationofthewheelscan balance out this self-steering behaviour.
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7.2Conicity
Conicity is caused by a slight offset of the tread and/or the belt (amounting to a few tenths of a millimetre) relative to the geo‐metric centre of the tyre. Taper is not visible and cannot be measured with equipment available in the workshop.
Parts of a tyre
1 - Bead
2 - Shoulder
3 - Tread
4 - Steel cord belt
A - Geometrical centre of tyre
B - Actual centre of belt. It can be offset to inside or outside.
Exaggerated for clarity.
1 - Offset of belt and tread
F1 - Unequal vertical wheel forces
F2 - Unequal vertical wheel forces
Fk - Conicity force
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The offset produces differences in stiffness at the inner and outer shoulders of the tyre, resulting in differing vertical wheel forces. Consequently the belt or tread will not be pressed onto the road surfacewiththesameforce(F1,F2).Aconical,ortapered,shape develops. The resulting force (conicity force Fk) can, depending on the speed, become so great that the vehicle then pulls to one side.
IftheforceFkononewheeloftheaxleis,forexample,50Newton, and also 50 Newton on the other wheel, and both forces are ex‐erted in the same direction, the forces are cumulated. Reversing a tyre on the rim can compensate for the lateral pull because the forces then act in opposite directions.
Because the direction in which the force of taper is exerted is not visible, only road tests and strategic rotation of wheels and tyres can establish which tyres cause the pulling.
The tyre consists of numerous components and materials which are vulcanised to form a single part at the end of a complicated manufacturing process. The result is differing production toleran‐ces which make themselves noticeable through more or less stronglateralforces(conicityforces).Theseforcescanalsooccur in new tyres.
Pulling to one side on front axle
Pulling to one side can be caused by the running gear. However, experience shows that in 90% of all complaints, the tyres cause pulling to one side.
Pulling to one side during normal driving
On a straight, level road surface, the vehicle wants to pull to one sideataconstantspeedorwithmoderateacceleration.Forcecan be felt at the steering wheel.
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Pulling to one side during fast acceleration
Pulling to one side during fast acceleration is, in part, due to the basic design of vehicles with front wheel drive. Different friction levels at the left and right wheels or possible irregularities in the road surface (potholes) and consequently varying road adhesion have a substantial influence on the handling characteristics. This does not constitute a complaint which is covered by the warranty.
7.3Remedies when vehicle pulls to one side
Test conditions before and during the road test:
– Check all suspension components on the front and rear axles for damage.
–Check tyre pressure and correct if necessary.
– Checkthetyresforexternaldamage.Punctures,cuts,bubbles on the sidewalls, flat spots from braking and/or damage to the tread.
–Ask the customer if the tyre had been damaged by a nail or similar object and was repaired by a tyre dealer. It may be necessary to renew such tyres.
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– If the tyres are non-directional, ensure that all DOT classifica‐tions on the tyre face outwards. The wheels and/or tyres on thevehiclemayhavealreadybeenchangedaroundatanear‐lier date.
–Is the make of tyre approved by the factory as original equip‐ment?
–Perform the road test on a road which is level, straight and ungrooved and does not drop off to one side.
–Perform the road test with the customer under the conditions specified above. Ask the customer to demonstrate the prob‐lem.
Note
Theremustbenocrosswindduringtheroadtest.
If the complaint is justified, we recommend rotating the wheels and tyres as described below.
Before you begin, observe the following notes; otherwise your ef‐forts may not have the desired effect.
❑ Protectstherimandtyre from abrasion from, for example, contact with the kerb
❑Tyres with Maximum Flange Shield (or rim protector bar) are marked with the abbre‐viation MFS.
The nylon ply -4-, belt layers -5-, bead cores -6- and bead filler -7- form the carcass. The carcass is the „load-bearing structure“ of the tyre.
8.3Impact damage
Aswellinginthesidewallofthetyreindicatesthatthesubstructure of the carcass has been damaged.
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Typical causes for such damage include, for example, driving over kerbs at a sharp angle.
Pinching the tyre in this way can damage the carcass.
The substructure of the tyre is stretched so far that individual fi‐bres in the carcass may be broken.
The extent of the damage depends on the speed of impact, the angle of impact, the tyre pressure, the axle load and the type of obstacle.
Pinch marks on tyre sidewall -arrows-
Note
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Due to a severe impact, the carcass was pinched on the wheel rim flange and is ruptured in the contact area.
Damage inside tyre due to impact injury (double rupture)
Double rupture -arrows- caused by pinching when a kerb was driven over. Often not detectable from outside.
8.4Cuts
Cut caused by a sharp-edged obstacle -arrow-
8.5Damage caused by foreign bodies
Driving over hard, pointed objects like nails, screws and the like can pierce the tyre.
This always leads to tyre damage.
Damage due to embedded foreign body
Often, the object -marking- is so securely embedded in the tyre that it will not free itself even at higher speeds. Consequently, it can act as a plug and seal the tyre relatively well. This results in a gradual loss of pressure, which the driver will not notice imme‐diately, but which can lead to sudden and complete tyre failure.
Corrosion can develop on the steel wires. This will always lead to the separation of the rubber from the steel belt.
Generally, one cannot determine when the foreign body was em‐bedded. The tyre structure may already have been damaged as a result of driving with insufficient tyre pressure.
Damaged belt wires will sooner or later lead to separation of the rubber from the steel belt. As a result, the tyre can fail completely at some point long after the tyre was first damaged.
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The tyre pressure must be checked regularly. We recommend checking the tyre pressure every two weeks. The correct tyre pressure is especially important on long trips or when carrying a
heavy load. A sporty driving style also requires correct or even slightly increased tyre pressure.
Slow loss of tyre pressure
The slow loss of tyre pressure is especially problematic because even experienced drivers often do not notice it.
Insufficient tyre pressure and the related increase in flexing (in‐ternalfriction)causethetyrematerialtoheatupconsiderablyand mayleadtotheseparationofthevariouscomponentsandrubber compounds.
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In the end, the tyre is usually destroyed completely ⇒ page 41
The cause for the slow pressure loss cannot always be deter‐mined because the tyre is severely damaged and structural com‐ponents of the tyre are missing.
8.8Tyre damage due to insufficient tyre pressure
Themostcommoncausesfortyrefailureareminorexternaldam‐age, a defective valve or a leaking rim due to corrosion or dam‐age.
Separation of carcass and rubber
Excessiveheatingduetodrivingwithsubstantiallyinsufficienttyre pressure ⇒ page 42 led to overheating and subsequent sepa‐ration of the carcass from the rubber material -arrows-.
The tyre shown here was periodically driven with an inflation pressure which was insufficient for the load. Typical evidence for this is the circumferential scuffing along the bead caused by the wheelflangeandalsothediscolouration.Small,furrowedcreases are visible along the inside of the sidewall.
When the tyre rolls, strong shear forces develop between the lay‐ers of steel cord, especially at the ends of the belts.
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Tyres with wide, circumferential furrows near the bead
Wide,circumferentialfurrowsnearthebead-arrows-indicatethat the tyre was driven with insufficient pressure.
Driving a vehicle with insufficient tyre pressure or ignoring or not recognising tyre damage can have serious consequences.
The tyre can no longer withstand the forces which develop when the vehicle is driven.
The defects mentioned above severely restrict the function of the tyre. The rubber compounds separate, which results in the partial separation of tyre components or even its complete destruction.
Tyres with stripped profile
Such damage usually develops over a longer period of time. If an already damaged tyre is exposed to high stress, the centrifugal forces which occur at high speeds can tear components off the tyre.
The figure shows a tyre with stripped tread due to travel with in‐sufficient tyre pressure.
8.9Rising tyre temperature caused by in‐sufficient inflation pressure
The graph shows the temperature development of a tyre at a speed of 180 km/h.
A - When specified tyre pressure is maintained, the temperature will remain stable.
B - Danger zone: When tyre pressure is 0.3 bar below specifica‐tion, the temperature rises to above 120° C at higher speeds.
C - Critical temperature threshold: A tyre defect will develop.
T - Temperature in °C
t - Travel time in minutes
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8.10Tyre damage due to fitting error (fitting damage)
1 -Hump (double hump H 2), extended double hump (EH2)
2 -Wheel rim flange
3 -Inner rim shoulder (e.g. tapered rim shoulder)
4 -Rim
5 -Wheel
6 -Well
7 -Outer rim shoulder (e.g. tapered rim shoulder)
The hump prevents the tyre from being pressed out of the rim shoulder during travel with insufficient tyre pressure.
When the tyre is inflated, the bead of the tyre may not slip com‐pletely over the outer rim hump.
In this case, there is a danger of the bead core becoming over‐stretched if the tyre pressure is too high. The steel wires would then rupture partially or completely. A broken bead core cannot be detected from the outside.
Special requirements for tyres with run-flat properties
Wheelrimswitharaiseddoublehump(ExtendedHumpEH2)are prescribed for tyres with run-flat properties (reinforced side walls) ⇒ page 49 . The raised double hump prevents the deflated tyre from slipping off its seat on the wheel rim when the tyre is run deflated.
If fitting damage remains undetected, there is a danger that the tyre will fail later during operation.
THEREFORE!
♦ Never fit a tyre without using assembly paste .
♦ Do not allow the bead seating pressure to exceed 3 bar.
♦ Do not allow the tyre inflation pressure to exceed 4 bar.
♦ When the tyre has been fitted, reduce the tyre pressure to the specified value.
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9Tyres with run-flat properties
9.1General
Tyres with run-flat properties have reinforced side walls when comparing them with normal tyres. This reduces the slippage of thesidewallsandpreventsthetyreflanksstickingwhenthetyres are run deflated. This ensures the vehicle remains controllable and the vehicle has almost normal driving characteristics. The al‐leviates the necessity to fit the spare wheel in dangerous condi‐tions e.g hard shoulder of a motorway or in bad weather conditions.
Adeflatedtyrecanbedrivenfurthertothenextworkshop(approx. 50km(approx.30miles))atasuitablespeed(max.80km/h(max. 50 mph)) and in suitable driving style for the conditions, see ⇒ Owner's wallet .
After checking the respective wheel, the responsibility lies with the driver to decide if it is safe to drive further with the deflated tyre.
-I- Tyres with normal air pressure
1 - Tyres with run-flat properties (reinforced side walls -red-)
2 - Normal tyres
-II- Deflated tyre
When a normal tyre -2- deflates, the side walls are pressed against the wheel rims. The side walls heat up extremely or stick and are therefore destroyed when the tyre is deflated.
Tyres with run-flat properties -1- are supported on the reinforced side walls (-red-). A special tyre mixture and the reduced walka‐bility of the reinforced side walls reduces the heat created when the tyre is run and the vehicle remains controllable.
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9.2Design and identification
Identification
Distinguishingfeatures:tyreswithrun-flatpropertiescanbeiden‐tified by one of the following abbreviations DSST, Euforia, RFT, ROF, RSC, SSR or ZP. The abbreviation is located on the flank of the tyre following the tyre designation of the respective tyre manufacturer.
Body
1 - Beading with beading core
2 - Side wall
3 - Reinforced side wall
4 - Wheel rim with extended hump (EH2) on both sides - prereq‐uisite when using tyres with run-flat properties
isnotpermittedunlessauthorisedbyVolks
9.3Retrofitting/requirements when using run-flat tyres
These tyres may only be used on vehicles with a tyre pressure monitoring system as a pressure lose in the tyres is not always visible. This system warns the driver when an inflation pressure is less than a certain inflation pressure.
Permitted are:
Direct measuring systems ⇒ Running gear, axles, steering; Rep. gr. 44 ; Tyre pressure monitor
Indirect measuring systems ⇒ Running gear, axles, steering; Rep. gr. 44 ; Tyre pressure monitor
Tyres with run-flat properties may only be fitted on disc-type wheels with raised double hump (Extended Hump - EH2)
⇒ page 49
Thespecialfitting/removalinstructionsmustbeobserved⇒ Run‐ninggear,axles,steering;Rep.gr. 44;Fittingandremovingtyres with run-flat properties .
A mixed installation with standard tyres is not permitted, even on same axle.
Only in exceptional circumstances may a standard tyre be fitted e.g. for a short period or a limited distance. The special run-flat characteristics are lost, the driver must always be informed.
Please observe the recommended tyre manufacture ⇒ page 462 and ⇒ page 492
–As with standard tyre/wheel systems, the disc-type wheel must also be checked before fitting.
– Thedisc-typewheelmustbechecked(fortruerunning,runout and other damage) after a puncture/breakdown ⇒ Running gear,axles,steering;Rep.gr. 44;Fittingwheelsasapot-hole etc. could have damaged the rim.
–Damaged disc-type wheels must be renewed.
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10Rolling resistance optimised tyres
The energy loss caused by the deformation of the tyre when roll‐ing is known as rolling resistance.
With rolling resistance optimised tyres the deformation is greatly reduced by a revised design and the use of optimised tread com‐positions.
Volkswagen BlueMotion and BlueMotion technology models are fitted with tyres with an optimised rolling resistance and all other safety and customer relevant properties are of the latest level of development.
❑Prevents the tyre slip‐ping off the shoulder of the rim while driving through tight bends
❑Extended hump (EH2)prerequisite when using tyres with run-flat prop‐erties ⇒ page 49
3 - Well
❑Eases fitting/removal of tyre
A - Width of wheel rim
❑Distance between tyre contact surfaces on both rim edges of wheel
❑Dimensions in inches
B - Wheel rim diameter
❑Distance between tyre contact surfaces on op‐posite tyre shoulders
❑Dimensions in inches
C - Wheel offset
❑Vertical distance be‐tween centre of wheel and wheel inner contact surface
❑Dimensions in mm
D - Pitch circle diameter
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❑Diameter of circle for wheel bolt holes
❑Dimensions in mm
E - Centre hole
❑Used to centralize
❑Dimensions in mm
11.2Data on wheel rims
There are several items of information on the wheel rims. The following example shows the information needed for unambigu‐ous identification of the wheel:
Wheel size:
6 J x 15
6 - Rim width in inches
J - Shape of wheel rim flange 15 - Rim diameter in inches
Wheel offset in mm: 43
Data on hump of rim shoulder: EH2
Extended Hump 1)
1) Raised round hump on both rim shoulders. These ensure that whenrun-flattyresareusedwithoutairpressure,theywillnotslip from rim shoulder. Rims with EH2 are required only if tyres with run-flat properties are fitted! ⇒ page 45
11.3Wheel rims - pitch circle diameter
Pitch circle di‐ameter
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Model
100 mm Polo 2010 > Fox 2006 > 112 mm Phaeton 2003 > Golf 2004 > Golf Plus 2005 > Sharan 2011 > Eos 2007 > Cross Golf 2007 > Jetta 2011 > Touran 2003 > Golf 2009 > Tiguan 2008 > Cross Touran 2008 > Golf Variant 2010 > Scirocco 2009 > Passat CC 2009 > CC 2010 > Passat saloon 2011 > Passat Variant 2011 > Beetle 2012 > 130 mm Touareg 2010 >
11.4Split rim composite wheels
Split rim alloy wheels consist of several parts.
Themajorpartsaretherimandthewheelcentre.Thesepartsare bolted together with special bolts using a special process. This ensures that the wheel functions properly, that it is sealed and safeandthatitrunstrue.Theserequirementsarenotguaranteed with workshop materials and under workshop conditions.
WARNING
Youmustnotdismantleorrepaircompositewheels!
11.5Alloy wheels with exchangeable trim el‐ements
These wheels are fitted with exchangeable trim elements. Follow these instructions during installation.
Torque setting for self-locking hexagon socket head bolts: 5 Nm
11.6Alloy wheels with exchangeable trim el‐ements (Zaragoza)
11.6.1Tools
Special tools and workshop equipment required
♦ Cartridge gun -V.A.G 1628-
♦ Removal wedge -3409-
♦ Hot air blower -V.A.G 1416Beetle 2012 ➤ , CC 2010 ➤ , Eos 2006 ➤ , GTI 2009 ➤ , Golf 2009 ➤ , ... Wheels and Tyres Guide - Standard - Edition 07.2011
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11.6.2Materials
♦ 1K Window adhesive -DH 009 100 A2-
♦ Silicone remover -LSE 020 100 A3-
11.6.3Installing trim element
These alloy wheels are fitted with exchangeable trim elements. Follow these instructions during installation.
♦ Ensure bonding surfaces in alloy wheel and trim element are free of dust and grease.
Regular care is required to maintain the decorative appearance of alloy wheels over a long period of time.
In particular road salt and dust from brake abrasion must be thor‐oughlywashedoffevery2weeks;otherwisethefinishofthealloy wheel will suffer.
Cleaning agents
Suitable cleaning agents:
♦ Plain water or water with soft soap
♦ Water and essence of vinegar
♦ Alloy wheel cleansers without acids or strong solvents
Do not exceed the soaking time of the cleaning agent.
The shorter the recommended soaking time, the harsher and more aggressive the cleaning agent.
Damage to finish
If the finish is damaged, for example by stones, the damage must be repaired as quickly as possible ⇒ page 55
Removing adhesive residue from glued balance weights on alloy rims
♦ Strongsolventsandacidsattackthefinishonalloywheelsand the surface of the wheel becomes matt and milky. Therefore, these substances should not be used.
♦ Toremoveadhesiveresidueonalloywheels,usealloycleans‐ersorapetrol-basedcleanser.Donotexceedthesoakingtime of the cleaning agent.
♦ After cleaning or removing adhesive residue from wheels, rinse them with water.
Wheel rims with cracks along the edges may not be repaired and must be replaced immediately.
Remachining, heat treatment and welding of all types is not per‐mitted.
Material reforming is not permissible.
Before restoring, the radial runout and lateral runout must not ex‐ceed the manufactures tolerance of 0.8 mm.
Only cast alloy wheel rims may be filled using a filler putty. These wheels have the material identification AlSi xx stamped in the in‐ner side.
Forged wheels may not be painted.
The restoration is limited to the painted surfaces.
Bright machined wheels, which only have a clear coating, may not be repaired.
Only surface damage on the viewed side (design surface) of the wheel may be restored.
Restoring a damaged surface depth of 1 mm must not be excee‐ded.
Only up to 50 mm may be removed/ filler filled on the outer boss.
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11.9The valve
1 -Valve body
2 -Valve core
3 -Valve cap
1. Valve body
The rubber valve for tubeless tyres is designed to create an airtight seal in the hole in the rim. The elastic material of the rubber valve body presses tightly into the hole in the rim.
In the case of valves with a threaded metal base, a rubber seal is used to seal the rim. The lateral faces of the rim hole are sealing surfaces. They must therefore be free of rust and dirt and must not be damaged.
2. Valve core
Thevalveinserthasthemostimportantjobinthevalve.Itcreates a seal and enables the regulation of the air pressure. The small flat seal on the valve core can only function correctly if it is free of foreign particles, dirt and moisture. The compressed air system must be free of water and oil!
3. Valve cap
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A valve cap must always be screwed onto the valve. It prevents dirt from getting into the valve. Dirt which may be in the valve would reach the seal of the valve plate when the tyre is inflated and cause a leak.
The valve must be renewed every time a new tyre is fitted.
AGdoesnotguaranteeoracceptanyliabilitywi
If the vehicle is driven without caps on the valves, there is the danger that dirt may get into the valve. This leads to a gradual loss of air, which in turn can lead to the destruction of the tyre.
♦ Separation of carcass and rubber ⇒ page 41
♦ Wide, circumferential furrows near the bead ⇒ page 41
Volkswagen vehicles are built according to the latest findings in safety engineering. To keep it that way, we recommend the use of only genuine Volkswagen spare parts. You can recognise this by the VW Audi logo and by the part number. It has been estab‐lished that these parts are reliable, safe and suitable.
AGdoesnotguaranteeoracceptanyliabilitywi
Despiteconstantappraisalofthemarket,wecannotassessother products on these points, even when in isolated cases they have been passed by official inspectors or have been granted official approval. Therefore, we cannot, of course, assume any liability if these products are installed.
The wheel and tyre combinations or changes listed in the vehicle tablesreferexclusivelytoVolkswagenGenuinewheels.Approval of wheel and tyre combinations or a change to wheels from the accessories trade is not possible with the parts certificate attach‐ed here.
