id-dritt Edition XXXI
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id-dritt Edition XXXI
2021 Published by Għaqda Studenti tal-Liġi
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Produced and published by Għaqda Studenti tal-Liġi (GħSL), the University of Malta’s Law Students’ Society. Correspondence in relation to this publication should be forwarded to: The Publications Officer / Editor-In-Chief, Id-Dritt Room 219, GħSL Office Faculty of Laws University of Malta Msida, Malta or Email us at: publications@għsl.org © Għaqda Studenti tal-Liġi 2021 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the copyright holder and the publisher, application for which shall be made to the publisher. Proofreading and editing done by the Editorial Board and the Publications Office. Some articles have been modified for reasons of clarity and/or uniformity. Opinions expressed in Id-Dritt Volume XXXI do not necessarily represent the views of the Editorial Board, the Publications Office, the Publications Officer, or Għaqda Studenti tal-Liġi. Printed in Malta by Progress Press Co. Ltd Żona Industrijali, Triq L-Intornjatur, Mrieħel, BKR 3000, Malta Cover and Publication Design by Matthew Charles Zammit ISBN no: 978-9918-9506-1-4
Preface Matthew Charles Zammit President Għaqda Studenti tal-Liġi
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his thirty-first edition of Id-Dritt is another step of continuity for GħSL. Notwithstanding the multiple impositions on all aspects of daily life arising from the Covid-19 pandemic, on both the legal profession, law students, and this organisation as well, the Publications Committee within the Malta Law Students’ Society has come up trumps once again, with another stupendous addition to this prestigious series of legal publications. The kaleidoscopic nature of the subject-matter discussed within this edition, mirrors the ever-present nature of law, directly or indirectly, in almost all aspects of our daily life. This year’s Publications Office has once again managed to capture a snapshot of the multiple temporal and socioeconomic factors that a member of the legal profession, both present and future, may face in his daily routine. As time passes, it becomes even more evident that the prestige of this publication is not a mere marketing trick deployed by this organisation; rather, it i s a generally accepted fact. Further evidence of this belief, is the diligent work by the Open Science Department within the University of Malta Library, which led to the majority of previous editions of Id-Dritt, even those published under a different moniker decades ago, being preserved and made freely accessible for University students and academics alike. This gives credence to, if not ascertains outright, the notion that the legacy of this publication will persevere for years to come. Notwithstanding GħSL’s renewed impetus during the recent past, to challenge the orthodoxy in a number of legal and socio-economic issues, the statutory structure behind the publication of Id-Dritt ensures that all professionals, notwithstanding their background and beliefs, are able to academically contribute in this publication. No amount of public selfflagellation, by those who are unable to disagree with differing views on hot-potato subjects, or are unable to separate the work done by the other branches of this organisation with the other relevant efforts necessary by the Publications Office, can erase this fact. The door has remained, and will remain open. GħSL remains consistent in its belief that the publication of Id-Dritt is no longer a mere annual project which the organisation funds and publishes on its own accord. It is a full-on obligation. There is a need to fill the legal publication void which the other members of the legal profession in Malta have failed to fill in a consistent manner for multiple years, one that remains persistent even in the most viii
id-dritt challenging of times. And GħSL remains steadfast in the belief that Id-Dritt, and the Online Law Journal, is the solution to this problem. Writing this foreword brings with it a source of nostalgia for yours truly. From a member within various sub-committees of this organisation, I had the immense pleasure of being involved in multiple editions of Id-Dritt: As an Editor and Publications Officer for the 28th Edition, as a designer for the 29th and the 30th Edition, and now as President for this latest edition. Ever since I made my initial steps within the Law Course, and notwithstanding my involvement with other student organisations on campus, the allure and prestige that Id-Dritt carried with it required absolutely no introduction. I still treasure the copy of the 22nd Edition of Id-Dritt which I managed to purchase when I went near the GħSL Stand on Fresher’s Week. in my first ever year at University. On a concluding note, GħSL would like to thank Chief Justice Emeritus Joseph Azzopardi, and Madame Justice Ramona Frendo, for their statements of encouragement attached in this monograph. Special thanks also go to Danielle, together with the rest of the Editorial Board, who have toiled away for months on end. I assure you, as a former Publications Officer, that there exists no better feeling than to have the product of your hard work published and in your hand. Years will pass by, and this feeling will remain persistent. To my colleagues within the GħSL Executive Board for the 2020/2021 Academic Term: Valentina, Maya, Diane, Martina, Sarah, Graziella, Kezia, Giuliana, Andrew, Alec, Matthew, Karl, Andrew, Katrina and Danielle. Your help in this publication, directly or indirectly, is greatly appreciated. To the multiple authors and peer-reviewers: You remain the lifeblood of this publication. We sincerely hope that we made justice to the multiple hours of research, writing and editing that you have so graciously donated, with the ultimate aim of transferring knowledge to the general public. Lastly: To you, dear reader, as well as to all the students within the Faculty of Laws. You remain our primary motivator, year after year, in publishing this book, and we ask you to continuously approach GħSL for all matters related to student life. Ad Multos Annos, GħSL!
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Opening Address Danielle Gauci Publications Officer Għaqda Studenti tal-Liġi
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t is with great pleasure to present to you the 31st edition of Id-Dritt, an acclaimed prestigious law journal, published annually by the Malta Law Students’ Society and which has added value to our bookshelves since 1944 with the very first journal being published. This particular edition, which features a total of seventeen articles, presents a number of very interesting contributions tackling an array of different topics such as History of the Legal Professions, Human Rights Law, Technology Law, Commercial Law, Administrative Law, Employment Law, Competition Law, Sports Law, Public International Law, Civil Procedure, Climate Change Litigation and Development Planning Law. It includes contributions by junior lawyers, some who have only recently graduated, practitioners, academics and previous members of the judiciary as well as a collaborative enterprise between professionals in the legal sector and law students. It is precisely this mix of authors which will continue to keep Id-Dritt’s legacy alive. The contributions found in Id-Dritt are one of great importance, not only to track the developmentof a legal system which keeps evolving throughout the years, but has also proven to be an illumination to law students for research purposes. In recognising such importance, this legal journal has been published on a yearly basis for quite a few years now and will continue doing so especially considering that it is one which the Għaqda Studenti talLiġi holds very much close to its heart. Unfortunately, following another year of COVID-19, we are prevented once again from celebrating this legal journal in the way it truly deserves. However, despite these challenging times, this legal journal has still continued to flourish thanks to the dedicated contributors who not only have well-read input on today’s legal world but who have shared their knowledge in their respective fields. Following the landmark 30th edition of Id-Dritt, this edition will also be published as an eBook in order to make the publication more easily accessible to those interested. Of course, while last year’s record-breaking thirty-one articles which have been divided into two volumes was not a record we could reach, the Editorial Board has this year favoured quality over quantity. That being said, the book which you hold in your hand is one of various efforts and behind it, long hours of dedicated hard work which without the xii
id-dritt help of many would have been impossible to bring to fruition. Therefore, I would like to take this opportunity to thank a large number of people: To all the authors who have dedicated their time in order to make this publication possible through their contributions; Thank you for keeping to our tight deadlines and for making this edition a rich one indeed through your quality researched work. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation to Madame Justice Ramona Frendo for accepting our invitation and for doing us the honour of writing the Forward to this edition. Likewise, I would also like to thank Chief Justice Joseph Azzopardi for his valued contribution at the back-cover of the publication. To the Editorial Board: Amy, Ben, David, Josela, Lenka, Luca, Mirea and Raphaël; for their never-ending patience, hard work and dedication regardless of academic and other commitments. This publication would have not been finalised in time if it weren’t for you. It has been an absolute pleasure working with each and every one of you and from the bottom of my heart I wish you all the very best in your future endeavours. To Lenka, Editor-In-Chief of Id-Dritt; Thank you for always being ready to help out in anything needed and for your support in keeping this whole process run smoothly. I would also like to thank David, Editor-In-Chief of the GħSL Online Law Journal, for always being on hand to help out with anything needed for Id-Dritt. Your attention to detail is impeccable! I thank you both for your constant support and for being part of this journey. It’s been a pleasure! To my direct predecessors, Justine, Matthew Charles, Ariane and Emma; It would have been impossible to finalise this edition without your input and guidance, especially you - Justine and Matthew Charles. Justine, I thank you from the bottom of my heart for believing in me and giving me this opportunity to work on Id-Dritt. Your never ending support and advice is immensely appreciated. Matthew Charles, thank you for taking the time to edit and design this edition and for always being so patient and ready to help with anything needed. I am grateful to have had the opportunity to work with you this year!
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id-dritt To the members of GħSL Executive Board, Alec, the Andrews, Diane, Giuliana, Graziella, Karl, Katrina, Kezia, Martina, Matthew Charles, Matthew, Maya, Sarah, and Valentina; who although have a limited role in the publication of the journal, have supported me throughout this term and offered their help when needed. To my family and loved ones for your unconditional love, patience and encouragement and my four-legged shadow, who has indeed been a shadow throughout this whole process. Lastly, I would like to thank you - the readers, for constantly believing in this legal publication. I hope this book will serve as a go-to instrument and even encourage you to contribute in future editions!
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Foreword Ramona Frendo Judge General Court of the European Union
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thank the Editorial Board of Id-Dritt for inviting me to address a few words to its readers. It provides me with a pleasant distraction from the rigours of formalistic drafting imposed upon me in my position as judge at the General Court of the European Union, allowing me the liberty to express myself more informally, and hence, I hope, more vividly than you would expect of what, traditionally, one calls “stuffy old judges”. I seize this opportunity to address myself directly to those whom I perceive to be the average readers of this publication – Maltese law students. It is only fair that I start by confessing my bias. For more than 22 years, I exercised the legal profession as a litigator in the Maltese courts. Litigation was my first love, and it will be my last (to plagiarise that popular song from the seventies). Whether as lawyer or as judge, I am passionate about law, and especially about the judicial interpretation and application of law. I hope that some of you, at least, will share that passion. When I joined the law course, in 1989, the distinction between lawyer and litigator was almost non-existent. You became a lawyer, essentially, to practise civil, commercial, constitutional, or criminal law, with a smattering of fiscal or industrial law, or a combination of the above - always in court. It is a credit to the Faculty of Laws’ vision that by the time I finished my studies, students were being given an introduction to European Community law, as it was then, despite the fact that accession to the Community (eventually the Union) was still a far-off dream. Today, there is an ever-growing myriad of specialized laws, and many law students would never dream of stepping inside the law courts because for them, litigation has no attraction. This does not mean that, for these aspiring lawyers, the workings of the judiciary bear no interest, for it is judicial interpretation that brings the dead letter of the law to life. As the articles featured in this edition prove, law is everywhere around you – from your home to your workplace, from the most beautiful game in the world (football, for the uninitiated) to your online shopping, from the dreariness of the Covid pandemic to concerns about climate change. I salute the contributors for their efforts and their wide-raging interests. xviii
id-dritt Law is not only all-pervasive. It is also alive. It is not a fossil. It changes with the times. New laws are enacted to regulate new situations. Old laws are repealed, like dinosaurs falling into extinction. Others are amended to be brought in line with new developments, thus acquiring a longevity beyond their original purview. Nothing new there. I recall the late Professor Réné Cremona delivering the very first lecture to a cohort of a hundred-odd eager first year law students, back in 1989. He started by reciting a little rhyme, which apparently was a constant in his first lectures: “Roman law is dead, as dead as it can be, first it killed the Romans, now it’s killing me”, he said in his raspy, rather monotone voice. Only to retort, in his deadpan way, that this was far from the truth, and that the principles developed in Roman Law were still very much alive then, as they are today. That is one of the beauties of law, and especially of litigation. That what is essentially a set of rules laid down, sometimes centuries before you were born, by people who have long been dead and buried, is constantly infused with life through daily application, and especially through interpretation by the courts. For indeed, it is not only – perhaps not even primarily - our legislators who keep the law alive. In the day-to-day workings of society, it is the Courts that infuse even the oldest laws with life and relevance. They are tasked with dispensing justice by applying old and new laws alike to the very particular, sometimes peculiar, situations brought before them by citizens and commercial entities, who require solutions to very specific and individual issues. Laws in dusty volumes (or, more often these days, in online websites) mean nothing in real life - they are worth nothing to the ordinary man - until and unless they are interpreted and applied, initially by lawyers, to real-life situations. And when, despite the valiant efforts of lawyers, disputes arise, the courts work their magic of judicial interpretation, bringing light to obscurity, certainty to doubt. You get no prizes for guessing, I was a passionate litigator, and I am a fervent fan of the judicial interpretation of the law. Which is why it pains me to see students quite literally obsessed, perhaps in awe, with decades’ old Maltese jurisprudence. xix
id-dritt Jurisprudence develops with time. Failing this, it would stagnate and become as irrelevant to the clients of justice as the dead letter of the law. Jurisprudence is not static but adaptable, often with uncanny resourcefulness from those who sit on the bench, aided by those who plead before them. Above all, jurisprudence cannot be, and should not be, a case of “read one, read them all” because no situation is exactly the same as another. In more than two decades as a litigator, not once was I faced with two identical legal problems. This diversity lends beauty to the study of jurisprudence over the years, and leads me to the very core of the message I want to pass on to you. Making sense of the world today, solving legal conundrums, whether as litigators or otherwise, requires that you look at the jurisprudence, not only from twenty, thirty or even fifty years ago, but from five years ago, last month, last week. Do not discard the more recent material, often painstakingly developed in the solitude of judicial deliberation, with the precious collaboration of those most humble of court officials, litigating lawyers. Recent judgments embody, at least in theory and I hope in practice, the interpretation that is likely to be the more adjourned and pertinent to modern-day issues. Jurisprudence, especially in Malta where the courts are not bound by precedent, is very much alive. I invite you – indeed I challenge you - to look beyond the locus classicus which your lecturers harped on about, and reach out for more recent judgments, because, quite frankly, it is the more recent judgments which are steeped in today’s realities, whilst having the benefit of hindsight and building on age-old judicial principles. Recent judgments are the ones that have been pored over by members of the bench living in the same world as you and your clients. These contemporary judges are the ones who have the benefit of awareness of today’s reality, and may nuance the “well-established principles” to keep them ever relevant, sometimes, unwittingly or otherwise, gradually changing those very principles which may appear to be cast in stone. And whilst in the mood to challenge young and energetic Maltese law students, I launch an even bigger challenge. Look beyond our shores. At the xx
id-dritt risk of repeating a platitude, it bears reminding that Malta is not the centre of the world. It is an island, but that should not shackle you with an insular mentality. Open your minds to the jurisprudence that enriches the legal world, with every passing day. I must have a very good memory because I still remember, again in my first year as a law student, Professor Ian Refalo exhorting us not to think of law in watertight compartments. One area of law can cross-pollinate, as it were, another. That is another of the beauties of law. In most Member States of the Union, EU jurisprudence inspires lawyers and pollinates national Court judgements. Much less so, I regret to say, in Malta. It is very worrying, leafing through the contributions that make up this publication, to see that, except in subject-matter that is traditionally and intrinsically associated with EU law, particularly competition law, the Maltese lawyer’s study and analysis of juridical situations remains firmly imprisoned within the confines of our national frontiers, small as they are. Malta joined the European Union in 2004, which means that the legal order of the Union is also the legal order of our island state. Yet, in the interim, Maltese courts have only resorted to the preliminary ruling procedure in a handful of cases, in a period exceeding fifteen years of membership. The General Court gave judgment in the first case ever to be filed before it in the Maltese language, only last year. Cases arising from Malta are few and far between; cases filed by Maltese individuals even more rare. I dare say that, for the most part, Maltese lawyers and Maltese courts have remained purely and staunchly national, impervious to external influence, perhaps distrusting of outside scrutiny or guidance, despite the fact that EU law continues to expand and determine the content of national legislation in ever more diverse areas. Perhaps it is not insularity that holds us back in this way. Perhaps it is fear, a sort of national inferiority complex arising from the fact of being the smallest Member State of the Union. I tell you: that should not be so.
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id-dritt There is no cause for intellectual inferiority. The Maltese lawyer probably works harder than most, is exposed to a far greater diversity of situations than most European lawyers, and as such has the advantage not only of being more adaptable, but also of being faster at grasping and mastering new situations, and new fields of law. The Maltese lawyer has no concept of “the high entry cost” to study a new area of law, because he or she must do so, on a daily basis, to flourish professionally. Being small makes us intellectually agile and even wily. So I exhort you, kindly, to venture into the jurisprudence of the Union in your daily professional lives. I encourage you to consider the possibility of litigating in front of the General Court of the European Union, to demand preliminary rulings in front of the European Court of Justice where there is doubt about Maltese law that is influenced by EU Law. Coming to Luxembourg to plead may be daunting, but you may rest assured that in a multinational court, you will always find respect for your efforts, and judges eager to engage in intellectual debate. Open your minds to the juridical world beyond the Maltese shores, own the fact that you are not only Maltese lawyers, but European lawyers too. I promise it will be an enriching experience.
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Editorial Board Id-Dritt XXXI
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Danielle Gauci Publications Officer
Lenka Portelli Editor-In-Chief
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Raphael Butigieg Amy Catania David Chetcuti Dimech Luca Micallef Mirea Mormina Lenka Portelli Benjamin Thomas Scerri Josela Psaila Spiteri Editors
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Executive Board Għaqda Studenti tal-Liġi 2020/2021
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Matthew Charles Zammit President
Valentina Cassar
Vice-President
Maya Spiteri Dalli Secretary General
Diane Cutajar Financial Officer
Martina Cassar
Public Relations Officer
Sarah Mifsud
Director of Committees
Graziella Schembri Academic Officer
Kezia Mallia Mercieca Events Officerr
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Giuliana Magro Conti
Exchanges Officerr
Andrew Formosa External Relations Officer
Karl Micallef
International Officer
Matthew Mamo Leisure Officer
Alec Sladden Marketing Officer
Andrew Sciberras
Policy Officer
Danielle Gauci Publications Officer
Katrina Borg Ferrando Resources Officer
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Contents
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Administrative Law 3
Tonio Borg Judicial Review of Administrative Actions: Developments and Contraditions
Civil Procedure 21
Frances Camilleri-Cassar Atti kawtelatori: to what extent are precautionary warrants adequate in safeguarding a person’s rights to secure a claim before the Civil Court?
Climate Change Litigation 33
Daniele Gafa, John Caruana The new concept of climate change liability and the use of human rights challenges in climate change litigation.
Company Law 55
Donald Vella, Nicola Jaccarini The Company Recovery Procedure: an analysis of its past, present and future
Competition Law 83
Gayle Kimberley, Nicole Sciberras Debono, Nina Fauser, JP Fabri, Stephanie Fabri Does Competition Law fit the Digital bill? xxxiv
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Commercial Law 115
Paul Edgar Micallef The Case for a ‘Super’ Market Authority In Malta
Constitutional and Administrative Procedure 139
Frances Camilleri-Cassar Procedural obstacles (A) in a Human Rights action under Article 46 of the Constitution of Malta; (B) in a Judicial Review under Article 469A of the Code of Organisation and Civil Procedure
Development and Planning Legislation 157
Robert Musumeci, Rebekah Cilia Is planning permission required for expressing one’s feelings?
Employment Law 171
Julienne Bencini Expect the unexpected: understanding health and safety risks post the Covid pandemic.
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Natalino Caruana De Brincat Employment Law - The (in)Definite Dilemma
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History of the Legal Professions 193
Giovanni Bonello Lawyers and Lawyering in Malta before 1600
Human Rights Law 223 Giovanni Bonello Was the European Convention on Human Rights Enforceable in Maltese Courts since 1967?
233 Tonio Borg The Exhaustion Rule, exhausted
253 Kathleen Vella The European Convention on Human Rights in the time of Covid-19: To invoke or not to invoke Article 15?
Public International Law 277
Frances Camilleri-Cassar What is an understanding of the concept of ‘jurisdiction’ in public international law? Analysis of two jurisdictional bases
Sports Law 291
Clive Gerada, Daniel Geey Financial Fair Play (FFP) Regulations – dead in the water?
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Techonlogy Law 323
Kevin Aquilina Technology Law’s Link to Constitutional Law: A Public Law Perspective
In Memoriam 349
Andrew Sciberras obo The GħSL Team Professor J.J. Cremona - An Obituary
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notes
Andrew Sciberras obo the GħSL Team Professor J.J. Cremona - Obituary
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t was during the compilation of this year’s edition of Id-Dritt that we learnt of the passing of one of Malta’s most eminent jurists on Christmas Eve, only thirteen days from his 103rd birthday. Previously, when Id-Dritt was known as The Law Journal, there were frequent pieces on eminent judges, taking note of their passing and retirement, with the last such In Memoriam published in 1972 in relation to Judge Alberto Magri. More recently there have been interviews with various jurists in Id-Dritt XIV, XV, and XVI. One would be hard pressed to find a Maltese legal mind with a more illustrious career than John Joseph Cremona, or J.J. as he was affectionately known, and it is certainly fitting that this tradition be revived in order to recognise his contribution to the Maltese legal tradition. Originally from Gozo, he was called to the bar in 1943, marking the beginning of an almost half-century long legal career. He had a thirst for knowledge, holding a doctorate in literature from La Sapienza University, A B.A. and Ph.D. in law from University of London, a Dr. jur. from Trieste University, as well as his local LL.D. from the University of Malta. Cremona returned to the Faculty of Laws in order to lecture in 1948, where he was eventually recognised as a Professor ‘on grounds of special distinction’. He started lecturing in Constitutional Law, moving to Criminal Law in 1959. He was also at different times member of the University Senate, president of the University Council, and Pro-Chancellor. Prof. Cremona served in the role of Attorney General from 1957 to 1964 and is credited with having drafted Malta’s Independence Constitution which still stands to this day.Following the grant of independence, Prof. Cremona was elevated to the bench, and appointed as the Vice-President of both the Court of Appeal as well as the Constitutional Court, the second highest position in the local judiciary. In 1965 he was also appointed the first judge from Malta at the European Court of Human Rights, a position he held for twentyseven years.
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Following the appointment of Prof. Anthony Mamo to the position of Governor-General in 1971, Cremona was named as Chief Justice of Malta. After 10 years as Chief Justice, Prof. Cremona resigned his post in the Maltese Judiciary before reaching the retirement age of 65, however continuing to serve in the European Court of Human Rights for three consecutive terms, being appointed Vice-President of the Court in 1986. He held this post until 1992, when Prof. Giuseppe Mifsud Bonnici was appointed to replace him. After retiring from the Strasbourg court Prof. Cremona continued to write, authoring the much-read Constitutional Law text The Maltese Constitution and Constitutional History since 1813, as well as publishing a number of poetic works, the last such work published as recently as 2018 entitled Poeżiji. For a time in the 1960s, Cremona served as Vice President of the International Poetry Society, at the time the president was Christopher Fry. He has published a collection of his papers in two volumes, spanning the period of 1946 to the year 2000. He was a recipient of countless honours from various states including Malta, the Knights of St John, the United Kingdom, France, the Vatican, and Italy. This only goes to show the extremely high regard he was held in, both locally and abroad. The 24th of December will be remembered as the day Malta lost a great legal mind, however he will never be forgotten. His publications will continue to be referenced and utilised by students and legal professionals alike, and his influence on the Maltese legal sphere will always be present. He is survived by his two daughters and his son.
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t is refreshing, for a retired judge like myself, to know that the law students of today are still finding time to publish their journal, and are always striving to make it relevant and full of erudite articles at the same time. Some years ago, I bought three editions of The Law Journal, as it was then called back in 1945, from a car boot sale, and it is very interesting to see the contents, and compare them with those in the current edition. For example, in the Vol. I No. 3, dated October 1945, the student J.M Ganado (much later my revered professor in Civil Law) wrote an article on Judge Debono while Edgar Mizzi (later Attorney General for many years) wrote on the action de in rem verso. There were articles by Professor Walter Ganado on the problems of social medicine, and by a then young Dr. Albert Ganado on excusable homicide. When I graduated in 1979, the actio de in rem verso and excusable homicide were still subjects we had to study, but in my forty years of practice as a lawyer and later a judge, I only had to deal with a couple of cases regarding the former, and only in my last two years as President of the Court of Criminal Appeal (as Chief Justice) did iI have to deal with the latter. I have no doubt that today, only the small number of lawyers practicing in Criminal Law are interested in excusable homicide while I wonder how many cases based on the actio de in rem verso (if any at all) are filed every year. Nowadays many students and young lawyers are well versed in European Community Law, Company Law, Competition Law and Human Rights Law, and this is reflected in the articles in this edition, because these publications invariably reflect the most common issues which are studied, practiced and sometimes debated in the Law Courts, although of course Covid had to make its presence felt even here! This has brought about another development in the practice of law in Malta – specialisation. Practising lawyers and sitting Judges have to be up to date more than ever with new laws and legal concepts emerging from time to time and this why publications such as this are essential for students and practising lawyers. I strongly recommend this publication to all students and practising lawyers, and wish the editorial board all the best for their future efforts.
ISBN 9789918950652
Joseph Azzopardi Chief Justice Emeritus Malta Law Courts
9 789918 950652
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