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UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II

The War in the Pacific

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES by Louis Morton

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY UNITED STA TES ARMY WASHINGTON. D. G., 1953

J-1L1P1NAS HEnlTI\GE l BRAit'

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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 53-63678

Reprinted 1978

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U .S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 008-029-00035-1/Catalog No. D 114.7 : P 11/V.4

UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II Kent Roberts Greenfield, General Editor Advisory Committee (As of 1 January 1953)

James P. Baxter President, Williams College

William T. Hutchinson University of Chicago

Henry S. Co~mager Columbia University

S. L. A. Marshall Detroit News

Douglas S. Freeman Richmond News Leader

E. Dwight Salmon Amherst College

Pendleton Herring Social Science Research Council

Col. Thomas D. Stamps United States Military Academy

John D. Hicks University of California

Charles S. Sydnor Duke University

Charles H. Taylor Harvard University

Office of the Chief of Military History

Maj. Gen. Orlando Ward, Chief Chief Historian Chief, War Histories Division Chief, Editorial and Publication Division Chief, Editorial Branch Chief, Cartographic Branch Chief, Photographic Branch *Succeeded Capt. K. E. Hunter 28 April 1952.

iii

Kent Roberts Greenfield Col. George G. O'Connor Col. B. A. Day Joseph R. Friedman Wsevolod Aglaimoff Capt. A. T. Lawry*

The History of

THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC prepared under the direction of Louis Morton The Fall of the Philippines ./ Guadalcanal: The First Offensive Victory in Papua CARTWHEEL: The Reduction of Rabaul Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls Campaign in the Marianas The Approach to the Philippines ./ Leyte: The Return to the Philippines Luzon and the Southern Philippines Okinawa: The Last Battle Strategy, Command, and Administration

This volume, one of the series UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II, is the fourth to be published in the subseries THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC. All the volumes will be closely related, and the series will present a comprehensive ,account of the activities of the Military Establishment during World War II. A tentative list of subseries is 'appended at the end of this volume.

Â· . . to Those Who Served

Foreword The soldier reading these pages would do well to reflect on the wisdom of the statement exhibited in a Japanese shrine: "Woe unto him who has not tasted defeat." Victory too often leads to overconfidence and erases the memory of mistakes. Defeat brings into sharp focus the causes that led to failure and provides a fruitful field of study for those soldiers and laymen who seek in the past lessons for the future. The statesman and the informed citizen reading these pages will realize that our military means as well as our estimates and plans must always be in balance with our long-range national policy. This lesson-signposted by the Battle of Manila Bay; the Treaty of Paris, signed in December 1898 when we decided to keep the Philippines; the Washington Conference of 1921-22; and the Manchurian Crisis of 1931-we ignored before Pearl Harbor. The result was defeat on the field of battle and the loss of the Philippine Islands. The author of The Fall of the Philippines, Louis Morton, served overseas as a historical officer in the South Pacific area and in the Philippines during World War II. Since 1945 he has been chief of the Pacific Section, Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. He holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree from Duke University, is the author of a volume on American colonial history, and has written a number of articles dealing with military affairs. Work on this volume was begun in early 1947. The reader may gain some idea of the size of the task of writing this history by an appraisal of The Sources. ORLANDO WARD Maj. Gen., U. s. A. Chief of Military History Washington, D. C. 26 June 1952

Vll

Preface The author's debts for aid in preparing this volume are numerous and heavy. The largest is to' those officers who survived the campaign and the ordeal of prison camp. Their memories, and the precious notes they had hidden so carefully during the bitter days of Japanese imprisonment, provided material without which the record of this campaign would have been forever lost. These officers gave freely of their time and their contribution is apparent on every page and in almost every footnote. In a sense, they are as much the authors as the writer of this preface. Special acknowledgments must be made to Mr. Stanley L. Falk and Dr. George C. Groce who, with ingenuity and perseverance, aided the author in his search for the materials needed for this work. The search was an exciting and rewarding adventure and is described in full at the end of the book. Both men also labored long and mightily to mold the fragmentary materials thus assembled into a fonn which greatly eased the author's work and perfonned cheerfully the many other arduous and time-consuming tasks which are the lot of every author. Without Mr. Falk's special knowledge of the enemy's records and operations, reinforced by infonnation willingly furnished by the enemy himself, this volume would have been less precise and far longer in preparation. The author owes a large debt also to many individuals who directly and indirectly gave him much valuable assistance: to Dr. Kent Roberts Greenfield, Chief Historian and General Editor of this series, for his wise counsel and guidance, for encouragement and never-failing support; to Mr. Wsevolod Aglaimoff and his staff who spent many months at the drafting boards to provide the maps to guide the reader through the jungles and mountains of the Philippines; to Miss Margaret E. Tackley who searched diligently and in remote corners for the pictures with which to illustrate this volume; to Miss Ruth Stout, the editor, and Mr. Ronald Sher, the copy editor, who edited the manuscript and guided it through the printers; to Mr. Leonard B. Lincoln, the indexer; to Mr. Israel Wice and his aides who patiently filled the author's numerous requests for aid in securing records; and to those of his colleagues, in and out of unifonn, who read this volume in manuscript and made numerous and helpful suggestions. All these and others placed their special knowledge and skill freely and generously at the disposal of the author, but he alone is responsible for any shortcomings this volume may possess. L.M.

Washington, D. C. 26 June 1952

Contents PART ONE

Prewar Plans and Preparations Chapter

Page

I. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS . The Islands . . . . The Philippine Army

3 4

II . U .S. ARMY FORCES, FAR EAST The Recall of General MacArthur The Organization of USAFFE U. S. Army in the Philippines . . . Philippine Army: Mobilization and Training

III. THE REINFORCEMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES . Ground Forces Air Forces . . Naval Forces . Summary . .

IV. PREWAR PLANS, JAPANESE AND AMERICAN The Japanese Plan . . The Plan of Defense . . The Last Days of Peace .

14 15 19 21

25 31 32 37 45 48

51 51 61 71

PART TWO

The Isolation of the Philippines and the Japanese Landings V. THE FIRST DAYS OF WAR The Attack on Clark Field . . . The Fleet Moves South . . . . The Japanese Gain Air and Naval Supremacy.

77 79

90 92

CONTENTS Chapter

Page

VI. THE FIRST LANDINGS . Batan Island. . . . . . The Landings on North Luzon The Legaspi Landing. Landings in the South. . .

98 100 100 109 112

VII. THE IMPACT OF WAR.

115

VIII. THE MAIN LANDINGS .

123 125 132 138

The Lingayen Landing . . Consolidating the Lingayen Beachhead TheÂ· Lamon Bay Landings

IX. STRATEGY AND LOGISTICS The Pensacola Convoy. . . .I :

Far East and Pacific Strategy The Base in Australia . . .

145 145 148 152

PART THREE

The Withdrawal to Bataan X. THE WITHDRAWAL BEGINS "WPO-3 Is In Effect". . . . The .North Luzon Force Plan . To the Tarlac-Cabanatuan Line Supply . . . . . . . . . The Tarlac-Cabanatuan Line .

XI. WITHDRAWAL IN THE SOUTH Withdrawal From Mauban . Withdrawal From Atimonan . Out of South Luzon . . . .

XII. HOLDING THE ROAD TO BATAAN The Defense of Calumpit . . . The D-5 Line: Bamban-Arayat Escape Through San Fernando

161 161 166 169 179 180 190 191 195 199 203 205 210 214 216 216 223

XIII. INTO BATAAN . . . . The Guagua-Porac Line Behind the Gates

CONTENTS Chapter

Page

XIV. THE END OF AN ERA The Occupation of Manila Strategic Views on the Philippines

232 235 238

PART FOUR

The Siege of Bataan 245 247 254 261

XV. SETTING THE STAGE The American Position . The Status of Supply . . The Enem.y and His Plan

XVI. THE FIRST BATTLE OF BATAAN Attack Against II Corps: The Abucay Line Attack Against I Corps: The Mauban Line The Abucay Line Is Turned The Withdrawal . . . . . . . .

XVII. THE BATTLE OF THE POINTS The Service Command Area Longoskawayan and Quinauan Points . Arryasan and Silaiim Points . . .

XVIII. TRAIL 2 AND THE POCKETS The Orion-Bagac Line The Fight for Trail 2 The Pocket Fights. .

XIX. THE JAPANESE WITHDRAWAL XX. COMMAND. . . . . . . . . The E vacuation of MacArthur Wainwright Assumes Command.

XXI. THE BATTLING BASTARDS Food and Clothing . Health Morale . . . . .

XXII. "HELP IS ON THE WAY" . Running the Blockade . Last Efforts . . . . . XUl

265 266 278 285 290 296 296

300 312 325 325 330 336 347 353 353 360 367 367 376 384 390 390 401

CONTENTS Page

Chapter

XXIII. PREPARATIONS FOR BATTLE The American Line Japanese Preparations. Prelude to Attack

405 405 411

417

XXIV. THE FINAL JAPANESE OFFENSIVE. Capture of Mt. Samat 6 April: The Da,.Y of Decision . . . . . XXV. THE DISINTEGRATION OF II CORPS 7 April: Disintegration 8 April: Chaos

421 421 431 442 442 448 454

XXVI. SURRENDER .

PART FIVE

Corregidor and the Southern Islands XXVII. THE SIEGE OF CORREGIDOR . The Harbor Defenses of Manila Bay . The First Aerial and Artillery Attacks The Second Aerial Bombardment

XXVIII. THE SOUTHERN ISLANDS . The Islands and Their Defenses . The Visayas Mindanao . . . . . . . . .

XXIX. JAPANESE PLANS AND AMERICAN DEFENSES. The Japanese Plan. . The American Defenses . . . . . . .

XXX. THE LAST TWENTY-SEVEN DAYS The Preliminary Bombardment Health and Food . . . . . The Preassault Bombardment

XXXI. THE FALL OF CORREGIDOR XXXII. THE END OF RESISTANCE I General Wainwright's Orders The Surrender of Corregidor . . Surrender in the South . . XIV

471 471 479 493 498 498 502 507 520 521 527 536 536 541 546 552 562 562 564 574

CONTENTS THE SOURCES

585

BASIC MILITARY MAP SYMBOLS

603

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

607

Tables No .

Page

1. Strength of Philippine Division, 31 July 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Strength and Composition of U . S. Army Troops in the Philippine Islands, 31 July 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . 3. Aircraft in Philippines and Hawaii, 1 December 1941 . . . . . . . . 4. Strength and Composition of U. S. Army Troops in Philippine Islands, 30 November 1941 .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Organization and Disposition of Japanese Army, 1 December 1941 . . 6. Assignment of Forces, USAFFE, 3 December 1941 . . . . . . . . . 7. Weapons and Equipment Captured by 74th Army, 20 February 1942 . 8. Rations, 25 March 1942 . . . . . . . . . . 9. Armament on Corregidor . . . . . . . . . LO. Armament on Forts Hughes, Drum, and Frank L1. Strength, Harbor and Beach Defenses, April 1942 .

22 24 42 49 55 70 349 368 474 476 529

Maps 1. Cosmopolitan World (Rand McNally Map)

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Inside back cover 53 Japanese Plan and Disposition of the Armies, November 1941 Disposition of U. S. Army Forces, Far East, 8 December 1941 68 99 Advance Japanese Landings, 8-20 December 1941 124 Lingayen Gulf Landings, 22-24 December 1941 . 140 Lamon Bay Landings, 24 December 1941 . . . . 167 Withdrawal in the North, 25-31 December 1941 192 Withdrawal in the South, 25-31 December 1941 204 Holding the Road to Bataan, 31 December 1941-1 January 1942 217 Through Layac Junction, 2-6 January 1942 . 246 Situation on Bataan, 8 January 1942 .. 267 The Abucay Line, 9-23 January 1942 . . . 278 The Mauban Line, 18-25 January 1942 . . 297 Japanese Landings on Bataan, 23 January-l February 1942 . 301 Longoskawayan Point Area. 303 Quinauan Point Area . . . . . . . . xv

CONTENTS No.

17. 18. 19. 20. 21 . 22. 23. 24. 25 . 26.

Page

Anyasan and Silaiim Points Area . . . . . . The Orion-Bagac Line . . . . . . . . . . Fight for Trail 2, 27 January-2 February 1942 The Pockets . . . . . . . . . . . Japanese Plan of Attack, 3 April 1942 Japanese Penetration, 3-6 April 1942 Japanese Advance, 7-9 April 1942 Corregidor Island. . . . . . . . . The Fight for Mindanao, 29 April-9 May 1942 Japanese Landings on Corregidor, 5-6 May 1942

313 325 333 336 415 423 443 471 509 554

Illustrations The Philippine Islands . . . . . . . . . Signing the Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth Manila Harbor . . . . . . . . Philippine Scouts . . . . . . . Ceremony at Camp Murphy, Rizal Aircraft in the Philippines, December 1941 Clark Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . General MacArthur . . . . . . . . . Japanese Air Attack on 10 December 1941 Luzon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lS5-mm. Gun Emplacement Near Dagupan 26th Cavalry (PS) Moving into Pozorrubio Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma, 74th Army Commander Villasis-Carmen Bridge Agno River . . . . . . . '. Tarlac Railroad Station . . Bicycle-Mounted Japanese Troops. Motorcycle Messenger Catnapping Camouflaged 15S-mm. Gun M1917 (GPF) Mount Arayat . . Calumpit Bridges . San Fernando . . The Open City Japanese Light Tanks Fortifications on Bataan Bridges on Bataan Inspection. . . . . . Brig. Gen. Maxon S. Lough XVI

2 5

8 20 25 40,41 44 66 93 101 130 137 143 171

172 175 185 193 198 205 209 211 233 237 253 '260 268 292

CONTENTS Page

USAFFE Headquarters on Bataan, February 1942 Standing Formation . . . . Medical Care on Bataan japanese Propaganda Leaflets "Voice of Freedom" . . . . Seeking Cover in a Trench Near Lamao Surrender on Bataan Discussing Surrender Terms Corregidor . . . . . . . Malinta Hill. . . . . . . Diagram of Malinta Tuimel Fort Drum . . . . . . . . Gun Emplacements on Corregidor USAFFE Headquarters in Malinta Tunnel Maj . Gen. William F. Sharp and His Staff . Cebu . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . Heavy Clouds Over Corregidor Marine Sergeant Teaching Filipinos Life in Malinta Tunnel Battery Crockett . . . . . . . . Battery Way . . . . .. . . . japanese Bombers Over Corregidor Searchlight on Corregidor . . . . The Meeting of Wainwright and Homma General Wainwright Broadcasting American Generals in Captivity . . Photographs are from the Department of Defense files, except for that on page 533, the japanese photographs on pages 143, 233, 465,539, 548, 568, and 573, and the photograph on page 583, reproduced through the courtesy of Col. William C. Braly.

xvii 257 - 935 0 - 78 - 2

351 374 382 386 388 419 462, 463 465 472 473 475 477 483 492

500 504 520

530 532, 533 539 541 548 556 568 573 583

INDEX ABDA Theater of Operations: 242, 356, 392, 399 Abe, Maj. Gen. Koichi: 183,236 Abo-Abo River: 277, 287, 289, 289n Abucay: 252, 263, 293, 316, 352, 418. See also Abucay-Mauban line. Abucay Hacienda: 266, 266n, 274, 277, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 293 Abucay Line. See Abucay-Mauban line. Abucay-Mauban line: 247-48, 266-78, 278-85, 285290,291,294,296,304,305,312,325,326,328, 329,337,345,348,351-52,379. Agno River: 107, 128, 133, 137-38, 144, 163, 169, 170-77,178,182,186,187,195 Agno River line. See Agno River. Agoo: 127, 128, 129, 132, 134, 136 Aguilar: 166, 169, 170 Agusan River: 596 Agusan Sector: 606, 607 Air force strength American: 23-24, 38n, 42-43, 49n, 95-96 Japanese: 59 Philippine Army: 26 Air Forces: 37-45. See also Far East Air Force; Philippine Army Air Force. Air Forces units Commands V Bomber: 42 V Interceptor: 42-43, 81, 85, 87, 94,153,156, 308 Groups 4th Composite: 23, 23n, 24, 50, 62 5th Air Base: 50 7th Bombardment: 38, 48, 97, 146n 19th Bombardment (H): 38,42,50, 156,239 20th Air Base: 23, 24, 50 24th Bombardment: 156 27th Bombardment (L): 38-39,42,48,50,72, 115,145,156 Squadrons 2d Observation: 50 3d Pursuit: 42, 84, 85, 87, 299, 302 14th Bombardment: 38,42 17th Pursuit: 42, 84-87, 299 19th Air Base: 23 20th Pursuit: 42, 84-87, 117, 299 21st Pursuit: 87,107,299,305,308,310,311 27th Materiel: 23 28th Bombardment: 42 28th Materiel: 23 30th Bombardment: 38,42 34th Pursuit: 43, 84, 87, 107, 299, 303, 308 48th Materiel: 50 93d Bombardment: 38, 42

Air Forces units-Continued Detachments Tow Target: 24, 50 Weather: 24, 50 Air operations American: 62, 80-84, 89, 92, 105, 106-07, 113, 129, 142n,15In,403-04,488 Japanese: 57,59-60,78-90,92-97, 103, 108, 13637,272,288,294,312,334,418,421-22,424-25, 427, 427n, 433, 444, 446, 449-50,464,479-84, 493-97,518,526-27,536,539,547-49 Air photo and reconnaissance American: 82-83, 83n, 92, 96, 106,488 Japanese: 59, 228, 262-63, 451n, 526 Air transport operations: 400 Aircraft carriers Allied: 46, 78 Japanese: 60,60n, 78,112-13 Aircraft losses American: 88, 88n, 95-96, 488 Japanese: 88n, 480, 488 Aircraft reinforcements American: 37-45, 146n Japanese.: 414, 493 Aircraft terider: 91 Aircraft types fighters: 38, 39,42,43,48,85-88, 88n,92, 95-96, 106, 142n, 146n, 318, 322, 488 heavy bombers: 31, 38, 38n, 39,42-43,48,64,8081, 81n, 82-86, 88-90, 92, 92n, 97, 97n, 105, 106, 111,113,155-56,358,360,400,403-04 light bombers: 42,115,145-46, 146n, 147,400 naval: 46, 48, 91, 92, 94,129,156,540 Airfields Batchelor Field: 97,113,129,156,400 Clark Field: 23, 38,43, 44, 48, 58, 59, 79-90,92, 92n, 96, 97,100, 105, 107, 117, 118,208,213, 255,263,414,493,494 Del Carmen Field: 94 Del Monte: 43, 70, 88, 92n, 96, 97, III, 238, 239, 360, 400,401,403,501,508,516 Hickam Field: 38, 78 Iba Field: 96 Kindley Field: 481,494,547,548,553,555 Naguilian: 128, 132 Nichols: 23,43,58,84,92,94,96,107,117,234 Wheeler Field: 78 Akin, Brig. Gen. Spencer B.: 359n Akiyama, Lt. Col. Monjiro: 58n, 208 Alangan River: 408, 438, 44 7,448,449-50, 449n, 45-r, 454,457 Alangan River line. See Alangan River Alexander, Lt. Col. Irvin: 179,257,303-04

608 Amami Oshima: 61,123,138 , 140 Ames, Capt. Roland G.: 373 n, 480, 481-82, 491, 491n,495 Ammunition American: 48 , 146n, 162 ,2 79 ,3 18,32 0-2 1,393, 395,396-97,399-400,495,499-500,508,526, 528, 559 Japanese: 422 , 427n , 444,480, 487, 541, 547,549, 553, 559 Angeles: 181,210,213,215,216,219,262 Anhui: 393 , 396 Antiaircraft artillery defe nse : 43-45, 45n, 48, 85, 8990 , 92-94,228,474-75,476,478,481,494-96, 539-40,548 ammunition: 86, 146n, 480, 496 guns: 35, 45, 48, 94, 146n, 474, 475, 480, 487-88 strength of: 474, 475, 476, 495, 531, 548 warning service: 43-44,48,84-85 , 89-90 557th Air Warning Battalion: 44 Antiaircraft artillery units Brigade , Provisional Coast Artillery (AA) (PA): 451 , 452 R egiments 60th Coast Artillery (AA) (US): 37 200th Coast Artillery (AA) (US) : 32, 33, 45, 45n, 50, 70,86, 92, 120,208,45 1n 515th Coast Artillery (AA) (US) : 45n, 92, 451n Antitank guns, American: 33 , 35, 36,138,176,321,341,407,424, 438, 450 Japanese: 185, 194, 281 , 283 Anyasan Bay: 3 14, 315 Anyasan Point: 312-24, 345, 347-48. See also Battle of th e Points. Anyasan River: 299, 313, 314, 316, 317 Apalit: 205, 214 Aparri: 3, 57,60,98,100,102, 103 , 104- 06, 108, 117 , 122, 126 Arayat: 188, 203, 210, 213 Aringay: 127 -28, 129, 132 Aringay River: 128, 134 Armor. See Tanks. Army Air Forces. See Air Forces. Army Transport Service: 200n, 255, 395, 395n Arnold , Maj. Gen. Henry H. on air reinforcement to Philippine Islands: 37-38, 39,43 and Japanese air attacks on Philippine airfields: 72, 81,87,90 Artillery, American. See also Antiaircraft artillery defens e; Antitank guns; Coast artillery guns; Field artillery, American; Mortars. ammunition: 279, 284, 314n, 320 co unterbattery fire: 488-89, 523 , 537 , 540, 541 , 548 emplacement: 207,250,285,299,306-07,320, 327-28,339,424 equipment: 29, 320 interdiction fire: 267 jungle warfare: 339

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Artillery, American - Continued lack of: 141,284 losses : 28, 285 , 487, 537 , 538, 540, 541 , 549-50, 549n observation: 306, 320, 549 strength: 119-20,226,250,25 2,327 -28,407 ,474, 475, 476, 478n, 499, 531 support: 190, 199,250, 252-5 4,267,272,284,286, 288,306-07 , 320,327-28,334-35,430,433,449 tree burst: 314n, 320, 339 withdrawal operations: 136, 168-69, 187 -88, 199, 220-21,227-28,269 Artillery, Japanese: 185-86, 219,221,227-29, 263-64, 265-66, 271, 272, 279, 288, 294, 334-35, 416, 418,421-22,424-25,428,429,433,444,445, 446,484-85,518,522-23 , 526, 536-41,546-51 , 553, 558. See also Antitank guns; Field artillery, Japanese; Mortars. camouflage: 488 emplacements: 265-66,485,520,523 reinforcements: 414 strength: 126,228,263, 421,485 , 486,523,538 Ashigara: 103, 105, 129 Asiatic Fleet (US): 45-46,48-49,78-79,90-92 , 95, 96, 97, 149, 155, 157,583. See also Pacific Fleet; U. S. Navy. Inshore Patrol: 478 Off Shore Patrol: 11 Patrol Wing 10: 46, 91, 92, 96, 299 Submarine Squadron 20: 46 4th Provisional Battalion: 558 16th Naval District: 46, 91, 130 Atimonan: 109, 112, 139, 140, 142, 143, 164, 191 , 195- 199 Atimonan-Padre Burgos line: 109 Australia: 116, 149, 150, 239, 377, 378, 455, 501, 535, 563, 570, 584 bombe rs from Philippines re moved: 97 efforts to supply Philippines from: 152- 57,390-404, 501,540 Japanese threat to: 145 MacArthur's evacuation to : 353-54, 356-60, 38889 MacArthur retains USAFFE command from: 361 , 362, 364, 365 . strategic rol e in Far East: 149, 240-41 Babcock, Lt. Col. David S.: 195, 201, 205, 207, 208 Bagac: 245, 248, 263, 266, 276, 279, 280, 281,284, 300, 303, 325, 329, 338, 343, 456. See OrionBagac line. Baguio: 10, 21n, 27, 28, 84, 96,128,132, 134 Balanga: 251, 252, 263, 264, 291, 348, 448, 527 Balantay: 272 Balantay River : 251,266, 266n, 272-73, 276, 286, 287 Balantay River line. See Balantay River. BaletePass: 102, 105 Balikpapan: 91 , 91 n Baliuag: 183,203,205,206,207,208,265

INDEX Bamban: 166, 188,203,2 10,2 12,2 13,2 19 Bamban River: 212 Barbed wire: 212, 226, 249, 252, 259, 270, 299, 324, 528, 529 Barnes, Maj. Gen. Julian F.: 146-47, 153, 154,393 Barr, Lt. Col. Earl L.: 547 BAR's. See Browning automatic rifles. Bataan. See Terrain and geography. Bataan Defense Force: 63,225, 247 Bataan Service Area: 63 Bataan Service Command Area: 247 , 248, 296-99, 305, 405. See also McBride, Brig. Gen. Allan C. East Sector: 296 South Sector: 305, 316, 3 17 , 320 W est Sector: 296, 298, 299, 304, 305 Batan Island: 57, 98, 100, 104 Batangas: 96, 235 Batangas Bay: 139, 141 Battle of the Points: 325, 337, 339, 340, 347, 351, 476. See also Bataan Service Command Area ; Anyasan Point; Longoskawayan Point; Quinauan Point; Silaiim Point. Battleships: 46, 60, 78, 126 Bauang: 125, 127 , 128, 129,131,132, 132n, 136, 144 Baus Au. See Operation Baus Au. Bayandati: 250, 279 Beach defense: 104 - 14 , 131 -32,252,29 8-324, 410, 411 , 476, 478,513,528-3 1,550,555-56,557 Beebe, Brig. G en. Lewis C .: 164,350,361 ,362,3 63 , 363n, 364n, 372, 375, 376, 453 , 462n , 561, 564, 565,567,568,569,570 Bentz, Lt. Louis I.: 183 Berry, Brig. Gen. K eari e L.: 280, 283, 284, 284n. 285n, 294, 295, 342, 343 Besson, Maj. Robert: 176 Bianchi, Lt. Willi bald C.: 341 Bicol Peninsula: 109, III, 142 Biedenstein, Capt. Arthur C.: 315 Big Pocket. See Pocket Fights. Binalonan: 137, 138, 169, 170, 174, 182,235 Binuangan River: 330, 336,406,447,448,453 Bismarck Archipelago: 52, 54, 584 Bittern: 459

Blockade-running: 348, 390-40 I, 402-03. See also Pensacola convoy. Bloemfontein: 146n, 154 Bluemel, Brig. Gen. Clifford: 28,29, 166, 285n, 289, 329,405. See also Divisions (PA), 31st. and collapse of II Corps: 445 - 47, 448-5 0, 451-52, 454, 459 commander of Sector C: 327, 329, 330-35, 351, 406,433,438,439 commander of 31st Division (PA): 28 and surrender of Bataan: 457 , 459 Boatwright, Col. John R.: 195, 196, 197, 198,275,276 Bohol: 11 ,238, 501,502 ,507 Boise: 91

Bonnett, Lt. Col. Donald Van N.: 130, 134, 135

609 Borneo:47 ,90,91 ,9 In, 112 , 114, 154, 156,238,240, 356,414n,501,503,583 Bottomside: 472, 480, 490, 494, 539, 547. See also Corregidor. Boudreau, Col. Napoleon: 279, 279n, 485, 486 Brady, Lt. Col. Jasper E.: 229,434,435,439,445 Brereton, Maj. Gen. Lewis H.: 39,45, 72 , 73, 79,80, 92n, 97, 147, 156, 392, 393. See also Far East Air Force. and Clark Field attack: 87-88 , 89 Far East Air Force commander: 39, 42 and Formosa attack plan: 81-84, 89 Brett, Lt. Gen. George H.: 153, 154, 156-57,358,360, 392, 397 Bridget, Comdr. F. J.: 298, 301-02, 302n, 306, 307, 308 Brisbane: 146, 147,148,149, 152, 153, 154,395 British Borneo: 145 British Malaya: 52, 56, 77 Brougher, Brig Gen. William E.: 102, 132, 169, 176, 186,213,222 ,224,225,3 42 ,344,345 . See also

Divisions (PA), I I tho commander of Right Sector: 328, 337, 340, 342 Browning automatic rifles: 29, 299, 339 Bulkeley, Lt. John D.: 300, 301,304,359, 359n Bunker, Col. Paul D.: 306, 306n, 478, 481, 482, 487, 488,489,490,491,534 ,536,537,538,54 1,546 Burma: 4, 52, 238, 240, 242 Caba: 127,128, 129 Caballo Island. See Forts. Hugh es. Cabanatuan: 96, 136, 137, 166, 169 - 89, 200, 201, 203, 205, 206, 216, 230, 235, 256 Cabcaben: 251, 258, 318, 381,448,451,452,467, 494, 520, 522, 523, 536, 539, 553 , 556, 565, 567 Cagayan Sector: 508, 515, 516-19 Cagayan valley: 84, 102, 104- 05, 106, 135,2 13,518 Caibobo Point: 298, 300, 30 I, 304, 318 Calaguiman River: 265, 266n, 269, 271 Calugas, Sgt. Jose: 228 Calumpan: 485, 486 Calumpit: 180, 181 , 183, 203, 205, 206n, 208, 209, 210,214,230 Calumpit bridges: 200,201,203- 10,214,215 Calyer, Lt. Col. Peter D.: 435 Camiguin Island: 100, 123 Camilew River: 329, 337 Camp John Hay: 21n, 135 Camp X: 505, 506 Campbell, Col. Alexander H.: 85, 89 Candaba Swamp: 166, 203 Candelaria : 195, 197, 198,200 Canopus: 299, 460, 529 Cantabaco: 505, 506 Capinpin, Brig. Gen. Mateo: 107 , 169, 219, 224, 422, 423, 430. See also Divisions (PA), 21st. Capot: 332,433,437,438 Carabao Island. See Forts, Frank. Carmen: 169, 171, 174, 176, 178, 182

610 Carmen Ferry subsector: 508, 513 Caroline Islands: 4, 79 Carpenter, Lt. Col. Frank F., Jr.: 117, 371, 376, 457 Carroll, Sgt. Hubert: 567 Casey, Brig. Gen. Hugh J.: 10, 225, 249, 359n, 373, 378, 383, 411 Casualties. See also Medical problems. American: 78, 79n, 94, 186, 221, 230, 270, 272, 288, 290,308,310,312,315,324,334,335,354,481, 484,487,538, 541, 549, 558, 560 Japanese: 186, 202n, 212-13, 314, 230, 230n, 270, 295, 295n, 308, 312, 324, 334, 336, 344-45, 349-50,412,448,448n, 556,559 Catmon River: 408, 416, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 429, 436 Cavalry, 26th Regiment and Japanese landings: 104, 131, 133-34, 135,136, 137, 138 siege of Bataan: 247, 250, 279, 282, 283, 305, 318, 324,328,406,445,446,448,449,450,451,452, 452n,461 strength and organization: 22, 24, 50, 69, 70 withdrawal into Bataan: 169, 170, 171, 174, 176, 216,218,223,224,225,226,227,230 Cavite Naval Base: 7,46,58, 59, 91,94, 96, 107 , 117, 139, 149, 155, 194n, 234, 235, 245, 476, 524, 526, 528,540,541,549,552 Cavite Province: 8, 471,478,485,489,494,522,523, 531 Cebu: 6,11,91,238,499,501,506,507,510,574. See also Chynoweth, Brig. Gen. Bradford G. and attempts to supply Philippines: 395, 396, 399, 401,403,404 geography and terrain: 5-6, 499 Japanese landings: 503-06, 507 surrender: 578-79 units on: 502 Cebu Advance Depot: 395-96 Cebu City: 396, 503, 505, 577 Cebu Military Police Regiment: 502, 503, 505 Celebes: 238, 356 Chamberlin, Col. Stephen].: 153 , 390n, 391 Chanco, Capt. A. P.: 225 Chandler, Maj. William E.: 446 Chapin, Capt. Robert N.: 426 Chase, Col. Theodore M.: 478 Chaumont: 146n Chemical Warfare Service: 24, 50, 453, 459 Cheney Ravine: 473,494,560 China: 4,14,29,46,47,51,54,91,138,150,240,241, 403,413,528 China Sea: 5, 87 Chitose: 113

Christensen, Capt. Arthur G.: 201 Christie, Col. Albert F.: 502,506,507,577,578,579, 580-81 Chungking: 153, 156 Chynoweth, Brig. Gen. Bradford G.: 360,501,502, 503,505-06,577,578,579,580

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Claggett, Brig. Gen. Henry B.: 42, 153, 154 Clark Field. See Airfields. Clark, Capt. Golland L.,Jr.: 566,567 Clarke, Col. George S.: 269,270,272,273 Clement, Lt. Col. William T.: 79 Coast artillery guns 3-inch: 33,45,407,474,475,476,496,531,537, 549n 6-inch: 299,474,476,478,485,487,550 8-inch: 474,490,550 lO-inch: 474 12-inch:474,475,487,489,538,549n 14-inch: 476,478,487,494,540, 541,550 Coast artillery units Regiment (PA) 1st: 119,478,478n 2d:478,478n Regiment (PS) 91st: 24,34,45n, 50, 70, 478,478n 92d: 24, 34,50, 70,478,478n Regiment (US) 59th: 24,45n, 50, 70, 478,478n, 558,560 60th: 24,50, 70 Coast Farmer: 393, 395, 396,397 Collier, Col. James V.: 85, 104, 117, 163, 179, 179n, 211,227,231,245,247,254, 279n, 284n, 447, 458n,464,467,524,525n Combat teams 51st (PA): 406, 407, 433, 435,438,439,445 91st (PA): 136, 137 92d (PA): 170, 171, 176, 182, 183 Combined Chiefs of Staff: 240, 356, 399 Combined Fleet, Japanese: 46, 54, 56, 64 Communications: 85, 169-70, 188,207,230,248,271, 289,299,310,315,320,326,338,428,435,442, 450,451,484,498,550 Constabulary. See Philippine Army. Convoys: 36-37, 103-04, 110, 126, 127, 128, 129, 145-48, 149-50,503 Coolidge: 148 Cooper, Col. Wibb E.: 377, 378, 379, 380 Cordero, Col. Virgil N.: Ill , 142, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 Cordillera Mountains: 102, 127 Cornell, Col. Therodore M.: 502, 577, 581 Corps, I Philippine: 263, 268, 274n, 276, 296, 347, 348, 383,384,436,440,443. See also Jones, Maj. Gen. Albert M.; Wainwright, Lt. Gen. Jonathan M. and Battle of the Points: 300, 303, 305, 312, 318, 324 deployment and preparation for attack: 248-51, 405-08,410,411,431,433,442,445,447,451-52 Japanese attack Mauban line: 278-85 Japanese deployment and attack plans: 261-64, 281,413-17,418-19 Jones assume~ command: 361-62 Left Sector: 328, 329, 337, 340,407 MacArthur's attack order: 452-53

INDEX Corps, I Philippine-Continued organization: 247 and Pocket Fights: 325, 328, 329, 336-46 Right Sector: 328, 329, 337, 340 second Japanese attack: 424, 441 South Sector: 305, 316, 317, 320, 328, 407 withdrawal: 290-95, 454 Corps, II Philippine: 296, 312, 325, 326, 337, 383, 384, 452. See also Parker, Maj. Gen. George M.,Jr. Bataan Defense Force redesignated: 247 counterattack failure: 434-37 deployment and preparation for attack : 249, 251-54, 282, 328-29, 351, 405-07, 410-11, 431-32,434,442,451-52 disintegration and collapse: 444-47, 452, 454 failure ofJapanese operation: 347-48,350 Japanese attack Abucay line: 265, 266-77, 279, 281,285-90 Japanese deployment and attack plans: 261-64, 265-66,281,300,329-30,348-49,413-17,433 Japanese penetration: 422-30, 437-41 new defense line: 326,327 organization: 247 Parker in command: 247 Sector A: 327, 329, 331, 406, 444, 447 Sector B: 327, 329, 330, 406, 439, 444, 447 Sector C : 327, 329, 330, 332, 347,406,423,433, 435,437,438,439,444,445 Sector D: 327, 329, 332, 334, 406, 416 , 417, 422, 424,426,428,429,431,433,435,437,438,439, 443, 444 Sector E: 327,406,407 Corregidor : 12 ,22,27, 45, 58, 63, 91,92 ,247, 254, 262,263,268,290,301,304,348,377,385,389, 401,410,452,453,455,462,584. See also Forts, Mills; MacArthur, Gen. Douglas; Malinta Hill ; Malinta Tunnel ; Moore, Maj. Gen. George F.; Wainwright, Lt. Gen. Jonathan M. aid to Bataan: 306-07,369,372, 373, 375, 411,440 Bottomside: 472,480,490, 494, 547 command: 36 1-66 defenses: 45,119-20,473-76,478-79,527-31 East Sector: 529,530, 531, 557 evacuation to: 161 , 162 , 164, 165,238, 457 ,458, 460-6 1 Japanese air attacks: 479-84, 493-97 , 539-40, 546-51 Japanese artillery bombardment: 448, 484-89, 536-41,546-51 Japanese assault plans: 58, 415 - 16, 493, 521-27, 552-53 Japanese landings: 553-60 MacArthur's evacuation: 353-54, 355-56, 357-60 Middle Sector: 529,530,558 Middleside: 472 ,4 73 , 481 ,482, 494 , 529, 531,540 problems of surrender threaten garrison: 575-76, 577,579,580 rations: 257,369,375-76,534-35,543-44

257-935 0 - 78 - 41

611 Corregidor-Contin ued shipment of supplies: 95, 155 , 164-65 , 199-200, 255,255-56,259,378,390,391 - 92,393,395-96, 399-400,402,403-04 surrender: 564-74 terrain and geography: 245,472-73 Topside: 473, 480, 481, 482 , 490, 494, 528, 529, 531,538,540,547,649 West Sector: 529, 530, 558 Cothran, Maj. Wade: 464 Cotabato: 498,499, 510, 511, 512 Cotabato-Davao Sector: 508, 510-16 Cotar River: 337, 338, 339 Croom, Capt. Clifton A.: 310 Crow, Maj. Judson B.: 342 Cruisers Allied: 45,48,91,145-46 Japanese : 60,103,107,110,112,126-27,318,503 Culis: 227 Cu lis Creek: 226 Culo River: 2:23,224,226,228,229

Dagupan : 130 Dalirig:517 ,5 18 Dalirig Sector: 517 - 18 Dalton, Col. William F.: 518, 519 Damortis: 127 , 128, 132 , 133-36, 174 Darwin: 38, 97, 97n, 113 , 154 , 157 ,3 60,392,400 Davao: 57,60,89,91,98,110,112,113,114, 145,238 , 239, 24In,498, 500, 502,503,508 Defense lines, D - I , D -2, D -3, D-4, D-5 . See Task forces , North Luzon Force. Defense plan. See War Plan ORANGE-3. Del Carmen: 84, 85 , 87 , 96 Denver Hill : 558,566 Destroyers Allied: 46, 48, 90, 91, 91n, 95, 97,155 Japanese: 60,100,103,110,112,113,126,127,141, 318n,349n,516 Devereux, Maj . James P.S.: 77 Dewey: 47 , 90, 459 Digos: 498 , 508 Digos subsector: 508, 512 Diller, Lt. Col. LeGrande A.: 359n Dinalupihan: 216 , 220 , 222 , 223, 224, 228, 279, 348, 452 Dinalupihan- Hermosa line: 264 Disease. See Medical problems. Diuata Mountains: 498, 499 Divisions (PA) 1st Regular: 27,119,141,166,191,247,280,281, 282 , 283,284 , 284n, 285, 329, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343,405,406,407,513n 2d Regular: 119, 298, 405, 406, 411 11th: 69,70,102,104,108,131,132,169,170,171, 176, 177 , 178 , 181,183,212,213,214,2 16,219 , 220,221,222,223,224,225.227 . 247 ,25 2,291, 328,329,345,373-74,405,406,447

612 Divisions (PA)-Continued 21st: 69, 70,104,131,169,171,178,181,186,187, 188,210,212,213,215,216,218,2 19,220,222, 223,224,225,227,247,254, 272n, 289, 289n, 293,327,329,332,383,405,406,417,420,422, 423,424,425,429,430,431,434,435,438 31 st: 28, 29, 69, 70, 165, 166, 181, 247, 249, 250, 274,275,277,282, 285n, 287, 289, 327, 329, 330, 331,405,406,439,445 41st: 69, 70,109,141,165,166,247,251,252,266, 266n, 269, 270,275,277,286,293,327,329,405, 406,420,422,423-24, 425,426, 429,431 51st: 69, 70,109, Ill, 112, 166, 190,201,214, 247, 249,251,252,266,270,272-73,274, 274n, 275, 276,277,285,287,289, 289n, 290, 327, 330,405, 406 61st: 70,499,502,507 71st: 69, 70,134,136,137,138 , 170, 181 ,205,206, 207,214,226,227,229,247,248,250, 250n, 279, 282,298,308,405,499 81st: 70,499,514, 577 91st: 70,136,168,169,170,174,178,180,181,182, 183,184,205,206,2 14,247 ,25 0,279,2 82 ,283, 328,329,337,338,371,406,407,499 101st: 70,499,510 102d: 516, 517 Divisions (PC) 2d: 199, 248 Divisions (US) Philippine: 21-22, 27 , 32, 34, 50, 62, 69n, 70, 118, 133, 138, 166, 226, 247, 248, 274, 282, 291, 293 , 293n, 327, 328, 329, 330, 361, 389,406,409,431, 432,433 ,535 41st National Guard: 32 Doane, Col. Irvin E. ; 327, 406 Dobrinic, 1st Lt. Matt: 112 Don Esteban: 164 Don Isidro: 393, 394 Don Jose: 121 Dona Nati: 393, 396 Dooley, Lt. Col. Thomas: 567, 568 Doyle, Col. Thomas W.: 286,436,437,443 Drake, Brig. Gen. Charles C.: 164, 179, 180, 257, 368, 571 Duisterhof, Maj. Helmert].: 213,340,346 Dunckel, Maj. Gen. William C.: lin Duque, Col. Calixto: 513 Durst, Lt. Col. Wallace E.: 174 Dutch Borneo: 91,112 Dyess, Capt. William.: 310, 311 East Sector. See Bataan Service Command Area; Corregidor. Edmands, Lt. Col. Howard].: 503, 505 Edmonds, Walter D.: 42n Eisenhower, Brig. Gen. Dwight D. : 9, 10, 13 , 152, 153, 356n EI Fraile. See Forts, Drum. Elcano: 396

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Emerson, Maj. Kary C .: 293n Emmons, Lt. Gen. Delos C.: 402 Engineer battalions 1st (1st Division, PAl: 280, 281 14th (Philippine Division, PS): 406, 411, 432, 44546,448,449,450,451 21st (21st Division, PAl: 274n, 289 31 st (31 st Division, PA): 331, 335 41st (41st Division, PAl: 275,427 51st (51st Division, PAl: 111,439 71st (71st Division, PAl: 136, 169,226 91st (91st Division, PAl: 171 , 225 201st (PA ): 439, 442, 443 202d (PA): 439, 442, 443 803d (US): 406,432,445, 446,448.449 Engineer Regime nt, 14th (PS): 22, 27, 166 Eubank, Lt. Col. Eugene L.: 42, 79,89,90 Far East Air Force: 39,42,62, 70, 71,80,95,98, 100, 12 1, 238, 318, 583. See also Air Forces units. action at Vigan landing: 106-07 Japanese attack on airfields: 84-88 new air organization: 39, 42 post-mortem: 88-90 proposal to attack Formosa: 80-84 removal to Australia: 97,156-57 Field artillery, American 2.95-inch mountain gun (pack howitzer): 69, 113, 226,250,252,285,298,302,307,327,335,407, 499,513,515,517,518,519 75-mm.: 29, 30, 35, 36, 48, 141 , 146n, 226, 252, 270, 285,298,305,306,307,315,318,320,327,328, 339,407,476,486,488,490,531,540,555,556 75-mm. pack howitzers: 36 75-mm. (SPM): 33,120,131,133,177,178,187, 190, 195, 199,2 01,205Âˇ,207 ,222,223,226,227, 247,248,250,285,293,294,407,451,461 105-mm. howitzers: 35,407 155-mm. GPF : 190, 195n, 197,252,327, 407,474, 475,476,478,487 155-mm. guns: 33,48,120,129,133,141,250,268, 285,318,449,487,490,531,536,537,540,541, 549n,556-57 155-mm. howitiers: 48,120,252,320,328,407 Field artillery,]apanese 75-mm.: 126, 185, 194,221,228,263,418,523,536, 537, 538 75-mm. mountain gun: 125, 263 105-mm. gun: 126, 219, 220, 263, 348, 485,487 105-mm. howitzers: 523 150-mm. howitzers: 126, 183,221,228,263, 486, 522, 523, 537 240-mm. howitzers: 486, 523, 538, 541,547 Field artillery units, American Group, 2d Provisional: 190, 195 Regiments (PA) 11th FA: 220,221,222 21st FA: 107 , 136, 161 , 170, 187,2 12,2 13, 214,218,220,225,252-53,257,327,449

INDEX Field artillery units, American-Continued Regiments (PA)-Continued 31st FA: 28, 29, 249, 278, 281, 282, 285, 285n, 331,332-33 41st FA: 327,428,430 51st FA: 196, 199,200 61st FA: 502, 516, 517, 518 71 st FA: 134, 136, 205, 206, 207, 207n, 226, 227,228, 250 81st FA: 513, 516, 517, 518 91st FA: 250, 328 IOlst FA: 510, 512 301st FA: 120,252,327,449 Regim ents (PS) 23d FA: 21, 22, 226, 227, 228, 250 24th FA: 21, 22, 252, 270 26th FA: 21 86th FA: 22, 24, 50, 70,129,141,190,252,327 88th FA: 22, 24, 50, 226, 227, 228, 252, 305, 307,320,406 Field artillery units, Japanese Regiments 1st Field Heavy Artillery: 126, 183, 227, 263,

266n, 414, 414n, 486 3d Independent Mountain Artillery: 414n 8th Field Heavy Artillery: 126, 188, 211, 216,

219,263, 266n 22d Field Artillery: 109,126, 139,140,187, 191,

195,216,349,522,523 48th Mountain Artillery: 125, 129, 132, 134, 135,

182,183,184, 185, 211, 214, 228, 235n Battalions 9th Independent Field Heavy Artillery: 126,2 16,

263, 264, 266n, 486 20th Independent Mountain Artillery: 414n 21st Field Heavy Artillery: 414n

Fifth column : 11 7-19 Florence D.: 465

Food. See Rations. Formosa: 4, 55, 58, 60, 100, 29 1n, 583 as Japan ese base of operations: 60, 80, 84, 92, 94, 95,96,98,100,118,123,126,138-39,140,261, 262 plans for American air attack: 69,80-84,89,94 Fitch, Maj. A. L.: 284 Fort, Brig. Gen. Guy 0.: 5 14 ,577 Fort Santiago: 121, 471 Fort Stotsenburg: 12,21 ,22, 27,34,45,63, 72, 73, 85, 179, 180,255,256,257,366 Fort William McKinley: 12,2 1,27,30,34,63,156, 180, 194, 199,200,20 1,234, 255,256 . Forts. See also Corregidor; Harbor Defenses of Mamla a nd Subic Bays ; Moore, Maj. Gen. George F. Drum: 22,47,476,478,482,485,487,488,494, 522,526,529,531,540,550,557 Frank : 22,45,476,478,482,485,486487,488, 494,522,523,526,529,531,540,541,550 Hughes: 22,476,478,480,490,494,529, 539,541, 556

613 Forts-Continued Mills: 22, 24, 27, 50,119,357,362,368,472,480, 529 Wint: 12, 22, 27, 45, 120, 128, 279, 478,486 Fortier, Col. Malcolm V.: 286,425,426,427 Fowler, Lt. Col. Halstead C.: 134, 136, 207n, 208, 250, 284 Francisco, Maj. Gen. Guillermo B.: 298, 305, 327, 406. See also Divisions (PA), 2d Regular. Fremantle: 394, 395, 399 French Indochina: 4,14,15,17,52,56,77,128,255, 399,413 Funk, Col. Arnold].: 273, 274n, 455, 456, 457, 460, 525n Galbraith, Col. Nicoll F .: 350, 351, 460, 574 Ganahl, Lt. Col. Josep h: 461 Gapan: 183,2 13 Geneva Convention: 466, 575n, 582 Gentry, Lt. William: 207 Geography. See Terrain and geography. George, Brig. Gen. Harold H.: 42, 85, 85n, 156,359, 359n Germany: 14,67, 119, 145, 152 Gerona: 166, 178 Gerow, Brig. Gen. Leonard T.: 15n, 16, 17 ,32,37, 146,147, 148 Gillespie, Lt. Col. James 0.: 377 Glassford, Rear Adm. William A.: 91, 358 Glattly, Col. Harold W.: 377, 378, 380 Gogo River: 337, 343, 348 Gonzaga: 104-06 Goodall, Lt. Comdr. H . W.: 311, 312n GPF (Grande Puissance Filloux) 155-mm. gun: 190n. See also Field Artillery, American. Granberry, Lt. Col. Hal c.: 307 Grande Island. See Forts, Wint Graves, Lt. Col. R eed: 512,513 Great Britain: 14, 33, 51,54,65 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: 471,582-83 Green, Maj. Gen. Joseph A.: 45 Grimes, Lt. Col. Arthur].: 502, 505, 506 Grunert, Maj. Gen. George: 15,23,69 Guagua: 213,214,215, 21~ 219, 220,221,222,223 Guagua-Porac line: 216-23 Guam: 7, 52, 65, 7 1, 77,145,238,394 Guerrilla operations: 502-03, 506, 579, 581 Guimba: 166, 182 Guitol: 276, 289, 290, 291 Gulick, Capt. John M c M.: 542, 544, 545, 546 Gumain River: 220, 222, 223, 224 Gunboats American: 48, 91, 95, 97,155 Japanese: 60 Guns. See Field artillery, American, Japanese. Haba, Lt. Col. Hikaru: 58n, 572, 573, 576 Hadley, Lt. Alvin C.: 105, 105n

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES

614 Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays: 22, 24, . 50,58,62,63,70,71,279,376,474,476,478, 478n, 544, 570. See also Corregidor; Forts; Moore, Maj . Gen . G eorge F . Haruna: 105 , 129 Harwood, Lt. Col. Otto: 254 Hart, Admiral Thomas C.: 72, 73, 79,91,92,363, 528. See also Asiatic Fleet (US). Asiatic Fleet commander: 46-47 on Philippine reinforcements: 96,147,151,154, 390-91, 390n,398-99 on withdrawing fleet from Philippines: 95, 95n, 96-97,149,150,155-56, 155n Hauck, Capt. Herman H.: 560 Hawaii: 14,36, 37,38, 39,42,48, 71 , 71 n , 77, 78, 146, 149,240,24 1,360,397,399,402 Hayakawa, Col. Masayoshi: 486 Hayo Maru: 129 Health. See M ed ical Problems. Hermosa: 216, 223, 226, 227, 229, 230, 265, 266, 267 Hill, Col. Milton A.: 548 Hilsman, Col. Roger B.: 113,5 78 ,580,58 1,582 Hilton, Col. Donald B.: 310 Hoeffel, Capt. K enneth M.: 364,459,478 Hoffman, Col. Robert].: 425-26 Holbrook : 146n, 154 Holbrook, Maj. Gen. Lucius R.: 9 Holland: 47 Holmes, Maj. Stanley: 425,426-27,444 Homma, Lt. Gen. Masaharu: 57, 177n , 413, 414, 415, 471, 493, 502, 582. See also Japan ese ground units , 14th Army. Bataan plans and operations: 261-64, 280-81, 330, 332,334,337,405,411,413,417,418,420,421, 426,429,43 1,433,448 and Bataan surrender: 464, 465, 466, 467 commands 14th Arnry: 57 Corregidor plans and operations: 479-80, 484, 486, 488,493,521-25,527,552,557,559-60 demands American surrender: 268-69,418 discontinu es Bataan offensive: 347-48, 349-50, 412-13 Luzon plans and operations: 57-58, 59, 60-61, 98100, 103 , 109 , 125 , 130, 139, 144 , 162, 177n , 181 , 182, 188,200, 203, 210, 211, 216,218,230n and occupation of Manila: 235, 238 and Philippine surrender: 561,564,565,566-67, 567-70,575, 576n relieved of command: 582 rol e in Battle of the Points: 3 12 , 317, 3 19 southern Philippines plans and operations: 498, 501-02,503,507 war crime charge: 165n Hong Kong : 4,7,54,77,121,145,238,414,418 Honolulu: 4, 36, 398 Horan, Col.]ohn P.: 135,573,574 Hoshi , Col. Komataro: 263 Hospitals: 36, 50,444, 454, 475, 491, 528, 532, 54445. See also Medical problems. {

Hospitals-Cqntinued Chinese General Hospital: 237 General Hospital No.1: 258, 380,459,460 General Hospital No.2: 380, 381,444,460 Malinta : 545 Philippine General Hospital: 237 Houston: 46, 91 Howard, Col. Samuel L. : 91, 528, 529, 530, 531,557, 558, 560 Howitzers. See Field artillery, American,Japanese. Huff, Capt. Arthur E.: 538 Huff, Lt. Col. Sidney L.: 10, 161 n , 359n Hull , Cordell: 78 Humber, Lt. Col. Charles I. , Jr.: 581 Hunt, Frazier: 357, 358n Hurley, Brig. Gen. PatrickJ.: 353,392,397 Hurt, Maj. Marshall H. Jr.: 458,459,461,462,464, 467

Iba: 43,44, 84,85 , 88, 86n Ikuta, Col. Torao: 414n Iloilo: 91,404, 507, 581 Imai, Col. Hifumi : 132,223,225 Imai , Col. Takeo : 265, 267, 269, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, 287,288,294. See also Japanese ground units, Regiments, 141st irifantry.

Ind, Capt. Allison: 80, 90 Indochina. See French Indochina. Infantry Point : 553, 554,557 Infantry units. See also Divisions. Brigad e, 1st Philippin e Constabulary: 199, 199n, 201,206, 206n, 208 R egim ents, Philippine Army Provisional Air Corps: 327,329,444 1st (1st Division PAl: 119 , 141,142 , 190, 191, 19 3, 194, 195, 199 , 200, 250, 278, 279, 280, 281,284,329,337,338,345,513n 2d ( 1st Division PAl: 513, 5 13n 3d ( 1st Division , PAl: 249, 250, 278, 279, 281, 284,337,345 11th (11th Division, PAl: 171 , 178, 183, 184, 185 -86,2 13,2 14,220 ,22 1,222,337,339, 340,34 1,343,344,345,346 12th ( 11th Division, PAl: 102, 105, 106, 131, 134,2 13,2 14,220,222, 3 15,3 16,3 19 13th ( 11 th Division, PA l : 170, 171 , 187,213, 214,220,221,337 14th (11th Division, PAl: 574 21st (2 1st Division, PAl: 170 , 171 , 176,186, 187,188,2 12,2 18,2 19, 220n, 271-72,273, 274, 274n, 276, 276n, 277, 289, 423, 424, 425,427,430 22d (2 1st Division, PA l: 170 , 186, 187,212, 218,219,220,273,334,423,426,428 23d (21st Division, PAl: 186, 187,2 14,2 18-19, 220,225,272,275,423,426,427,428 3 1st (3 1st Division , PAl: 28,29,225,226,227, 277,291,329,331,332,446,449,450

615

INDEX Infantry units-Continued Regiments, Philippine Army - Continued 32d (31st Division, PAl: 28 , 275 , 329 , 331 , 332 , 333 , 439, 444,445 33d (31st Division, PA l : 28 , 291, 3 29 , 331 , 406, 425 , 426, 427 , 432 , 436, 437,443. 41st (41st Division, PAl : 272 , 275 , 331 , 333 , 335, 423 , 425 , 426, 427 , 429 , 433 , 435 , 436, 437 , 440,443 42d (41st Division, PAl : 166, 190, 199 , 275, 423 , 424,425,426, 427 , 436, 437 51st (51st Division, PAl: 199, 200, 201,205 , 207 , 208,209,251 , 272,275,276, 289,290 52d (51st Division, PAl: 109, Ill, 112, 141, 142,143,191 , 195,196, 197,198,199, 251 53d (51st Division , PAl: 143 , 191 , 195 , 196, 197 , 198, 251-52, 275 , 276 61st (61st Division, PAl : 502, 513 , 514, 515 62d (61st Division, PAl : 502 , 517 , 518, 519 63d (61st Division, PAl: 503 64th Provisional (6lst Division, PAl: 502 65th Provisional (61st Division, PAl : 502 71st (7lst Division, PA): 131 , 132, 134, 205, 207 , 224 , 226 , 227 , 383 , 406

72d ( 71st Division, PAl : 134, 136, 205 , 226, 227,406

73d (71st Division, PAl: 499, 514, 515 82d (8lst Division, PAl: 502, 505, 506 83d (81 st Division, P A): 502 84th Provisional (81st Division, PA) : 514 91 st (91 st Division, PA): 283 92d (91 st Division , PA): 119 , 184, 282 , 283 , 324, 342, 343 , 344, 345 93d (91st Division, PAl: 499 , 517,518 IOlst (1Olst Division, PAl: 113, 510 102d (1Olst Division, PAl: 511 , 512 103d (10 1st Division. PA): 516, 517 104th ( 10 1st Division, PAl : 510, 511 Regiments, Philippine Constabulary 1st (2d Division, Pal: 119, 199n, 298, 299, 30304, 308 , 313 , 315 , 316 , 406, 447 , 451, 452 2d (2d Division, PAl: 119, 199, 199n, 200, 283, 298 , 315 , 328,329, 345 , 424 4th (2d Division, PA): 119, 298, 447 Regiments, Philippine Scouts 43d(102dDivision,PA):21n, 24,50, 271,272, 273 , 275 , 276,286, 423 , 424,425,426,427 , 436, 437,508 , 518

45th (Philippine Division): 21 , 21 n, 22, 28, 69 , 70, 249, 277 , 286, 287 , 288, 291 , 305 , 308, 310, 315,316, 317 , 319, 321,322,32 3, 324, 328, 329 , 337 , 338, 339, 341, 342, 344, 345, 383 , 406 , 431,432 , 433 , 435,436 , 437,442,

Infantry units-Continued Regiments , Philippine Scouts-Continued 57th (Philippine Division)-Continued 443,445 , 446,448,449,450,451 Regim ents, United States 4th Marine: 29,46 , 47,91 , 306, 476,528,530, 545, 557 , 558 31st (Philippine Division): 21 , 22 , 34, 226, 227, 228 , 229 , 277 , 285,286,287,288,293,327 , 328, 329 , 331,384,406, 411,431,432,433 , 434 , 435 , 437 , 438 , 439,444,445 , 446,448, 449 , 450,451,461 Initial Protective Force: 62 Inland seas: 33 , 65 , 70, 120, 349 , 395 irie, Col. Gen: 266, 266n Irwin, Col. Constant L.: 161 , 162, 162n, 328 Irwin, Col. John W.: 448,449, 457 , 460,543 , 548 Ivey, Capt. Richard G.: 488 James Ravine : 473 , 547 , 548, 549, 552 , 553 , 560 Japanese air units Brigade, 22d Air: 414 , 416, 421, 427 , 433 , 448, 522 , 524, 526, 536, 553 Fleet , 11th Air: 57 , 59,60, 60n, 84, 479 Groups 5th Air: 55, 56, 57 , 59, 60,103 , 108, 108n, 123 ,

134, 182, 208 , 211,218,234 , 261,479 , 484, 493 7th Hea vy Bombardment: 146n Regiments 8th Air: 143 8th L ight Bombardment: 174, 480 14th Hea vy Bombardment: 480 16th Light Bombardment: 106, 174, 446 24th Air: 59 24th Fighter: 100, 103, 107, 128, 129 50th Fighter: 100, 103, 106, 128, 129 60th Heavy Bombardment: 493 , 494 62d Hea vy Bombardment: 49 3, 494

Japanese amphibious forces Atimonan Force: 139 Batan Island Attack Force: 100, 103, 126 Lamon Bay Attack Group: 60 Lamon Bay Force: 138, 139, 144 Legaspi Attack Force: 110 LingayenForce: 125,126,127 , 128,132, 138,139,

141 , 144 South Philippines Support Force: 60 Surprise Attack Force, First: 60 Surprise Attack Force, Second: 60 Surprise Attack Force, Third: 60 Surprise Attack Force, Fourth: 60 Vigan Attack Force: 106, 107, 126 Japanese Arnry Air Force: 54n, 56n, 125n Japanese Combined Fleet: 46, 54, 56 , 64. See also Japa-

443 , 457, 460 57th (Philippine Division): 21 , 22, 247 , 251 , 252, 266, 266n, 267, 269 , 270, 271, 272, nese naval forces. 274n, 275, 277 , 291, 293, 305 , 307 , 315, 316, Japan ese ground units Southern Army: 55 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 61, 124, 261 , 262 , 317 , 319, 321 , 322 , 323, 324, 327 , 329 , 406,. 411 , 431 , 432 , 433 , 437,438 , 439,440, 442 , 262n , 414

616 Japanese ground units-Continued 14th Army dispositions and place in organization: 55, 56- 57 drives on Manila: 181,182, 186, 208, 210, 214, 216, 230n landings of: 103 , 104n, 108, 112, 122, 123 , 125 , 125n, 127 , 131 , 132, 133 , 144, 162 occupation of Manila: 232 , 235 plans to seize the Philippines: 58 , 60,50 I in siege of Bataan: 261, 262 , 263 , 265 , 279, 281,296 , 312,332 , 336, 343n, 347, 348, 349, 350 , 350n, 412 , 413, 414, 414n, 415 , 416, 420 , 433 , 448 , 464, 465 in siege ofCorregidor: 485, 493, 521 - 27 , 525n, 537,553,556,559, 567,568 in southern Philippines: 50 I staff': 58n strength on Luzon: 216 strength in landing: 125-26, 125n 15th Army: 55 , 56, 238 16th Army: 55 , 56, 112, 261 23d Army: 55, 238 25th Army: 55 , 56, 77 , 145,238 Divisions 4th: 55,413, 413n, 416 , 417, 420, 424 , 426, 427 , 428 , 429 , 430, 433 , 437,438,439,444, 447 , 448, 448n , 450, 451 , 521 , 522, 523 , 524, 525 , 526, 527 , 546,551 , 552 , 553 , 554,559 5th: 501 16th: 55 , 56, 59, 61 , 109, 112, 123, 138, 139, 140, 144, 190, 191,235,261 , 262 , 263 , 264, 281 , 312 , 312n, 334, 336, 337 , 340, 347 , 348 , 349, 350, 412,413,416,417,420,429,448, 522, 523 , 526, 527, 552 48th: 55, 56, 58, 59, 61 , 103 , 123, 125, 126, 170, 178, 181 , 182, 183,184,186,187,188, 208, 235, 235n, 236, 261, 262 , 263 , 264 Brigades 9th: 501 35th: 501 65th: 56,59,224,261,262 , 263 , 264, 281 , 295, 329, 330,331 , 336,347,348 , 349,350,412, 413,415 , 416,417,420,424,426,427 , 429, 433,435 , 436,437,438,444,448,522 Regiments 1st Formosa Infantry: 125, 127 , 129, 132, 134, 135, 170, 174, 176, 178, 182, 223 , 228, 236 2d Formosa Infantry: 103, 108, 125, 131 , 138, 170, 174, 182, 184,211,214, 216,235n 4th Tank: 126, 126n, 127 , 132, 134, 136, 138, 170, 174, 177 , 182, 235 7th Tank: 126,127,182,206,221,228, 235, 262 , 263, 265 , 416, 424, 426, 427, 438, 450, 522, 552 8th Infantry: 416, 424, 428, 445 , 446, 450 9th Infantry: 126, 127, 182, 187 , 188, 211 , 213 , 216, 218, 219, 263 , 266, 267, 270, 271, 272, 27 3, 275 , 276, 277 , 287 , 289, 312n, 329 , 332 ,

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Japanese ground units-Continued Regiments-Continued 9th Infantry-Continued 334 , 335, 340 , 345 , 347 , 350 lath Independent: 136-37 16th Engineer: 140.195 16th Reconnaissance: 140, 142, 143, 144, 190, 194, 195, 196, 197 , 199, 236, 348 20th Infantry: 139, 140, 142, 190, 191, 195, 196, 236,281 , 283,284 , 300, 303 , 308,312-13, 312n, 314, 317 , 324, 324n, 336, 337, 338, 345 , 346, 347 , 348, 349 21 st Engineer: 322 21st Independent Engineer: 524, 526 23d Independent Engineer: 526 33d Infantry: 109, 281 , 312n, 340, 343, 347, 348, 349, 350 37th Infantry: 429, 438, 439 , 552 41 st Infantry: 501 47th Infantry: 125, 127, 129, 132, 134, 135, 136, 182,183 , 216 , 236 48th Reconnaissance: 132 , 134, 135, 174, 182 61st Infantry: 416, 424 , 429, 443, 444, 552, 555, 556,557,558, 571 62d Infantry: 413 122d Infantry: 262, 266, 279, 280, 281 , 283, 284, 295n,300,336,340, 347 , 350 124th Infantry: 50 I 141st Infantry: 262, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272,273,275,276,277,287,294, 330,332, 334, 350 142d Infantry: 262, 266, 271 , 275 , 330, 332, 334, 350 146th Infantry: 112 Battalions 2d Independent Mortar: 414n 3d Mortar: 414n 14th Independent Mortar: 414n Detachments Hayakawa: 486. 489 Ikuta: 414n Imaz: 228 Kamzjima: 127,128,129,131 , 182,184,186, 187 Kanno: 104, 106, 107, 108, 125, 184, 185, 186, 188,211,212, 213 , 215 Kawaguchi: 501 , 503 , 503n, 510 , 511 , 512 , 513, 515 Kawamura: 502, 503 , 507, 510, 516, 518 Kimura: 109, 110, III, 112, 141, 142,281,329 Kondo: 485 , 486, 487 Miura: 112, 113, 502, 503 , 508, 512, 515 Nagano: 417, 420, 429, 433 , 444, 447 , 448, 450, 451,521 , 522 Sakaguchi: 112, 113, 507 South Seas: 77,238 Takahashi: 216, 219 , 220, 224, 264 Tanaka: 103, 104, 105, 106, 125, 214, 215, 221 , 222 , 223

INDEX

617

Japanese ground units -Co ntinued Forces Left Wing: 416, 424, 426, 428, 429, 430, 434,

435,438 Right Wing: 416, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429 ,

430, 434 3d Tractor Unit: 414n, 486 10th Independent Garrison: 414. 508. 510 16th Irifant ry Group: 109, 281 21 st Infant ry Group: 413 Japanese Impend General Headquart ers: 51, 54, 55, 56,

98,123,125,181,232, 232n, 238, 261, 262n, 347, 412,413,414, 414n, 493 , 501, 524, 576n, 582. 583 Japanese naval forces Close Cover Force: 60 Kure 1st Special Naval Land Force: 109 Kure 2d Special Naval Land Force: 1 12, 113 Pearl Harbor Strik,'ng Force: 78

Japanese naval units

1st Sea Operation Unit: 526. 552, 554 2d Fleet: 60, 126, 261 2d Sea Operation Unit: 526 3d Fleet: 60, 60n, 126 3d Gunboat Division : 100 3d Sea Operation Unit: 526 4th Cam'er Div,'sion: 59, 60 17th Minelayer Division: 110 32d Naval Base Force: 508n

Japanese-Soviet neu trality pact: 51 Jolo Force: I 13 Jolo Island: 98,112, 113. 145, 241n, 507 Jones, Maj. G en. Albert M.: 338,406,407. See also Corps, I Philippine ; Divisions (PA ), 51st. Bataan defense: 25 1,266,272,273 .274 , 274n. 275. 276 commands L eft Sector, I Corps: 328, 329, 337 commands South Luzon Force: 165 -66, 190 com mands I Corps: 36 1, 362. 405 commands 51st Division: 109 , 214 illness, reliev ed of com mand: 344 Pocket Fights plans and operations: 340, 342, 343 South Luzon d efe nse and withdrawal: 109 , Ill , 112 , 141 , 142 , 191 , 193 , 194.195 , 195n, 196, 197 . 198, 199 , 199 -2 0 1,206, 207, 208, 209 success of South Luzon Force withdrawal: 201-02, 230 surrender: 459 views on counterattack orders: 274-75,447,453 Kabacan: 512 Kalakuka, Lt. Col. Theodore: 571, 574, 574n Kamijima , Col.: 127n. 131. 132 , 184, 186. 187. See also Japanese ground units, D etachments. Kanno , Ll. Col. : 103n. 108 , 185 , 186 , 187. See also Japanese ground units. D etachments. Kawaguchi. Maj. Gen. Kiyotak e: 50 I , 503, 510. 511. 512, 513, 514, 515. See also Japanese ground units. D etachment.\.

Kawamura , Maj. Gen. Saburo: 501, 507, 510, 519. See also Japanese ground units, Detachments. Kelly, Capt. Colin P. , Jr.: 105 Kelly , Lt. R. G.: 359n Kenney , Gen. George c.: 19 Kimmel , Admiral Husband E .: 46, 78n Kimura , Maj. Mitsuo: 317. 318, 319, 322, 322-23 Kimura , Maj. Gen. Naoki: 109 , 110 , 142 ,28 1,283, 300,308,312, 312n, 313,324, 329, 330, 336,337. See also Japanese ground units, Detachments. Kindley Field. See Airfields. King, Maj. Gen. Edward P. , J r. See also Task forces, Luzon Force, North Luzon Force. Bataan defense : 306, 365, 365n, 366, 375, 376,378, 404,405,406,411,431,432,440,443,445,447, 451 ,45 2, 453 and Bataan surrender : 454, 455, 455n , 456 , 457 , 457n, 458 , 458n , 459, 461 , 462 , 462n , 463 , 464, 464n, 465 , 466, 467 commands Luzon Force: 365-66 commands North Luzon Force: 69 comparison with Wainwright's surrender problem: 561,562,564,569 USAFFE artillery officer: 120 , 306 King, Admiral ErnestJ.: 151n, 390n, 399 Kirun: 61,123,126,140 Kitajima , Lt. Gen. Kishio: 414, 416 , 522, 523, 553 Kitamura, Lt. Col. Kuro: 174 Kitano , Lt. G e n. Kenzo: 413, 413n, 416, 417,438, 526, 552 Kondo, Vice Adm. Nobutake: 60, 126, 261 Kondo , Maj. Toshinori: 485 , 486, 488. See also Japanese ground units, Detachments . Koura , Col. Jiro: 438 Kubo , Rear Adm. Kyuji: 141 La Paz : 178, 183, 185 , 186 Laguna de Bay: 109, 139, 140, 191 , 195 , 197 Lake Lanao: 510, 514, 515 Lamao River: 408 , 451 , 452,459 , 464 Lamao River Valley: 553 Lamon Bay: 57,112,119,123,138-44,161,191,195, 20 1.216 Lanao Sector: 508 Landing craft: 126, 127 , 488 , 523, 524, 549, 557 Langley: 91

Laoag: 60. 107 , 108, 128 Lapiay Point : 30 I, 302, 303, 306. See also Battle of the Points. Lathrop. Lt. Col. Leslie T.: 342 Lavantan River: 266n Lawrence, Lt. Col. Charles S.: 179, 180 , 256 Lawrence , Maj. William: 567, 568 Layac: 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228.352 LayacJunction: 222. 223 , 224. 225, 225-31, 250, 254, 3.12 Layacline: L27, 230 Lee, Lt. Henry G.: 291 n, 389 Left Sector. See Corps. I Phi lippine.

618 Legaspi: 57, 60, 98,109, 110 , Ill , 112, 122, 123,141, 574 Legaspi: 396 Lepus: 396 Lewis, Lt. Col. Eugene T.: 275 Leyte: 5, 11, 238, 499, 501, 502, 507, 581 Leyte-Samar Force: 577 Lilly, Col. EdmundJ.Jr.: 317, 319, 320, 323 , 439, 442. See also Infantry units, Regiments (PS), 57th. Lim, Brig. Gen. Vincente: 109, 251,422 , 423. See also Divisions (PA), 41st. Limay: 254, 257, 258, 290, 327, 329, 330, 331, 332, 336, 380, 406, 417, 446n,449n, 551, 552 Limay line: 415, 417, 429, 433 Limay River: 433, 437 Lingayen: 59,107, 107n, 125, 130, 131, 132, 133 , 138, 139, 162n, 218, 373, 501-02, 523, 552n Lingayen Gulf: 7, 57, 69, 84, 91,100, 102, 102n, 104, 107,108,123,125,126,127,128,129,130,131, 132,144,154,161,162,166,178,216,223 , 227 , 262, 399,414,414n, 501, 503,523, 568 Lipa: 199 Little Baguio: 381, 444 Little Pocket. See Pocket Fights. Logistics. See Rations; Shipping; Supplies. Longoskawayan Point: 300-08, 314, 317 , 319, 323, 324, 328,345. See also Battle of the Points. Los Banos: 180, 195, 195n, 197, 199 Lough, Brig. Gen. Maxon S.: 69n, 286, 291, 292, 327, 406,422 , 425,428,432,433,435,436, 437,438, 439, 440, 442, 443. See also Divisions (US), Philippine. Lubao: 208, 222, 223, 259 Lucban: 139, 191, 193, 196 Lucena: 195, 196 Luisiana: 194 Lusacen: 197, 198 Luzon: 3, 21, 21n, 27, 37, 216, 360. See also Task forces, Luzon Force, North Luzon Force, South Luzon Force; Terrain and geogaphy. American defense plans and deployment: 10, 11, 21,33,43,47,62,63,65,92,97 Japanese air attacks: 84, 85, 89 , 90, 95, 96 Japanese estimates of strength: 57-58 Japanese invasion plans and deployment: 57 , 59, 60, 72,98,103 , 123-28, 139-41 Japanese landings: 100,103, 104-06, 106-08, 10912,128-38,141-44 resistance after surrender instructions: 562, 574 and southern islands defense: 499, 500, 501 strength offorces: 22, 23, 24,48,49 , 70, 71,90-91 withdrawal plans: 161-66, 166-69 Luzon Strait: 100 MacArthur, Gen. Douglas assumes USAFFE command: 16-18 and attacks on Far East Air Force: 87- 88, 96 biographical sketch: 17-19 declaration of Manila as Open City: 232

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES MacArthur, Gen. Douglas- Continued defense of Bataan: 247 , 254, 256, 261, 268, 269n, 285, 290, 290n, 291 , 295, 296, 304, 348, 350,352, 371,377 , 387 , 441 , 452, 453,455 defense ofCorregidor: 361,362 , 491,521,528,535 evacuation of: 353-60, 359n, 388-89 and Far East Air Force organization: 39-43 and Formosa attack plan: 81-84, 82n, 89, 92 interns aliens: 119 and Japanese landings: 100, 104, 121,122,133,161 Luzon defense: 135-36, 138, 141 as Military Advisor to Philippines: 9, 11, 15, 16 organization of command after departure: 360-65 organizes USAFFE staff: 19, 23 and Philippine Army development and mobilization: 12 , 16-17,23- 26, 119 and Philippine defense plans: 61, 64-71 pleads for reversal of strategy: 151-52 recalled to active duty: 15, 15-16 reinforcements and supplies: 31, 32-37, 37-45, 48-49,120,121,153,154, 154-55,155,156,157, 239, 240,241,242,387,390, 390n, 391,392,397, 398,399 , 400 , 401,402 , 403,404 surrender in the Philippines: 561, 562, 563, 564, 569,570, 571,572 , 573 , 575,576,577,578,579, 580 surrender on Bataan: 455 , 455n, 456, 462-63 Symbol of resistance: 145 under ABDA command: 242 warned of Japanese attack: 71-73 , 79- 80 withdrawal to Bataan: 161 , 162-63, 162n, 164,168, 174, 179, 181, 199, 200, 202, 203, 205, 226, 227, 228, 230 MacDonald, Col. Stuart G.: 194,200,201,342,344 McBride, Brig. Gen. Allan C.: 247, 248, 256n, 296, 298, 304, 305. See also Bataan Service Command Area. McConnell, Col. Alva E.: 254 McKee, Maj. Montgomery: 194, 199 McLaughlin, Maj . Charles A. : 214 McLennan, Col. Carter H.: 581 McMicking, Capt. Joseph: 359n McNarney, Maj. Gen. Joseph T.: 562,563 Mabatang: 247, 251 , 266, 266n, 277 Mabatang- Mauban line. See Abucay-Mauban line. Macajalar Bay: 5 10, 516 Machine guns: 29, 35, 36, 45, 131 , 194, 223, 303, 307, 309, 320,322,323,332,334,335,339, 341,409, 475,480,499 , 516,559 Maeda Lt. Gen. Masami: 58,108, 232n, 235n, 347, 413 Magalang-Concepcion road: 212 , 213 Maher. Col. William F.: 166, 342 Main bailie positions : 24 7. 248, 250, 251 , 254, 285 Main lines of resistance: 197, 198, 518 on Bataan: 249,251,252, 266n, 269, 270, 272,273, 275, 278,280,281,282,284,289,290, 300,325, 330, 332, 334, 337, 338 , 339 , 340, 341, 343,

INDEX Main lines of resistance-Continued on Bataan-Continued 346,411,424,427,428,429,431,432,438,444, 448 Mako: 60,61,103,123,126 Malay Barrier: 96, 147, 157,240,242,583 Malay Pe ninsula: 54, 145, 238, 240 Malaya: 4, 52, 54, 56, 59, 72, 242, 300, 356, 414, 414n, 493, 501, 503 Malinta Hill: 472, 474, 475, 490, 539, 540, 547, 553, 557, 558, 559, 571. See also Corregidor. Malinta Hospital: 545 Malinta Tunnel: 475, 481, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495, 525, 529, 531, 532, 534, 538, 539, 546, 547, 551, 557, 558, 565, 565n, 566, 572. See also Corregidor. Mallonee, Co!. Richard C.: 26n, 107, 136, 162, 162n, 188,2 16,218,220,224,257, 269n, 370, 387,388 Mamala River: 296,417,438,445,446, 446n, 447 , 448 Manchuria: 56, 60 Mangima Canyon: 517, 518, 519 Manila: 120, 121 , 363n, 385, 413, 569, 573, 576, 577 as communication center: 5, 7, 255 evacuation of: 161, 165, 199, 200, 200n, 201, 255, 256, 258 and impact of war: 115-22 Japanese drive on: 102, 128, 130, 132, 133, 138, 139,140, 141, 157 , 166, 181 , 182, 188, 191 , 195, 199, 203, 206, 210, 223 as military and naval installation: 18, 19 , 22, 23, 33,34,42,43,44, 45n, 57, 58, 59, 60n, 61, 63, 69,70,71,85,92,94,95,97,104, 104n, 128, 149, 163,47 1 occupation by Japanese: 232-38,261, 385,412-13, 484 open city: 161, 162, 163, 164, 190 Manila Bay: 163,263,348,349, 446n, 449n, 525n. See also Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays. blockade-running: 348, 395, 396, 397, 401, 402 defenses deny Japanese use of: 22,32,45,47,62,65, 71,166,238,352,471-79,583 description of: 6, 7 Japanese air strikes: 234-35 Japanese invasion plans: 57, 58 naval base: 46, 90-91, 155-56 tides upset Japanese landings on Corregidor: 55354 Manila Railroad: 109, 110, 111, 142, 176, 177, 178 Manzano, Lt. Co!. Narcisco L.: 209, 210 Maps, need and use: 270, 271, 277, 280, 289, 289n, 300, 313, 330, 338, 339, 525 Marblehead: 91

Marett, 1st Lt. Samuel H.: 106n Marines, 4th Regiment. See Infantry units, Regiments, United States. Mariveles: 7,47,91,95,155,263,300,301,302,306, 311,317,318,329,414,415,429,453,454,457, 459,460,473,494,523,537 Marivel es Bay: 296, 406

619 Mariveles Mountains: 245, 247, 259, 296, 300, 3 18, 330,379,381,406,407,408,416,417,447,448, 484, 489, 520 Marquat, Brig. Gen. William F.: 10, 359n Marshall Islands: 4, 52, 79, 394 Marshall , Gen. George C.: 15 , 16, 17,39,43 , 65n, 72,88, 145, 162, 163, 164,295,354,360,44 1, 455, 455n, 521, 549, 562, 575 names Wainwright as USAFFE commander: 362, 363, 363n, 364, 365n RAINBOW revisions: 65,67 role in Philippine reinforcements: 14, 31. 32, 33, 34,35,36,37,38,39,43-44,48, 147-48, 150, 151 , 153, 155,239-40, 241 ,242,390, 390n, 391, 391-92, 393, 394, 397, 398, 398-99, 400, 401, 402, 402-03 views on MacArthur's evacuation: 353-54, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359 Marshall, Brig. Gen. Richard J .: 10, 19, 164, 165, 190n, 200, 234, 247 , 274, 274n, 290,304,304-05, 359n, 378 Mataling line : 513, 514 Mauban: 119, 139, 141, 142, 142n, 164, 191, 195,247, 249, 296 . See also Abucay-Mauban line. Mauban line. See Abucay- Mauban line. Mauban Ridge: 249, 278, 284 Maya: 103, 105 Mayan: 164

Medal of Honor: 270, 341 Medical Corps: 120 Medical Department: 50 Medical depot: 120 Medical problems: 376-84, 400, 401-02, 403, 404, 410,412,433-34,444,454-55,524,525,531 -3 2, 544-46 Medical Regiment, 12th: 22 Meier, Capt. Philip A.: 272 Meigs: 146n Melbourne: 146,364,397,575 Merle-Smith, Co!. Van S.: 146, 154 Merrill, Co!. Gyles: 179 Middle Sector : 529, 530, 531,558. See also Corregidor. Middleside: 472-73,481,482,494,529,531,540. See also Corregidor. Midway: 38, 77-78, 584 Mikami, Maj. Gen. Kizo: 414, 416, 422, 553 Military Advisor. See MacArthur, Gen. Douglas. Miller, Co!. Ernest B.: 176, 176n, 177 , 222,223,229, 293 Mindanao: 358, 359,520 conquest of: 507-19 landings on: 98, 112, 123, 145, 238 plans to occupy: 57, 59, 98, 122, 414n, 471, 503 plans to use as base of operations: 239, 354, 356-57, 360,500-01, 502 as supply collection base: 378, 395, 396, 398, 399, 400,401 , 402,403 surrender of: 570, 572, 573, 574, 577, 578 terrain: 6,498-99

620 Mindanao-Continued use as military base: 10, 11 ,43,70,88,92, 92n, 97, 97n, 119, 156,239,360 Mindanao Force. See Task forces. Mindanao River: 511 Mindanao Sea: 359, 499 Mindoro: 10 ,349, 414n Minelayers: 110, 126 Mines: 95, 283, 320, 4 11 , 436, 537, 550 Minesweepers: 46, 91, 95,126,141,150,155,307 Mitchell, Col. Eugene H .: 513, 514 Miura, Lt. Col. Toshio: 112,507,508,5 10,5 11 ,5 12 Mi<:.uho: 142 Moncada: 177 Monkey Point: 555, 557 Moore, Maj. Gen. George F.: 22, 44-45, 7 1, 279, 279n, 360, 361, 375,478,479,486, 486n, 488, 494,535,540,546,547, 547n, 550, 551, 557,561, 567,571 Moore, Col. Joseph H.: 87 n, 1 17 Morale : 245,247,293-94,321-22,350-51,354,38489, 419, 424-25, 436, 444, 445, 449, 454-55, 527-28,531,547,549,550,558 Moran, Col. John: 225 Morehouse, Maj . C. H.: 359n Morioka, Lt. Gen . Sasumu: 138-39, 139, 140, 142 , 190, 191 , 196-97,20 1-02, 202n, 218, 235, 236, 236n, 312-13, 312n, 317,322,337,340,340-41, 341,342,343,347-48,348,349-50,417,522 Morita, Col. Haruji: 4 16, 426, 428, 445, 446 Mormacsum: 393, 395 Moron: 245, 248, 249, 250, 263, 266, 279, 281, 300 Morrison Hill: 494, 527, 538 Morrison Point: 527 Morse, Col. William P.: 516, 517, 5 18 Mortars: 221, 223, 288, 294, 335, 339,436,444,475 ammunition: 321, 335, 339,496,540 3-inch Stokes: 288, 321, 335 3-inch trench: 29 12-inch : 306, 307, 474,476,478,487,489,494,496, 540, 541, 549n, 550,556 60-mm.: 321 81-mm.: 35, 306, 307, 321, 436, 439 Motor torpedo boats: 9,11,12,13,47,48,60,91,97, 100, 126, 155,300-0 1,3 18, 322n, 359, 359n, 361 Mount Arayat: 166,203,213 ,2 15 Mount Banahao: 191 Mount Bataan: 245 Mount Limay: 446n,448 Mount Natib: 245, 247,248,251,252, 266, 266n, 274, 276,325,379 Mount Natib trail: 266, 266n MountPucot: 301, 302, 303, 306, 307, 308 MountSamat: 326, 327, 330, 332, 333,406, 407,414, 415,416,417,418,432,434,438,440,441,443 capture of: 421-31 Mount Santa Rosa : 248, 265 Mount Silanganan: 248, 249, 250, 278, 281, 282, 283, 285n

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Murasame: 107

Myers, Capt. Gordon R.: 339 Naga: 111 ,505,506 Nagano, Maj. Gen. Kameichiro : 413, 416, 433, 444, 461,462,463,464,466,467 Nagumo, Vice Adm. C.: 78 Naka: 107

Nakajima, Lt. Col. Yoshio: 58n, 181 , 230n, 350n, 569n Nakanishi, Co!.: 283, 284 Nakar, Col. Guillermo: 573, 574, 574n Nakayama, Col. Motoo: 347,416,464-66,566-67, 568, 570 Napa: 459

Nara, Lt. Gen. Akira: 262,263,264,265,266,267-68, 271, 272, 273, 275, 277, 279, 280-81, 287, 289n, 294n, 295, 296, 312n, 325-26, 329-30, 331,332, 333,334,335,336,340,347,348,416,424,427, 437,442 Nasugbu: 164n, 264, 524 Nasugbu Bay: 141 National Defense Act (1935): 10- 11 Naval losses : 105, 106, 107 , 129 Naval strength Allied: 46, 47, 90-91 Japanese: 103, 110, 112, 126-27 Naval Task Force 5: 91,91-92, 91n, 95 Naval units. See Asiatic Fleet (US) . Navy Basic War Plan. See RAINBOW 5. Navy Department, U. S.: 47,73, 95n, 149,459 Needham, Lt. Robert F.: 194 Negros: 5, 7,11,499,502,507,578,581,582 Nelson, Lt. Col. R. J.: 511 Netherlands Indi es: 4, 52, 54, 56, 59, 98, 145, 150, 152, 155, 156,238,239,240,241,242,356,357, 365,390,391,392,393,395,396,397,400,401, 507 Niagara: 145

Nichols Field. See Airfields. Nieto, Col. Manuel: 161 n Nininger, 2d Lt. Alexander R .,Jr.: 270 Nishimura, Rear Adm. Shoji: 122 Nomura, Kichisaburo: 78 North Channel: 8, 523 North Dock: 540 North Luzon Force. See Task forces . North Point: 549, 551, 554, 555, 557 Nueva Ecija Province: 178 Obata, Lt. Gen. Hideyoshi: 57, 479, 480 Observation: 228,274,306,315,326,407,418,421, 422,488,540,548,549,553 aircraft: 228422,449,540,541,549 balloon: 523n, 537,539 post: 298, 306, 541 visibility: 113,301,309,314,315,338,339 O'Day, Col. Ray M.: 162n, 170,225,385 O'Donnell, Maj. Emmett,Jr.: 38

621

INDEX Office of Military Advisor: 9, 11, 19. See also MacArthur, Gen. Douglas. Oigawa Maru: 107 Olongapo: 29,47 , 58, 91, 96 , 223 , 264, 266, 279, 280, 3 13,322,337,349,452,453,454,476,523,524, 528 Olongapo Naval Station: 29 Onuma, Maj. Kiyoshi: 525n Operation Baus Au: 502, 503, 507. See also Visayan Islands. ORANGE Plan . See War Plan Orange-3. Orani: 266, 524 Orani River: 270 Ord, Lt. Col. James B. : 9, 10 Ordnance Philippine Ordnance Depo t: 92 17th Ordnance Battalion: 32 Ordnance Department: 24, 50 Orion: 251, 289, 325, 326, 327 , 329, 332, 405 , 406, 407 , 417, 429, 440, 445n, 456 Orion- Bagac line: 325 - 30, 350, 406, 410, 417, 493, 552n Orion cutoff: 330, 331, 440, 444 Ota, Col. Kumataro : 581 Otter, Lt. Bethel B.: 559 Outpost lines: 137 , 197, 198,247,250,25 1,265,269, 272,278,279,281,332,334,338,417,438

Paalungan River: 448, 449n Pacific Fleet: 46, 46n, 47, 51, 52, 54, 56, 64, 78, 79, 91, 149, 152, 155, 394. See also Asiatic Fleet (US); U. S. Navy. Padre Burgos: 109 , 142 Pagbilao: 144, 195 , 196 Palau: 59, 60, 61, 98,109,110,112 Palawan: 10,9 1,574 Palsabangon River: 196 Pampanga River: 166, 180, 181 , 182, 183,202 ,203, 205,206,207,208,210,213,214,215 , 418 Pan American Airways: 147, 148 Panama: 14, 36, 48, 71 n, 241, 398 Panay: 5, 6, 7, 11, 238, 396, 499, 501, 502, 503, 506-07, 510, 574, 579, 580. See also Christie, Col. Albert F. Panay Force: 502 Pandacan : 234 Pandan River: 332, 334 Paniquian River: 296, 406 Pantingan River: 326,327 , 327-28 , 337,405-06,408, 416, 420, 422,424,426 , 427,432,433,435,436, 442,443,447 Pantingan River Valley: 406,411,416,426,427,429, 460 Parang: 510, 511 , 5 13 Parker, Maj. Gen. George M. , Jr.: 109, 141 , 165, 166, 190, 193 ,225,227,229,252,265,266,27 1,275, 282,289,290,291,305,327,332,405,406,424, 431, 432, 454. See also Bataan Defense Force;

Parker, Maj. Gen. George M., Jr. - Continued Task forces, South Luzon Force; Corps, II Philippine. Commander, Bataan Defense Force: 165 Commander, South Luzon Force: 69 Commander, II Philippine Corps: 247 directs II Corps operations : 251, 268, 268n, 271 - 72, 273,274- 75,277,285,287,289,290, 290n, 328, 331,335,384,425,439,446,447,451 - 52 surrender : 459 Pasig River: 115 , 121 , 234, 235 Paysawan River: 296 Pearl Harbor: 46, 52, 54, 78, 78n, 79, 80,81 , 82,86, 88 ,89,90,145 , 149, 152,394,479,583 Peck, Maj. Allen L.: 519 Peck, Capt. Gordon H .: 177,222-23 Penaranda River: 183 Pensacola convoy: 145- 48 , 150, 151 , 152, 153,153-54, 154, 157 Permit: 399

Pescadores: 60, 123, 126 Philippine Army. See also Divisions ; Infantry units; Philippine Constabulary; and appropriate ann or service. 16, 17, 18 , 19,23,32,34,35,36,47, 48, 49, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 102 , 109 , 113, 115, 119, 120, 131 , 132, 136, 142,143, 157 , 162n, 163, 165, 166, 189,2 12 , 238,258,262,294, 298,351,354,366,372,373,381,383,385,405, 408,430,441 ,445,451 ,45 4, 461,478,481,499, 529, 583 mobilization and training: 25-30 organization and developme nt: 8-13 Philippine Army Air Force: 13 , 25, 26,62, 502, 529. See also Air Forces units; Far East Air Force. Philippine Coast Artillery Command: 44- 45, 65, 71, 478. See also Harbor Defe nses of Manila and Subic Bays. Philippine Coastal Frontier: 65, 67 Philippine Constabulary: 9 , 10, lOn , 12,26,27,58, 114, 118- 19, 119, 199,200 ,298 Philippine Department: 9, 10, 12 , 16, 18, 21, 22, 23 , 61,62,63,70, 71,121,163,247,296 Philippine Division. See Divisions. Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company: 7, 15 Philippine Scouts: 21, 26, 27, 28, 34, 49 , 70, 71, 102, 120, 162n , 238, 239n, 258, 383, 384,405,478, 529. See also Divisions; Infantry units ; and appropriate arm or service.

organization and strength: 9,12,2 1, 21n, 22 , 24 Phillips, Maj. Paul D.: 517, 518 Phillips, Vice Adm. Sir Thomas : 72 Pico de Loro hills: 486, 488 Pierce, Brig. G en. Clinton A.: 131 , 133, 134, 135, 138, 171 , 174, 218,305,310,314,315,316, 317,320, 328,407. See also Cavalry. 26th Regimen!. Piis: 193 , 194 Pilar: 245,251,332 Pilar River: 332,334,335,438,439 Pio: 218, 219,220, 224

622 Plaridel: 180,200,201,203,205,206-08,2 14,2 15, 265 Pocket Fights: 336-38, 341-46 Big Pocket: 339-41, 341,342,343,344,345,346 establishment of pockets: 338-39 Little Pocket: 339, 341,342,343 Upper Pocket: 340, 341, 342, 343, 345 Polk: 148

Porac: 213, 215, 216, 218, 219 , 220, 223, 225, 262. See also Guagua-Porac line. Port Darwin : 149, 150, 156 Port Moresby: 38, 584 Post ofLimay: 21 Post of Manila: 21 Pozorrubio: 131 , 134, 136, 137 President Harrison: 47 Preston : 91, 110 Primrose, Capt. John: 222 Prince of Wales: 72 Princessa: 396 Provisional Air Corps Regiment. See Infantry Units, Regiments (PA). Provisional Battalion, 51st Division: 339, 341 , 342, 343, 345 Provisional Field Artillery Brigade: 449 Psychological warfare: 268-69, 269n, 323,418,494, 527 PT's. See Motor torpedo boats. Pugh, Lt. Col. John R.: 567, 568, 569, 574, 575 Puntian: 517, 518, 519 Puntian Sector: 518 Purnell, Rear Adm. William R.: 72-73,73 Quartermaster: 21 , 22, 50, 62, 70, 120, 121, 255, 256-57,258,370 Quezon, Manuel: 4, 9,10,13,72,84,116,161,164, 203 ,23 9,354,355,399,400,456,482,491 , 492, 544 Quinauan Point: 299, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 308-12,314,317,318,320,323,324,328,345 Quintard, Col. Alexander S.: 120,419,449 Quail: 307

Radar: 43 Radio Tokyo: 232 Railroads: 109, 176, 177,473, 484 RAINBOW 5: 46n, 65, 67, 71, 79, 82, 83,148,149 Rations: 63,179,276,288 , 289 ,3 09,317 ,32 1,3 22, . 340, 344, 391, 392, 393, 395, 396, 399,400,401, 402,412,412n, 440,452,453, 490,491, 507,528, 534-35,543-44,552-53. See also Supply; Medical problems. Ray, Capt. Harold G.: 359n Real River: 381, 448 Rear battle positions: 247, 248, 251, 290, 295, 325 Reconnaissance: 315, 316, 319, 409, 482, 541 counterreconnaissance: 417-18 reconnaissance in force: 351, 418

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Reinforcements American: 31, 32-37, 273, 274, 282, 305, 306-07, 309. See also Pensacola convoy; Blockade-running. Japanese: 317, 318,413,413-14,414n, 501-02,523 Republic: 146n Repulse: 72

Reserve area: 70-71 Reserve Force: 70 Richards, Lt. Grover C.: 220n Right Sector. See Corps, I Philippine. Roadblocks: 177, 183-85, 194, 282-84, 282n, 290, 437-38, 443 , 450,5 11 Roads and trails Bauang- Baguio Road: 128,132 Cabanatuan-TariacRoad: 184, 187 East Road: 245, 251, 254, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271,274,293,326,330,332,334,415,417,433, 438, 445n, 448,449,451,460,461,467 Guitol trail: 276, 289 Junction 2-10: 445,446 Junction 2-46: 446 Junction 4-429: 434 Junction 6-8: 432, 433, 436, 437, 438, 439, 442, 443 Junction 8-29: 432, 437,442,443 Junction 8-44: 445n Junction 29-429: 435 Junction 44-429: 435, 438, 439 Pilar-Bagac road: 245, 247, 248, 268, 281, 282, 291, 294, 295, 296, 300, 325, 326, 332, 335, 336, 337, 405,407,408,422,424,425,426,427,428,438 Route 1: 7, Ill, 139, 140, 142, 144, 191, 195, 196, 197,200,498,499,508,510,5 11 ,5 12,513,514, 515 Route 2: 434n Route 3: 7,102,107,108,127,128,131,136,166, 168, 170, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 186, 187, 188,201 ,203,206,210, 211,212,213,215, 498 Route 5: 7,102, 105, 106, 166, 178, 180, 182,183, 184,200,201,203,206,213 Route 6: 424 Route 7: 165,203 ,2 10,215,216,220,22 1,222,223, 224, 225, 228, 245, 265, 266, 279 Route 8: 178 Route 10: 210, 213 Route 13: 166, 170, 178, 186 Route 17: 199,200 Route 20: 451 Route 21: 195, 200 Route 23: 193, 194,195,196, 197 Route 25 : 199,200 Route 29: 425 Route 67 : 180 Route 74: 181 ,203,2 10,213,216,2 18,222,223, 262, 264 Route 110: 223, 225, 226, 227, 245 Trail 2: 325, 330-36, 431, 434, 435, 438, 439, 440, 445, 445n, 446, 446n ,449n Trail 4: 407,416, 422 , 429,430,432, 434, 435,438

623

INDEX Roads and trails - Continued Trail 5: 337,338,341,344 Trail 6: 407,424, 425, 426,427,430,432,437,439, 440 Trail 7: 328, 329, 337, 339, 340, 341, 343, 344,407, 431 Trail 8: 407,422,427,432,441,442,443,447 Trail 9: 407 , 431 Trail 10: 431 , 446n Trail 12: 286 Trail 15 : 407 Trail 20: 448, 449, 449n, 450, 451 Trail 29: 407 , 416, 422, 424, 425 , 426, 427 , 432, 433,436,437,440,442 Trail 38: 445n Trail 44 : 434, 434n, 440, 445 Trail 46: 445, 445n, 447 Trail 429: 407,422,430,434,435 Robenson, Col. John A. : 392, 393 , 394, 395 Rockw ell, R ear Adm. Francis W.: 91, 94 , 95, 155 , 359n, 363 Rodman, Col. John H.: 176,282,283,284 Rogers, M Sgt. Paul P.: 359n Romulo , Col. Carlos: 234, 544 Roosevelt, President Franklin D.: 71 , 394 , 550 decision to base fleet at Pearl Harbor: 46 and MacArthur's appointment as Miliary Advisor: 9, 16-17 and MacArthur's evacuation: 353, 354, 355, 356, 357-58 message to Wainwright: 572, 574 "no surrender" order: 354- 55 , 355,456 obligation to aid Philippines: 145, 146, 148, 150, 151 , 153 , 154,239-40, 241,242,397 promises aid to Wainwright: 401 rejects Quezon's independence proposal: 354-55 and USAFFE command : 18, 363 , 364-65 and Wainwright's surrender decision: 561, 562-64 Rosales: 131, 178 Rosario: 127, 128, 131, 132, 133-36,136, 163 , 174 Rosario-Infanta line : 109 Roxas, Brig. Gen. Manuel A.: 582 Rumbold, Maj. Ralph E. : 193,194 Russia. See Soviet Union. Ryujo:97, 110, 113 Ryukyus: 61, 123, 138, 140 S-38: 129 S-39: 110

Sage, Col. Charles G.: 451 , 457 Sakaguchi, Maj. Gen. Shizuo: 112 Samal: 269, 270 Samar: 5,98, 499,501,502, 507 , 581 Sampaloc: 193 San Bernardino Strait: 98, 110 San Carlos: 166, 169, 170 San Fabian : 129, 133, 135, 144 San Fernando, La Union: 102, 102n, 108, 122, 128, 131 , 165n

San Fernando, Pampanga: 63, 102n, 104, 165, 165n, 168, 170,178,184,195,202, 203,206, 210,213, 214,214-15,216,221,223,230,255 , 281,336, 347,35 1,4 16,467 San Francisco: 4, 32, 33, 38, 39, 44,148,385 San Jose: 166, 178, 182,218, 222,472,507,571 San Marcelino: 28 , 92 San Quintin: 174, 182 San Vicente line. See San Vicente River. San Vicente River: 408, 432, 434, 434n, 435, 438, 439,440,442 , 443,444,445 Sangley Point: 7,91,95,155 Santa Cruz: 195,222,223,225 Santa Ignacia: 166, 178 Santa Rosa: 186, 187 Santiago: 129, 199,200,20 1 Santo Thomas: 128 Sanyo Maru: 103n Sargo: 399

Sariaya: 195, 196, 197, 198 Sato, Col. Gempachi: 429 , 430, 434, 443 , 553 , 556, 558,571 Savoie, Lt. Carl J.: 188 Sayre, High Commissioner Francis B.: 72, 164, 203n, 491 Sayre Highway: 498, 508, 510, 511, 512, 513, 516, 517,519,576 Schumacher, Lt. (jg) V. S.: 359n Scudder, Col. Irvine C.: 502 Sculpin: 141

Seacoast Artillery. See Coast Artillery guns. Seacoast defenses. See Corregidor. Seadragon: 94, 399 Sealion: 94

Seaplane carriers: 60, 126-27 Seaplane tender: 103, 103n Seara ven: 399

Searchlights: 33,45,299,318,474,475,476,481,531, 537-38,540,555 Searight, Col. Hamilton F.: 196, 197 Seaward Defenses: 306,481 , 489,490 Segundo, Brig. Gen. Fidel V.: 278, 280, 337, 338, 341 , 342. See also Divisions (PA), 1st Regular. Selleck, Brig. Gen. Clyde A.: 134,135, 136,226,227, 228, 229,250,298 , 299,302 , 303 ,304,305 ,305n. See also Divisions (PA ). 7lst. Service Command Area. See Hataan Service Command Area. Sexmoan: 220, 223 Shanghai: 7, 19,46, 47 , 77 ,3 80,413,528 Shark: 155

Sharp, Brig. Gen. William F.: 69 , 70, 238, 356, 360, 395, 395n, 499, 500, 501,502, 508,510, 5 16,517, 5 19,562, 564,569,5 70,572,573,575 ,5 76,577 , 578,579, 580 , 581,582 Commander, Visayan-Mindanao Force: 69, 506' Sherr, Lt. Col. Joe R.: 359n Shipping: 36-37,47,48,95, 125n, 390-01, 401-04. See also Pensacola con voy.

624 Shoemake, Capt. Andrew D.: 419n Short, Lt. Gen. Walter C.: 71 Shortages: 28-30., 134, 180.,284,32 1,36 7-76,3 76-84, 40. 1-0.2, 489, 496, 499-50.0. , 50.8, 526, 559. See also Ammunition; Rations; Supply. Shreve, Lt. Col. Arthur L.: 195n, 197 , 20. 1 Siain: 139, 142 Sierra Madre: 178 Signal Corps: 22, 50., 120. 12th Signal Regiment: 22 Si-Kiang: 255 Silaiim Bay: 314,316,323 Silaiim Point: 312-24, 345, 347, 347-48 Silaiim River: 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 319, 323 Silen , Bert: 232 Silver Star awards: 361n Singapore: 4, 56,72,77, 91n, 145, 147 , 150., 152,238, 241 , 350.n,356,418 Singora: 77 Sipoco: 111 Sison: 136, 137, 138 Skardon, 1st Lt. Beverly N.: 282 Skerry, Col. Harry A. : 20.8-0.9 , 20.9, 210., 226, 227, 245 ,248,248 -49,3 83 Sloan, Capt. Raymond: 323 Smith, Lt. Col. Ross B.: 319 Snapper: 399 Solomon Islands: 365, 584 Somervell, Maj. Gen. Brehon B.: 398,40.1 Sonoda, Col. Seinosuke: 20.6, 20.7 Sorsogon Bay: 91 South Channel: 8 South China Sea : 4, 7, 64, 85,10.0.,128,248,296,310, 328,548,583 South Dock: 539 South Luzon Force. See Task forces. South Sector. See Corps, I Philippine. Southeast Pacific Force: 46n Soviet Union: 14,33 ,67, 150. Spaatz, Brig. Gen. Carl A. : 37 Spearfish: 399 Stark, Admiral Harold R. : 36,46,94, 148, 149,150., 151, 155 Station Hospital: 24, 50. Steel , Col. Charles L.: 228,229,286 Stevenot, Joseph: 15 , 120. Stevens, Brig. Gen. Luther: 170. , 174, 20.7, 20.9, 214, 250.,328,337,371-72 , 373,40.5,40.7. See also Divisions (PAl , 91st. Stewart, Lt. Col. Loren P .: 20.1, 20.8 Stilwell, Lt. Gen. Joseph W .: 40.3 Stimson, HenryL.: 15, 16, 17 , 17n, 31, 31-32, 39, 145, 148,150., 239-40.,24 1 Stingray: 131 Stivers, Col. Charles P.: 359n Strafing: 86,87,94,10.6,129,294,318,425,427,450., 480.,512,519 Strategy American: 61-64, 64-71,145-57,238-42,353-66, 390.,393-94,40.1

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Strategy-Continued Japanese: 51-61, 347 Strickler, Maj . Dudley G.: 30.8, 30.9 Subic Bay: 12,22,45,47,62,65,7 1,9 1,96,120., 128, 278 ,2 79 ,3 13 , 40.3,452 , 478,523 Submarine tenders: 95 Submarines American: 46, 47 , 49, 90.-91, 91, 94, 95, 97, 110., 129, 130.,131 , 141 , 155, 156,358,390.,398,399, 40.2 , 40.3, 548 Japanese: 59, 78 Sulu Archipelago: 6, 10., 112,238 Sumatra: 52, 54, 240., 356 Supply: 36, 63, 152, 164-65, 179 -80., 197, 254-59, 317, 340., -352 , 361,485,486, 528, 533, 533-34, 546, 552-53. See also Blockade-running; Pensacola convoy; Rations; Shipping; Shortages. Surabaja: 154, 157 Sutherland, Maj. Gen. Richard K.: 10., 67,73,79,81, 82 , 82n, 83, 88, 88n, 89, 90.,115,121,164,20.6, 20.7,225,226,268,273-74,290., 290.n, 291, 294, 30.4,30.5,328, 358n, 359, 359n, 360., 361, 364, 364n, 365,479, 528 Army background: 19 Chief of Staff, USAFFE: 19 Suzuki, Col. Tatsunosuke: 348, 349 Sworrijish: 399 Tacloban: 577 Takagi, Rear Adm. Takeo: 10.9 , 110.,112 Takahashi, Vice Adm. Ibo: 57,60.,10.3,10.5,126,129 Takahashi, Lt. Col. Katsumi: 188,2 16,2 19,220.,224, 225 Takao: 60., 61, 10.0., 123, 261, 262 Takao Maru: 10.7 Takechi, Col. Susumu: 266, 267, 270., 271, 272,277, 287 , 289, 289n, 332, 334, 335, 340. Tala River : 429, 430. Talisay River: 348, 40.8, 420., 429, 433 Tanabe, Maj . Tadaji: 332, 334 Tanaka, Col. Toru: 10.3 , 10.8, 128,131 , 178,215, 216 Taniguchi, Maj . Gen. Kureo: 416, 424, 425, 426, 427, 429,430.,434,435,438,439,552,553 Tank action . American: 33, 58, 134-35, 168, 176, 176n, 177, 177n, 178, 184 -85, 185-86, 187 , 194,2 0.7-0.8, 219, 220.n, 221, 222-23, 223, 225, 227, 229,24748,283,287 ,293,294,3 10.,314,3 18,3 19-20., 341,346,40.9-10.,418,433,436,451 Japanese: 126, 126n, 135, 138,20.7 ,22 1,229, 424, 427,433,438-39,444,450.,512,515,560. Tank units Provisional Tank Group: 33,121,168,176,178, 40.5,40.6,40.9,431 192d: 33,50.,134,135,169,171,176,178, 183n, 184,20.5 ,2 18,227,3 19,346 194th: 32,33,50.,73,169,171,176,177,178, 178n, 181 ,20.5 , 214,221,222,223 ,227,283,293,294 Tank-infantry co-operation: 310., 320., 321, 34 1, 346, 410.

INDEX Tankulan: 517, 518 Tarkington, Col. Hiram W.: 503, 508, 516 Tarlac: 63,96,166,176,178,180,181,182,183,186, 187,188,203,211,212,216,262 Tarlac-Cabanatuan Line: 169-89 Tarlac Depot: 179 Task forces Initial Protective Force: 62 Lanao force: 514-15 Leyte-Samar Force: 577 Luzon Force: 361, 362, 362n, 363, 364, 365, 366, 384,404,405,406,407,411,431,432,451,452, 453,455,456,457,458,459,460,562,564,570 Mindanao Force: 508, 516, 517, 570 North Luzon Force: 50, 67, 69, 69n, 70, 72, 102, 120,122,131,133,165,166,168,169,170,174, 178,179,180, 180n, 181, 183, 186, 188, 190, 199, 200,201,202,203,205,206,207,208-09,210, 215,216,219,226,227,230,366 Defense line D-1: 166, 168, 170, 190 DefenselineD-2: 160, 171, 174, 176, 179 Defense line D-3: 166, 176, 177, 178 DefenselineD-4: 166,178,180,181,182,183, 186, 187 Defense line D-5: 166, 180, 183, 186, 187, 188,202,203,210-14,215 Panay Force: 502 South Luzon Force: 50, 67, 69,70, 109n, 110, 119, 120,141,165,166,168,180,181,183,188,190, 190n, 193, 194, 195, 197, 199, 200, 200n, 202, 205, 20~ 207, 210,214, 215, 227, 23~ 266, 328, 361 Visayan Force: 501, 502, 506 Visayan-Mindanao Force: 49. 67 , 69, 70, 1 13 , 360, 395,499,500,506,562,569,572,574,575 Tayabas: 195, 196 Tayabas Bay: 100, 142, 196 Tayabas Mountains: 139, 144, 191 Tayug: 138, 169, 170, 171, 174 Terauchi, Gen. Count Hisaichi: 56, 261 Ternate: 264,485,486,488, 523 Terrain and geography Bataan: 8, 245, 248, 251, 266n, 273-74, 276, 296, 300,301,303,309,313-14,325-26,337-38,338, 339, 346,407-08, 442, 445n, 446n, 449n,484-85 Caballo Island: 476 Carabao Island: 478 Corregidor: 245 472-73 Luzon: 5-7,100-02,109,127-28,132,166,186, 191,195-96,203,212,216,221,226-27 ~indanao: 4-6,498-99,519 Philippine Islands: 4-8 Visayan group: 499 Thailand: 4, 54, 56, 72, 77,238,484 Thayer; Lt. Col. Allen: 518, 519, 579, 580 Thompson, Maj. Donald G.: 229n Tiaong: 196, 197, 198, 199, 200 Tiawir River: 334, 348, 408, 424, 427 Tiawir-Talisay River: 408, 423, 426, 428 Tisdelle, Maj. Achille c.: 369,385.464. 464n

625 Toledo: 503, 505, 506 Topside: 473,480,481,482,490,494,528,529,531, 537,540,547,549. See alSo Corregidor. Torres Strait: 154, 155 Trails. See Roads and trails. Townsend, Col. Glen R.: 105n, 213, 337, 339, 340 Training: 12-13, 16,27,28,29-30,102,109,131,262, 298-99,308,408-11,508,522,529,530,552, 558 Transportation: 29,63,197,255,498-99 Trapnell, Maj. Thomas]. H.: 135 Traywick, Col. Jesse T.,Jr.: 199,462,572,573,576, 577 Tree bursts: 314, 314n, 320, 339 Troop dispositions, American Bataan : 247-48, 248-54, 278-79, 285-86, 299,30809,316,319,327-28,329,330-31,337,342,345, 405,405-07,422-24,431-32,439-40,448-49 Corregidor: 529 Luzon: 196,218,220-21,226-27 Mindanao: 510-11, 512-13,516,516-17 Visayas: 502 Troop dispositions, Japanese: 216, 228, 265-66, 276, 312n, 329, 332, 336-37, 340, 414-15, 416-17, 420,424,426,429,433,522,552 Troop strengths, American: 299, 302, 308, 435,449, 454,461,476,478,502,507,518 Bataan: 247,401,455 Corregidor: 401,475,476,535 Harbor Defenses and Beach Defenses: 70, 529, 530, 531 Luzon: 22, 162, 162n, 239, 239n Luzon Force: 405, 406 Marines: 47, 299n, 476, 528, 529, 530 North Luzon Force: 70 Philippine Army: 26-27,49,65, 70 Reserve Force: 70 South Luzon Force: 70 U.S. Army in Philippin.es: 21-23,49,50,58,65, 70, 71 Visayas: 502, 507 Visayan-Mindanao Force: 70 11 th Division (PA): 102 51st Division (PA): 330 71st Division (PA): 226 Troop strengths, Japanese: 54, 54n, 55, 103, 112, 125n, 216, 262, 281, 295n, 300, 302, 303, 314, 329-30,336-37,338,345,349-50, 350n, 412, 413, 503, 507, 508n, 515,559 Troops, condition of: 288, 531-35, 542-46. See also Morale; Medical problems. Truk: 4,79 Tsuchibashi, Lt. Gen. Yuichi: 125, 133, 170, 174, 182, 184, 191,206,235, 236n Tsukahara, Vice Adm, Nishizo: 57 Tsunehiro, Lt. Col. Nariyoshi: 139, 142, 191, 194, 196, 300,303,308,312 Tuguegarao: 84, 102, 105, 106 Tuol River: 337, 338, 344 Turner. R('ar Adm. Richmond K.: 146

626 Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934): 4,13,61 Uegima. See Kamijima, Col. Umingan: 174, 176 Upper Pocket. See Pocket Fights. Urdaneta: 134, 166, 169, 170, 178 U. S. Army: 9,12,15,26,35,36,48,49,50,58,62,64, 70,71,238, 239n, 258, 529 U. S. Army Forces, Far East (USAFFE): 34,44,48, 50,70,71, 80n, 81, 85, 100, 104, 110, 116, 118, 120,121,130,133,136,138,153,163,164,190, 193n, 197, 199,234,247,248,274,282,290,305, 317,318,324,328,329,339,360,361,362,363, 365,371,373,409,410,480,481,501,548 Bataan echelon of: 290, 371, 372,377 organization and strength: 14-30 U. S. Forces in the Philippines (USFIP): 365,453, 535, 548 organization: 363 U. S. Navy: 13, 36, 37, 148, 298,529. See also Asiatic Fleet (US); Pacific Fleet. USSR. See Soviet Union. Vachon, Brig. Gen. Joseph P.: 512-13 Vance, Col. John R.: 565 Vance, Col. Lee C.: 446 Vesey, Lt. Col. Robert H.: 514, 515 Vigan: 57, 60, 98,102,103,104,106-08,122,128 Villamor, Capt. Jesus A.: 488 Villasis: 174, 178 Visayan Force. See Task forces. Visayan Islands: 5, 6, 10, 27, 43, 57, 59, 69, 88, 91, 95, 119, 238, 239, 360, 396, 401,403,414,414n,471, 499, 50 I, 520, 569 Japanese seizure: 502-07 surrender: 572 Visayan-Mindanao Force. See Task forces. Visayan- Mindanao Sector: 70 "Voice of Freedom": 385, 388, 544, 563 Volckman, Maj. Russell W.: 184, 186 Wachi, Maj. Gen. Takaji: 413, 568, 576n Wainwright, Lt. Gen. Jonathan M.: 65, 65n, 72,195, 197,252,336,375,418,561 assumes command in Philippines: 360-66 Commander, Philippine Division: 21 Commander, North Luzon Force: 69, 69n Commander, I Philippine Corps: 247 and Japanese landings on Luzon: 102, 104, 108, 122,133-34,134,135,137-38,138 mission in the defense of north Luzon: 69, 122 part in the defense ofBataan: 248,250,268, 269n, 274, 277, 279, 280, 281, 282, 282n, 284, 284n, 290, 291, 300, 305, 305-06, 306-07,308,311, 312,319,325,327-28,329,337,340,341,342, 344,347,350-51,373,375,377,383,434,440, 441,447,448,452,452-53 part in the defense ofCorregidor: 495, 527-28, 535, 536, 541-42, 543, 547, 547n, 549, 549n, 550, 550n,550-51

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Wainwright, Lt. Gen. Jonathan M.-Continued part in the defense of the Southern Islands: 506, 510 part in withdrawal to Bataan: 162, 163, 165, 168, 174,176,180,190,199,200,203,205,206,207, 209,210,216,219,222,224,225,226,227,230 surrender of Bataan: 452, 453, 454, 455, 455n, 456, 457, 457n,458, 458n,459, 460, 462, 462n, 46263,465-66 surrender of Corregidor: 560-61, 562, 562-64, 56474,584 surrender in the Southern Islands: 572,573,574, 575,576,577,578,579,580,582 views on reinforcements: 390,401-02,403 Wake: 47 Wake Island: 38, 52, 54, 65, 77, 145,394 Wappenstein, Lt. Col. William A.: 425 War Plan ORANGE-3:.61-64, 65n, 69,161-66 War Plans Division: 15n, 16,31,32,153,240,241, 390 Warner, Lt. Col. Everett L.: 574 Watanabe, Col. Yunosuke: 266, 279, 280, 281 Wavell, Gen. Sir Archibald P.: 242,353,356,398,399 Weaver, Brig. Gen. James R. N .: 33,121,134,135, 168,176, 176n, 209, 214, 216, 221, 229, 287, 293, 310,318 Webb, Maj. Joseph R.: 516 West Road: 245, 248, 250, 280, 281, 284, 290, 298, 299,301,303,304,305,308,314,315,316,317, 319,324,326,329,337,338,406 West Sector. See Bataan Service Command Area; Corregidor. Wheeler Field: 78 Whitlock, Lt. Col. Lester J.: 390n Wickord, Col. Theodore: 176, 181 Williams, Col. Everett C.: 458, 459, 461,462,464,466 Williams, Maj. Francis: 558 Williams, Mrs. Maude R.: 542 Willoughby, Col. Charles A.: 122,304, 359n Wilson, Lt. Col. Albert T.: 508n Wilson, Lt. Col. Francis H.: 359n Wood, Col. Stuart: 403n Woodbridge, Lt. Col. John P.: 516

Yamashita, Gen. Tomoyuki: 145, 163,238,300, 350n Yanagi, Col. Isamu: 132, 134, 135 Yoshida, Col. Motohiko: 448n, 521, ,522, 554, 555, 556n,559,560 . Yoshioka, Col. Yorimasa: 336,338,339,340,343,344, 345, 346 Yoshizawa, Col. Masataro: 332

Zambales Mountain range: 8,100,169,178,203,212, 218,227,245 Zambales Province: 28,29,69, 166,223 Zamboanga: 21n, 22, 508, 508n, 511 Zamboanga Peninsula: 498, 510 Zamboanga Sector: 508, 508n Zaragoza: 183, 184, 185, 186,212,213

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978 0 - 257-935