muestra
DUAL FOCUS
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TION A C U D E Y R A D N O SEC
PHYSICS Y R T S I M E H AND CD A LU S IA AN
O peración
mundo
CONTENTS
1. Matter and states of aggregation.....7 2. Chemical substances............................ 15 3. Energy.......................................................... 23 4. Energy Sources........................................ 31 1 Main uses of energy • 2 Renewable and nonrenewable energy sources • 3 Problems of energy use • 4 Possible solutions to the energy problem • 5 Sustainable development • The final challenge
5. Physical Changes................................... 39 6. Chemical Changes................................ 47
Take action!
4
Could you build a machine that is compatible with sustainable development?
ENERGY SOURCES
SCAN THE CODE TO FIND OUT
CHALLENGE
ENERGY SOURCES
the evolution of their use presents
can be
allow us to
Use energy
Renewable
Non-renewable
in our
such as
such as
the most commonly used are
Electrical energy
used in
Household appliances
Household
-7,0 -4,0 -2,0 -1,0 -0,5 -0,2 0,2
0,5
Electricity generation
Environmental management
Tolerable
Viable
Equitable
Attitude change
with the aim of achieving
O
C
O US
N ENGLISH
Listening and speaking
Listen and repeat the most important terms of this unit, paying attention to their pronunciation.
Reading and Writing
SUSTAINABLE
Social management
4,4
based on
• Equitable sharing of resources • Pollution abatement • Scientific research
Industry and transport
2,0 4,0
Individual actions
such as
Sustainable development
1,0
which are solved by
Global proposals
Thermal energy
used in
Automobiles
• Coal • Oil • Natural Gas • Nuclear
• Hydro • Wind • Wave • Solar • Biomass • Tidal • Geothermal
F
Everyday activities
Energy problems
Economic management
Read the outline on forces and their effects and write a sentence in your notebook that summarises the content of each branch.
31
1
What energies do we use in our activities?
Main uses of energy
What types of energy are there and what do we use them for?
Humans need energy for everyday activities such as heating and getting around. Energy use in the home % 100
Hot water
Automobiles Air conditioning
Appliances
Cooking
Lighting
80 60
% 100
40 20
Automobiles Air conditioning Hot water Domestic appliances Electrical energy Cooking Lighting
Electrical energy Electricity
Thermal energy Solid fuels (coal and wood)%
100
For all these activities, we mainly use two types of energy: thermal and electrical.
1.1 Thermal energy Although electric vehicles are becoming more and more widespread, the energy most used in the automotive industry is thermal energy. For this purpose, heat engines are used, which are machines that use the chemical energy of fuels to produce mechanical energy. An example is the combustion engine.
1.2 Electrical energy Electrical energy is the energy used by all the devices that we plug into the mains, or those that work with batteries. The energy consumed by electrical appliances depends on their power consumption and the time they are running. Electricity companies measure the energy we consume in kilowatt hours (kW · h). Then, each company sets a price per kW · h and charges us that plus taxes and other fees listed in our electricity bill.
% Liquid fuels (diesel and 100 petrol) Natural gas
80
80
60
60
40
1
20
Listening. Listen to the audio about efficiency Then, complete the following 40at anayaeducacion.es. 20 sentence in your notebook: 20
If a car’s petrol engine efficiency is 25%, this means that for every 100 J of … energy, the engine performs ... J of ...
2 Writing. Look at the charts on energy use in the home and complete the following statements in your notebook: a) Approximately half of the energy we use in the home goes to ... b) Although it is true that electric vehicles are more and more common, most vehicles still use ... c) ... energy is the most common in households and people use it for ..., hot water and ... 3 Writing. Think about the activities you do on any given day and make a list of those which require electricity.
Vocabulary Heat engine - Fuel - Power - Kilowatt hour – Efficiency - Electricity bill
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80% 100 60 80 Liquefied oil gases (butane,40 propane) 60 Solar thermal energy 20 40
% 100 % 80 100 60 80 40 60 20 40 20
Renewable and non-renewable energy sources
2
What types of energy sources do you know? Where do we get energy from?
Energy sources are the set of resources or raw materials that humans use to obtain energy. Sometimes we use the energy they provide us with without having to transform it; for example, ancient mills used wind or water energy to move large stones that ground the grain. In other cases, however, we must transform it for our own use, for example when we use oil to make fuels. Depending on the rate of consumption and regeneration of resources, energy sources are classified as renewable or non-renewable.
Energy sources
Hydro
Wind
Solar
Renewable
Non-renewable
The rate of consumption is higher than the rate of regeneration.
They are consumed at a slower rate than they are regenerated in nature. Geothermal
Biomass
Natural gas
Coal Tidal
Wave
4 There are few energy sources that are not directly or indirectly related to the sun. Fill in the table in your notebook with the names of appropriate energy sources. Energy source
Nuclear energy
Renewable
Non-renewable
Oil
6 Speaking. What do the panels in the photo do and what energy source do they use? Discuss with your classmates the advantages and disadvantages of using this type of panels.
Solar origin Other sources
5
Listening. Listen to the audio on anayaeducacion.es about the use of renewable energy sources in Andalusia and answer these questions: a) What are the energy sources on which Andalusia is betting the most?
Vocabulary
b) Are there any nuclear power stations in Andalusia?
Regeneration rate - Solar panels
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3
Problems of energy use
Are we using energy well? How have our energy needs evolved and what problems have they caused?
3.1 Evolution of our energy needs Our energy needs have always grown. The following illustration shows some of the major milestones in energy use.
The invention of the steam engine makes the Industrial Revolution possible.
The emergence of water mills, used for grinding grain and irrigation.
1.5 million years ago
Use of fire for warmth, cooking and protection from predators.
3rd century
7th century
18th century
Electric power reaches the home.
Late 19th century to early 20th century
First third of the 20th century
The development of internal combustion engines gave rise to the oil industry.
People develop the first windmills and improve them during the Middle Ages.
Today we have many machines for farming, transportation, transporting goods and communication, all of which require increasing amounts of energy.
3.2 Problems arising from consumption The current rate of energy consumption poses problems that can affect us at different levels: Problems arising from energy consumption
Disruption of landscapes and ecosystems
At the local level
Waste treatment
Depletion of resources Deterioration of air quality
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On a global scale
Climate change
Social inequalities
Unit 4
7 The figure shows an estimate of the evolution of energy consumption between 2019 and 2040: Evolution of energy sources
% 35.0
Billions of barrels per year
30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
9 Speaking. The plot shows oil production over the last 70 years and the reserves available up to the year 2050.
Hydro
Oil
Natural gas
2019: 14 474 Mtep
Coal
Biomass
Other Nuclear renewables
2040: 17 934 Mtep
Conventional oil
30 Deep sea reserves 30 Heavy oil 25 Polar regions 25 20 Liquid natural gas Middle East 20 15 15 Other 10 10 Russia 5 5 United States except AlaskaEurope 0 Año 01950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
a) What does the peak in this plot mean? a) Which energy sources are trending upwards?
b) Which countries are the biggest oil producers?
b) Which sources are trending downwards?
c) Which countries will have no oil by 2050, according to the prediction?
c) In general, is there a tendency to use more renewable or non-renewable energy sources? d) The consumption data are expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent (1 Mtoe = 4,1868 · 1013 J). With this data, calculate the expected increase in energy consumption in 2040 compared to 2019 in SI units. 8 Reading. Read the following text about carbon dioxide (CO2) and answer the following questions in your notebook: “The presence of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere regulates the temperature of our planet via the greenhouse effect. If we did not have carbon dioxide, the difference between night and day temperatures would make life on Earth as we know it impossible. But burning coal and oil emits large amounts of this gas into the atmosphere. This has caused the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to rise over the last few centuries and has greatly increased the greenhouse effect, leading to global warming of the atmosphere and oceans, resulting in major changes in the world’s climate”. a) Would you say that carbon dioxide is harmful to life on Earth? b) What is the danger of this gas to the global climate? c) Complete the following sentence in your notebook: … is necessary for life on Earth, but an increase in CO2 concentration in the … can cause a … which may lead to … with unknown consequences.
d) What are the possible consequences? 10 Speaking. In some texts you may read that renewable energies are inexhaustible. Is this true? Discuss with your classmates. 11 Reading and writing. The following text describes one of the problems posed by the increase in global energy consumption: “The distribution of energy on a planetary level is not equitable; there are countries that consume a lot of energy and others that have hardly any. The demands of industrialised countries lead to great social inequalities, even to wars for the control of resources, such as the recent ‘coltan war’.” a)
Find out more about coltan, what minerals are involved and why they are important?
b) What is the main problem with coltan? c) Which countries were directly affected by this war and what were the consequences for the population?
Vocabulary Water mills - Windmills - Steam engine Internal combustion engines - Electric power - Resource depletion - Carbon dioxide Greenhouse effect - Global warming Climate change - Waste treatment
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4
Possible solutions to the energy problem
Humanity is considering global proposals and individual actions that could solve the problem of resource overconsumption:
What can we do? What measures can we take at a global level and at an individual level? Oxygen input
Electron circulation
• The global proposals are:
Hydrogen input O2
– An equitable distribution of resources by governments, considering humanitarian reasons.
O2
– Reduction of pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
O2
• Individual actions are based on everyone’s change of attitude towards energy saving such as at home, when travelling, at work. One way of reducing pollution is the use of electric vehicles, provided that the batteries are recharged with renewable energy. Scientists are researching alternatives, such as fuel cells (right), which could be the engine of the future. We must also be aware of the need to make good use of resources, and always think about reducing, reusing and recycling (the 3 R’s rule).
Positive hydrogen ions
O2
Catalyst
Electrode
Electrolyte Water outlet
A fuel cell is a device in which hydrogen reacts with oxygen in the air to produce an electric current. As a waste product it produces only water. Several of these cells can be used as electric motors in the vehicles of the future.
The 3 Rs rule
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle Vocabulary
Consume fewer resources and avoid single-use materials.
Instead of discarding, find a new use.
Only dispose of what cannot be reused in appropriate containers.
Fuel cell - Electric current - Reduce Reuse - Recycle Electrolysis
12 Writing. Writing. Make a list of actions you can take to reduce energy consumption at home.
14 Reading. Do you apply the 3 R’s rule in your daily life? Give concrete examples of actions you can take.
13
15 Speaking. Do electric cars not pollute? Discuss with your classmates the reasons why you think so.
36
Electrolysing water can produce hydrogen for running fuel cells water. Research this process and look up the equation for the chemical reaction.
Unit 4
5
What types of energy sources do you know?
Sustainable development
Where do we get our energy from?
Sustainable development is about meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development includes social, economic and ecological dimensions, all of which must be addressed in order to achieve it:
If we only considered the social and environmental dimensions, we would achieve tolerable development, which could be economically unstable.
Environmental management
Tolerable
Viable
If we only considered economic and environmental dimensions, we would achieve viable development, which could lead to social inequalities.
SUSTAINABLE Social management
Economic management Equitable
If we only considered the social and environmental dimensions, it would be possible to achieve sustainable development without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
16
Writing. Do you know what climate summits are? Find out about them and make a timeline of the ones where the most important agreements were reached.
18 Complete the following sentences in your notebook:
17 Speaking. What does it mean that sustainable development must be viable, tolerable and equitable?
b) If we do not consider the … dimension we may achieve equitable development, but it would not ensure respect for the environment.
a) If we do not consider economic dimensions, we may achieve … development, which can be ...
Vocabulary Environment management - Economic management - Social management Viable - Tolerable - Equitable - Sustainable development
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The challenge
Take action! GLOSSARY
We are going to build a homemade windmill.
Group work. Organise the class into small groups and discuss the following questions, searching for the information you need on the Internet (remember to consult only trustworthy sites): • Of the renewable energies you know about, which ones were used in ancient times? • In this unit we have seen the importance of the 3 R’s rule, but do you know the consequences of not following it? What happens to all the plastic waste we generate if we do not recycle it?
Build To build the windmill, follow the instructions shown in the attached figures. Make sure that the blades are attached to the stick, so that when the blades move, the stick will rotate. Once the blades are built and fixed to the stick, we move on to the structure, for which we will use a plastic bottle and an awl. You must make holes in the top of the bottle, so that you can put the shaft of the windmill through the holes horizontally. Then fill the bottle with sand, below the level of the shaft, so that it has enough weight to hold up the windmill blades.
Experiment Tie a string to the shaft and hang a small plastic cup on the other end, so that when the blades move, the string winds around the shaft and lifts the cup. • What factors determine how much weight the windmill can lift? • Given the same wind, how could we improve the windmill’s efficiency? • Can we make the blades as big as we want?
38
SCAN THIS CODE TO CONSULT THE
Wind and water power
FOR THIS UNIT.
Materials Square cardboard Wooden stick Scissors, tacks, glue and ruler Used plastic yoghurt cup and plastic bottle
DUAL FOCUS
2ANDPHYSICS CHEMISTRY SECONDARY EDUCATION
Index
........ 4 of aggregation............. 1. Matter and states .8 .............................................. es nc ta bs su al ic m he 2. C ....... 12 ............................................ 3. Energy........................ ... 16 ............................................ .... .... s.. ce ur So gy er 4. En ...... 20 ............................................ 5. Physical Changes 24 ............................................ .... . . es ng ha C al ic m he 6. C
4
ENERGY SOURCES
Energy Humans need energy to live and for our everyday activities. The energy we use comes from natural resources, such as wind, waterfalls, coal and natural gas.
Sometimes we can use the energy provided by natural resources without having to transform it, such as the energy from wind or water currents. At other times, we must transform it to make it useful, such as when we manufacture petrol or produce electricity.
Energy sources: Are the set of raw materials that we use to obtain energy.
1 Name examples of energies that we use directly from natural resources and others that are transformed before they can be used.
Renewable energy sources Energy sources can be classified according to their ability to renew themselves over time. Renewable energies are generated at a faster rate than they are consumed. The most important renewable energies are solar, wind, hydro, biomass, marine, and geothermal. 2 What do all renewable energies have in common? 16
Non-renewable energy sources Non-renewable energies are consumed at a faster rate than they are generated in nature. The most important non-renewable energies are energy from coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear fission. 3 What is the difference between non-renewable and renewable energies?
Energy uses The energies most used by people are electricity and heat. Electrical energy is used for almost all daily activities and is the only one used for lighting and the operation of household appliances. Thermal energy is used for heating, hot water, and cooking.
It is worth noting that half of the energy consumed by households is for automobiles. 4 Which are the energies most used by people?
Evolution of energy needs
Advances in our model of society, population growth and globalisation have meant that more energy is needed. Centuries ago, the windmill was a great invention for harnessing energy from natural resources. Later, the steam engine revolutionised the world, followed by combustion engines and electric motors.
5 Name the main advances that have enabled mankind to make better use of energy. 17
4 Issues Today, the rate of energy consumption has effects on a local scale, altering the landscape and ecosystems. On a global scale, resource depletion, climate change, waste storage, and many social inequalities are occurring. Non-renewable energies affect the quality of air, water, land, etc. 6 What are the global problems posed by the current rate of energy consumption?
Global proposals Governments frequently meet to commit to measures such as the equitable sharing of resources, reducing pollution or saving energy.
7 Why do you think it is necessary for governments to come together and commit to action?
In the face of the current climate emergency, humanity needs to organise and make important decisions for the environment and society.
Individual actions Citizens, as individuals, can have an impact on this transformation through changes in our lifestyles. Important actions include: using public transport, not using single-use plastics, buying local products, saving energy or participating in environmental actions.
8 Name actions you can take individually to help solve the problems caused by energy use. 18
Sustainable development It is about growing as a society without destroying resources or the environment.
Sustainable development is about meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the possibilities of future generations.
9 What is sustainable development?
Climate summits In 2005, a global agreement between 84 countries came into force to establish measures to reduce emissions globally. It is known as the Kyoto Protocol. Many countries have taken action since, but the pace remains slow. In 2016, the Paris Agreement was signed, a global agreement with the same purpose as the Kyoto Protocol. En la actualidad hay muchos países que no lo están cumpliendo. 10 What is the goal of the Paris Agreement? 11 What are the consequences of the fact that not all countries are complying with the Paris Agreement?
Responsible consumption On a personal level, we can make changes through responsible consumption of resources. It is also very important to think before buying or spending on products that are not environmentally friendly and sustainable development friendly.
An easy rule to memorise is the three R rule; reduce, reuse and recycle.
12 Give some real-life examples of practising the 3 Rs rule. 19
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