THE BLOOD AND MUD IN THE PHILIPPINES: Anti-Guerrilla Warfare on Panay Island
By Toshimi Kumai
Based on -the original publication in Japanese
Firipin no Chi to Doro: Taiheiyosen Saiaku no Gerirasen Tokyo: Jiji Press, 1977,241 pp., il.
YUKAKO IBUKI, translator MA. LUISA E. MABUNAY AND RICARDO T. JOSE, editors
All Rights Reserved
Malones Printing Press and Publishing House Iloilo City, Philippines
2009
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(top) The Japanese Army attacks Iloilo City. The 3rd Company, Takahashi Unit of the Seno Battalion (bottom) Sugar warehouses, set on fire by Filipino soldiers, burn as a Japanese soldier watche~ Iloilo harbor
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, the establishment of ( top) Japanese Army island of Panay, A ' , The adminlstrabon ove~~~:I:~le , military d in Iloilo City P arade was hel t' ity at Jaro plaza ( P aganda ac IV , from the center left) rop II 'I City resulting 'ta ' Ruins ofrth 010 (center, right) tactics aroun d Sta, TereSI USAFFE's scorched-ea
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the commanding
church der at Calinog, 11011.0: of Colonel Albert (bottom) Surren USAFFE's 61st DIVISIO left, and to general of the 'ght) Maj, FukUi IS 2ndfrom _ commander Christie (2nd from ~ ft) i~ Col. Yasuml Seno, his right (3rd from e of the SenD Unit
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. (above) Weapons from the Tozuka Unit's 3rd Company displayed at the Museo Iloilo. Samples of military money [gumpyo = 'Mickey Mouse' money] may be seen at the back. (center, left) JA tochika [pillbox] still standing along the Suage River in Janiuay, Iloilo (center right) Japanese flag and samurai sword exhibited in the Museo Iloilo. On the right is an aerial bomb
(bottom) Tomb of Francisco Offemaria. Behind it is the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. In the background are the graves of Filipino guerrillas killed in action at what is now the Balantang Memorial Cemetery National Shrine (BMCNS) in Jaro, Iloilo City
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(upper left) Remains of a JA /ochika , still with bullet holes in Pavia, Iloilo (top right) Bone recovering operations at the site of the mass suicide of the Japanese residents (hOjinJ at Sitio Suyac in Barangay Tigbauan, Maasin, Iloilo (center) Battle flag of Silichi Mizuno, a soldier of the Transport Unit of the 102nd Division who was killed in action, in the possession of Patricio Confesor. (bottom) Recovered remains of Japanese soldiers in the vicinity of Pavia, Iloilo.
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REFERENCE MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES
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SOUTH
CHINA SEA
SULU SEA
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CONTENTS CONTENTS
7
PROLOGUE (2009 Edition)
9
PROLOGUE (1977 Edition)
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
14
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
16
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
18
GLOSSARY
19
CHAPTER 1-0CCUPATION
1.1 The Situation Gets Tense in Panay Island 1.2 The Japanese Army Lands in Panay 1.3 Guerrilla Counterattacks
21 23 28
CHAPTER 2 - FIERCE FIGHTING
2.1 Withdrawal of the Japanese Army Garrisons 2.2 Seige of the Santa Barbara Garrison 2.3 The Start of the Japanese Army's Mopping-up Operations
34 37 40
CHAPTER 3 - MOPPING-UP
3.1. Mopping-up of the Guerrilla Bases 3.2 Ambush of the Army Commanding General Tanaka 3.3 Hamletting
43 45 48
CHAPTER4-TORTURE
4.1 Guerrilla Organization 4.2 Start of the Joint Punitive Expeditions in Panay (July 7 to December 31, 1943) 4.3 Searching for Governor Confesor 4.4 False allegiance of villages (September 7 to December 31, 1943)
52
55
57 58
CHAPTER 5 - NIGHT ATTACKS
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Surrender of the Deputy Governor Philippine Independence In Search of Wireless Radios The Punitive Expedition at Tablas Island Dark Night Attacks
64 66 67
68 69
CHAPTER 6 - OPPRESSION
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Executions of American Civilians New Year in Iloilo City Another Joint Punitive Expedition Attacks on the Submarine Supply Base -7-
72 76
80 82
CHAPTER7-MORTALCOMBAT 7.1 Air raids & the landing of US forces at Leyte 7.2 Annihilation and Withdrawal of the Garrisons 7.3 General Attack of Guerrillas on Iloilo City 7.4 Joint Operation Plans of US and Guerrilla Forces
83 87 87 90
CHAPTER 8 - DESTRUCTION 8.1 US Forces Land on Panay 8.2 Fierce Fighting at Jaro: Breaking Out of the Siege 8.3 'Advance by Turning': Mass Suicide of the Hojin
95 97 104
CHAPTER 9 -ISOLATION 9.1 Fighting at Bocari 9.2 A Raiding Unit
111 115
CHAPTER10-SURRENDER 10.1 Army Messenger 10.2 Entering Prisoner of War Camp 10.3 Driven Away with Stones
116 119 122
CHAPTER 11 - WAR CRIMINALS 11.1 War Criminal Kamikaze Unit 11 .2 Failed Escape 11.3 War Crimes Tribunal 11.4 Seven Executions by Hanging
123 128 130 137
REFERENCES
142
APPENDICES
143
APPENDIX A APPENDIXB APPENDIXC APPENDIXD APPENDIXE APPENDIXF APPENDIXG
PANAY WARTIME CHRONOLOGY, by Toshimi Kumai 144 152 PETITION LETIERS IN SUPPORT OF KUMAI 158 KUMAIIN WARTIME AND POSTWAR PANAY ROUGH DISTRIBUTION MAP OF WAR DEAD BONES IN ILOILO 163 PARTIAL LIST OF JAPANESE CIVILIANS IN MASS SUICIDE 164 166 JAPANESE ARMY FRONT LINES AT BOCARI INDICTMENT AND SENTENCE FOR KUMAI 167
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