Issuu

DEMO

N O I T A C U D E Y R A D EC O N

, y g o l o n h c Te g n i m m a r g o Pr s c i t o b o R d an M . P. B l

os J. Sant , s o y o , I. H ázquez

Building

Blocks

this is

your book

Reading and listening

ch unit

f ea The opening pages o

We read and listen about the topic of the unit, learning about key concepts and developments in technology.

Speaking We speak about the different issues relating to the unit and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Speaking

ELECTRICITY g

Reading and listenin

y use Everyday energ

you think of? The How many can e from in many forms. Energy comes It’s easy to generat is electrical energy. of energy most versatile type into other forms , simple to convert it is not easy different sources the other hand, rt. However, on and easy to transpo s. amount to store in large day-to-day life. we use in our is the energy electric energy bulbs, l Electrica ves, light ones, microwa n: they need Computers, smartph thing in commo these have one need to be motors, all of and machines These devices l energy from electricity to work. to receive electrica electric circuit them is connected to an that flows through ty electrici the sound, heat or a generator. Then, of energy: light, different forms transformed into others. movement, among of electrical disadvantages of advantages and think of one more 1 What are the you Can text? ed in the energy mention each? a clue: you transported? Here’s how energy is are out 2 Do you know pylons, when you tall towers, or might have seen side. for. walking in the country use these devices and say what we Would 3 Look at the pictures electricity? How? things without Could you do these time? they take more

save energy a campaign to 11.6, groups, organise read SDGs 7.3, In small and at home. First, and water at school anding. Then, follow check your underst 12.8 and 13.3 and to be the steps: and inspire others educate you can 1 Brainstorn: how ? Be creative! realistic energy efficient most think are the ideas that you like turning off 2 Choose the by anyone at school, and can be done m, or at home. e leaves a classroo create lights when everyon informative posters, campaign: make the actions are 3 Prepare your d to making sure ful a committee dedicate g up how success then later followin and nted, impleme it was.

How about suggesting students…?

We could ask students to...

Writing g be saved by replacin much energy would saving bulbs. with new energy by looking old light bulbs old and new bulbs the price of the many 1 Write down consume? How watts do they online. How many ? do they produce light of live by lumens costs where you much electricity a search engine: 2 Find out how g keywords into putting the followin prices or global energy save energy use calculat energy you could a much money and d on for 6 hours 3 Work out how bulb which is switche with one light m. classroo your in to your day, 5 days a week s, write a letter on these activitie how to 4 Looking back endations on with your recomm head teacher school. save energy at

5 Investigate how

GE BANK GE BANK LANGUA LANGUA BANK GE NK GE BANK GE BA LANGUA LANGUA LANGUA BANK 65 GE BANK GE NK GE BANK GE BA LANGUA LANGUA LANGUA LANGUA BANK GE BANK NK NGUAGE NGUA BA GE LA LA UA

LANG

64 64

The audios of each unit’s content are available at www.anayaeducacion.es

Writing We write a variety of different styles and types of text relating to the unit topic, sometimes relating them to the UN Sustainable Development Goals. By practising different styles of writing, we improve our writing skills we need.

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT 6

Highly structured content with important concepts highlighted in bold.

Unit

DIGITAL GRAPHICS

Digital graphics can be made up of picture elements called pixels. These graphics are known as bitmaps. There is also another type of digital graphics defined by geometrical lines and elements, and this type is called vector graphics.

ä 6.1 Paint3D and Pinta Paint3D is a simple graphics programme included in Windows operating systems since 2017, replacing the old Paint programme (Paint is still available but no longer updates). Paint3D allows access to a large gallery of 3D models that can be modified and printed.

Paint3D interface.

Pinta is an open-source* app which can be installed not only in Windows, but also in Linux, Mac and BSD operating systems. The app is in continual development. It has many tools that are not available in Paint, which are easy to use for drawing and touching up* images without having to use more complicated programmes.

Understand, think, investigate… 11 Use Paint, Paint3D or Pinta to draw a landscape like the one in

Pinta interface.

the image on the left. Use the tools you have in the programme for creating shapes and filling them. What happens if you want to move or make changes to the objects you have drawn?

Guided practices and Model examples to help you learn new processes.

SDG. Reflection on and analysis of SDGs, such as gender equality, climate action, reducing inequalities, etc.

Wide variety of pictures grouped according to content to aid your understanding.

ä 6.2 Inkscape Inkscape is open-source software used for vector graphics editing. It offers advanced features, but the user interface is so user-friendly that it can be used for simple tasks too. The menu is much more comprehensive than that in Paint, and it has tool bars around the entire work area. We will use the bars on the left and the top the most often. The rectangle in the middle is to the same scale as the sheet that we will print on paper. You can draw on and around the page, but only objects drawn on the page can be printed. The most useful tool for creating shapes is the application of nodes to the outline of one of the regular shapes like a circle or ellipse, for example. When drawing a circle, select Path > Object to path and insert new nodes by using the Edit nodes by path or control handles tool. This lets you manipulate their position and angle to give them a new shape.

12 Search in the menus of the drawing programmes you are using and look for the way to re-size the canvas to 1024 Ò 768 pixels. Write how you did this in your notebook.

Search online for other free programmes like Paint. Note the operating systems they are available on and the size of the file download.

An irregular shape has been created from the circle on the left by adding several nodes to its outline.

14 Go to a website like https://www.pexels.com/ where you can download copyright-free images free of charge. Look for an image you like. Use the filters in Pinta to get images like those below, using the original image you downloaded. Original

Brightness setting

Understand, think, investigate… 15 Now try drawing a landscape with Inkscape like the one you made using Paint. Which one was easier to draw? What advantages and disadvantages are there to each of the two programmes?

16 Draw a sky full of stars like the one in the example.

F ocus on English

Pencil sketch

Ink sketch

open-source: software that is free of charge and available for anyone to make changes to touching up: correcting or making better in appearance

The icons included with some activities indicate the keys to the project.

To draw this, use the stars and polygons tool and change the number of corners and adjust the base radius. When you place the mouse cursor over the base radius handle, a pop-up appears in the lower part of the screen, describing what happens when you press Ctrl, Shift or Alt or when you move the object.

KEYS

PROJECT

SDG

SDG Commitment Discover the Sustainable Development Goals and be an active part of our commitment to make a more equal and liveable world.

Developing thinking Work on strategies for thinking: reflect on the content you are learning, generate ideas, organise them, debate them, explain them…

Cooperative learning Get involved in your learning and participate in the group’s learning; you will find that cooperating improves performance and harmony in the class.

Emotional education Get to know yourself; identify the situations that bring up complicated emotions and manage them with constructive, self-affirming experiences.

NEW SECTIONS

Activities with different cognitive levels to check learning.

Unit

TIsE

REVIEW AND PRAC

12 Redesign your bedroom. Follow the steps:

15 Using the cavalier perspective, draw the shapes in

1 Measure your bedroom in metres. Divide the measurements by 100 and draw the floorspace in your notebook, marking the door and windows.

exercise 10 on page 21. Change the axes and draw them with a 2:3 reduction coefficient.

16 Draw the front, plan and profile views of the shapes your teacher chooses from below.

2 Measure your furniture and again divide each measurement by 100.

Glossary

4 Redesign your bedroom, placing the furniture in different places. Think about space, light and storage areas. Draw your favourite.

1. PROBLEM SOLVING IN TECHNOLOGY

focal point

To put the parts of something together.

projection

brainstorm

To have a meeting and suggest ideas to solve a problem, for example.

view

budget

The money you have allocated to spend on something.

dimensions

The size of something when information is given on height, width and length.

freehand drawing

Drawing without using any tools such as a ruler or compass.

Primary

13 What is the main difference between sketches and

The point where a projection begins. technical drawings? The presentation of an object or shape as an image on a flat surface.

Glossary We learn the relevant terms that are underlined in the units with a clear definition.

Activity

Icon

Cattle Fishing

Projections and views of an object

The image of an object, drawn from different sides. An object usually has three views

Agriculture

at these front, plan and profile views of two 14 Look which can be front, back, sides, rear or plan.

objects. Use a template or isometric grid to draw the objects in 3D.

Mining Forestry

health and safety measures Actions that we take so we don’t hurt ourselves or make ourselves unwell when doing something. measurement

economic sectors. Design a simple image to represent the activities of your choice. The best ones are simple, with little detail.

Sector

5. PROJECTIONS AND VIEWS

assemble

one in the diagram. You do not need to include the measurements.

17 You are going to design icons linked to the

Here is a table showing each sector, some of their activities and examples of icons:

3 Draw your furniture on card and cut them out.

1. TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCT DESIGN

18 Draw a worksheet template using Inkscape like the

Digital graphics

Secondary

Food

The length/width/height of something, often stated in a unit such as centimetres or metres.

properties

Characteristics of a material, how it behaves and what it looks and feels like, etc.

schedule

A plan of what someone is going to do and when.

task

A piece of work that has to be done.

technical characteristics

The features of something which are related to how it can be used in technology.

technique

A specific method or way of doing something.

timescale

The amount of time it takes for something to be done.

Textile

Mark Class room

Footwear Pharmaceutical Automotive Construction

2. GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION: A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE artistic drawing

A drawing which communicates an idea with imagination and feeling.

technical drawing

A drawing which gives specific information about something, for example measurements, so it can be recreated.

Tertiary

Education

Lines that are drawn in technical drawing to show dimensions and assist in drawing different views.

compass

A tool used to draw a circle or arcs.

diagram

A simple, clear, technical drawing or plan which shows what something looks like and how it works.

outline

A line around the edge of something to show its shape.

perspective

A way of drawing something which shows depth or distance.

sketch

A quick and simple drawing that does not show much detail.

A computer image which is made up of tiny bits, or pixels.

interface

The way you see information from a computer programme on a screen.

node

A point added to the outline of a shape which you can move around to change the shape.

pixel

The smallest unit of an image on a digital screen.

scale

The relationship between the size of a map or drawing profile and the of– the space view;size yellow inclined planeor object it represents.

vector graphic 26

Colour code: red – front view; blue – plan view; green –

School Title

Choose a famous painting like La Gioconda by Leonardo; La maja by Goya, a landscape or a still life and make a free-style copy using Inkscape. Now use an image from the painting as a background, and place polygons on top of it using the tools. When you have finished, combine all the polygons and remove the background.

The mirror. Think about when you used Pinta and Inkscape. Make a list of the advantages, disadvantages and similarities between them. Think about how easy it is to use the drawing tools and the images you get.

Security

bitmap

Teacher

Commercial

auxiliary dimension lines

Group

Name, surname

Health

6. DIGITAL GRAPHICS

3. FREEHAND DRAWING

Date

Once you have created the template with a computer programme like Inkscape, you can print it and use it to practice drawing different views on it. In this case, the right, top and bottom margins of the little box must be 10 mm because printers do not print to the edge of the page.

Transport Tourism Banking

Digital graphic defined by geometrical lines elements. You and can find the printable isometric template to help with the drawings at

anayaeducacion.es.

4. PERSPECTIVE depth axis

The line drawn to help give a picture a 3D shape.

graph paper

Paper with a pattern of small squares which we can use to help us make technical drawings.

reduction coefficient

The amount you reduce dimensions by when drawing in perspective.

reference axes

Lines that we draw to help us draw in perspective.

178

179

Focus on English

References to any extra resources that can be found in your digital resources.

Expand your English vocabulary by learning new words, phrases and grammar structures which we use when talking about technology. 4

1 PROBLEM SOLVING PERSPECTIVE IN TECHNOLOGY

Unit

Perspective is a drawing technique that makes objects look like they Developing ideas and searching for solutions

have three dimensions, although they are drawn on a flat surface. To First we need to identify and clearly state what the problem is and help us draw in perspective we draw reference axes. These axes are think about all the variables that affect it. Then we can come up with* different depending on the type of perspective. ideas for a solution.

Brainstorming

One of the most common ways to do this is known as brainstorming.

Each member of the team quickly takes their turn to propose a solution to the problem. It does not matter if the result is possible or not. The important part of this phase is to use your imagination and say the first thing that comes to mind. It can even make the meeting fun and relaxed!

Analysing objects When we draw in cavalier perspective we need a horizontal X axis and Z axis. We then third Y axis depth, or make it When we wantvertical to solve a problem or need fulfil aa need, we tryto toshow imagine 3D,provide at a 45° angle to theWe horizontal axis. an object thatlook could the solution. should analyse all the possibilities with the following criteria:

ä 4.1 The cavalier perspective

➜ Morphological analysis: this is about looking at on object’s

Graph paper

Englishperspective is very easy to draw. F ocus on Cavalier ➜ Technical

Z axis

These workshops put the ideas you have learnt in the unit into practice. You will be making things, using different computer programmes and practising your new skills.

of the rod is used to keep the cross-piece in place

The drawings and plans can be: Z axis plans. ➜ general perspective

➜ detailed plans of a specific part of the object.

The metal screw eyes for keeping the cross-pieces in place areaattached with Choose monument hot glue.

X axis

➜ the plan, front, rear and profile views of the object.

from your favourite period in history and cavalier or isometric perspective.

➜ an exploded-view plan in which all the parts of the object are

draw box it incrane. either Detailed drawing try of a to cardboard

Planning means to prepare tasks in a logical and rational way. When we plan a project, we need to consider:

each of the pieces in the project.

120°

120° 120°

➜ which team member will be responsible for assembling the pieces

F ocus on English

to complete the object.

take place: to happen

➜ the time required for each of the production tasks.

1:2

Let’s look at an example of a Gantt chart for the process of making a chair. The production phases are: Phase 1: Preparing the materials Phase 2: Cutting the legs Phase 3: Cutting the horizontal board Phase 4: Cutting the pieces for the backrest Phase 5: Fixing the leg pieces to the seat

Phase 3 Phase 4

Project II presentation

One of the most popular distributions from the Linux operating system is called Ubuntu. It is very easy to use because unlike other operating systems, it can be installed as another application without changing the operating system on the computer.

If you just want to try it, you can access two versions: key words: ubuntu download desktop install ubuntu with windows.

➜ To create a DVD or pen drive, search the keywords: ubuntu download desktop try ubuntu before you install. With this DVD or pen drive, you can start the computer without changing the operating system that you have already installed. If you like Ubuntu, you can install it on your computer’s hard drive later on. IMPORTANT: This second option requires you to change your computer’s start-up parameters. Once you are running Ubuntu, answer the following questions:

A mixed layout: the computers are placed towards the walls of the classroom combined with a little “island” of computers.

Create

1 What was the same as your operating system? 2 Which functions and applications are new to you? 3 Open the browser available and visit a website. Does browsing change in any way?

4 Make a table in your notebook to compare Ubuntu with your usual operating system. Think about design, ease of use and speed. Read the following questions and rate each layout from 0 to 10:

➜ Which layout is more convenient when two or three students have

In this section we create a cross-curricular project that joins Technology, Programming and Robotics with other subjects.

to share a system?

➜ How comfortable is it for a student to use the computer and pay attention to the teacher?

➜ Which of the layouts do you think would be easier for connecting all the computers together?

➜ Which of the layouts do you think it would be easier to use the keyboard and mouse?

➜ Which do you think is the best layout for the teacher to give the

Have you ever thought about how Technology, Programming and Robotics can be useful in Science?

Trust in your skills and knowledge, develop creativity, adapt to changing situations and have a proactive and responsible attitude.

Installing Ubuntu

Ubuntu includes a large variety of applications with the Linux operating system. Both the system software and most of its applications may be distributed free of charge, as it is a free, open source programme. As a global project worked on by hundreds of people, Ubuntu is constantly updated and a new version is released every six months.

A front-facing layout: all the desks and chairs are placed so that students are facing forward, and the table and the teacher’s equipment are facing the students.

in reality? Remember what you learnt about the reduction coefficient of the isometric axes. And if it were in cavalier perspective?

Enterprising culture

➜ To install Ubuntu on Windows as another application search these

Phase 5 Phase 6

The Gantt chart of the phases over perspective. 9 shows Think each aboutone drawing in isometric Phase What length line would have to each7 time. If it is going to take 2 months to you complete a draw for sidethe of atimescale cube if each of itsbe edges measured 10cm technology project, should set in Phase 8 weeks, rather than days.

We can see some different examples of how to organise an IT (Information Technology) classroom in the pictures below. Look at how the equipment is arranged and rate each layout from 0 to 10 based on the questions below.

A wall-facing layout: the computers are placed on a worktop along the classroom walls.

Phase 1

Phase 7: Mounting the backrest on to the rest of the chair

Understand, think, investigate…

Project I presentation

Phase 2

Phase 6: Assembling the backrest pieces

Phase 8: Painting the chair

Organising an INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY classroom

See how some phases take place* at the same time, since the team has members available for each phase. If the team is made up of three groups of two people, for example, each group can take care of a different phase. Week

Unit

kshop

Technology Wor

to be in charge of: to be responsible for something or There is a very useful planning tool used to control the time allocated someone We do not usually apply any reduction when drawing in isometric to each task: the Gantt chart. perspective, and the proportions on the three axes stay the same. However, the rule says a 0.82 reduction should be applied to all axes. This way it looks like the real object and keeps the proportions Gantt chart between examplethe axes the same.

➜ the methods of production to make the pieces.

Comparative analysis of two mop buckets The image is slightly deformed if a reduction coefficient is not applied Look at these two mop buckets. They are used for the same purpose, to the depth axis. To avoid this effect, it is common to reduce the so their functional analysis should have the same characteristics. dimensions of the lines corresponding to the depth axis by dividing However, the shape of the parts they are made of is different. We can them by 2 (equal to a coefficient of ½). Look at the following example see the geometric shape is different: one is a truncated cone, and in which there are four cubes. Each cube is drawn with different the other is a prism with rounded corners. The piece for wringing* reduction coefficients. Check the different lengths of the line of depth the mop adjusts to the shape of each bucket but they have different according to each of the different coefficients used. designs. The handles also are different shapes: one is a semi-circular piece of metal, and the other handle is made of plastic. This is probably easier and more comfortable to use. No reduction

Technology Workshop

axisteam is going to be in charge of* making ➜ which member of Ythe

Example of an analysis

For the economic analysis, you could search for the price of each one in an online shop, a catalogue, or a shop that specialises in home cleaning products. Which of the two buckets is more expensive?

Unit

History

C REATE A nail at the end

➜ the tools we are going to use, to make sure they are available.

analysis: this is the description of the materials used

You just need aof sheet of graph paper!and their properties, particularly the mechanical properties like come up with: to think a new strength; flexibility, hardness, toughness (how much energy they idea can absorb before cracking*) and their capacity to absorb impacts cracking: breaking with a line and so on. on the surface or breaking into ➜ Economic analysis: this is how much money we think the object is pieces going to cost. store: to keep in a place Y axis By applying these analyses we can find the object that will meet our wringing: a twisting movement to 90° 135° needs. The best object will be the one that meets every requirement remove water from a mop 135° at the lowest possible cost.

From a technical point of view, the prism3:4 bucket is probably 2:3easier to move and store*, and is better for wringing water out of the mop.

A wooden

Planning and production

X axis ➜ Functional analysis: this is where we look at the operation and

practical use of an object. This will be different depending on if the object is static or able to move.

ä 4.2 The isometric perspective

After analysing the suggested solutions for a project and choosing rod perspective, the three reference axes have an angle of 120° one, we move In onthis to the design phase. functions between them. We can use paper with a template of equilateral as a rotary Now we can make more defined plans and draw all the pieces that we triangles to make drawing in this perspective easier. shaft. need to make the object.

shown in pieces, and in order of assembly.

structure, the number of parts it is made of, its shape, dimensions, measurements, texture and the colour of its surfaces.

Designing a project

class? Add up the ratings and use your own judgement to decide which of the classroom arrangements is the best. 122

123

Academic and professional

ICT

orientation

Assessment

Linguistic Plan

Learn how to obtain information, select it and apply it; to plan, manage and work on projects; to collaborate online in an ethical and safe manner.

Evaluate your personal skills, discover and awaken your calling, train yourself to make decisions and learn to choose between different options.

Discover different strategies to analyse what you have learnt and how you learnt it; train yourself to take responsibility or overcome difficulties.

Use your communication skills in the different types of text that you will see. Language is always present, communicate!

The resource bank is LIKE THIS www.anayaeducacion.es A space with resources, techniques and activities, designed to strengthen your knowledge. Access the resource bank by registering at anayaeducacion.es. You just need to have an email, the code indicated on the first page of this book and the permission of a parent or a legal guardian.

More about the keys

Resources related to

THE KEYS of the project SDG

SDG Commitment, with microvideos that will help you know what are the targets for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals worked on in this project.

Linguistic Plan, with infographics that will give you models to work with the four linguistic skills, using different types of texts (descriptive, narrative, explanatory, etc.). Cooperative learning Preparing for the task In small groups, of four or five members: 1 All the members of the team will review how the assigned task can be accomplished. 2 To do this, the steps can be shared out to each team member who then in turn will explain how each part of the process can be done to the others. The others listen and participate if they think they can contribute something.

Authorship / adaptation : Variant of the Educational Innovation Laboratory of the colegio Ártica - David and Roger Johnson.

Developing thinking, where explanations are included on how to apply the different strategies for thinking proposed in the project.

3 Once everyone is in agreement on how to do each part, you will all complete the tasks and, finally, verify, among everyone, that you have solved it correctly.

Cooperative learning, which includes the description of the cooperative learning techniques proposed in the project. Emotional education, with resources to support you with overcoming worries generated in different situations in your learning process (beginning of the school year, taking a test, etc.).

Thinking techniques Logic Wheel This thinking technique will help you to establish phases when analysing specific content that you have to study.

Identify What is it? What is it like? Are there different types?

By following a logical sequence (the logic wheel), and by asking yourself a series of questions in each phase, you can:

• Identify content by asking yourself: What is it? What is it like? Are there different types? • Compare the content by formulating questions such as: In what way is it similar to ...? In what way is it different from ...? • Establish cause-effect relationships by asking yourself questions such as: Why? What impact does it have ...? • Argue, assess and ask yourself questions such as: What conclusions can be drawn after the analysis? What can be assessed or scored about it? Doing a data dump of these questions into a graphic organiser will help you. Authorship: Hernández, P., and García, L. A.; adapted by Escamilla, A.

Compare

Argue, assess What can we conclude?

Logic wheel

3 Establish cause-effect relationships Why? What impact does it have ...?

In what way is it similar to ...? In what way is it different from ...?

ICT, by using data sheets that will reinforce your healthy, correct and safe use of information and communication technologies.

Academic and professional orientation, with information on different professions linked to the subject content.

Assessment, which includes resources for your portfolio, as well as rubrics and targets that will facilitate your self-evaluation.

NOTEWORTHY

resources in the material Additional content What you need to know Classroom workshop Simulations Learn by playing Videos and tutorials Language Bank

Resources classified

by unit

All the resources are classified so that you can easily locate the ones related with each section of your unit.

course contents

Technological Product Design

Page 8

Technology and drawing ...................................................................................... 8 1. Problem solving in technology........................................................................ 10 2. Graphic communication: a universal language......................................... 16 3. Freehand drawing................................................................................................. 17 4. Perspective.............................................................................................................. 18 5. Projections and views......................................................................................... 20 6. Digital graphics...................................................................................................... 22 Technology workshop. Make a budget ........................................................... 24 Review and practise ................................................................................................ 25

Materials in technology

Page 28

Our relationship with the planet ....................................................................... 28 1. Materials ............................................................................................................... 30 2. Properties of materials .................................................................................... 31 3. Wood ..................................................................................................................... 32 4. What do we use wood for? ........................................................................... 35 5. Woodworking tools .......................................................................................... 38 6. Metals .................................................................................................................... 42 7. Ferrous metals ................................................................................................... 45 8. Non-ferrous metals ........................................................................................... 47 9. Metal-working tools ......................................................................................... 48 10. Working with metal .......................................................................................... 50 11. Plastics .................................................................................................................. 53 12. Plastic manufacturing techniques .............................................................. 57 Technology workshop. Make a sound box ..................................................... 60 Review and practise ................................................................................................ 62

Electricity

Page 64

Everyday energy use .............................................................................................. 64 1. Electric circuits ................................................................................................... 66 2. Electric generators ........................................................................................... 67 3. Conductors and insulators ............................................................................ 68 4. Electrical loads ................................................................................................... 69 5. Control and protection elements ................................................................ 71 6. Circuit symbols .................................................................................................. 72 7. Electrical resistance ......................................................................................... 73 8. Electric power .................................................................................................... 74 9. Different circuit connections ........................................................................ 75 10. How electrical energy is generated and transported ......................... 79 11. Energy efficiency .............................................................................................. 80 Technology workshop. Electrical measurements ........................................ 82 Review and practise ................................................................................................ 84

hardware AND application software

Page 86

A programmable world ......................................................................................... 86 1. Computer components ..................................................................................... 88 2. The central processing unit ............................................................................. 90 3. Peripherals .............................................................................................................. 94 4. Operating systems .............................................................................................. 98 5. Application software .......................................................................................... 104 6. Word processors .................................................................................................. 106 7. Electronic presentations ................................................................................... 114 Technology workshop. (I) Organizing an Information technology classroom; (II) Installing Ubuntu ......................................................................... 122 Review and practise ................................................................................................ 124

The Internet

Page 126

A network of knowledge ...................................................................................... 126 1. What is the Internet? .......................................................................................... 128 2. Are there risks when using the Internet? ................................................... 129 3. How does the Internet work? .......................................................................... 130 4. The web and HTTP protocol ........................................................................... 131 5. Email ......................................................................................................................... 134 6. The social web ...................................................................................................... 136 7. Internet of Things ................................................................................................ 138 8. Cloud computing ................................................................................................. 139 9. The Internet and the law ................................................................................... 140 Technology workshop. Make your first website with Blue Griffon ....... 142 Review and practise ................................................................................................ 144

introduction to programming

Page 146

Programmable machines ...................................................................................... 146 1. Computer language ............................................................................................ 148 2. Programming with Scratch .............................................................................. 154 3. Creating Apps with App Inventor ................................................................. 161 Technology workshop. Distributing an app .................................................. 172 Review and practise ................................................................................................ 174

Glossary ....................................................................................................................

176

Technological product Design Reading and listening

Technology and Drawing Human beings start to develop their drawing skills in infancy. It’s a way of expressing ourselves, and visually communicating our ideas, stories, feelings and opinions. From a technical point of view, drawing is essential to specify the shape, size and characteristics of objects we want to make. Drawing is a universal language that can be interpreted and reproduced by anyone, regardless of which language they speak.

1 Look at the object below. How would you describe its shape and size? What other characteristics does it have?

2 The text explains that human beings have a natural need to communicate. Look at the drawings. Which period of history are they from? What do they show? Explain your answers.

3 Drawing is one way to communicate. What other forms of communication are there?

Speaking

4 Look at the two quotes by the artists Henri Matisse and Edgar Degas. Discuss with your partner what you think the artists mean. “Drawing is putting a line around an idea.” Henri Matisse (1869-1954) “Drawing is not what one sees but what one can make others see” Edgar Degas (1834-1917)

I think that Matisse meant that…

Maybe Edgar Degas was trying to say that…

Writing

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the United Nations aim to create a better world for everyone. To achieve them, everyone needs to collaborate. Follow the instructions below. • Go to the United Nations webpage. Use these keywords to find the page: UN sustainable development. • Read about the objectives and look at the icons that represent each one. • Find out what target 4.1 is. • Work in pairs or small groups to create a poster to raise awareness of this goal. Design a new icon and add text to the poster. • Present your poster to the class.

NK E BANK A B E G A ANGU LANGUAG L ANK ANK GE BANK B B E E G G A A U U GUA K LANG ANG N L A L AN GE BANK 9 ANK GE BANK B B E E G G A A U U G A LAN LANG LANGUA LANGU

1 PROBLEM SOLVING IN TECHNOLOGY

ä 1.1 Human progress thanks to technology Since the beginning of time, human beings have faced a constant fight for survival. Nature has given us two powerful weapons to help: a brain which can solve problems, and hands that can use tools. We have built machines and tools that are increasingly more complex, and the discovery of electricity led to the development of electronics and computers. With all of these technological advances, we have even been able to launch rockets into deep space, leave our planet and walk on the Moon! Technique is the combination of processes and rules that we must follow to achieve something. Technology is a combination of technical and scientific knowledge used to create objects that make our lives easier.

ä 1.2 Repercussions and consequences of technical activity

Discoveries and inventions are intended to make our lives easier. However, technological activity can have unexpected or unwanted consequences. We can damage ecosystems and our own environment and society. This includes the damage from environmental accidents or pollution. Think about how we extract metals from the earth and then process them to be able to make technological devices. These processes harm the environment, but are essential for the manufacture of many tools and modern appliances.

Understand, think, investigate… 1

Consequences and results. Write at least three positive and three negative effects from using a mobile phone. Do you think we can see all the effects? Do some appear over time?

We all contribute. Talk about your ideas from activity 1 with your classmates and share your thoughts.

Cerro Colorado, Riotinto Mines, Huelva.

Unit

Sometimes we cannot immediately see these negative effects on the environment and our society, they may only become apparent after some time has passed. Take the material asbestos as an example. This material was used in construction but was later found to be a carcinogen*, it causes cancer. However, it was used for several decades before it was banned*.

F ocu s on Eng lish banned: prohibited build up: to increase carcinogen: a causes cancer

substance

that

ä 1.3 The project method Technology helps us to solve an endless number of problems. For each problem, we need to analyse the situation, look for solutions and choose the best one. The project method follows this principle. It is a cycle of learning, experimentation and putting ideas into practice. By making things, using tools and experimenting with materials we learn and develop new skills and techniques and build up* our knowledge. The project method is a process that helps us solve problems by following the steps in the diagram below.

Defining the problem

Search for solutions

Decision making

Design

Conditions of the problem Parts of the problem

The Internet

Experts Magazines

Analysis

Creativity

Books

Choosing the solution

Plans Documents

Technical factors Planning and production

Does not work

Verification

Handling materials

Budgets Organisational factors

Production methods

Testing Evaluation

The solution works

Publish results

You can find a resource on problem solving in technology at anayaeducacion.es.

1 PROBLEM SOLVING IN TECHNOLOGY

Developing ideas and searching for solutions First we need to identify and clearly state what the problem is and think about all the variables that affect it. Then we can come up with* ideas for a solution.

Brainstorming

One of the most common ways to do this is known as brainstorming.

Analysing objects When we want to solve a problem or fulfil a need, we try to imagine an object that could provide the solution. We should analyse all the possibilities with the following criteria:

➜ Morphological analysis: this is about looking at on object’s structure, the number of parts it is made of, its shape, dimensions, measurements, texture and the colour of its surfaces.

➜ Functional analysis: this is where we look at the operation and

F ocu s on Eng lish come up with: to think of a new idea cracking: breaking with a line on the surface or breaking into pieces store: to keep in a place wringing: a twisting movement to remove water from a mop

practical use of an object. This will be different depending on if the object is static or able to move.

➜ Technical analysis: this is the description of the materials used and their properties, particularly the mechanical properties like strength; flexibility, hardness, toughness (how much energy they can absorb before cracking*) and their capacity to absorb impacts and so on.

➜ Economic analysis: this is how much money we think the object is going to cost. By applying these analyses we can find the object that will meet our needs. The best object will be the one that meets every requirement at the lowest possible cost.

Example of an analysis Comparative analysis of two mop buckets Look at these two mop buckets. They are used for the same purpose, so their functional analysis should have the same characteristics. However, the shape of the parts they are made of is different. We can see the geometric shape is different: one is a truncated cone, and the other is a prism with rounded corners. The piece for wringing* the mop adjusts to the shape of each bucket but they have different designs. The handles also are different shapes: one is a semi-circular piece of metal, and the other handle is made of plastic. This is probably easier and more comfortable to use. From a technical point of view, the prism bucket is probably easier to move and store*, and is better for wringing water out of the mop. For the economic analysis, you could search for the price of each one in an online shop, a catalogue, or a shop that specialises in home cleaning products. Which of the two buckets is more expensive?

Unit

Designing a project A wooden rod functions as a rotary shaft.

After analysing the suggested solutions for a project and choosing one, we move on to the design phase. Now we can make more defined plans and draw all the pieces that we need to make the object.

A nail at the end of the rod is used to keep the cross-piece in place

The drawings and plans can be:

➜ general perspective plans. The metal screw eyes for keeping the cross-pieces in place are attached with hot glue.

➜ detailed plans of a specific part of the object. ➜ the plan, front, rear and profile views of the object. ➜ an exploded-view plan in which all the parts of the object are shown in pieces, and in order of assembly.

Detailed drawing of a cardboard box crane.

Planning and production Planning means to prepare tasks in a logical and rational way. When we plan a project, we need to consider:

➜ the tools we are going to use, to make sure they are available. ➜ which member of the team is going to be in charge of* making each of the pieces in the project.

➜ which team member will be responsible for assembling the pieces

F ocu s on Eng lish

to complete the object.

➜ the time required for each of the production tasks.

take place: to happen

➜ the methods of production to make the pieces.

to be in charge of: to be responsible for something or someone

There is a very useful planning tool used to control the time allocated to each task: the Gantt chart.

Gantt chart example Let’s look at an example of a Gantt chart for the process of making a chair. The production phases are: Phase 1: Preparing the materials Phase 2: Cutting the legs Phase 3: Cutting the horizontal board Phase 4: Cutting the pieces for the backrest

Phase 2

Phase 6: Assembling the backrest pieces

Phase 3

Phase 7: Mounting the backrest on to the rest of the chair

Phase 4

The Gantt chart shows each one of the phases over time. If it is going to take 2 months to complete a technology project, the timescale should be set in weeks, rather than days.

Phase 1

Phase 5: Fixing the leg pieces to the seat

Phase 8: Painting the chair

Phase 5 Phase 6 Phase 7 Phase 8

1 PROBLEM SOLVING IN TECHNOLOGY

The project report The technical documents which accompany a project are called the project report. The project report defines all the technical characteristics related to the design, planning and production of an object. The project report must be made up of*:

➜ A title page. This includes the title of the project, the name of the team and the members, year, group and delivery date.

➜ Index. ➜ Organisation. The tasks and time allocated to the team members. ➜ Possible solutions. Each member of the group contributes their own possible solution. This should be a page with a freehand drawing of the object including rough dimensions, a brief description of how it works, and its advantages and disadvantages.

➜ The chosen solution. This contains: – views of the object. – a technical drawing of the pieces, including details of their measurements and description.

– assembly instructions.

Project management  cycle

– descriptions of tests for the object when it is made.

ION AT

– materials: the name of the material, the risks of its use and the health and safety measures to take.

– tools: the name of the tool, the risks of its use and the health and safety measures to take.

– a page on which each group member gives their opinion of the solution.

– bibliography and websites used.

When we finish the project we need to evaluate the final product, the process, and say if our expectations were met. The object must:

➜ be able to carry out* the task it was designed for.

P R O J E C T DE VE

S SI LY

– the budget: table showing the cost of the project.

Project evaluation

GN SI

EVA LU

In the industrial and professional world, projects are conducted as a cycle so that teams can continue to improve in their work. The systems and objects are designed to be produced and then later developed or improved upon. They are then evaluated for quality, and the cycle continues as the evaluation generates new ideas to improve the product.

➜ meet health and safety requirements. This is particularly important for objects with moving parts, which may cause accidents.

➜ be within the estimated budget. ➜ have the correct dimensions, shape and weight.

ENT PM

➜ look good and have a good finish. 14

Unit

ä 1.4 Teamwork In technology workshops, we often have to work together to solve problems and do our projects. The main characteristics of teamwork are:

➜ leadership is shared among the team members by dividing responsibilities between members and passing the role from one member to another.

➜ tasks are shared in a clear way that everyone agrees on. ➜ disagreements are solved within the team by trying to understand each other’s ideas and points of view.

➜ decisions are made that will benefit the whole team .

All team members are equally important. Each of them should work hard and efficiently. If one of them makes an error the rest of the team can be affected.

A team will be successful if all the members can compromise* and communicate well with each other.

Member responsibilities There are responsibilities for each member of a team. Let’s take a look at some of them:

➜ Team leader. This member of the team will be responsible for giving tasks to other team members and for talking to the teacher.

➜ Secretary. The secretary for the team must write down everything agreed. They are responsible for storing and organising the project documents.

➜ Tools manager. They must check that all tools assigned to the team are available in the workshop, and in good condition. This team member must also make sure that the tools are collected and cleaned after use.

F ocu s on Eng lish to carry out: to do or to perform an action compromise: to come to an agreement, when everyone accepts less than what they originally wanted made up of: to consist of more than one part

➜ Materials manager. They must check that the team has the necessary materials, and that they are properly stored when work is finished.

➜ Safety and cleaning manager. They must check the team follows the safety regulations, and organise the cleaning schedule.

Understand, think, investigate… 3

Spatial diagram. Think about a fast-food restaurant you’ve been to. Where do they make the food? What do each of the workers do? Make a diagram in your notebook showing the places where each of the workers does their job and add their roles.

Think-Share-Choose. Make a team with three or four classmates. You are going to plan what you need to make a puzzle with pieces of wood.

Share the tasks evenly among the group, and give each member a responsibility. Think about the different tasks, including where to get the box to keep the puzzle in, and divide the tasks among the group. The aim is to write your plan on a page, so you can give it to the teacher. This is not about making the object, but practising making a plan together.

2 GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION: A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE Technical drawing in Art

You surely will have heard the saying that a picture is worth a thousand words. In technology, drawing is important to represent objects which we want to build.

ä 2.1 Artistic drawing vs. technical drawing Artistic drawing is a way of representing objects or scenes which can look real or, in contrast, to reflect an artist’s personal vision.

Technical drawing is a standardised universal language. It allows essential information to be presented, and from this we are able to accurately* build an object.

Artistic drawing generally has no rules. It allows the person who is drawing to be creative. Technical drawing on the other hand, is based on rules. It gives graphic information that accurately reflects reality, accompanied by numerical and symbolic information like measurements. This means the drawing provides information so that the object can be identified, and the design can be used to make a real object. In practice, this distinction between artistic drawing and technical drawing is not as strict* as it has been defined. Some artists use technical drawing techniques to represent spaces and perspectives.

Understand, think, investigate… 5

In your notebook, write which kind of drawing would be the most suitable for representing each one of these objects or scenes and why: – A sunset. – A plan for a residential building. – A road map. – The design of a mobile telephone. – A drawing of a pet. – A drawing of a forest.

Organize and defend a position. What are the advantages of using standards in technical drawing? Think about how the drawings would work without them.

7 Draw your rubber in your notebook. Do a freehand drawing first and then a technical one. Include any information you think is necessary so that someone looking at your drawing can understand what it is, and be able to re-create the same rubber. You can find a resource on graphic communication at anayaeducacion.es, as an introduction to what you will study in this unit.

Unit

FREEHAND DRAWING

Freehand is a form of drawing without the use of instruments such as a ruler or compass.

ä 3.1 Sketching Sketching is freehand drawing without much detail that shows an initial idea of how the final object will be.

F ocu s on Eng lish accurately: a way of doing something in a correct, exact way, paying attention to detail

You have probably drawn a sketch at some time to explain an idea, or to help find a street by drawing a little map. Other words, such as “draft” or “outline”, are sometimes used to refer to a sketch.

strict: exact or correct, obeying a rule

The drawing below on the left is a freehand sketch of a chair. Note that there are two types of lines used to represent the chair: the thick lines define the outline, and the thin lines serve as a guide and reference to give the image perspective.

ä 3.2 Diagram Dimensions The measurements of an object, or dimensions, are written on a technical drawing so that we can easily make the object.

The chair is represented in the diagram on the right-hand side. We can see its shape defined by perspective, and the measurements of the materials to be used. It is ready to be made. The lines that have numbers next to them show the measurements and are called dimension lines. They have an arrow at each end. Look at how the arrows indicate the cut-off point with the auxiliary dimension lines, and define the lengths of each side.

Dimension lines are drawn with arrows at both ends. Alternatively they are marked with oblique strokes where the auxiliary dimension lines and dimension lines meet. The dimension on the line between the strokes shows the total length.

A diagram can also be a freehand drawing, although it has more detail than a sketch, as it has measurements and other notes to help build the object.

Auxiliary lines

Dimension line

35 Dimension line

Understand, think, investigate… 8 Take a look around the classroom from where you are sitting at your desk. Choose a student in the classroom. Try to draw their table and chair from your perspective.

4 PERSPECTIVE

Perspective is a drawing technique that makes objects look like they have three dimensions, although they are drawn on a flat surface. To help us draw in perspective we draw reference axes. These axes are different depending on the type of perspective.

ä 4.1 The cavalier perspective When we draw in cavalier perspective we need a horizontal X axis and vertical Z axis. We then need a third Y axis to show depth, or make it look 3D, at a 45° angle to the horizontal axis.

X axis Z axis

Graph paper Cavalier perspective is very easy to draw. You just need a sheet of graph paper!

Y axis 135°

90° 135°

The image is slightly deformed if a reduction coefficient is not applied to the depth axis. To avoid this effect, it is common to reduce the dimensions of the lines corresponding to the depth axis by dividing them by 2 (equal to a coefficient of ½). Look at the following example in which there are four cubes. Each cube is drawn with different reduction coefficients. Check the different lengths of the line of depth according to each of the different coefficients used.

No reduction

3:4

2:3

1:2

Unit

ä 4.2 The isometric perspective In this perspective, the three reference axes have an angle of 120° between them. We can use paper with a template of equilateral triangles to make drawing in this perspective easier.

C RE AT E

History

Z axis X axis

Choose a monument from your favourite period in history and try to draw it in either cavalier or isometric perspective.

Y axis 120°

120° 120°

We do not usually apply any reduction when drawing in isometric perspective, and the proportions on the three axes stay the same. However, the rule says a 0.82 reduction should be applied to all axes. This way it looks like the real object and keeps the proportions between the axes the same.

Understand, think, investigate… 9 Think about drawing in isometric perspective. What length line would you have to draw for each side of a cube if each of its edges measured 10cm

in reality? Remember what you learnt about the reduction coefficient of the isometric axes. And if it were in cavalier perspective?

ä 5.1 Projections

PROJECTIONS AND VIEWS

A projection is the representation of an object or shape as an image on a flat surface. This is very important in technical drawing because it accurately shows how an object fits in a space.

Types of projections

There is a point on a projection known as a focal point (V), this is the point where the projection begins or projects from. It also has lines of projection which come from this focal point, and a plane which the object is projected onto.

projection lines

When all the lines go through the focal point, the projection is called a conic projection. If the focal point is extremely far away, which is in technical terms infinity, the projection lines will be parallel. If the projection plane is perpendicular* to the projection lines, it is called an orthographic projection. This is used for drawing the different views of an object.

ä 5.2 How to understand the views better

Conic projection.

So, what exactly is a view of an object in technology? To understand what the views of a specific object are, it can help if we imagine it floating inside a transparent cube. This way, the views of the object appear on the interior walls of the cube as orthographic projections of each one of its sides.

projection lines

There are six views of an object, which is the same number of sides as the imaginary cube that it is in. We usually only need the three main views unless it is a complex object, then we can use more views to show all its details. Look at the images below. See how the views relate to the interior walls of the imaginary cube.

Orthographic projection.

lower pla n view right profile

front

pla

view

left

pro

file

re a

iew

A representation of the views of an object inside an unfolded, imaginary cube.

Orthographic projection of the front view.

You can see a video about the six orthographic views of an object at anayaeducacion.es.

Unit

ä 5.3 The different views

F ocu s on Eng lish

➜ Front view shows the front of the object. The side that shows the

perpendicular: exactly horizontal or vertical

most amount of information is chosen as the front view.

➜ Plan view is the view from above. ➜ Lower plan view is the view from under the object. ➜ Profile view is the side view. If the projection is from the right hand side, this will be a right profile view. Or if it is projected from the left, a left profile view.

➜ Rear view is the view from behind the object.

Model example How to draw the views of an object irst, draw the axes to define the areas of each 1 F view. These should be thin continuous lines.

The first view that you draw is the front view. This view offers the most information and detail. In this example, it is the orange area, as it indicates the shape of the object. next step is to draw vertical auxiliary lines 2 The down from the edges of the front view. These will help make the plan view. the plan view. Use the auxiliary lines from 3 Draw the front view to provide the width of the object and other details of the object’s shape. In this example, the plan view is coloured in yellow. horizontal auxiliary lines from the front 4 Draw view to help you draw the profile view. You also need to draw auxiliary lines from the plan view to the profile view by using a compass. the profile using the auxiliary lines as a 5 Draw guide. Remember the left profile is on the right of the front view and the right profile is on the left. In this example, the profile view is shaded blue.

Understand, think, investigate… 10 Draw a) the viewsb)a)of the d) a) following b)c) b) c) b) a)objects: c) a)

d) c)

d) c) e)d)

e) d)

) d)fe)

f )e)

6 DIGITAL GRAPHICS

ä 6.1 Paint3D and Pinta

Paint3D interface.

Paint3D is a simple graphics programme included in Windows operating systems since 2017, replacing the old Paint programme (Paint is still available but no longer updates). Paint3D allows access to a large gallery of 3D models that can be modified and printed. Pinta is an open-source* app which can be installed not only in Windows, but also in Linux, Mac and BSD operating systems. The app is in continual development. It has many tools that are not available in Paint, which are easy to use for drawing and touching up* images without having to use more complicated programmes.

Understand, think, investigate… Pinta interface.

11 Use Paint, Paint3D or Pinta to draw a landscape like the one in the image on the left. Use the tools you have in the programme for creating shapes and filling them. What happens if you want to move or make changes to the objects you have drawn?

12 Search in the menus of the drawing programmes you are using and look for the way to re-size the canvas to 1024 Ò 768 pixels. Write how you did this in your notebook.

Search online for other free programmes like Paint. Note the operating systems they are available on and the size of the file download.

F ocu s on Eng lish open-source: software that is free of charge and available for anyone to make changes to touching up: correcting or making better in appearance

Original

Brightness setting

Pencil sketch

Ink sketch

Unit

An irregular shape has been created from the circle on the left by adding several nodes to its outline.

16 Draw a sky full of stars like the one in the example. To draw this, use the stars and polygons tool and change the number of corners and adjust the base radius. When you place the mouse cursor over the base radius handle, a pop-up appears in the lower part of the screen, describing what happens when you press Ctrl, Shift or Alt or when you move the object.

kshop

or TECHNOLOGY w

Make a budget project presentation

One of the most important parts of a project is to know how much money it will cost before it starts. In this case, you and your team will be planning to refurbish a house. What do you think you will need?

PROJECT STEPS

1 To calculate the costs we need to know: • a list of the tools we are going to use. • what each person’s role is (project manager, designer, woodworker painter, etc.)

BUDGETING A HOME REFURBISHMENT Your house has probably been refurbished at some time. The builder or the refurbishing company first visit the house and look at what work they need to do. They then discuss which materials to use and say how much the job will cost. This includes the profit, the costs of materials and pay for the workers. This is called giving an estimate for a job. Materials budget No.

Material

Cost per unit

1 2 3 Total materials

Workers budget No.

Role

Salary per hour

• what tasks each person will have in their role. • the amount of time each person will spend on the project – this might be different for each role.

• how much money each person earns per hour. 2 Write all your data in a table with each cost written next to it, to find out the final total. This will tell us the estimated cost of the project, or budget. Look at the following example. A team wants to build a project in which the set of wooden pieces may cost €2.60. The cost of other materials will be €2.40 for metal set squares, €0.60 for nuts and bolts, and €0.15 for hot glue sticks, and other joining elements like contact adhesive and nails. The team members and their pay were: Project Manager: €10/h; a Designer/Planner: €8/h, and two workmen: at €5/h. They decided to make each person work for the same Units Total amount of time on each task. Each person worked ten hours, except the designer who worked two hours extra. Lastly, they asked the teacher about the cost of tools, machinery and the cost to rent the premises. The teacher estimated €2/h for the tools, and €3/h for renting the property.

Hours

3 When your team is ready, copy these

tables in your notebook, and use them as a template for calculating your budget.

2 Total cost of workers

Compare with another team. Who has a smaller budget? TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT

Total

.es aeducacion nk at anay folio. resource ba rt e po th in ur yo lio fo make Go to Port out how to rmation ab to find info

REVIEW

Unit

and practiSe

Solving technological problems 1 Write three objects in your notebook that come to mind when you think of the word “technology”.

Consequences and results. Make a list in your notebook of the direct consequences that technical activity has had on our environment.

3 What’s the difference between “technique” and “technology”?

4 Look at your school bag and make an analysis based on the four points you have studied: morphological, technical, functional and economical.

Imagine you have €800 to spend on a computer with a monitor, software, peripherals and any product related to it. Search different websites for the prices of the parts, make a budget and take care not to overspend. Write in your notebook what each part costs and where you would buy it. In your budget, include the cost of travelling to buy the part if you needed to travel to a shop.

The mirror. Compare the characteristics of two mobile phones that your family has. Include the price, the most important characteristics like the screen, memory size, options to add memory etc. In your notebook, draw a table with the phones’ similarities and differences.

Look at a technological object like a chair, for example. Think of how many different parts it is made of: its legs, seat, backrest, nuts and bolts. All the parts had to be made from wood, plastic or metal. In a team, make a plan as if you worked in a factory that makes chairs. Organise the following tasks: gathering the materials, preparing each part and putting the pieces of the chair together. When you have made the list of steps to build the chair, put the tasks in the correct order, and say how much time they should take to do them. Remember that some tasks may be done at the same time.

The variations. Think of five possible solutions to the problem of crossing a river. Do not worry about restrictions. For each idea, write why you think it is a good solution. What do you think are the best ideas?

9 Look at the two doorknobs in the image. To make a full analysis of each one, do the following exercises:

Describe how each one looks.

b) Explain how each one works. c) Search for the cost of a round doorknob and a door handle on a DIY shop website and compare their prices. Imagine you are a building contractor. Which of the two doorknobs would you choose for the doors in a block of flats? List the advantages and disadvantages of each one to help you choose.

10 A group of people have started a company that designs furniture. Their main clients are other companies that use their designs to make furniture. There are different departments in the design company: administration, design, project management and sales. Find out about what each department does and how they are linked to each other within the company. In groups, draw a diagram that shows the structure of the furniture design company including all the departments mentioned above, and how they are linked together.

Graphic representation of objects 11 Explain why reduction coefficients are used in perspectives. Which axes have a reduction applied in the cavalier perspective? And what about in the isometric perspective?

anayaeducacion.es You can find documents in the resource bank on how to use the techniques or keys in some of the activities.

CTIsE

A REVIEW AND PR

12 Redesign your bedroom. Follow the steps: 1 Measure your bedroom in metres. Divide the measurements by 100 and draw the floorspace in your notebook, marking the door and windows.

15 Using the cavalier perspective, draw the shapes in exercise 10 on page 21. Change the axes and draw them with a 2:3 reduction coefficient.

16 Draw the front, plan and profile views of the shapes your teacher chooses from below.

2 Measure your furniture and again divide each measurement by 100. 3 Draw your furniture on card and cut them out. 4 Redesign your bedroom, placing the furniture in different places. Think about space, light and storage areas. Draw your favourite.

13 What is the main difference between sketches and technical drawings?

Projections and views of an object 14 Look at these front, plan and profile views of two objects. Use a template or isometric grid to draw the objects in 3D.

Colour code: red – front view; blue – plan view; green – profile view; yellow – inclined plane

You can find the printable isometric template to help with the drawings at anayaeducacion.es.

Unit

18 Draw a worksheet template using Inkscape like the

Digital graphics

one in the diagram. You do not need to include the measurements.

17 You are going to design icons linked to the economic sectors. Design a simple image to represent the activities of your choice. The best ones are simple, with little detail. Here is a table showing each sector, some of their activities and examples of icons: Sector Primary

Activity

Icon

Cattle Fishing Agriculture Mining Forestry

Secondary

Food Textile

Mark Class room

Footwear Pharmaceutical

Group

Teacher

Name, surname

School Title

Automotive Construction

Tertiary

Date

Health Education Commercial Security

Transport

20 Tourism Banking

Building Blocks is an educational project of Anaya Educación for Secondary Education with the participation of: M. P. Blázquez, I. Hoyos, J. Santos, Danny Latimer, Hannah Peat, Karen Piper, Begoña Fuente Larrazabal, Sara Gascón Martín, and Denise Suárez. The following people have worked on this book:

Editorial team: Karen Piper and Ángela Vázquez Design, technical drawings and maps: Patricia G. Serrano, Juan Carlos Quignon, Anaya Educación Graphics department

Illustrations: Luca Landi and Pablo Vázquez Layout: Coral Muñoz and DiScript PROOFREADING: Gonzalo Vila Rodríguez CORRECTIONS: Anaya Corrections department Translation: Montero Language Services PICTURE EDITING: Olga Sayans Photographs: Alamy/Cordon Press (Alexander Bertram-Powell, ronstik, Science History Images), Archivo

Anaya (Agromayor, L.; Balaguer, T.; Canto, M.; Cosano, P.; Hernández Moya, B.; Martin, J.; Martín, J. A.; Ortega, Á.; Osuna, J.; Padura, S.; Peñuela Py, E.; Rivera Jove, V.; Steel, M., Valls, R.), Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute, Dreamstime, Gettyimages (AFP Contributor, Annie Otzen, Doug Armand, Imgorthand, RichLegg, SDI Productions), iStock/Gettyimages, 123rf y colaboradores.

Academic and Professional Orientation: created in conjunction with Fundación Bertelsmann. Coordinator: Juan José Juárez Calvo. Expert collaborators: Sara Lozano Santiago, Belén Pérez Castro and Pilar Vázquez Hernández

Commitment to Sustainable Development Goals Our publications contain carefully selected content, illustrations and language to comply with non-discrimination on the grounds of gender, culture or opinion. Grupo Anaya considers social and environmental responsibility to be one of its fundamental values. For this reason, we are committed to: · continually improving our contents and materials related to the environment. · reducing our carbon emissions. · using natural resources responsibly. · making sure that our activity has no negative consequences for endangered forests. These commitments, among others, mean that 100% of the paper used in our books has the PEFC label.

Important information: The activities proposed in this book should be completed in a separate notebook or on sheets of paper, not in the book itself. The links to webpages which appear in this book have been checked before printing. The publisher cannot be liable for any changes or modifications which occur after the date of publication.

© GRUPO ANAYA, S.A., 2021 - C/ Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, 15 - 28027 Madrid. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers.