L A I C O
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Y
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S IENCE C S s en
e c 12 mont
DiGitAL PRoject
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s
Lic
3
ld cou n t c i e ubj rated s s l Thi integ ces, ona be cien egi rk r S wo new he frame t d ul o. ry sho ulato lish s b g a re est
GLo BAL
tHInKeRs
INDEX 1
8
Maps and plan
PAGE
2
26
LANDSCAPES
PAGE
SDG
CONTENTS • • • • • •
What is a plan? What is a map? Watching the world. The globe. What types of maps are there? Finding a place.
• • • • • •
What is a landscape? Changes in landscapes. Inland landscapes. Inland landscapes in Spain. Coastal landscapes. Spain’s coastline.
No poverty
Life on land
TERM REVIEW
44 PAGE
3
48
BODIES OF WATER
PAGE
4
64
PAGE
WE ARE PART OF THE WORLD
• • • • •
Types of bodies of water. The water cycle. Ground water and surface water. Rivers. Spain’s rivers.
Life below water
• The map of the world. • Europe’s land relief. • Europe’s countries.
Clean water and sanitation
TERM REVIEW
78 PAGE
5
82
Learning FROM history
PAGE
96
6
PAGE
110 PAGE
• The passing of time. • Historical eras. • Primary and secondary sources. Climate action
Travelling through history
• • • • • •
Prehistory. Classical Antiquity. The Middle Ages. The Modern Age. The Contemporary Era. Women in history.
Gender equality
TERM REVIEW
THE WORLD AND... YOU! • LEARNING SITUATION
SPECIFIC COMPETENCES
In The World and... you! students learn how important it is to have good opportunities of mobility to access better life conditions.
2.3; 2.4; 5.1; 5.3; 8.1
In The World and... you! student learn that even though there are a lot of natural landscapes transfomed into urban landscapes, we should respect all types of natural landscapes because they are the home of many living organisms.
2.2; 2.3; 5.3; 6.1; 9.1
INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT
In The World and... you! students learn that animals and plants that live under water need our protection. They understand the importance of recycling, reusing and reducing.
2.1; 2.2; 2.3; 5.1; 6.1
In The World and... you! students learn the importance of drinkable water and that everybody should have access to clean water and sanitation.
1.1; 2.1; 2.2; 5.1; 9.2
INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT
In The World and... you! students learn how navigation has changed throughout time. The final reflection is that we must reduce emisions and promote renewable energy to sustain life on Earth and try to stop climate changes.
2.5; 7.1; 7.2; 9.1; 9.3
In The World and... you! students learn how important the past is in our present.
2.3; 7.1; 7.2; 8.2; 9.1
INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT
GLOBAL RESOURCES
1 MAPS AND PLANS
4
Watch and learn
How do we find our way to a new place ?
My objectives are: • To know how to locate people and places using maps and plans. • To know how to create different types of maps and plans that represent features of the different parts of the world.
Everybody in the world should have access to basic human needs.
8
eight
We have detected rural areas with lots of dangerous dirt roads. Paved roads are required urgently.
!
1
Look at the picture and answer: • Where are Sol, Kim and Pat? • What are they doing? • What are they holding in their hands? Why?
2
Listen and read.
1
A treasure map Children´s favourite stories are about treasure hunting. Pirates like treasures too. I like stories where pirates visit lots of little islands looking for a treasure. They climb hills, dig holes, explore caves, dive in rivers and fight dangerous animals. Finally, they find a secret treasure and they shout and laugh and jump and, of course, they always sing the famous pirate songs. The best moment is when they have to draw the parts of a treasure map. Treasure maps are always broken and that is the most interesting part of the story. Normally one piece is lost. It is the piece with the most relevant information. They can´t find the treasure without it. It has the exact location of the treasure. Suddenly, a hero or heroine appears with a new map and the pirates can find the treasure. The pirates sail the seas with their ship full of money and precious stones. I think that I will be a professional adventure writer and tell stories of pirates and maps. My books will have the most beautiful and colourful plans and maps. Or, will I be a cartographer? Ha, ha. Who knows?
3
Answer the questions:
a) What does Sol like doing?
b) What is a pirate?
c) Do you read pirate stories?
d) What is a treasure?
Language Bank
What does like doing?
e) What is a treasure map?
Let’s explore
Sol
She likes...
MAPS AND PLANS
Plans and parts of a plan Physical
Maps Political
The Globe Thematic
nine
9
What is a plan? Refresh
Do you use plans? When do we use them?
What is a plan?
2
Plans are drawing of limited places. They are smaller than the real things. Cartographers draw them. Plans show the view of the place or object from above.
The characteristics of a plan Plans helps us: – to find the exact location of a place. – to measure the distances or sizes. – to go from one place to another without losing our way.
1
Look at the plans. What do they represent? a
c
b
Spe
nce
r St re e t
Old Tow n
d
R 15
30
40
6
11
17
TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS, S.A.
2 10
Think
Date
16-11-13
Checked
18-11-13
REF. 26-312A5
Plan num. 022-015-1/3
Look at your room. Make a plan of your room. Share it with your classmate. ten
This is my room.
Refresh
Parts of a plan
The directional marker indicates the direction where the north cardinal point is.
Ro
se
St
re
et
Win dso
Symbols are drawings that represent natural and man-made features such as buildings.
Gingerbread Street
rS
tre et
The toponomy is the collection of toponyms that name the streets , avenues….
Bay Street
3
Do you use plans when you travel with your family?
The scale. It shows how long real distances are in real life. Here one centimetre equals 1 000 metres.
The key tells us what these symbols represent.
3
•
Think
Look at the key of the plan. Copy the symbols in your notebook. Write what they represent. Then design your own symbol for a supermarket.
Imagine you are cartographers. Draw the plan of a new shopping mall.
• Draw symbols on a piece of paper for a restaurant, a videogame room, a clothing shop, a computer store and a bookshop. • Then place them on the plan with the directional marker, the key, the toponomy and a scale.
eleven
11
What is a map? 4
What is a map?
Maps are drawings of big areas such as the Earth’s surface.
Characteristics of maps They help us: – To know the exact location of a place. – To calculate the distances between places. – To go from one place to another withour losing our way.
Elements of a map Territorial division in Spain Capital of autonomous community
PRINCIPADO C a n t a b r i a n S e a DE ASTURIAS Santander PAÍS VASCO Oviedo CANTABRIA
Santiago de Compostela
Logroño
CASTILLA
LA RIOJA
CATAL UÑA Zaragoza
Valladolid
P O R T U G A L
OCEAN
ANDORRA
Pamplona
Province boundaries
AT L A N T I C
The conventional symbols are the lines, points or other symbols that ISLASmeaning represent reality. Its BALEARES isCOMUNIDAD in the key of mountains, Palma boundaries, capitals, or roads. Valencia
COMUNIDAD DE MADRID Madrid Toledo
EXTREMADURA
CASTILLA-
VALENCIANA
LA MANCHA Mérida
ANDALUCÍA
Murcia
REGIÓN
2 12
Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta
Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla
Which elements can you find in a map? Name them.
Look at the map. Find the directinal markers and write the names of the cardinal points. twelve
Toponomy include the a names of countries, Se provinces, cities, an e mountains, or rivers. n
d e Directional M markers
MOROC C O
1
a rr e it
DE MURCIA
AT L A N T I C O C E A N CANARIAS Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Barcelona
ARAGÓN
Y LEÓN
Sevilla
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
COMUNIDAD FORAL DE NAVARRA
Vitoria-Gasteiz
GAL IC IA
Autonomous community boundaries Country boundaries
The title tells us about the subject and the place it represents.
F R A N C E
Scale A A LGERI
N W
E S
0
100
200
300 km
WATCHING THE WORLD Refresh
Do you know what a world map is?
What is a world map?
5
World maps represent the whole Earth on a flat surface.
2
a b
1 4
c
4
d
Lines of latitude are horizontal. They measure the distance from the Equator.
e 5
Lines of longitude are vertical. They go from the North Pole to the South Pole.
3 f
1 2
The equator is an imaginary line that divides the Earth into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. It goes horizontally around the Earth.
Listen and try to guess the location and name of the continents and oceans in the world. 6
Ask your partner about the colours, and the spelling of the continents. Then ask about where each animal live. a) What colour is America? It is… . b) How do you spell America? A-M-E-R-I-C-A
Language Bank
The penguin lives in Antarctica. And the bear is from America.
c) Which animals live in America? thirteen
13
The Globe Refresh
7
o you remember the cardinal points? Can you find D them in a globe?
What is a globe?
A globe is the representation of the Earth as a sphere. A globe can spin around its axis like the Earth. You can look at it from different sides.
1 2 3
14
What is the main difference between a globe and a map?
Think
Look at the globe. Which continents can you see ? Which continents can´t you see?
Think
Look at the pictures above. Then read and complete the sentence.
fourteen
Refresh
8
Can the planet Earth rotate? Can the globe spin?
Elements of a globe
North Pole meridian
There are imaginary vertical and horizontal lines that help us locate places on the globe.
Northern Hemisphere
Greenwich Meridian
Equator
parallel Southern Hemisphere
South Pole
4
Observe the globe and answer the questions. a) What does the Greenwich meridian join? b) What does the Equator divide? c) How many hemispheres are there? d) Where does the Earth´s axis go through? e) What is the name of the imaginary horizontal lines? and the vertical lines?
5 6
Language Bank
The Equator divides… The Earth’s axis goes through…
Imagine a new planet. Name it and draw all the lines en it.
Make easy Yes/No questions about the globe and make a contest in groups of four. Swap your questions with another group. fifteen
15
What types of maps are there? Refresh
9
A map with rivers and mountains. What type of map is it?
Types of maps
There are three types of maps: physical, political and thematic. A physical map shows the land, mountains, oceans and rivers. C ant abr i an S ea
River
CORDILLERA CANT
ÁBRICA P I R I N E O S SI SUBMESETA
Peak
AL
IB
ÉR
TR
A
ICO
SIS T E M A C E N
EM
NORTE
Mountains
S
ISL
A
SUBMESETA
AT L A N T I C
L BA
SUR A TIC BÉ A MOREN UB A R n S R SIE RA ea L E Mulhacén IL an D 3 478 r R O er C CORDILLERA it PENIBÉTICA d
OCEAN
ATLANTIC OCEAN ISLAS CANARIAS
0
M
100 200 km
e
EA
RES
a Se
Autonomous community boundaries
AT L A N T I C OCEAN
N
W
FRANCE
ASTURIAS CANTABRIA PAÍS VASCO GALICIA NAVARRA LA RIOJA CASTILLA Y LEÓN ARAGÓN
Country boundaries
ST
Plains
Ca n ta b r i a n Se a
Territorial division in Spain
Aneto 3 404
PORT UGAL
Spain's relief
Teide 3 718
A political map shows countries, cities, towns and borders.
E
EXTREMADURA
ISLAS BALEARES COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA
CASTILLALA MANCHA
ANDALUCÍA
REGIÓN DE MURCIA
CANARIAS
0
CATALUÑA
COMUNIDAD DE MADRID
ATLANTIC OCEAN
S
ANDORRA
100 200 km
M
e
d
MOROCCO
it
er
an ne ra
a Se
N
W
E S
ALGERIA
Thematic maps show information on a particular topic. Sun Sun and clouds Sun, clouds and rain
Weather forecast from 0-12 h
Airports Motorway and dual carriageway Roads
Cloudy Rain
AT L A N T I C
Snow
OCEAN
Wind N W 0
1
100 200 km
ATLANTIC OCEAN
E 0
S
M
100 200 km
e
d
it
er
r
n ea an
a Se
N
W
E S
Think
Look at the different types of maps. Answer these questions for each map and organise the answers in a chart. a) What’s the title?
d) Say three names shown in the map.
b) What do the symbols in the key represent?
e) What does the scale measure? Explain it in your own words.
c) Where does the compass point?
Physical map 16
Cantabrian Sea
Airports and main roads in Spain
sixteen
Title
Key
Directional markers
Toponymy
Scale
?
?
?
?
?
2
Which map is most useful for these people? 1. A tourist is in the city. 2. Sol is studying history. 3. Ben is studying the weather. 4. Mary is a geography teacher.
• Imagine you are travelling to Ireland in summer. When you come back, your teacher asks you some questions. Read the questions and decide which map you have to look at to give an answer. a) What is the capital city of Ireland? b) Which ocean surrounds Ireland? c) Which country is to the east of Ireland? d) What’s the weather like in Dublin? e) Where is the city of Cork? f) Which is the highest mountain in Ireland? g) Which is the longest river? h) When did the Vikings reach Ireland? 1
2
Foy le
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Political map of Ireland
Dundalk Boyne Bay
.
a Mts
Mizen Head
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Blackwater Lee
Hook Head
Celtic Sea
Ireland
Physical map of Ireland
Ailech
Connacht
NORTHERN IRELAND (U.K.)
Lifford
Wicklow Mts.
Liff
Siu r
. Galty Mts Comeragh Mts.
Slieve Mish
Cah
Barrow
on
Sha nn
Golde
ney Sla
n Vale
Loop Head
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Ulster
Weather forecast in Ireland from 0-12 h Cloudy
Sun Sun and clouds
Rain
Wind
Bo
Lough Mask Central e Lough yn Valley Irish Lough Ree Sea Corrib ey Plain Galway Bay Slieve Aran Bloom Islands Lough Derg
4
l ne an Ch rth No
Erne
Lough Lough Allen Conn
3
Lough Neagh Ban n
Donegal Bay Erne
Erris Head
nn Ba
h ag ve . rry ts e M D
nel an Ch rth No
Malin Head Inishowen Peninsula
Dublin
Sligo Drogheda
Waterford Cork
DUBLIN
Wicklow Arklow Shannon Limerick New Ross Killarney
Cork
Waterford
Celtic Sea
Wexford
Munster
Irish Sea
Galway Tullamore
IRELAND
Leinster
Limerick
Monaghan Castlebar
Irish Sea
Mide
Celtic Sea
Ireland from mid 9th century to early 11th century Mide Irish kingdoms Cork
Viking settlements
seventeen
17
Finding a place 10
1
Finding out where to go
Central Park,
London
Sometimes locating places on a plan or map is difficult. There are lots of names and colours and a lot of information.
What can you do to find a place quickly? a) You must remember the name of the street and the number where you want to go. It is very useful to write the address down.
2
b) You can mark the route and learn it. For example, “I turn right at the end of the road and take the second left. I pass the traffic lights, go straight on and the park is at the end of the road”. c) You can locate the place using the coordinates that are vertical and horizontal lines from the Equator and the Greenwich meridian. The horizontal lines show the latitude and the vertical lines show the longitude. 3 180° 160° W 140° W 120° W 100° W
80° W 60° W
40° W 20° W
0°
A R C T I C
80° N
20° E 40° E O C E A N
60° E
80° E 100° E 120° E 140° E 160° E 180° 80° N
Greenland RO CK
NS
20° N
A M E R I C A
P A C I F I C 0° Equator
E A N O C
A
N D E
20° S O C E A N
N
60° S
0
A
LPS
W
SAHARA
18
40° N P A C I F I C 20° N OCEAN Equator 0°
INDIAN
A F R I C A
20° S
OCEAN
Australia
OCEANIA
S
60° S
2000 4000 6000 8000 km
A N T A R C T I C
N
T
A
R
O C E A N
C
T
I
40° E
60° E
C
A 80° S
80° S
2
L AYAS
A
40° S
180° 160° W 140° W 120° W 100° W 80° W 60° W
MA
I
E
A
1
S
HI
S
40° S
A
I C N T L A AT
TAI UN MO
40° N
60° N
E U R O P E
Y
60° N
40° W 20° W
0°
20° E
80° E 100° E 120° E 140° E 160° E 180°
Locate these places on the map above:
London. 51º latitude – 0º longitude
New York 40º latitude – 74º longitude
Paris. 48º latitude – 2º longitude
La Habana 23º latitude – 82º longitude
Look at the plan above (2). Read and draw the route in your notebook. eigthteen
a
Finding out where you are
11
The tools we use to find places or directions, such as maps, compass or GPS are man-made elements. But what happens when you can‘t use them? Imagine you are in the middle of the forest. Nature has no names and animals can´t talk. How can you find your way? The Sun, the mountains, the trunks and the stars can give you clues to find the North. b
3
Read and do the actions. Can you find the North?
Step one: Look for the sun rise. That point is the East. Point to the East with your right hand. Step two: Stretch the left arm. Now your left hand is pointing to the West. Step three: The North is in front of your face. Walk forwards. Step four: The South is behind your head. Walk backwards.
4
c
Think
There are more clues in Nature that help us find our location. Observe the picture b) and c), answer the questions and try to remember: a) Where is the North, in the shady or the sunny face of the mountain? Why can we find vegetation in the shady face? b) The side of the trunk with the closest growth rings points to the south. True or false?
5
Create
d
Look at picture d). Read the text. Then draw the Little Dipper in your notebook and point and highlight the North Star. The North Star always points north. The Little Dipper has a tail made of three stars. The brightest star is the north star.
nineteen
19
THE world and... you! Detecting human needs: lack of mobility
Look!
Doctors, lorry drivers, teachers and all workers need to move quickly and safely from one place to another. Can you please prepare transportation maps that show the type of roads you have in your autonomous community? Local governments need to know where the dirt roads are located.
1
Look at the picture and answer the questions. Share the answers with your classmate. a) What’s happening? Why is Kim so worried? b) Do you know rural areas? c) What do you prefer the city or the village?
20
twenty
think!
2
Organise your class in groups of four. You are going to draw a road map. Follow these steps: 1. Search in internet and learn about dirt roads and paved roads. Where do you normally see them? What are the main differences? Present it to the class orally. 2. Observe different road maps of Spain and locate some dirt roads. Are they very long? 3. Find maps of your autonomous community and observe the number of towns and villages. Does it have a lot of rural areas? 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a rural area? 5. Find the parts of a map in the pages of this unit. What are their names and their functions? Do not forget to include them in your road map.
act!
3
A fter studying this unit, prepare a proper and simple road map that can help governors locate the dangerous old paths of your community. Give reasons to build modern roads that communicate people and provide services. Present the project to the rest of the class. All citizens must have the same opportunities of mobility to access better life conditions.
twenty-one
21
Story time! Please donate what you can. We have got a lot of lentils and pasta but little fruit and vegetables.
12
Now your friends are here I don't have to wait for you. See you there!
Wait! I don't remember how to get there!
It’s a place where people donate food to help others. That's my brother. We take the food on our bikes.
Hi Sol. What are you doing? What's a food bank?
Don’t worry, I have got a village map.
The map's key shows the park is here and the food bank is there. The map's scale tells us its 1.5 km away.
We are on our bikes, we can help!
So, we have to cycle to the end of this road. Let's go!
See you there!
Thank you for helping lots of families with this food. Where is your brother?
1
What food does the food bank need?
2
Do you think food banks are important? Why?
3
Write what your favourite meal is. Do you know the ingredients?
22
twenty-two
Map your ideas 1
Think and fill in the gaps.
Maps and plans
?
Plans
Maps
Plans help us to…
Maps help us to…
?
?
?
?
elements of a plan
Globe
North Pole
?
?
meridian
?
?
?
elements of a map ?
?
?
?
?
directional markers
types of maps
?
scale
?
Political
symbol
rivers, mountains
countries, cities, towns
?
?
weather
history
roads, motorways
twenty-three
23
LET'S review! 1
2
3 4 5
Copy and fill in this chart in your notebook. What it show
Specific characteristics
Common characteristics
A map
?
?
?
A plan
?
?
?
What is a globe? How is the Earth represented in a globe? What are the main elements in a globe?
What types of maps are there? What is the difference between a political and a physical map?
Imagine you are a meteorologist. What type of map do you study?
13
Fill in the gaps:
distances plans numbers
lost future rulers
computers
information calculators
drawing
cartographer
famous
world represent maps
Cartographers draw and design (1) … and (2) …. They calculate (3) … very well and collect a lot of (4) …. In the (5) … I want to be a (6) … because I like (7) … I will (8) … parts of the (9) … and help other people to find their way if they are (10) …. I will use (11) … and (12) … and (13) …. I will become a very (14) … person. 24
twenty-four
glossary 1
Find nouns for these definitions: Let´s check your memory. a) Drawings of limited places. b) They draw maps and plans. c) Compass that indicates the direction where the North cardinal point is. d) The name for locations on the plan or map like streets, parks or countries. e) It shows the relation between the real size and the size on the plan. f) Drawings that symbolize the buildings, objects and different things on a plan. g) It is a list of all the symbols that explains what these symbols represent. h) A representation of the Earth's surface, or part of its surface. i) Maps that show the approximate position and size of continents and oceans. j) Maps that show the names of mountains, rivers, or oceans. k) Maps where you can find the borders that separate countries and continents. l) Maps that have symbols that explain a topic. m) Maps that show the the weather forecast. n) A spherical representation of the Earth. o) A horizontal imaginary line that divides the globe into the northern and southern hemispheres. p) An imaginay vertical line that joins the two poles.
My progress • I can understand what a map is and its parts.
Copy the sentences in your notebook Draw a smiley
• I can understand what a plan is and its parts. • I can identify the differences between maps and plans. • I can tell what a globe is. • I can tell what the coordinates are and find a place. twenty-five
25
2 LANDSCAPES
15
Watch and learn
My objectives are: • To recognise the different types of landscapes in Spain and their main features. • To value Nature for its beauty and its importance to protect life in our planet.
We must sustain all life on Earth and try to prevent deforestation and desertification.
There are lots of natural landscapes transformed into urban landscapes. Little by little we are destroying natural resources and changing the planet. We must respect all types of natural elements.
26
twenty-six
!
Imagine you are on a drive goin g from a city to the countrysid e. Does the landsc ape change? Ho w?
1
2
Look at the picture and find: a) trees
d) a lorry
g) a river
b) flowers
e) an eagle
h) rocks
c) mountain
f ) a rabbit
I ) grass
14
Listen and read.
I love visiting lavender fields with my friends in July, just before the crop farmers harvest the flowers. They are amazing fertile plains surrounded by hills. We all wear white sum-mer clothes and hats made from straw. It is like living inside the painting of a romantic and beautiful landscape. We sometimes dance and sing while walking along the purple paths. We can also smell the nice scent. We enjoy buying lavender soap, perfumes and teas in the little stalls around. We have to respect the natural landscapes when we visit, not only the vegetation and fauna but also the bodies of water and relief. Crop farmers use the river in the valley to water the lavender plants. All our senses are active inside the lavender fields. The sense of hearing is perhaps the most useful because arthropods, especially insects, love living in lavender fields. Hey, you, be careful. I can hear it. Oh, my! What´s that? It´s a huge bumblebee! Run away, every-body! We are strangers in their habitat!
3
Answer the questions: a) What’s Sol talking about?
Language Bank
b) When does Sol go to the lavender fields? What do she and her friends usually do?
She goes to the lavender fields in July.
c) Do you like the smell of lavander?
They sometimes dance and sing.
d) Which animals live in lavender fields? Let’s explore
Landscapes Types
Elements
Changes
The Meseta
Interior landscapes
Coastal landscapes
Interior landscapes in Spain
Spain’s coasline
Mountains on the edge of the Meseta
Mountains outside the Meseta
River valleys
twenty-seven
27
What is a landscape? Refresh
15
Can you distinguish different types of landscapes?
1
What is a landscape?
A landscape is an area of land that you can see from a particular point.
Elements of a landscape In a landscape there are natural and man-made elements. Natural elements are not made by man: relief, water and vegetation.
2
Man-made elements are made by man: houses, roads, bridges and tunnels, areas for cultivation, etc.
Types of landscapes The types of landscapes are mountain, coastal, urban and desert.
1
16 Listen to Sol and Ben. Match the pictures to the landscapes they mention.
3
Sol: I can see there are four types of landscapes. Ben, Is number 2 a mountain landscape? Ben: No, it's not. I can see the sea, the cliffs, the sand and some boats. It is a coastal landscape. Sol: How beautiful! Listen now, is number one a mountain landscape, then? Ben: Yes, it is. It has got rocks, valleys, and a river. Sol: I love it!!! And what about number four. Is it a desert landscape? Ben: Yes it is. It is a desert landscape. Everything is dry and hot. Sol: So, let me guess! Number three is an urban landscape!!!! Ben: Yes, it is. I can see lots of buildings, streets and cars from here! 28
twenty-eight
4
Changes in landscapes Refresh
17
Can you remenber a change in a landscape?
All landscapes change over the time. These changes can be caused by:
– Natural causes 1
– Man-made causes 2
flood 4
2
building roads 5
intentional fire
1
3
Think
earthquake 6
building houses
drought
Observe the pictures and classify.
Natural causes that change the landscape
Man-made actions that change the landscape:
?
?
In your own words explain the difference between natural and man-made causes. twenty-nine
29
Inland landscapes Refresh
18
Do you usually go to the mountain?
1
Mountain landscapes
Mountains are the most common landform in mountain landscapes. The highest part is called the summit.
The sides are called slopes.
Mountain range 2
Mountain system 3
The lowest part is called the foot. Hill 4
Spain is a very mountainous country. Mountains can be grouped as mountain ranges, mountain systems, hills and massifs.
1
Think
Look at the pictures. Match the definitions with the corresponding picture in your notebook and make a drawing in each case. a) Mountains that are compacted together. b) A group of mountain ranges. c) Group of old corroded mountains. d) They are smaller than mountains and rounded in shape.
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Massif
Language Bank
Up the valley there is a plateau. There are a lot amazing animals.
of
Refresh
19
Do you like to go to the mountain?
1
Flat landscapes
Flat landscapes have got several types of landforms: – Plains are large areas of flat land. It is often used to grow crops. – A valley is flat land that is between big mountains or between smaller elevations with rounded peaks called hills.
plain 2
– A gorge is flat land that is lower than the land around it. It has got rocky walls. – A plateau is flat land that is higher than the land around it.
•
A film director is looking for different landscapes for an adventurous film. She wants to place the actors in the mountains. Can you help her find the best elevations for each scene? Read the descriptions of the scenes and find photos in Internet to explain your ideas to the film director. Say the names of the landforms to her. You will need to investigate a little.
Scene 1: The actors at the summit of very high mountains. There are no trees and no people. They’re almost touching the sky. It is difficult to go down because the mountains are together in a line. They never finish.
Scene 2: They are in a mountain pass. Lines of mountains are around them. There are no noise and no animals. The lines of mountains are very high and similar. The actors can´t find their way. Only silence.
Scene 3: These mountains are not very high. The actors are scared because there are large and dangerous fractures. There is a river in a deep gorge. They prefer to walk on top of the damaged summits.
Scene 4: The actors are on top of a rounded peak. They are really low compared with other mountains. They think that everybody can find them there.
valley 3
gorge 4
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INLAND LANDSCAPES IN SPAIN Refresh
Are there any mountains where you live?
The inland landscape in Spain is made up of the Meseta Central, four mountain systems on the edge of the Meseta, five mountain systems outside the Meseta, and two depressions. 20
The Meseta The Meseta is a plateau in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. There are two mountains system: • The Sierra Central divides the Meseta into two parts, the northern sub-plateau and the southern sub-plateau. • The Montes de Toledo are in the centre of the southern Meseta between the Tajo and Guadiana River Valleys.
o e MeL d
Montes Vascos P D ep re S s
IS
IB
E
O
S
e ost aC r e l
ro
ÉR
C ro-
at
al
an
IC
O
P O R T U G A L
l Eb
SUBMESETA SUR
CEN T R AL E N A M O R vir
R A E R S I pre
n sió
de
C 100
A
N
s de Toledo Monte
De
0
de
A
Altitude (m) 3 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 700 400 0
SISTEMA
n
I
M
ATLAN TIC OC EAN
TR
ió
ANDORRA
R
E
SUBME SETA NORTE L
N CE
I
T
MESETA
F R A N C E
a
CORDILLERA CANTÁBRICA
S e a
Co rd il
a M l a G
nt e ón s
c ai izo co
C a n t a b r i a n
O
u lG
R
lq ada
D
ui
A ER L IL
CORDILLERA
200 km
A IC ÉT B B SU
I PEN
M
BÉT
ICA
e
d
i
t
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n
a S e
Mountains on the edge of the Meseta – The Montes de León are in the northwest of the Meseta. – The Cordillera Cantábrica is parallel to the cantabrian coast. It includes the Picos de Europa. – The Sistema ibérico is in the east. It separates the Meseta from the Depresión del Ebro. – Sierra Morena is in the south, between the Guadiana and the Depresión del Guadalquivir.
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Mountains outside the Meseta – The Macizo Galaico is in the northwest Spain. – The Montes Vascos are in northern Spain. – The Pirineos separate the peninsula from France. – The Cordillera costero catalana is in the northeast of the peninsula. – The Sistema Bético is formed by the Cordillera Subbética and the Cordillera Penibética.
River valleys – The Depresión del Ebro is a large triangular plain between the Sistema iberico and the Pirineos. – The Depresión del Guadalquivir is a large triangular plain between the Sierra Morena and the Cordillera subbética.
1
Draw a map of the peninsula and place the Meseta, the mountains on the edge of the Meseta, and mountains outside the Meseta and the river valleys.
2
•
Choose a terrain in your map and describe to your partner.
Choose a terrain in your map and describe to your partner. Some French cartographers want to draw a thematic map of Spain showing where some animals live. Can you help them? Draw a map of Spain and place the animals in the appropriate landform. Create
a)
The otter lives in the northwest in the mountain range between Castilla y León and Galicia.
b)
The brown bear lives in the north in the mountain system between the Meseta and the Bay of Biscay.
c)
The lynx lives in the mountain system to the south of the Meseta between the Guadiana river valley and the Guadalquivir river valley.
d)
The cuckoo lives in the highest peak of the mountain system that forms a natural border between the peninsula and France.
e)
The wolf lives in the low massif in the northwest of the peninsula, above Portugal.
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Coastal landscapes Refresh
21
In Spain there are beautiful beaches.
Can you remember the size and shape of beaches?
What is a coastal landscape?
A coastal landscape is where the sea and the land meet. – Cliffed coast: The land is very elevated over the sea.There are cliffs. – Flat coast: The land is at the same level as the sea. There are beaches.
Cliffed coast
1
Flat coast
Look at the pictures. Say what type of landscapes they are. Name a flat and a cliffed coast that you know. Language Bank
2
Explain the difference between a cliffed coast and a flat coast. Then write it.
There are cliffs near the sea. Are there any cliffs near the sea?
• Imagine you worked in a travel agency. You have to make a nice brochure about coasts for people who do sports. Draw a picture showing the sports activities you can do at sea and on land.
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Yes, there are. / No, there aren´t. There aren´t any cliffs near the sea
Headland is land that sticks out into the sea. An archipelago is a group of islands that are close to each other. A bay is a medium-sized coastal body of water that cuts into the land.
A gulf is a big coastal body of water that cuts into the land
An island is land surrounded by water on all sides.
A peninsula is land surrounded by water on all sides except one.
1
What is the difference between a gulf and a bay? Explain it in your own words and make a drawing.
•
In groups of four draw an archipelago of five islands and other coastal landforms. Write the name of the islands. Find the inspiration in Roman Gods
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SPAIN'S COASTLINE Refresh
The Iberian Peninsula is bathed by the Cantabrian Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Atla.
The Galician Atlantic coast is a very uneven, cliffed coast.
Cabo de Peñas
Cabo de Ajo
Cabo Matxitxako
FRANCE
Cabo Fisterra
ANDORRA
The Eastern Mediterranean coast. The Catalonian coast is uneven, rocky and cliffed.
Cantabrian coast Galician Atlantic coast Andalusian Atlantic coast Southern Mediterranean coast Eastern Mediterranean coast: of levante Eastern Mediterranean coast: catalonian
ATLANTIC
P O R T U G A L
Mediterranean coast
Cabo de Creus Golfo de Roses
Golfo de Sant Jordi
Delta del Ebro
The Eastern Mediterranean coast. The Mediterranean coastline of Murcia and Valencia is mostly sandy and flat.
Golfo de Valencia
a
Atlantic coast
The Cantabrian coast is cliffed and rocky.
Cantabrian Sea
Cabo Ortegal
Cabo de la Nao
OCEAN
Se
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What is a coast? Do Spanish coasts meet oceans or seas?
n
Mar Menor Cabo de Palos
0
1
100
200
Golfo de Cádiz
e
a
The Andalusian Atlantic coast is a very straight, sandy, flat coast.
Cabo de Trafalgar ho Estrec
Cabo de Gata Golfo de Almería
raltar
de Gib
M
Ceuta
300 km
te edi
rr
an
Melilla
The Andalusian Mediterranean coast is both cliffed and flat.
Look at the map and answer: Cantabrian Galician The Andalusian The Andalusian Eastern Coast is Atlantic coast Atlantic coast Mediterranean Mediterranean
2
Location
between… and…
?
?
?
?
Description
?
?
?
?
?
Look at the map and write where these geographical elements are:
Gulf of Almeria, Cape Palos, Cape Nao, Cape Peñas, Cape Finisterre, Cape Ajo, Cape Trafalga and Cape Matxitxaco 36
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Refresh
There are two Spanish archipelagos:
This archipelago has got eight main islands. Some islands are big and some islands are really small. They are in the Atlantic ocean, close to the Morocco´s coasts. They were formed by volcanoes. Some of them are active. Teide is the highest volcano. The coasts are a mixture of cliffed and flat.
rra Sie
Eivissa
de
na ta un m a Tr
a
1. The Islas Canarias:
Mallorca
Cabrera
a r r e t M e d i
e
n
This archipelago has got five islands. Some islands are big and some islands are really small. They are in the Mediterranean Sea, close to the autonomous community of Valencia´s coast. They have lots of mountains. Puig Mayor, in Mallorca, is the highest peak. The coasts are cliffed and uneven.
S a
n
Peak Altitude (m) 1 500 1 000 700 400 0
Formentera 0
20
40
60
80
100 km
Alegranza La Graciosa
A T L A N T I C
2. The Islas Baleares:
1
Menorca
Puig Major 1445
e
23
What is an island? What is an archipelago?
Roque de los Muchachos 2426
O C E A N
Lanzarote Lobos
La Palma
Tenerife
Fuerteventura
Teide 3718
Gran Canaria La Gomera
Peak Altitude (m) 4000 3500 2000 1500 1000 700 400 0
Pico de las Nieves 1 949
El Hierro
0
20
40
60
80 100 km
ead the text again. Add the names of all the islands in R the two Spanish archipelagos and complete the table.
•
Mediterranean Coast
Atlantic Coast
Islas Baleares
Islas Canarias
Tenerife
?
?
?
?
Formentera
?
?
?
?
Prepare the trip for the end of the year Think of a city in Spain. Investigate the location, the autonomous community it belongs to, the characteristic of the landscape, and its surroundings. Draw a map and place the city you have choosen to go.
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THE world and... you! “The impact of shopping centres in the changes of the city”
Look!
Kim, Ben and Sol want to check the impact of shopping centres in the changes of the city. You can help them with the research and presentation.
Think!
1
Now it's your turn.
In groups of four prepare all the materials necessary for the presentation on TV. Choose a place that was rural before and now it is an urban area. Draw a map of the rural area and a map of the urban area. Draw or find some pictures of the situation before (farms, solar panels, plains with crops, rivers and animals) and pictures of the present situation (shops, traffic, pollution, buildings, cars).
2
I nvestigate about the place. Write about what it was like before and what it is like now. Review the concepts of the unit to include the elements of landscapes, landforms, man-made causes for the changes, etc. Use ITC resources for the presentation.
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My friends and I want to check the impact of shopping centres in the changes of a city. Little by little we are destroying natural resources and changing the planet.
3
T here are some TV channels interested in our friends' project. Kim and her friends are in a TV show. Read the interview.
TV presenter: Here we are in the program "Past and present" with our friends Kim, Ben and Sol. As a final result you can affirm that the area looks quite different now. Ben: Yes, it is very different. Kim: This area was rural. A small rural valley. Now the river is under the building. There were animals such as sheep and goats in this place. Now only traffic and pollution. TV presenter: Very surprising yes. Now we have lots of shops, shopping centres, restaurants, cinemas… It is a complete urban landscape. The city is bigger now. Sol: Yes, much bigger. And the countryside is smaller. Much smaller. I don’t like it. TV presenter: Well, we are very interested in your project. Can we see your presentation with the changes? Sol: Of course. We will show the rural area with the farms, the use of renewable energies, etc. We have the maps of the place ten years ago. Ben: Yes, and then we will show you the changes. New roads, dirty air, an enormous shopping centre, means of transport, etc. There aren´t any fertile plains, hills, rivers, vegetation, natural resources any more. We have the map of the new place. Look! The natural elements have disappeared. Now there are a lot of man-made elements. It is a new landscape! TV presenter: Dear audience. It is the moment to watch this project. Look and listen!
4
Now, present your project to the class in the format of a TV program. You can record it to watch it on a screen.
Morning news
act!
5
After presenting the project as a TV program, begin a debate with the audience in the studio. Ask simple questions about their likes and dislikes on the changes in the landscapes. Find alternatives to the possible problems.
We must respect all types of natural elements. They are the home of many living organisms.
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Story time! 24
The mountains here are bigger than at home.
This is my first time as an Eco tourist in Cantabria. ECO LODGE
Let's get this food to the cook! I'm hungry.
There are brown bears in the mountains and also grey wolves in the forests and on the plains.
Ecotourism is kind to the environment. A bear!
Look, a bear!
No, A real bear!
It's beautiful, isn´t it?
Great! We are also planting fruit trees in the mountains for the bears, so they don't take the honey. We can start work tomorrow.
1
Describe the landscape in the cartoon.
2
What other landscapes are mentioned?
3
Write what your favourite landscape is.
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forty
Oh no. Sometimes they destroy the bee hives. Let's wait till it goes and have a look.
Wolves, bees, bears! I think I am more of a city dog!
Map your ideas! 1
Read, think and fill in the gaps.
LANDSCAPES Types
?
?
Elements
?
?
Changes
?
natural
natural
?
S INTERIOR LANDSCAPE Mountain landscapes
mountain ranges
?
?
Flat landscapes
plain
?
plateau
?
?
COASTAL LANDSCAPES Coastal landforms ? ?
Spain's coastline ?
Spain's archipelagos ?
?
?
? ? ? ? ?
? ?
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LET'S review! 1
Find and write the definition of: a) valley b) gorge c) plain d) plateau
2 3
D raw a mountain and label its parts. 25 Listen to the dialogue again on page 28 (twentyeight) and fill in this table. Types of landscapes
4
6
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Man-made elements
Mountain landscape
Relief
Water
Vegetation
?
Coastal landscape
?
?
?
?
Desert landscape
?
?
?
?
Urban landscape
?
?
?
?
C ompare a bay and a peninsula. Look at the pictures and say which is the peninsula and which is the bay. Say two examples of each, looking at the map of Spain.
a
5
Natural elements
b
D raw the map of Spain and colour each coast with a different colour. Then, label them. Imagine you are an enormous kangaroo with magic powers. You can jump from the peak of a mountain to the peak of another mountain. Which mountains will you touch with your feet if you go from the Subbaetic System to the Basque Mountains? forty-two
glossary 1
Think, remember and guess the word: a) Part of the world that you see from a specific place. b) Large areas of flat land that are higher than the surroundings. c) A large area of flat land where plants grow. d) Lands situated between big mountains or hills where you can find rivers. e) Elevations that are smaller than mountains with rounded peaks. f) Very narrow valleys with rocky walls. g) High elevations with a summit, slopes and foot. h) Mountains that are compacted together. i) A group of mountain ranges. j) Group of old corroded mountains. k) A group of islands that are close to each other. l) A big coastal body of water that cuts into the land. m) Land surrounded by water on all sides. n) A medium-sized coastal body of water that cuts into the land. o) Land surrounded by water on all sides except one. p) Land that sticks out into the sea. q) Land surrounded by water on all sides. r) Land surrounded by water on all sides except one. s) A group of islands t) A narrow and long body of water that connects two bigger bodies if water.
My progress • I can recognise the different types of landscapes and their features.
Copy the sentences in your notebook Draw a smiley
• I can recognise interior and coastal landscapes in Spain. • I can value nature for its beauty and its importance to protect life in our planet. forty-three
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