The fall of the Philippines

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 53-63678

First Printed 1953-CMH Pub 5-2

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOp, Washington, DC 20402-0001

UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II Kent Roberts Greenfield, General Editor Advisory Committee (As of 1 January 1953) James P. Baxter President, Williams College

William T. Hutchinson University of Chicago

Henry S. Commager Columbia University

S. L. A. Marshall Detroit News

Douglas S. Freeman Richmond News Leader

E. Dwight Salmon Amherst College

Pendleton Berring Social Science Research Council

Col. Thomas D. Stamps United States Military Academy

John D. Hicks University of California

Charles S. Sydnor Duke University

Charles H. Taylor Harvard University

Office of the Chief of Military History

Maj. Gen. Orlando Ward, Chief Chief Historian Chief, War Histories Division Chief, Editorial and Publication Division Chief, Editorial Branch Chief, Cartographic Branch Chief, Photographic Branch ·Succeeded Capt. K. E. Hunter 28 April 1952.

III

Kent Roberts Greenfield Col. George G. O'Connor Col. B. A. Day Joseph R. Friedman Wsevolod Aglaimoff Capt. A. T. Lawry·

· . . to Those Who Served

Foreword The soldier reading these pages would do well to reflect on the wisdom of the statement exhibited in a Japanese shrine: "Woe unto him who has not tasted defeat." Victory too often leads to overconfidence and erases the memory of mistakes. Defeat brings into sharp focus the causes that led to failure and provides a fruitful field of study for those soldiers and l-aymen who seek in the past lessons for the future. The statesman and the informed citizen reading these pages will realize that our military means as well as our estimates and plans must always be in balance with our long-range national policy. This lesson-sign posted by the Battle of Manila Bay; the Treaty of Paris, signed in December 1898 when we decided to keep the Philippines; the Washington Conference of 1921 -22; and the Manchurian Crisis of 1931 - we ignored before Pearl Harbor. The result was defeat on the field of battle and the loss of the Philippine Islands. The author of The Fall of the Philippines, Louis Morton, served overseas as a historical officer in the South Pacific area and in the Philippines during World War II. Since 1945 he has been chief of the Pacific Section, Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. He holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree from Duke University, is the author of a volume on American colonial history, and has written a number of articles dealing with military affairs. Work on this volume was begun in early 1947. The reader may gain some idea of the size of the task of writing this history by an appraisal of The Sources. ORLANDO WARD Maj. Gen., U. s. A. Chief of Military History Washington, D. C. 26 June 1952

V11

Contents PART ONE

Prewar Plans and Preparations Chapter

Page

I. THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS . The Islands . . . . The Philippine Army

II. U.S. ARMY FORCES, FAR EAST The Recall of General MacArthur

3 4 8 14

U. S. Army in the Philippines . . .

15 19 21

Philippine Army: Mobilization and Training

25

The Organization oj USAFFE

III. THE REINFORCEMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES.

31

32

Ground Forces Air Forces . . Naval Forces . Summary . .

37

45 48

IV. PREWAR PLANS, JAPANESE AND AMERICAN The Japanese Plan . . The Plan oj Defense. . The Last Days of Peace .

51 51 61 71

PART TWO

The Isolation of the Philippines and the Japanese Landings V . THE FIRST DAYS OF WAR The Attack on Clark Field. . . The Fleet Moves South . . . . The Japanese Gain Air and Naval Supremacy .

Xl

77 79

90 92

Preface The author's debts for aid in preparing this volume are numerous and heavy. The largest is to' those officers who survived the campaign and the ordeal of prison camp. Their memories, and the precious notes they had hidden so carefully during the bitter days of Japanese imprisonment, provided material without which the record of this campaign would have been forever lost. These officers gave freely of their time and their contribution is apparent on every page and in almost every footnote. In a sense, they are as much the authors as the writer of this preface. Special acknowledgments must be made to Mr. Stanley L. Falk and Dr. George C. Groce who, with ingenuity and perseverance, aided the author in his search for the materials needed for this work. The search was an exciting and rewarding adventure and is described in full at the end of the book. Both men also labored long and mightily to mold the fragmentary materials thus assembled into a form which greatly eased the author's work and performed cheerfully the many other arduo~s and time-consuming tasks which are the lot of every author. Without Mr. Falk's special knowledge of the enemy's records and operations, reinforced by information willingly furnished by the enemy himself, this volume would have been less precise and far longer in preparation. The author owes a large debt also to many individuals who directly and indirectly gave him much valuable assistance: to Dr. Kent Roberts Greenfield, Chief Historian and General Editor of this series, for his wise counsel and guidance, for encouragement and never-failing support; to Mr. Wsevolod Aglaimoff and his staff who spent many months at the drafting boards to provide the maps to guide the reader through the jungles and mountains of the Philippines; to Miss Margaret E. Tackley who searched diligently and in remote corners for the pictures with which to illustrate this volume; to Miss Ruth Stout, the editor, and Mr. Ronald Sher, the copy editor, who edited the manuscript and guided it through the printers; to Mr. Leonard B. Lincoln, the indexer; to Mr. Israel Wice and his aides who patiently filled the author's numerous requests for aid in securing records; and to those of his colleagues, in and out of uniform, who read this volume in manuscript and made numerous and helpful suggestions. All these and others placed their special knowledge and skill freely and generously at the disposal of the author, but he alone is responsible for any shortcomings this volume may possess. L.M.

Washington, D. C. 26 June 1952

IX

CONTENTS Chapter

Page

VI. THE FIRST LANDINGS Batan Island. . . . . The Landings on North Luzon The Legaspi Landing. Landings in the South. . .

98 100 100 109 112

VII . THE IMPACT OF WAR.

115

VIII. THE MAIN LANDINGS .

123 125 132 138

The Lingayen Landing . . Consolidating the Lingayen Beachhead The ·Lamon Bay Landings

IX. STRATEGY AND LOGISTICS The Pensacola Convoy. . . Far East and Pacific Strategy The Base in Australia . . .

145 145

148 152

PART THREE

The Withdrawal to Bataan X. THE WITHDRAWAL BEGINS "WPO- 3 Is In Effect". . . . The North Luzon Force Plan To the Tarlac- Cabanatuan Line Supply . . . . . . . . . The Tarlac-Cabanatuan Line .

XI. WITHDRAWAL IN THE SOUTH Withdrawal From Mauban . Withdrawal From Atimonan . Out oj South Luzon . . . .

XII. HOLDING THE ROAD TO BATAAN The Defense oj Calumpit . . . The D - 5 Line: Bamban-Arayat Escape Through San Fernando

XIII. INTO BATAAN . . . .

161 161 166 169 179 180 190 191 195 199 203 2.05 210 214 216 216

The Guagua- Porac Line Behind the Gates

223 XII

CONTENTS Chapter

Page

XIV. THE END OF AN ERA The Occupation oj Manila Strategic Views on the Philippines

232 235 23G

PART FOUR

The Siege of Bataan 245 247 254 261

XV. SETTING THE STAGE The American Position . The Status oj Supply . . The Enem.y and His Plan

XVI. THE FIRST BATTLE OF BATAAN Attack Against II Corps: The Abucay Line Attack Against I Corps: The Mauban Line The Abucay Line Is Turned The Withdrawal . . . . .

XVII. THE BATTLE OF THE POINTS The Service Command Area Longoskawayan and Quinauan Points . Arryasan and Silaiim Points

XVIII. TRAIL 2 AND THE POCKETS The Orion- Bagac Line The Fight Jor Trail 2 The Pocket Fights. .

XIX. THE JAPANESE WITHDRAWAL XX. COMMAND. . . . . . . . The Evacuation oj MacArthur Wainwright Assumes Command

XXI. THE BA TTLING BASTARDS Food and Clothing Health Morale . . . .

265 266 278 285 290 296 296

300 312 325 325 330 336 347 353 353 360 367 367 376 384 390 390 401

XXII. "HELP IS ON THE WAY". Running the Blockade . Last Efforts . . . . Xlll

CONTENTS Page

Chapter

XXIII. PREPARATIONS FOR BATTLE The American Line Japanese Preparations. Prelude to Attack

XXIV. THE FINAL JAPANESE OFFENSIVE. Capture of Mt. Samat 6 April: The Day of Decision . . XXV. THE DISINTEGRATION OF II CORPS 7 April: Disintegration 8 April: Chaos

405 405 411 417 421 421 431 442 442 448 454

XXVI. SURRENDER .

PART FIVE

Corregidor and the Southern Islands XXVII. THE SIEGE OF CORREGIDOR . The Harbor Defenses of Manila Bay. The First Aerial and Artillery Attacks The Second Aerial Bombardment

XXVIII. THE SOUTHERN ISLANDS . The Islands and Their Defenses. The Visayas Mindanao . . . . . . . . .

XXIX. JAPANESE PLANS AND AMERICAN DEFENSES. The Japanese Plan. . The American Defenses . . . . . . .

XXX. THE LAST TWENTY-SEVEN DAYS The Prelimina~y Bombardment Health and Food . . . . . The Preassault Bombardment

XXXI. THE FALL OF CORREGIDOR XXXII. THE END OF RESISTANCE General Wainwright' j Orders The Surrender of Corregidor Surrender in the South . . XIV

471 471 479 493 498 498 502 507

520 521 527 536 536 541 546 552 562 562 564 574

CONTENTS THE SOURCES

585

BASIC MILITARY MAP SYMBOLS

603

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

607

Tables No.

Page

1. Strength of Philippine Division, 31 July 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Strength and Composition of U . S. Army Troops in the Philippine Islands, 31 July 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . 3. Aircraft in Philippines and Hawaii, 1 December 1941 . . . . . . . . 4. Strength and Composition of U. S. Army Troops in Philippine Islands, 30 November 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Orga nization and Disposition of Japanese Army, 1 December 1941 . . 6. Assignment of Forces, USAFFE, 3 December 1941 . . . . . . . . . 7. Weapons and Equipment Captured by 74th Army, 20 February 1942 . 8. R a tions, 25 March 1942 . . . . . . . . . . 9. Armament on Corregidor . . . . . . . . . 10. Armament on Forts Hughes, Drum, and Frank 11. Strength, Harbor and Beach Defenses, April 1942 .

22 24 42 49 55 70 349 368 474 476 529

Maps I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Japanese Plan and Disposition of the Armies, November 1941 Disposition of U. S. Army Forces, Far East, 8 December 1941 Advance Japanese Landings, 8-20 December 1941 Lingayen Gulf Landings, 22-24 December 1941 . Lamon Bay Landings, 24 December 1941 . . . . Withdrawal in the North, 25-31 December 1941 Withdrawal in the South, 25-31 December 1941 Holding the Road to Bataan, 31 December 1941-1 January 1942 Through Layac Junction, 2-6 January 1942 . Situation on Bataan, 8 January 1942 .. The Abucay Line, 9-23 January 1942 . . . The Mauban Line, 18-25 January 1942 . . Japanese Landings on Bataan, 23 January-1 February 1942 . Longoskawayan Point Area. Quinauan Point Area . . . . . . xv

53 68 99 124 140 167 192 204 217 246 267 278 297 301 303

CONTENTS No.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Page

Anyasan and Silaiim Points Area . . . . . . The Orion- Bagac Line . . . . . . . . . . Fight for Trail 2, 27 January- 2 February 1942 The Pockets . . . . . . . . . . . Japanese Plan of Attack, 3 April 1942 Japanese Penetration, 3--6 April 1942 Japanese Advance, 7- 9 April 1942 Corregidor Island. . . . . . . . . The Fight for Mindanao, 29 April-9 May 1942 Japanese Landings on Corregidor, 5- 6 May 1942

313 325 333 336 415 423 443 471 509 554

Illustrations The Philippine Islands . . . . . Signing the Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth Manila Harbor . . . . . Philippine Scouts Ceremony at Camp Murphy, Rizal Aircraft in the Philippines, December 1941 Clark Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . General MacArthur . . . . . . . . . Japanese Air Attack on 10 December 1941 Luzon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155-mm. Gun Emplacement Near Dagupan 26th Cavalry CPS) Moving into Pozorrubio Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma, 74th Army Commander Villasis-Carmen Bridge Agno River . . . . . Tarlac Railroad Station Bicycle-Mounted Japanese Troops. Motorcycle Messenger Catnapping Camouflaged 155-mm. Gun M1917 CGPF) Mount Arayat . . Calumpit Bridges. San Fernando . . The Open City Japanese Light Tanks Fortifications on Bataan Bridges on Bataan Inspection. . . . . . Brig. Gen. Maxon S. Lough XVI

2

5 8 20 25 40,41 44 66 93 101 130 137 143 171 172 175 185 193 198 205 209 211 233 237 253 '260 268 292

CONTENTS Page

USAFFE Headquarters on Bataan, February 1942 Standing Formation Medical Care on Bataan Japanese Propaganda Leaflets "Voice of Freedom" . . . . Seeking Cover in a Trench Near Lamao Surrender on Bataan Discussing Surrender Terms Corregidor . . . . . . . Malinta Hill. . . . . . . Diagram of Malinta Tunnel Fort Drum . . . . . . . . Gun Emplacements on Corregidor USAFFE Headquarters in Malinta Tunnel Maj. Gen . William F. Sharp and His Staff . Cebu ............ . Heavy Clouds Over Corregidor Marine Sergeant Teaching Filipinos Life in Malinta Tunnel Battery Crockett . . . . Battery Way .... Japanese Bom bers Over Corregidor Searchlight on Corregidor . . . . The Meeting of Wainwright and Homma General Wainwright Broadcasting American Generals in Captivity. Photographs are from the Department of Defense files, except for that on page 533, the Japanese photographs on pages 143, 233, 465,539, 548, 568, and 573, and the photograph on page 583, reproduced through the courtesy of Col. William C. Braly.

XVll

351 374 382 386 388 419 462, 463 465 472 473 475 477 483

492 500 504 520

530 532, 533 539 541 548 556 568 573 583

The U.S. Army Center of Military History The Center of Military History prepares and publishes histories as required by the U.S. Army. It coordinates Army historical matters, including historical properties, and supervises the Army museum system. It also maintains liaison with public and private agencies and individuals to stimulate interest and study in the field of military history. The Center is located at 1099 14th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005-3402.

XVlJl

INDEX ABDA T heater of Operations: 242, 356, 392, 399 Abe, Maj. Gen. Koichi: 183,236 Abo-Abo River: 277,287,289, 289n Abucay: 252, 263, 293, 3 16, 352, 4 18. See also Abucay- Mauban line. Abucay Hacienda: 266, 266n, 274, 277, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 293 Abucay Lin e. See Abucay- Mauban line. Abucay- Maubanline: 247-48, 266-78,278-85,285290,29 1,294,296,304,305 ,3 12,325,326,328, 329,337,345,348,35 1-52,3 79 . Agno Ri ver: 107 , 128, 133, 137-38, 144, 163, 169, 170-77, 178, 182 , 186, 18 7, 195 Agno Riv er lin e. See Agno River. Agoo: 127, 128, 129, 13 2, 134 , 136 Aguilar: 166, 169, 170 Agusan River: 596 Agusan Sector: 606, 607 Air force strength American: 23-24, 38n , 42 - 43, 49n , 95-96 Japanese: 59 Philippine Army: 26 Air Forces: 37-45. See also Far East Air Force ; Philippine Army Air Force. Air Forces units Commands V Bomber: 42 V Interceptor: 42-43, 81 , 85, 87,94, 153, 156, 308 Groups 4th Composite: 23, 23n, 24, 50, 62 5t h Air Base: 50 7th Bombardment: 38, 48, 97, 146n 19th Bombardment (H ): 38,42,50, 156,239 20th Air Base: 23,24,50 24th Bombardment: 156 27th Bombardment (L): 38-39,42,48,50,72, 11 5, 145, 156 Squadrons 2d Observation: 50 3d Pursuit : 42, 84, 85, 87, 299, 302 14th Bombardme nt : 38,42 17th Pursuit: 42, 84-87,299 19th Air Base: 23 20 th Pursuit: 42 , 84- 87, I 17, 299 2 1st Pursuit: 87,107,299,305,308,3 10,3 11 27t h Materiel: 23 28t h Bombardment: 42 28th Materiel: 23 30th Bombardment: 38,42 34th Pursuit : 43, 84, 87 , 10 7, 299 , 303, 308 48 th Materie l: 50 93d Bombardment: 38,42

Air Forces units -Co ntinu ed Detachments Tow Target: 24, 50 W ea ther: 24, 50 Air operations American: 62, 80- 84, 89, 92, 105, 106-07, 11 3, 129, 142n, 15 1n, 403 - 04, 488 J apa nese: 57,59-60 ,78-90,92-97, 103, 108, 13637,272,288,294,3 12,334,4 18 , 421 -2 2,424-25, 427, 427n , 433, 444, 446, 449-5 0, 464, 479-84, 493-97,5 18,526-27,536,539,547-49 Air photo and reconnaissance American: 82- 83, 83n, 92, 96, 106, 488 Japa n ese : 59,228, 262-63,45 In , 526 Air transport operations: 400 Aircraft carriers Allied: 46, 78 Japanese: 60, 60n, 78, 11 2- 13 Aircraft losses American: 88, 88n, 95-96, 488 Japa nese: 88n , 480, 488 Aircraft reinforceme nts American: 37-45 , 146n J apa nese.: 414, 493 A irc raft tender : 9 I Aircraft types fight ers : 38,39, 42,43 , 48 , 85 - 88, 88n, 92,95 - 96, 106, 142n, 146n, 3 18 , 322, 488 h eavy bombers: 3 1, 38, 38n , 39, 42-43, 48, 64, 808 1, 81n, 82- 86, 88-90, 92, 92n, 97 , 97n, 105, 106, III , 11 3, 155-56, 358, 360,400, 403-04 light bombers : 42 , 11 5, 145 -46, 146n , 14 7,400 naval : 46, 48, 9 1, 92, 94, 129, 156,540 Airfields Batc helor Field: 97,113,129 , 156,400 Clark Field: 23, 38,43,44,48,58,59,79-90,92, 92n , 96 , 97 , 100 , 10 5, 10 7, 117 , 11 8,208,2 13, 255 ,2 63,414,493 , 494 D el Carmen Field: 94 D el Monte: 43, 70, 88, 92n, 96, 97, III , 238, 239, 360 400, 401 , 403,501 ,508,516 Hickam Field: 38, 78 Iba Field: 96 Kindl ey Field: 481 , 494 ,5 47,548 ,5 53,555 Naguilian: 128, 132 Nichols: 23,43 ,5 8, 84,92,94,96, 107 , 11 7,234 Wheeler Field: 78 Akin , Brig. Gen. Spencer B.: 359 n Akiyama, Lt. Col. M o njiro : 58 n , 208 Alangan River : 408, 438, 447,448, 449-50, 449 n , 451 , 454, 457 Alangan River lin e. See Alangan River Alexander, Lt. Col. Irvin : 17 9, 257, 303-04

608 Amami Oshima: 61,123,138,140 Ames , Capt. Roland G.: 373n , 480, 481 - 82 , 491 , 491n,495 Ammunition American: 48, 146n , 162 , 279 , 318 , 320- 21,393, 395 , 396- 97,399 - 400,495,499 - 500,508,526, 528, 559 Japanese: 422, 427n , 444, 480,487 , 54 1, 547 , 549, 553 , 559 Angeles: 181,210,213,215,216,219,262 Anhui: 393,396 Antiaircraft artillery defense: 43 - 45, 45n , 48 , 85, 8990,92-94,228 , 474-75 , 476,478 , 481 , 494-96, 539- 40, 548 ammunition: 86, 146n , 480, 496 guns: 35,45 , 48,94, 146n, 474, 475, 480, 487 - 88 strength of: 474 , 475 , 476,495 , 53 1, 548 warning service: 43 - 44, 48, 84-85 , 89- 90 557th Air Warning Battalion: 44 Antiaircraft artillery units Brigade, Provisional Coast Artillery (AA) (PA) : 451 , 452 Regiments 60th Coast Artillery (AA) (US): 37 200th Coast Artillery ( AA) (US): 32 , 33 , 45 , 45n , 50, 70,86,92 , 120, 208 , 451 n 515th Coast Artillery (AA) (US): 45n, 92 , 451n Antitank guns, American : 33, 35, 36, 138, 176, 321 , 341,407 , 424, 438,450 Japanese: 185 , 194, 281 , 283 Anyasan Bay: 314, 315 Anyasan Point: 312 -¡24 , 345 , 347 - 48. See also Battle of the Points. Anyasan River: 299 , 3 13, 3 14, 316,3 17 Apalit: 205 , 214 Aparri: 3, 57,60, 98,100,102,103 , 104- 06, 108 , 117 , 122, 126 Arayat: 188, 203 , 210, 2 13 Aringay: 127-28, 129, 132 Aringay River: 128, 134 Armor. See Tanks. Army Air Forces. See Air Forces. Army Transport Service: 200n, 255, 395, 395n Arnold , Maj. Gen. Henry H . on air reinforcement to Philippine Islands: 37- 38, 39 , 43 and J apanese a ir attacks on Philippine airfields: 72, 81 , 87, 90 Artillery, American . See also Antiaircraft artillery defense ; Antitank guns ; Coast artillery guns; Field artillery , American; Mortars. ammunition: 279 , 284, 3 14n , 320 counterbattery fire : 488-89, 523, 537 , 540, 541, 548 emp lac e ment: 207 , 250, 285 , 299, 306-07, 320, 327- 28,339 , 424 equipment: 29 , 320 interdiction fire: 267 jungle warfare: 339

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Artillery, American - Continued lack of: 141,284 losses : 28, 285, 487 , 537 , 538 , 540, 541 , 549- 50, 549n observation: 306 , 320, 549 strength: 119- 20,226,250, 252 , 327 - 28 , 407,474, 475, 476,478n , 499, 531 support : 190, 199 , 250, 252- 54 , 267 , 272, 284,286, 288, 306- 07 , 320, 327 - 28,334- 35 , 430,433,449 tree burst: 314n, 320, 339 withdrawal operations: 136, 168- 69 , 187 - 88, 199, 220- 2 1,227 - 28,269 Artillery, Japanese: 185- 86, 2 19, 22 1, 227- 29, 263-64, 265- 66, 271, 272, 279, 288, 294, 334- 35 , 416, 418 , 421 - 22 , 424 - 25 , 428,429 , 433 , 444,445, 446, 484- 85 , 518, 522 - 23 , 526, 536- 41 , 546- 51 , 553 , 558. See also Antitank guns ; Field artillery, Japanese; Mortars. camouflage: 488 emplacements : 265 - 66, 485, 520,523 reinforcements: 414 strength: 126, 228, 263,421,485,486,523 , 538 Ashigara: 103 , 105, 129 Asiatic Fleet (US): 45 - 46, 48- 49, 78 - 79 , 90-92 , 95 , 96, 97 , 149, 155 , 157 , 583. See also Pacific Fleet; U. S. Navy. Inshore Patrol: 478 Off Shore Patrol: II Patrol Wing 10: 46, 9 1, 92 , 96, 299 Submarine Squadron 20: 46 4th Provisional Battalion: 558 16th Naval District: 46, 91 , 130 Atimonan: 109, 112 , 139 , 140, 142 , 143 , 164, 191 , 195- 199 Atimonan-Padre Burgos lin e: 109 Australia: 116, 149, 150 , 239 , 377 , 378 , 455 , 501 , 535, 563 , 570,584 bombers from Philippines removed : 97 efforts to supply Philippines from: 152- 57 , 390-404, 50 1,540 Japanese threat to: 145 MacArthur's evacuation to : 353 - 54, 356- 60, 38889 MacArthur retains USAF FE command from: 361, 362 , 364, 365 strategic role in Far East: 149 , 240- 41 Babcock, Lt. Col. David S.: 195,201 , 205,207,208 Bagac: 245 , 248, 263 , 266 , 276, 279, 280 , 281, 284, 300, 303 , 325 , 329, 338 , 343 , 456. See OrionBagac line. Baguio: 10, 21 n , 27 , 28 , 84, 96, 128 , 132, 134 Balanga: 251 , 252 , 263, 264 , 291 , 348 , 448, 527 Balantay: 272 Balantay River: 251 , 266, 266n, 272- 73 , 276, 286, 287 Balantay River line. See Balantay River. Balete Pass: 102, 105 Balikpapan: 91 , 91n Baliuag: 183 , 203 , 205 , 206, 207 , 208, 265

INDEX Bamban: 166, 188 ,203,210,2 12 ,2 13,219 Bamban River: 212 Barbed wire: 212, 226, 249, 252, 259, 270, 299, 324, 528, 529 Barnes, Maj . Gen .Jul ian F.: 146-47, 153, 154,393 Barr, Lt. Col. Earl L.: 547 BAR's. See Browning automatic rifles. Bataan. See Terrain and geography. Bataan Defens e Force: 63, 225, 247 Bataan Service Area : 63 Bataan Service Command Area: 247, 248, 296-99, 305, 405. See also McBride, Brig. Gen. Allan C. East Sector: 296 South Sector: 305, 3 16, 317,320 West Sector: 296, 298, 299, 304, 305 Batan Island: 57, 98, 100, 104 Batangas: 96, 235 Batangas Bay : 139, 141 Battle of the Points: 325,337,339,340,347,35 1,476. See also Bataan Service Command Area; Anyasan Point; Longoskawayan Point ; Quinaua n Point ; Si laiim Point. Battles hips: 46, 60, 78, 126 Bauang: 125 , 127 , 128,129, 13 1, 132, 132n , 136, 144 Baus Au. See Operation Baus Au. Bayandati: 250, 279 Beach defense: 104- 14, 13 1-32,252,298-324,4 10, 411,476,478,5 13,528-3 1,550,555-56,557 Beebe, Brig. Gen . Lewis c.: 164, 35 0 , 361, 362, 363, 363n, 364n, 372, 375, 376, 453, 462n, 56 1, 564, 565,567,568,569,57 0 Ben tz, Lt. Louis I. : 183 Be rry, Brig. Gcn. K ca ri c L.: 280, 283, 284, 284n. ~85n, ~94, ~95, 34~, 343 Besso n, Maj. Robert : 176 Bianchi, Lt. Willi bald C .: 34 1 Bicol P e ninsula : 109, 1 11, 142 Biede nstei n, Capt. Arthur c.: 3 15 Big Pocket. See Pocket Fights. Binalonan : 137, 138 , 169, 170, 174 , 182,235 Binuangan River: 330, 336,406,447,448,453 Bismarck Archipelago: 52,54,584 Bittern: 459 Blockade- running: 348, 390-40 1, 402-03. See also Pensacola convoy. Bloemfontein: 146n, 154 Bluem el, Brig. Gen. Clifford: 28, 29, 166, 285n, 289, 329,405. See also Divisions (PA), 3 1st. and coll apse of II Corps: 445 -47,448-5 0, 451 -52, 454, 459 commander of Sector C : 327, 329, 330-35, 35 1, 406,433, 438, 439 comma nder of 3 1st Division (PA) : 28 and surrender of Bataan: 457 , 459 Boatwright, Col. John R.: 195, 196, 197, 198,275,276 Bohol: 11,238,501 ,502,507 Boise: 9 1 Bonne tt, Lt. Col. Donald Van N.: 130, 134, 135

609 Borneo: 47, 90, 91, 91n, 11 2, 11 4, 154 , 156,238,240, 356,4 14n,501,503,583 Bottomside: 472, 480, 490, 494, 539, 547. See also Corregidor. Boudreau , Col. Napoleo n: 279, 279n, 485 , 486 Brady, Lt. Col. Jasper E.: 229,434,435,439,445 Brereton, Maj. Gen. Lewis H.: 39,45,72,73,79,80, 92 n , 97, 14 7, 156, 392, 393. See also Far East Air Force. and Clark Field attack: 87-88, 89 Far East Air Force commander: 39,42 and Formosa attack plan: 8 1-84, 89 Brett, Lt. Gen. George H.: 153, 154, 156-57, 358, 360, 392, 397 Bridget, Comdr. F . J.: 298, 30 1- 02 , 302n, 306, 307, 308 Brisbane: 146, 147 , 148, 149, 152, 153, 154,395 British Borneo: 145 British Malaya: 52, 56, 77 Brougher, Brig Gen. William E .: 102, 132, 169 , 176, 186,2 13,222,224,225,342,344,345. See also Divisions (PA), 11th. commander of Ri ght Sector: 328,337,340,342 Browning automatic rifl es: 29, 299, 339 Bulkeley, Lt. John D.: 300, 30 1, 304, 359, 359 n Bunker, Col. Paul D.: 306, 306n, 478, 48 1, 482, 487, 48~ 489, 490, 49 1, 534, 536, 537, 538, 54 1, 546 Burma : 4, 52, 238, 240, 242 Caba: 127 , 128, 129 Caballo I sland . See Forts. Hughes. Cabanaluan: 96, 136, 137, 166, 169 - 89,200,20 1, 203, 205, 206, 2 16, 230, 235, 256 Cabcaben: 25 1, 258, 318, 38 1, 448, 451, 452, 467 , 494, 520, 522, 523, 536, 539, 553, 556, 565, 567 Cagayan Sector: 508, 5 15, 5 16- 19 Cagaya n vall ey : 84, 102, 104- 0 5, 106, 135,2 13,5 18 Caibobo Point: 298, 300, 30 1, 304, 3 18 Calaguiman Rive r: 265, 266 n , 269, 27 1 Calugas, Sgt. Jose : 228 Calumpan: 485, 486 Calumpit : 180, 18 1, 183,2 03 ,2 05, 206n, 208, 209, 2 10,214,230 Calumpit bridges: 200, 20 1, 203- 10, 2 14, 2 15 Calyer, Lt. Col. Pete r D.: 435 Camiguin Island : 100, 12 3 Camilew Ri ver : 329, 337 Camp John Hay: 2 1n, 135 Camp X: 505, 506 Campbell, Col. Alexander H.: 85 , 89 Candaba Swamp: 166,203 Candelaria: 195, 197, 198,200 Canopus: 299, 460, 529 Cantabaco: 505, 506 Capinpin, Brig. Gen. Mateo : 10 7, 169, 2 19, 224, 422, 423,430. See also Divisions (PA), 21st. Capot: 332,433,437,438 Carabao I sland. See Forts, Frank. Carmen : 169 , 17 1, 174, 176, 178, 182

610 Carmen Ferry subsector: 508, 5 13 Caroline Islands: 4, 79 Carpenter, Lt. Col. Frank F., Jr.: 117 , 371, 376, 457 Carroll, Sgt. Hubert: 567 Casey, Brig. Gen. Hugh J.: 10, 225, 249 , 359n, 373 , 378, 383 , 4J 1 Casualties. See also Medical problems . American: 78, 79n, 94, 186, 221,230,270, 272, 288, 290, 308, 3 10, 3 12 , 315, 324, 334, 335, 354, 481, 484,487,538,541,549,558,560 Japanese : 186, 202n, 212 - 13, 314, 230, 230n, 270, 295, 295n, 308, 312, 324, 334, 336, 344-45, 349-50, 412, 448, 448n, 556, 559 Catmon River: 408, 416, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 429, 436 Cavalry, 26th Regiment and Japanese landings: 104, 131, 13 3-34, 135 , 136, 137, 138 siege of Bataan: 247, 250, 279, 282, 283 , 305, 318, 324,328,406,445,446,448,449,450,45 1, 452, 452n,461 strength and organization: 22, 24,50, 69, 70 withdrawal into Bataan: 169 , 170, 171 , 174 , 176, 216, 218, 223 , 224,225,226,22 7,230 Cavite Naval Base: 7,46,58,59 , 91 , 94,96,107,117 , 139, 149 , 155, 194n , 234, 235, 245, 476, 524, 526, 528,540,541,549 , 552 Cavite Province: 8, 471,478 , 485,489,494,522, 523, 531 Cebu: 6,11,91,238,499,501,506,507,510,574. See also Chynoweth, Brig. Gen. Bradford G. and attempts to supply Philippines: 395,396,399, 401 , 403 , 404 geography and terra in: 5-6, 499 Japanese landings: 503 - 06, 507 surrender: 578-79 units on: 502 Cebu Advance Depot: 395-96 Cebu City: 396,503,505,577 Cebu Military Police Regiment: 502, 503, 505 Celebes: 238, 356 Chamberlin, Col. Stephen J.: 15 3, 390n, 391 Chanco, Capt. A. P.: 225 Chandler, Maj. William E. : 446 Chapin, Capt. Robert N.: 426 Chase, Col. Theodore M.: 478 Chaumont: 146n Chemical Warfare Service: 24, 50, 453 , 459 Cheney Ravine: 473 , 494, 560 China: 4, 14, 29, 46, 47, 51, 54, 91, 138, 150, 240, 241 , 403 ,4 13,528 China Sea: 5, 87 Chitose: 113 Christensen, Capt. Arthur G .: 201 Christie, Col. Albert F.: 502, 506, 507, 577, 578, 579, 580-8 1 Chungking: 153, 156 Chynoweth , Brig. Gen. Bradford G.: 360,50 1,502, 503,505-06,577,578,579 , 580

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Claggett, Brig. Gen. Henry B.: 42, 15 3, 154 Clark Field. See Airfields. Clark, Capt. Golland L.,Jr.: 566, 567 Clarke, Col. George S.: 269, 270, 272, 273 Clement, Lt. Col. William T.: 79 Coast artillery guns 3-inch : 33,45,407,474,475,476,496,531,537, 549n 6-inch: 299,474,476,478,485,487, 550 8-inch: 474, 490, 550 lO-inch: 474 l2-inch: 474, 475, 487, 489, 538, 549n 14-inch : 476,478,487,494, 540,541, 550 Coast artillery units Regiment (PA) 1st: 119, 478, 478n 2d:478,478n Regiment (PS) 91st: 24, 34, 45n, 50, 70,478,478n 92d: 24, 34,50, 70, 478, 478n Regiment (US) 59th: 24, 45n, 50, 70, 478 , 478n, 558, 560 60th: 24,50, 70 Coast Farmer: 393, 395, 396, 397 Collier, Col. James V.: 85, 104, 117, 163 , 179, 179n, 2 11 ,22 7,2 31,245 ,247,254 , 279n, 284n, 447 , 458n, 464, 467, 524, 525n Combat teams 5 1st (PAJ: 406,407,433,435,438,439,445 91st (PA): 136, 137 92d (PAJ: 170, 171 , 176, 182, 183 Combined Chiefs of Staff: 240, 356,399 Combined Fleet, Japanese: 46, 54, 56, 64 Communications: 85,169-70,188, 207,230,248,271, 289,299,310,315 , 320,326,338,428,435,442, 450,451 , 484, 498, 550 Constabulary. See Philippine Army. Convoys: 36-37, 103-04, 110, 126, 127, 128, 129, 145- 48, 149-50, 503 Coolidge: 148

Cooper, Col. Wibb E.: 377, 378, 379, 380 Cordero, Col. Virgil N.: Ill, 142, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 Cordillera Mountains: 102, 127 Cornell, Col. Therodore M.: 502, 577, 58 1 Corps, I Philippine: 263,268, 274n , 276, 296, 347, 348, 383, 384, 436, 440, 443 . See also Jones, Maj. G e n. Albert M.; Wainwright, Lt. Gen.Jonathan M. and Battle of the Points: 300, 303, 305, 312, 3 18, 324 deployment and preparation for attack: 248- 51, 405- 08, 410,411 , 431 ,433,442, 445 , 447 , 451 -52 Japanese attack Mauban line: 278- 85 Japanese deployment and attack plans: 261 -64, 28 1,413-17,418-19 Jones assumes command: 361-62 Left Sec tor: 328, 329, 337,340,407 MacArthur's attack order: 452 -53

INDEX Corps, I Philippine-Continu ed organization: 247 and Pocket Fights: 325, 328, 329, 336-46 Right Sector: 328, 329, 337,340 second Japan ese attack: 424, 441 South Sector : 305, 3 16, 317 , 320,3 28, 407 withdrawal: 290- 95,454 Corps, II Philippin e: 296 , 3 12, 325,326,337,383 , 384, 452 . See also Parker, Maj. G en. George M. ,Jr. Bataan Defense Force redesignated: 247 counterattack failure: 434-3 7 deployment and preparation for attack: 249 , 25 1- 54 , 282 , 328- 29, 35 I , 405 - 07 , 4 10- 11 , 431 - 32, 434,442 , 45 1- 52 d isintegration a nd collapse: 444 - 47 , 452 , 454 fai lure ofJ a pa nese operation: 347-48, 350 Japan ese attack Abucay line: 265 , 266-77 , 279, 281 , 285- 90 J a pan ese deployment and attack p lans: 26 1- 64, 265- 66, 28 1, 300, 329- 30,3 48 - 49 , 4 13- 17, 43 3 J apanese penetration : 422 - 30, 437 - 4 1 new defense li ne: 326, 327 organization: 247 Parker in comma nd: 247 Sector A: 327,329,33 1,406,444,447 Sector B: 327, 329, 330, 406, 439 , 444, 447 Sector C: 327 , 329,330,332,347 , 406 , 423 , 433 , 435,437 , 438, 439 ,444, 445 Sector D: 327, 329, 332, 334 , 406,4 16,417 , 422, 424, 426, 428,429 , 431 , 433 , 435 , 437 , 438 , 439 , 443, 444 Sector E: 327 , 406, 407 Corregidor: 12 , 22 , 27 , 45 , 58, 63 , 9 I , 92, 247 , 254, 262,263 , 268 , 290 , 30 1, 304, 348 ,3 77,385 ,3 89, 40 1, 410 ,452, 453,455 ,462,58 4. See also Forts, Mi ll s; MacA rthur , Gen. Dou glas; Malinta Hill; Malinta Tunne l; Moore, Maj. G e n. George F. ; Wainwri g ht , Lt. Gen . J onathan M. a id to Bataan: 306- 07 , 369 , 372 , 373, 375, 41 1, 440 Bottomside: 472,480,490,494,547 command: 36 1- 66 defenses: 45, 11 9- 20,473- 76,478- 79, 527- 3 1 East Sector : 529, 530, 53 1, 557 evac uation to : 16 1, 162 , 164, 165 , 238, 457, 458 , 460- 6 1 J apanese air attacks: 479 - 84, 493 - 97 , 539 - 40, 546- 51 Japanese a rtill ery bombardme nt: 448, 484 - 89 , 536- 41, 546- 5 1 Japan ese assa ult plans: 58 , 4 15- 16, 493 , 52 1- 27 , 552-53 Japanese landin gs: 553- 60 MacArthur's evacuation: 353- 54, 355- 56, 357- 60 Middle Sector: 529, 530, 558 Middlesid e : 472 , 473,48 1,482 , 494 , 529,53 1, 540 problems of surrender th reaten garr iso n : 575 - 76 , 577 , 579, 580 rations: 257 , 369, 375- 76, 534-3 5, 543 - 44

611 Corregidor- Continu ed shipm e nt of supplies: 95,155 , 164 - 65 , 199 - 200, 255, 255-5 6, 259 , 378,390,3 91 - 92, 393 ,395- 96, 399- 400, 402 , 403 - 04 surrend er : 564-74 terrain and geography: 245,472- 73 Top~d e : 473 , 480, 48 1, 482 , 490 , 494, 528, 529, 53 1,538, 540,547 , 549 West Sector : 529 , 530, 558 Cothran , Maj. Wade : 464 Cotabato: 498, 499, 5 10, 5 11 , 5 12 Cotabato- Davao Sector: 508 , 5 10- 16 Cotar Ri ver: 337 , 338, 339 Croom, Cap t. C lifton A.: 3 10 Crow, Maj. Judson B.: 342 Cruisers Allied: 45 , 48, 9 1, 145 - 46 J apanese: 60 , 103, 10 7, I 10, I 12, 126-27, 3 18,503 Cu lis: 227 Cu lis Creek: 226 C ulo Ri ver : 223 , 224,226, 228,229

Dagupan: 130 Dalirig: 5 17 , 5 18 Dalirig Sec tor : 517 - 18 Dalton, Col. William F.: 5 18, 5 19 Damortis: 127 , 128, 132, 133 - 36, 174 Darwin: 38, 97 , 97 n, 11 3, 154 , 157 , 360, 392 , 400 Davao: 57, 60, 89 , 9 1, 98 , II 0, II 2, 113 , 11 4, 145 , 238 , 239, 24 1n , 498 , 500, 502 ,5 03 , 508 D efens e lin es, D - 1, D - 2, D - 3, D - 4, D - 5. See Task forces, North Lu zon Force. Defense plan. See War Plan ORANGE- 3. Del Carmen: 84, 85 , 87 , 96 Denver Hill : 558 , 566 D estroyers Allied: 46, 48,90, 9 1,9 1n , 95, 97 , 155 Japanese: 60, 100, 103,110, 11 2, 11 3, 126, 127 , 14 1, 3 18n, 349n, 5 16 Devereux , Maj. J ames P.S.: 77 Dewey: 47 , 90, 459 Digos: 498, 508 Digos subsector: 508, 5 12 Diller, Lt. Col. L eGrande A.: 359n Dinalupihan: 2 16, 220, 222 , 223, 224, 228, 279 , 348, 452 Dinalupihan- H ermosa line: 264 Disease. See Medical problem s. Diuata Mountains : 498, 499 Divisions (PA) 1st Regular: 27 , 119 , 14 1, 166, 19 1,247 , 280,28 1, 282 , 283 , 284, 284n , 285 , 329 , 337, 338, 339, 340, 341 , 342 , 343,405,406, 407 , 5 13n 2d R egu lar : 11 9, 298, 405,406, 411 11th: 69, 70, 102 , 104, 108, 13 1, 132, 169, 170, 171, 176, 177 , 178, 181 , 183,2 12,2 13,2 14 , 2 16,2 19, 220,22 1,222,223,224 ,225.227.247,252,29 1, 328, 329,345,373 - 74, 405,406, 447

612 Divisions (PA)-Continued 21st: 69, 70,104,131,169 , 171 , 178,181,186, 187 , 188,2 10,212 , 213 , 215,216 , 218, 219 , 220, 222, 223,224,225,227,247,254, 272n, 289 , 289n, 293,327,329,332,383,405,406,417 , 420,422, 423, 424,425 , 429,430,431,434,435,438 31 st: 28 , 29 , 69, 70 , 165, 166, 181 , 247 , 249, 250, 274,275,277,282, 285n, 287, 289, 327 , 329, 330, 331,405 , 406,439,445 41st: 69 , 70, 109, 141 , 165, 166, 247,251 , 252,266, 266n, 269, 270, 275 , 277 , 286, 293, 327, 329,405 , 406,420,422,423-24,425,426,429,431 51st: 69, 70,109, Ill, 112, 166, 190,201 , 214,247, 249, 251,252,266,270,272- 73,274, 274n, 275, 276,277,285,287,289, 289n, 290, 327, 330,405, 406 61st: 70,499,502,507 71st: 69 , 70,134,136,137,138,170, 181 ,205,206, 207,214,226,227,229,247,248,250, 250n, 279, 282,298,308,405,499 81u: 70,499,514,577 91st: 70, 136, 168, 169, 170,174,178,180,181 , 182 , 183, 184,2 05,206,2 14,247,250,279 ,282,283, 328,329,337,338,371,406,407,499 IOlst: 70, 499,510 102d: 516, 517 Divisions (PC) 2d: 199, 248 Divisions (US) Philippine: 21-22,27,32,34,50,62, 69n, 70, 118 , 133 , 138, 166, 226 , 247, 248, 274, 282, 291 , 293, 293n, 327, 328, 329, 330, 36 1, 389,406, 409,431, 432 , 433, 535 41st National Guard: 32 Doane, Col. Irvin E.; 327 , 406 Dobrinic, 1st Lt. Matt: 1 12 Don Esteban: 164 Don Isidro: 393 , 394 Don Jose: 121 Dona Nati: 393, 396

Dooley, Lt. Col. Thomas: 567 , 568 Doyle, Col. Thomas W. : 286,436,437 , 443 Drake, Brig. Gen. Charles c.: 164, 179, 180, 257, 368, 571 Duisterhof, Maj. Helmert].: 213, 340, 346 Dunckel, Maj. Gen. William C.: lIn Duque, Col. Calixto: 513 Durst, Lt. Col. Wallace E .: 174 Dutch Borneo : 91, 1 12 Dyess, Capt. William.: 310,311 East Sector. See Bataan Service Command Area; Corregidor. Edmands, Lt. Col. HowardJ.: 503,505 Edmonds, Walter D.: 42n Eisenhower, Brig. Gen. Dwight D.: 9,10, 13 , 152, 153, 356n EI Fraile. See Forts, Drum. Elcano: 396

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Emerson, Maj. Kary C.: 293n Emmons, Lt. Gen. Delos C.: 402 Engineer battalions 1st ( 1st Division, PAl: 280,281 14th (Philippine Division, PS ): 406, 411, 432, 44546,448,449,450,451 21st (2 1st Division , PAl: 274n, 289 31st (31st Division , PAl : 33 1, 335 41st (4 1st Division, PAl: 275,427 51st (5 1st Division, PA l: 111 ,439 71st (7 1st Division, PAl : 136, 169,226 91st (9 1st Division, PAl : 171 ,225 201st (PA) : 439, 442 , 443 202d (PA): 439 , 442 , 443 803d (US): 406, 432, 445 , 446, 448. 449 Engineer Regiment, 14th (PS): 22, 27, 166 Eubank, Lt. Col. Eugene L.: 42, 79,89,90 Far East Air Force: 39,42,62, 70, 71 , 80, 95,98, 100, 121 , 238, 318, 583. See also Air Forces units. action at Vigan landing: 106- 07 Japanese attack on airfields: 84- 88 new air organization: 39,42 post-mortem: 88- 90 proposal to attack Formosa: 80-84 removal to Australia: 97,156- 57 Field artillery, American 2.95-inch mountain gun (pack howitzer) : 69, 11 3, 226,250, 252,285,298,302,307,327,335,407, 499,513,515,517,518,519 75-mm.: 29, 30, 35 , 36, 48,141 , 146n, 226, 252 , 270, 285,298, 305 ,3 06,307 ,3 15,3 18,3 20,3 27,328, 339, 407,476,486,488, 490,531,540,555, 556 75-mm . pack howitzers: 36 75-mm. (S PM): 33 , 120, 131,1 33, 17 7, 178, 187 , 190, 195, 199, 201,205 , 207,222,223,226,227 , 247 , 248, 250,285,293,294,407,451,461 105-mm. howitzers: 35,407 155-mm. GPF: 190, 19 5n, 197 ,252,327,407,474, 475, 476,478,487 155-mm. guns: 33 , 48, 120, 129,133 , 141 , 250, 268, 285 ,3 18 , 449 , 487 , 490 , 531,536,537 , 540 , 541 , 549n, 556- 57 155-mm. howitzers: 48, 120, 252 , 320, 328 , 407 Field artillery, Japanese 75-mm.: 126,185, 194, 221,228, 263,418,523 , 536, 537,538 75-mm. mountain gun: 125, 263 105-mm. gun: 126,2 19 , 220,263,348,485,487 105-mm. howitzers: 523 150-mm. howitzers: 126, 183, 221,228, 263,486, 522, 523 , 537 240-mm. howitzers: 486, 523, 538, 541 ,547 Field artillery units, American Group, 2d Provisional: 190, 195 Regim ents (PA) 11th FA: 220,221,222 21st FA : 107 , 136, 161 , 170, 187,212, 213 , 214, 218, 220, 225,252- 53 , 257 ,3 27 , 449

INDEX Field artillery units, American-Continued Regiments (PA)-Continued 3 1st FA: 28, 29, 249, 278, 281, 282, 285, 285n, 33 1,332-33 41st FA: 327, 428, 430 51st FA: 196, 199,200 61st FA: 502, 516, 517, 518 71 st FA: 134 , 136, 205, 206, 207, 207 n, 226, 227,228,250 81stFA:513,516,517,518 91st FA: 250, 328 101st FA: 510, 512 301st FA: 120,252,327,449 Regiments (PS) 23d FA : 21,22,226,227,228,250 24th FA: 21, 22, 252, 270 26th FA: 21 86th FA: 22, 24, 50, 70,129,141,190,252,327 88th FA: 22, 24, 50, 226, 227, 228, 252, 305, 307,320,406 Field artillery units, Japanese Regiments 1st Field Heavy Artillery: 126, 18 3, 227, 263, 266n,414,414n,486 3d Independent Mountain Artillery: 414n 8th Field Heavy Artillery: 126, 188, 211, 216, 219, 263, 266n 22d Field Artillery: 109 , 126, 139, 140, 187 , 191 , 195,2 16,349,522,523 48th Mountain Artillery: 125, 129, 132, 134 , 135 , 182,18 3, 184, 185,211 ,2 14 ,228,235n Battalions 9th Independent Field Heavy Artillery: 126,2 16, 263, 264, 266n, 486 20th Independent Mountain Artillery: 414n 21 sl Field Heavy Artillery: 414n Fifth column: 11 7- 19 Florence D.: 465 Food. See Rations. Formosa: 4, 55, 58, 60, 100, 291 n, 583 as Japanese base of operations: 60, 80, 84, 92, 94, 95,96,98,100,118,123,126,138-39,140,261, 262 plans for American air attack: 69,80-84,89,94 Fitch, Maj . A. L.: 284 Fort, Brig. Gen. Guy 0.: 514, 577 Fort Santiago: 121,471 Fort Stotsenburg: 12 ,2 1,22, 27,34,45,63, 72, 73, 85, 179, 180, 255, 256, 257, 366 Fort William McKinley: 12, 21, 27, 30, 34, 63, 156, 180, 194, 199, 200, 201, 234, 255, 256 . Forts. See also Corregidor; Harbor Defenses of MantIa and Subic Bays; Moore, Maj. Gen. George F . Drum: 22 , 47 , 476 , 478,482,485,487,488,494, 522,526,529,531,540,550,557 Frank: 22,45,476,478,482,485,486487,488, 494,522,523,526,529,531,540,541,550 Hughes: 22,476, 478,480,490, 494, 529, 539, 541, 556

613 Forts-Continued Mills: 22, 24,27,50, 119,357,362,368,472,480, 529 Wint: 12, 22, 27,45, 120, 128, 279,478,486 Fortier, Col. Malcolm Y .: 286,425,426,427 Fowle r , Lt. Col. Halstead C.: 134 , 136, 207n, 208, 250, 284 Francisco, Maj. Gen. Guillermo B.: 298, 305, 327, 406. See also Divisions (PA), 2d Regular. Fremantle: 394, 395, 399 French Indochina: 4,14,15,17,52,56,77,128,255, 399,413 Funk, Col. ArnoldJ .: 273, 274n, 455, 456, 457, 460, 525n Galbraith, Col. Nicoll F.: 350, 351, 460, 574 Ganahl, Lt. Col. Josep h: 461 Gapan: 183,2 13 Geneva Convention: 466, 57 5n, 582 Gentry, Lt. William: 207 Geography. See Terrain and geography. George, Brig. Gen. Harold H.: 42, 85, 85n, 156, 359, 359n Germany: 14,67,119, 145,152 Gerona: 166, 178 Gerow, Brig. Gen. Leonard T.: 15n, 16, 17 ,32,37, 146, 147,148 Gillespie, Lt. Col. James 0.: 377 Glassford, R ear Adm. William A.: 91, 358 Glattly, Col. Harold W.: 377, 378, 380 Gogo Riv er: 337, 343, 348 Gonzaga: 104-06 Goodall, Lt. Comdr. H. W.: 3 11 , 312n GPF (Grande Puissance Filloux) 155-mm. gun: 190n. See also Field Artillery, American. Granberry, Lt. Col. Hal C.: 307 Grande Island. See Forts, Wint Graves, Lt. Col. R eed: 512, 513 Great Britain: 14,33,5 1,54,65 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: 471,582-83 Green, Maj. Gen. Joseph A.: 45 Grimes, Lt. Col. Arthur J .: 502, 505, 506 Grunert, Maj. Gen. George: 15 ,23,69 Guagua: 213,214,215,216,219,220,221,222,223 Guagua-Porac lin e: 216-23 Guam: 7,52,65,71,77,145,238,394 Guerrilla operations: 502-03, 506, 579, 581 Guimba: 166, 182 Guitol: 276, 289, 290, 291 Gulick, Capt. John McM .: 542, 544, 545, 546 Gumain River: 220, 222, 223, 224 Gunboats American: 48, 91, 95, 97, 155 Japanese: 60 Guns. See Field artillery, American, Japanese. Haba, Lt. Col. Hikaru: 58n, 572, 573, 576 Hadley, Lt. Alvin C.: 105 , 105n

614

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES

H ayo Maru: 129

Hospitals-Continued Chinese Genera l Hospital : 237 General Hospital No. 1: 258 , 380, 459, 460 General Hospital No.2 : 380, 38 1,444, 460 Malinta: 545 Philippine General H osp ita l: 237 H ouston: 46, 9 1 Howard, Col. Samuel L.: 9 1, 528 , 529 , 530, 53 1, 557 , 558, 560 Howitzers . See Field artill ery , American, Japanese. Huff, Capt. Arthur E.: 538 Huff, Lt. Col. Sidney L.: 10, 161n, 359n Hull , Cordell: 78 Humber, Lt. Col. Charles I. , Jr.: 58 1 Hunt, Frazier: 357 , 358n Hurley, Brig. Gen. PatrickJ.: 353 , 392 , 397 Hurt, Maj. Marshall H.Jr.: 458, 459, 46 1, 462 , 464, 467

Health. See Medical Problems. H ermosa: 2 16, 223, 226, 227, 229, 230, 265, 266, 267 Hill , Col. Milton A. : 548 Hilsman, Col. Roger B.: 11 3, 578,580 , 58 1,582 flilton, Col. Donald B.: 3 10 Hoeffel , Capt. Kenneth M.: 364,459 , 478 Hoffman , Col. RobertJ.: 425 - 26 Holbrook: 146n , 154 Holbrook , Maj. Gen . Lucius R .: 9 Holland: 47 Holmes, Maj. Stanley: 425 , 426- 27,444 H omma, Lt. Gen. Masaharu: 57, 177n , 4 13, 414, 415, 47 1, 493 , 502 , 582. See also J apanese ground units, 14th Ar"!)'. Bataan plans and operations: 26 1- 64, 280- 81,330, 332,334,337 , 405 , 411,413,417 , 4 18, 420 , 42 1, 426,429,431,433,448 and Bataan surre nder: 464, 465, 466, 467 commands 14th Army: 57 Co rregidor plans and operations: 479- 80, 484, 486, 488,493 , 52 1- 25 , 527,552 , 557 , 559- 60 demands American surrender: 268- 69,4 18 discontinues Bataan offens ive: 347 - 48, 349- 50, 4 12-13 Luzon plans and operations: 57 - 58, 59, 60- 6 1, 98100, 10 3, 109, 125,130, 139 , 144, 162, 177n, 181, 182, 188, 200, 203 , 2 10, 2 1 1, 2 16, 2 18, 230n and occupat ion of Manila: 235 , 238 and Philippine surre nd er : 56 1, 564, 565, 566- 67, 567 - 70,575,576n relieved of command : 582 role in Battle of th e Points: 312,3 17, 3 19 southern Philippines plans and operations: 498, 501-02 , 503 , 507 war crime charge: 165n Hong Kong: 4, 7, 54, 77, 12 1, 145 , 238 , 4 14 , 4 18 Honolu lu: 4, 36, 398 Horan, Col. John P .: 135,573,574 Hoshi, Col. Komataro : 263 Hospitals: 36, 50, 444, 454, 475 , 491 , 528 , 532 , 54445. See also Medical problems.

Iba: 43 , 44, 84, 85, 88, 86n Ikuta, Col. Torao: 414n Iloilo: 91, 404, 507 , 58 1 Imai, Col. Hifumi: 132,223,225 Ima i, Col. Takeo: 265 , 267 , 269 , 270 , 27 1, 273 , 275 , 276, 287 , 288 , 294. See also Japanese ground units, Regiments, 141st infantry. Ind, Capt. Allison: 80, 90 Indochina. See French Indochina. Infantry Point: 553, 554, 557 Infantry units. See also Divisions. Brigade, 1st Philippine Constabu lary : 199 , 199n, 20 1,206, 206n, 208 Regiments , Philippine Army Provisional Air Corps: 327,329,444 1st ( 1st Division PAl: 119, 141 , 142, 190, 191 , 193 , 194, 195 , 199,200,250, 278, 279 , 280, 281 , 284,329 , 337 , 338,345,5 13n 2d ( 1st Division PAl: 513 , 513n 3d ( 1st Division, PA l : 249, 250 , 278 , 279 , 281 , 284, 337,345 11 th ( 11th Division , PAl : 171 , 178, 183, 184, 185 - 86, 213 , 2 14 , 220, 221, 222 , 337 , 339 , 340, 341 , 343,344,345,346 12th ( 11th Division, PAl : 10 2, 105, 106, 131 , 134,2 13, 2 14, 220, 222 , 3 15,316 , 319 13th ( 11th Division , PAl: 170, 171 , 187 , 2 13, 2 14,220,22 1,337 14th ( 11th Division, PAl: 574 2 1st (2 1st Division , PAl: 170, 171 , 176 , 186, 187 , 188 , 2 12, 2 18, 2 19, 220n, 27 1- 72 , 273 , 274 , 274n , 276 , 276n , 277 , 289,423 , 424, 425 , 427 , 430 22d ( 21st Division , PAl: 170, 186 , 187 , 2 12, 218, 2 19, 220, 273 , 334, 423 , 426, 428 23d (21st Division , PAl : 186,187,214,218- 19, 220, 225, 272,275,423 , 426, 427 , 428 31st (31st Division , PAl : 28, 29, 225, 226, 227, 277,291 , 329,331,332, 446 , 449 , 450

Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays: 22, 24, 50,58 , 62,63,70,71,279,376 , 474 , 476 , 478, 478n , 544, 570. See also Corregidor ; Forts; Moore, Maj. Gen . George F. Haruna: 105, 129 Harwood, Lt. Col. Otto: 254 Hart, Admiral Thomas C.: 72, 73 , 79 , 9 1, 92 , 363, 528 . See also Asiatic Fleet (US). Asiatic Fleet comma nd er: 46 - 47 on Philippine reinforcements: 96, 14 7, 15 1, 154, 390-9 1, 390n , 398- 99 on withdrawing fl eet from Philippines: 95, 95n, 96-97 , 149, 150, 155-56, 155n H auck , Capt. Herman H.: 560 Hawaii: 14, 36, 37 , 38, 39 , 42 , 48 , 71 , 7 1n , 77 , 78, 146, 149,240,24 1, 360,397 , 399,402 H ayakawa , Col. Masayoshi: 486

INDEX Infantry units -Co ntinued Regim e nts, Philippine Army -Continued 32d (3 1st Division, PAl : 28, 275, 329, 331, 332, 333,439,444,445 33d (3 1st Division, PAl: 28, 291, 329, 331. 406,425,426,427,432,436,437,443. 41st (41st Division, PAl: 272, 275, 331, 333, 335,423,425,426,427,429,433,435,436, 437 , 440,443 42d (4'lst Division , PAl : 166, 190 , 199 ,2 75, 423,424,425,426,427,436,437 51st (5 1st Division, PAl: 199,200 ,201 ,205 , 207,208,209,251,272,275,276, 289,290 52d (5 1st Division, PAl: 109, Ill, 112 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 191 , 195 , 196,197,198, 199,25 1 53d (5 1st Division , PAl: 143 , 191 , 195 , 196, 197 , 198,251 -52, 275,276 61st (6 1st Division, PAl: 502, 513, 514, 515 62d (61st Division, PAl: 502 ,5 17,518, 519 63d (61st Division , PAr : 503 64th Provisional (61st Division , PAl: 502 65th Provisional (61st Division, PAl: 502 71st (7 1st Division , PAl: 131 , 132 , 134,205, 207,224,226,227,383,406 72d (7 1st Division , PAl: 134 , 136,205 , 226, 227,406 73d (7 1st Division, PAl: 499 , 514, 515 82d (81st Division, PAl: 502, 505, 506 83d (81 st Division, PA): 502 84th Provisional (81st Division, PA l : 514 91st (9 1st Division , PAl: 283 92d (9 1st Division , PA l : 119 , 184 , 282,283, 324, 342, 343, 344, 345 93d (91st Division, PA) : 499, 517, 518 10ist ( lOlst Division, PAl: 113, 5 10 102d ( lOlst Division , PAl: 511,512 103d ( lOlst Division. PAl: 516, 517 104th ( lOlst Division, PAl: 510, 511 Regiments , Philippine Constabulary 1st (2 d Division, Pal: 119 , 199n , 298, 299, 30304 ,308,3 13 ,3 15,3 16,406, 447 , 451,452 2d (2 d Division, PAl: 119, 199 , 199n , 200, 283, 298,315,328,329,345,424 4th (2d Division , PA): 1 19 , 298, 447 Regiments , Philippine Scouts 43d ( 102d Division, PAl: 21n, 24, 50, 271, 272, 273,275,276,286,423,424,425,426,427, 436, 437,508,518 45th (Philippine Division): 21, 21n , 22, 28, 69, 70,2 49,277 , 286,287 , 288 ,291 ,3 05,308, 310,315,316,317,319,321,322,323,324, 328, 329, 337, 338, 339 , 341, 342, 344, 345, 383,406,431,432,433,435,436,437 , 442 , 443 , 457 , 460 57th (Philippine Division): 21,22,247 , 251, 252, 266, 266n, 267, 269, 270, 271. 272, 274n, 275, 277, 291, 293, 305, 307, 315, 316, 317,319,321,322,323,324,327,329,406, 411 , 431,432,433,437,438 , 439 , 440 , 442 ,

615 Infantry units - Continued Regiments , Philippine Scouts- Continued 57th (Philippine Division) -Continued 443 , 445,446, 448,449,450,451 Regiments, United States 4th Marine: 29 , 46, 47,91, 306, 476, 528, 530, 545 ,55 7, 558 31st (Philippine Division): 21, 22, 34, 226, 227, 228 ,229 , 277 , 285 , 286,287,288,293 ,3 27 , 328,329 ,33 1,384, 406, 411 , 431 , 432 , 433, 434 , 435 , 437,438 , 439 , 444,445 , 446, 448, 449 , 450 , 451 , 461 Initial Protective Force: 62 Inland seas: 33,65,70, 120,349,395 Irie, Col. Gen: 266, 266n Irwin, Col. Constant L.: 161, 162 , 162n , 328 Irwin, Col. John W.: 448 , 449, 457 , 460 , 543 , 548 Ivey, Capt. Richard G.: 488 James Ravine: 473 , 547, 548, 549, 552, 553, 560 Japanese air units Brigade,22d Air: 414, 416 , 421 , 427, 433, 448 , 522, 524,526,536,553 Fleet , 11th Air: 57, 59, 60, 60n, 84 , 479 Groups 5th Air: 55, 56, 57, 59, 60,103,108, 108n, 123, 134 , 182 ,2 08 ,2 11 ,2 18 , 234 , 261,479 , 484 , 49 3 7th Hea vy Bombardment : 146n Regiments 8th Air: 143 8th Light Bombardment: 174 , 480 14th Hea vy Bombardment: 480 16th Light Bombardment: 106, 174 , 446 24th Air: 59 24th Fighter: 100, 103 , 107, 128, 129 50th Fighter: 100 , 103, 106, 128 , 129 60th Hea vy Bombardment: 493 , 494 62d Hea vy Bombardment: 493. 494 Japanese amphibious forces Atimonan Force: 139 Baton Island Attack Force: 100 , 103 , 126 Lamon Bay Attack Group: 60 Lamon Bay Force: 138, 139 , 144 Legaspi A ttack Force: 1 10 Lingayen Force: 125 , 126, 127 , 128 , 132, 138 , 139 , 141,144 South Philippines Support Force: 60 Surprise Attack Force , First: 60 SurpTlse Attack Force, Se~ond: 60 Surprise Attack Force, Third: 60 SurprlsiAttack Force , Fourth: 60 Vigan Attack Force: 106, 107, 126 Japanese Arnry Air Force: 54 n , 56n, 125n Japanese Combined Fleet : 46, 54 , 56, 64. See also Japanese naval forces. Japan ese ground units Southern Am!)!: 55 , 56, 57, 59, 61, 124 , 261, 262, 2fi2n, 414

616 Japanese ground units -Co ntinued 14th Amry dispositions and place in organization: 55, 56-57 drives on Manila: 181 , 182 , 186, 208,210,214, 216,230n landings of: 103, 104n , 108, 112, 122, 123, 125 , 125n, 127 , 131, 132, 133 , 144, 162 occupation of Manila: 232,235 plans to seize th e Philippines: 58, 60, 501 in siege of Bataan: 261, 262, 263, 265, 279 , 281,296, 312 , 332 , 336, 343n, 347, 348,349, 350, 350n, 412, 413 , 414, 414n, 415, 416, 420,433,448,464,465 in siege of Corregidor: 485, 493 , 521 - 27 , 525n, 537,553,556,559,567,568 in southern Philippines: 501 staff: 58n strength on Luzon: 216 strength in landing: 125 - 26, 125n 15th Arnry: 55,56, 238 16th Arnry: 55,56, 112, 261 23d Arnry: 55 , 238 25th Arnry: 55, 56, 77, 145 , 238 Divisions 4th: 55,413, 413n , 416, 417, 420, 424 , 426, 427,428,429,430,433,437,438,439,444, 447,448,448n, 450,451, 521, 522, 523,524, 525,526,527,546, 551, 552, 553, 554 , 559 5th: 501 16th: 55 , 56, 59 , 61 , 109 , 112 , 123 , 138, 139, 140, 144, 190, 191 , 235 , 261,262,263,264, 281,312, 312n, 334 , 336, 337 , 340, 347,348, 349,350,412,413,416, 417,420,429, 448, 522, 523, 526, 527, 552 48th: 55, 56, 58, 59 , 61,103,123,125,126, 170, 178, 181 , 182 , 183 , 184, 186, 187 , 188, 208, 235, 235n, 236, 261 , 262, 263 , 264 Brigades 9th: 501 35th: 501 65th: 56,59, 224, 261 , 262 , 263 , 264, 281 , 295 , 329, 330, 331, 336, 347 , 348, 349, 350, 412, 413,415,416,417,420,424, 426, 427,429, 433 , 435 , 436, 437 , 438 , 444, 448, 522 Regiments 1st Formosa Infantry: 125 , 127 , 129 , 132, 134, 135, 170, 174 , 176, 178 , 182 , 223 , 228,236 2d Formosa Infantry: 103 , 108 , 125, 13 1, 138, 170, 174,182,184,211,214, 216,235n 4th Tank: 126, 126n, 127 , 13 2, 134, 136, 138 , 170, 174, 177 , 182,235 7th Tank: 126, 127 , 182 , 206 , 221 , 228 , 235 , 262 , 263 , 265,416, 424, 426,427 , 438 , 450, 522 , 552 8th Infantry: 416, 424, 428, 445 , 446, 450 9th Infantry: 126, 127, 182 , 187 , 188, 211,213, 216,218,219 , 263 , 266, 267 , 270,2 71 , 272, 273,275,276,277,287 , 289, 3 12n , 329, 332,

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Japanese ground units- Continued Regiments-Continued 9th Infantry-Continu ed 334 , 335, 340, 345, 347, 350 lath Independent: 136-37 16th Engineer: 140. 195 16th Reconnaissance : 140 , 142 , 14 3, 144 , 190, 194, 195 , 196 , 197 , 199 , 236, 348 20th Infantry: 139, 140, 142, 190, 191, 195, 196, 236,281,283,284,300, 303 ,3 08 , 312 - 13, 312n, 314, 317 , 324, 324n , 336, 337, 338, 345, 346, 347 , 348 , 349 21st Engineer: 322 21 st Independent Engineer: 524, 526 23d Independent Engineer: 526 33d Infantry: 109 , 281 , 312n, 340, 343, 347, 348, 349 , 350 37th Infantry: 429, 438, 439, 552 41st Infantry: 501 47th Infantry: 125, 127, 129, 132 , 134, 135 , 136 , 182 , 183 , 216,236 48th Reconnaissance: 132 , 134, 135 , 174, 182 61st Infantry: 416, 424 , 429, 443 , 444, 552, 555 , 556,557,558,571 62d Infantry: 413 122d Infantry: 262 , 266, 279, 280, 281 , 283 , 284, 295n, 300, 336, 340, 347 , 350 124th Infantry: 501 141st Infantry: 262, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 272,273 , 275 , 276,277,287,294,33 0, 332 , 334,350 142d Infantry: 262, 266, 271,275,330,332,334, 350 146th Infantry: 112 Battalions 2d Independent Mortar: 414n 3d Mortar: 414n 14th Independent Mortar: 414n D etachments Hayakawa: 486. 489 Ikuta: 414n Imai: 228 Kamijima: 127 , 128, 12 9, 13 1, 18 2, 184 , 186, 187 Kanno: 104 , 106, 107 , 108, 125, 184 , 185, 186, 188 , 211,212,213 , 215 Kawaguchi: 501 , 503 , 503n , 510, 5 11 , 5 12 , 513, 515 Kawamura: 502, 503 , 507 , 510, 516, 518 Kimura: 109 , 110, 111 , 112, 141 , 142,281,329 Kondo: 485, 486, 487 Miura: 112, 113,502,503,508,512,515 Nagano: 417,420,429 , 433 , 444,447 , 448,450, 451,521 , 522 Sakaguchi: 112, 11 3, 507 South Seas: 77 , 238 Takahashi: 216, 219, 220, 224, 264 Tanaka: 103 , 104, 105 , 106,125,214,2 15,221 , 222, 223

INDEX Japanese ground units - Continued Forces Left Wing: 4 16, 424, 426, 428, 429 , 430 , 434,

435,438 Right Wing: 416, 424 , 425, 426, 427, 428 , 429,

430,43 4 3d Tractor Unit : 414n, 486 10th Independent Garrison: 414. 508. 510 16th Infant,)1 Group: 109, 28 1 2 I st Infant,), Group: +13 Japanese Imperial General H eadquarters: 51, 54. 55, 56,

98, 123, 12 5, 18 1,232, 232n, 238 , 26 1. 262n, 347, 4 12,4 13,4 14. 4 14n, 493 , 50 1, 524. 576n, 58:!. 583 Japanese naval forces Close Cover Force: 60 Kure I st Special Naval Land Force: 109 Kure 2d Special Naval Land Force: I 12 , I 13 Pearl Harbor Striking Force: 78 Japanese naval units 1st Sea OpPration Unit : 526,.552. 554 2d Fleet: 60, 126, 26 1 2d Sea Operali'on Unit: 526 3 d Fleet: 60, 60n. 126 3d Gunboat Division : 100 3d Sea Operation Unit: 526 4th Carrier Division : 59, 60 17th A1inela,ver Division: I 10 32d Naval Base Force: 508n Japanese-Sovi e t neutrality pact: 5 1 Jolo Force: I 13 Jolo I sland: 98. 11 2, 113. 14 5.24 1n. 507 Jones , Maj. G e n. A lbert M.: 338,406,407. See also Corps, I Philippine: Divisions (PA ). 5 1st. Bataan defense: 25 1. 266, 272. 273. 27+, 274n. 275. 276 commands Left Sector. I Corps: 328, 329. 337 commands South Luzon Force: 165-66, 190 commands I Corps: 36 1, 362. 405 commands 51s t Division: 109.214 illn ess, relieved of command: 344 Pocket Fights plans and operat ions: 340, 342 , 343 South Luzon defense a nd withdrawal: 109 , III, 112 , 141,1 42,19 1, 193, 194. 195, 195n , 196. 197. 198, 199, 199-2 0 I , 206, 207, 208, 209 success of South Luzon Force withdrawal: 201-02, 230 surrender: 459 views on co unterattac k orders: 274-75.4+7.453 Kabacan: 512 Kalakuka, Lt. Col. Theodore: 57 1. 574. 574n Kamijima , Col. : 127n. 13 1. 132. IR+. 186. 187 . .5'eealso Japanese ground units. D eta chments . Kanno , Lt. Col.: 103n. 108. 185, 186. 187. See also Japanese ground units. Detachmen ts. Kawaguchi. Maj. Gen. Ki yotake: 50 1. 503,5 10.511. 512 , 5 13, 5 14 , 5 15. See also Japanese g round units. Detachment".

617 Kawamura , Maj. Gen. Saburo: 501, 507, 510, 519. See also Japan ese ground units, Detachments. Kelly , Capt. Coli n P. , Jr.: 105 K ell y, Lt. R. G.: 359n K enney, Gen. George c.: 19 Kimm el, Admira l Husband E.: 46 , 78n Kimura , Maj. Mit suo: 3 17. 318, 319, 322. 322-23 Kimura , Maj. Gen. Naoki: 109 , 110, 14 2,281,283, 300, 308 , 3 12, 3 12n, 3 13, 324, 329 , 330, 336, 337. See alsoJapanese ground units , Detachments. Kindley Field. See Airfields. King , Maj. Gen. Edward P .. Jr. See also T as k forces, Luzon Force, North Lu zo n Force. Bataan defense: 306, 365, 365 n , 366, 375 , 376, 378, 404, 405 , 406,4 11 , 431 , 432 , 440 , 443 , 445,447, 45 1, 452,453 and Bataan surrende r: 454 , 455, 455n, 456 , 457, 457n , 458, 458n , 459 , 461 , 462, 462n , 463, 464, 464n , 465 , 466, 467 commands Luzon Force: 365-66 commands North Lu zon Force: 69 compari so n with Wainwright 's su rrender problem: 56 1, 562 , 564,569 USAFFE artillery officer: 120 , 306 King , Admiral Ernest J .: 15 In , 390n, 399 Kirun: 6 1, 123, 126, 140 Kitajima, Lt. Gen. Kishio: 4 14, 416 , 522, 523, 553 Kitamura , Lt. Col. Kuro: 174 Kitano , Lt. Gen. K e nzo: 413 , 413n, 416 , 417, 438, 526, 552 Kondo, Vice Adm. Nobutake: 60, 126 , 261 Kondo , Maj. Toshinori: 485,486, 488. See also Japanese ground unit s, D etachments . Koura , Col. Jiro: 438 Kubo , Rear Adm. K yuji: 14 1 La P az : 178, 183, 185, 186 Laguna de Bay: 109, 139 , 140, 191 , 195, 197 Lake Lanao: 5 10, 514, 5 15 La mao Ri ver: 408, 451 , 452, 459 , 464 Lamao River Valley: 553 Lamon Ba y: 57,112 , 11 9, 123, 138-44,16 1, 19 1, 195 , 20 1.2 16 Lanao Sector: 508 Landing cra ft: 126, 127,488,523,524,549,557 Langle)'." 91

Laoag: 60. 107 , 108, 128 Lapiay Point: 30 1, 302, 303, 306. See also Battle of the Points. Lathrop. Lt. Col. Lesli e T.: 342 Lavanta n River: 266n L awrence, Lt. Col. Charles S.: 17 9, 180.256 Lawrence, Maj. William: 567, 568 Lavac: 223. 224.225.226.227.228.352 LayacJunction 222,223.22+.225,225-3 1. 250, 254, 3:i:!

Layac line: 227 , 230 Lee, Lt. H enry G.: 291 n. 389 Left Sector. See Corps. I Philippine.

618 Legaspi: 57, 60, 98, 109, 11 0 , Ill , 11 2, 122 , 123 , 141 , 574 Legaspi: 396 Lepus: 396

Lewis, Lt. Col. Eugene T.: 275 Leyte: 5, 11 , 238, 499, 50 1, 502, 507 , 58 1 Leyte-Samar Force: 577 Lilly, Col. EdmundJ . Jr.: 3 17,3 19,320,323 , 439 , 442. See also Infantry units, Regiments (PS), 57th. Lim , Brig. Gen. Vincente : 109, 251,422,423. See also Divisions (PA), 41st. Limay: 254 , 257 , 258 , 290, 327, 329, 330, 331 , 332, 336, 380, 406,417,446n,449n , 551 , 552 Limay lin e: 4 15, 417 , 429,433 Limay River: 433, 437 Lingayen: 59 , 107, 10 7n, 125 , 130, 131 , 132 , 133 , 138, 139 , 162n, 2 18, 373, 50 1- 02, 523 , 552n Lingayen Gulf: 7,57,69,84 , 9 1, 100,102 , 102n, 104, 10 7, 108, 12 3, 125,126, 127, 128 , 129, 130, 131, 132 , 144, 154, 161 , 162 , 166, 178,2 16, 223 , 227 , 262,399,4 14 , 4 14n , 50 1, 503, 523, 568 Lipa: 199 Little Baguio: 38 1, 444 ~ittle Pocket. See Pocket Fights. Logistics. See Rations; Shipping; Suppli es. Longoskawayan Point: 300 - 08 , 314, 3 17, 319 , 323 , 324 , 328 , 345. See also Batt le of th e Points. Los Banos: 180, 195, 195n , 197 , 199 Lough, Brig. Gen. Maxon S.: 69n, 286 , 29 1, 292, 327 , 406 , 422,425,428,432 , 433,435,436, 437 , 438, 439 , 440, 442, 443. See also Divisions ( US), Philippine. Lubao: 208, 222 , 223 , 259 Lucban: 139, 19 1, 193, 196 Lucena: 195 , 196 Luisiana: 194 Lusacen: 197 , 198 Luzon: 3 , 2 1, 2 1n , 27 , 37 , 216, 360. S ee also Task forces , Luzon Force, Nort h Luzon Force, South Luzon Force; Terrain and geogaphy. American defense plans and deployment: 10, II , 2 1,33 , 43 , 47 , 62,63 , 65 , 92 , 97 Japanese air attacks: 84 , 85, 89 , 90 , 95 , 96 Japanese estimates of strength: 57 - 58 Japanese invasion plans and deploym e nt: 57 , 59 , 60, 72 , 98, 10 3, 12 3- 28, 139-4 1 Japanese landings: 100 , 103 , 104- 06, 106- 08, 10912, 128- 38, 141 - 44 resistance after surre nd er instruct ions : 562 , 574 and southern islands defense: 499, 500, 50 I strength of forces: 22, 23, 24,48 , 49 , 70, 71 , 90- 9 1 withdrawal plans: 161 - 66, 166- 69 Luzon Strait: 100 MacArthur, Gen. Douglas assumes USAFFE command: 16- 18 and attacks on Far East Air Force: 87-88, 96 biographical sketc h : 17- 19 declaration of Manila as Open C ity: 232

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES MacArthur, Gen. Douglas- Continued defense of Bataan: 247,254,256, 261 , 268, 269n, 285, 290, 290n, 291 , 295, 296, 304, 348, 350, 352, 37 1, 377,387 , 441 , 452 , 453,455 defense of Corregidor: 36 1, 362, 491,521 , 528,535 evacuat ion of: 353- 60, 359n, 388- 89 and Far East Air Force organ ization : 39- 43 and Formosa attack plan: 81 - 84, 82n , 89 , 92 interns al iens: I 19 andJapanese land in gs: 100, 104, 12 1, 122, 133, 161 Luzon defense: 135- 36,138, 14 1 as Military Advisor to Philippines: 9, 11 , 15 , 16 organization of command after departure: 360- 65 organizes USAFFE staff: 19, 23 and Philippine Army development and mobilization: 12 , 16- 17, 23 - 26, 119 and Philippine d e fe nse plans: 61 , 64- 71 pleads for reversal of strategy: 151 - 52 recalled to active duty: 15,15- 16 reinforcements and suppli es : 3 1, 32 - 37 , 37 - 45 , 48 - 49, 120, 12 1, 153, 154, 154- 55,155,156, 157 , 239, 240, 24 1, 242,387,390, 390n, 391 , 392,397 , 398, 399 , 400 , 40 1, 402,403 , 404 surre nder in the Philippines: 561, 562 , 563 , 564, 569, 570, 57 1,572,573 , 575,576 , 577 , 578, 579 , 580 surrend er on Bataan: 455 , 455n, 456, 462- 63 Symbol of resistance : 145 und er ABDA command : 242 warned of Japanese attack: 71-73 , 79- 80 withdrawal to Bataan: 161, 162-63, 162n, 164, 168, 174, 179, 18 1, 199 , 200, 202, 203 , 205, 226, 227 , 228, 230 MacDonald, Col. Stuart C.: 194, 200,201,342, 344 McBride, Brig. G en . Allan C.: 247 , 248, 256n, 296, 298 , 304, 305. See also Bataan Service Command Area. McConn e ll , Col. Alva E. : 254 McKee, Maj. Montgomery: 194, 199 McLaughlin, Maj. Charles A.: 214 McLennan, Col. Carter H.: 58 1 McMicking, Capt. Joseph: 359n McNarney, Maj. Gen. Joseph T.: 562 , 563 Mabatang: 247 , 25 1, 266 , 266n, 277 Mabatang- Mauban line. See Abucay - Mauban line. Macajalar Bay: 5 10, 5 16 Machine guns: 29 , 35 , 36 , 45, 131 , 194, 223,303, 307 , 309,320, 322 , 323 , 332 , 334,335 , 339, 34 1, 409, 475 , 480, 499 , 5 16, 559 Maeda Lt. G e n. Masami: 58, 108, 232n, 235n , 347 , 413 Magalang- Conce pcion road: 212 , 213 Maher. Col. Willi a m F. : 166 , 342 Main battle positions: 24 7.248 , 250, 25 1,25 4,285 Main lines of resistance : 197 , 198, 518 on Bataan: 249 , 25 1, 252, 266n, 269 , 270, 272 , 273 , 275 , 278,280, 28 1, 282 , 284,289 , 290, 300, 325 , 330, 332 , 334, 337 , 338 , 339 , 340, 341, 343 ,

INDEX Main lines of resistance-Continued on Bataan- Continued 346, 411 , 424, 427 , 428 , 429 , 431,432, 438 , 444, 448 Mako: 60 , 61 , 103 , 12 3, 126 Malay Barrier: 96, 147 , 157 , 240 , 242 , 583 Malay Pe ninsula: 54, 145, 238, 240 Malaya: 4, 52 , 54, 56, 59, 72 , 242 , 300, 356, 414, 414n, 493, 501 , 503 Malinta Hill : 472 , 474, 475 , 490, 539, 540, 547 , 553 , 557, 558, 559, 571. See also Corregidor. Malinta Hospital: 545 Malinta Tunn el: 475 , 481 , 490 , 491 , 492 , 493 , 495 , 525 , 529 , 531 , 532,534, 538,539,546,547,551, 557 , 558 , 565 , 565n, 566, 572. See also Corregidor. Mallonee, Col. Richard C.: 26n, 107 , 136 , 162, 162n, 188, 216, 218, 220, 224,257 , 269n, 370, 387 , 388 Mamala River: 296, 417, 438, 445 , 446, 446n, 447, 448 Manchuria: 56 , 60 Mangima Canyon: 517 , 5 18,5 19 Manila: 120, 121, 363n, 385 , 41 3, 569 , 573 , 576, 577 as communication center: 5, 7, 255 evacuation of: 161 , 165 , 199 , 200, 200n, 20 I , 255 , 256, 258 and impact of war: 11 5- 22 Japanese drive on : 102, 128 , 130 , 132 , 133 , 138 , 139 , 140, 141 , 157 , 166, 181 , 182 , 188, 19 1, 195 , 199, 203, 206, 210, 223 as mi li tary and nava l installation: 18, 19 , 22,23 , 33 , 34, 42 , 43 , 44 , 45n , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60n, 61 , 63 , 69,70,71 , 85 , 92, 94, 95 , 97 , 104, 104n, 128, 149, 163, 471 occupation by Japan ese : 232-38,261, 385,412- 13 , 484 open city : 161 , 162, 163 , 164, 190 Manila Bay: 163 , 263 , 348, 349 , 446n, 449n, 525n. See also Harbor Defe nses of Manila and Subic Bays. blockade-running: 348 , 395, 396, 397,401,402 defenses deny Japanese use of: 22 , 32 , 45 , 47,62,65, 71,166, 238, 352,471 - 79,583 descri ption of: 6, 7 Japanese air strikes : 234- 35 Japanese invasion plans: 57 , 58 naval base: 46, 90- 91, 155- 56 tides upset Japanese landings on Corregidor: 55354 Manila Railroad: 109 , 110, Il l , 142, 176, 177 , 178 Manzano, Lt. Col. Narcisco L. : 209 , 2 10 Maps, need and us e: 270, 27 1, 277, 280, 289 , 289n, 300, 313, 330, 338, 339 , 525 Marblehead: 91 Marett, 1st Lt. Samuel H. : 106n Marines, 4th Regiment. See I nfantry units , R egiments, United States. Mariveles: 7,47 , 91 , 95, 155 , 263 , 300,301,302,306, 311 , 3 17,3 18,329 , 414,4 15,429 , 453 , 454,457, 459,460, 473,494,523 , 537 Mariveles Bay: 296, 406

619 Mariveles Mountains: 245 , 247 , 259, 296, 300, 318, 330, 379, 381 , 406, 407 , 408,4 16,417,447 , 448, 484, 489 , 520 Marquat, Brig. Gen. William F.: 10, 359n Marshall Islands : 4, 52 , 79 , 394 Marshall , Gen. George C.: 15, 16, 17, 39,43, 65n, 72 , 88 , 145, 162 , 163, 164, 295 , 354, 360,44 1, 455 , 455n , 52 1, 549, 562, 575 names Wainwright as USAFFE commander: 362 , 363 , 363n , 364, 365n RAINBOW revisions: 65 , 67 role in Ph ilippine reinforcements : 14, 3 L 32 , 33, 34,35 , 36 , 37,38 , 39,43 - 44 , 48 , 147-48, 150, 151, 153 , 155 , 239- 40, 24 1, 242, 390, 390n, 39 1, 39 1-92,393, 394, 397, 398, 398 - 99,400, 401 , 402, 402-03 views on MacArthur's evacuation: 353-54, 355 , 356, 357 , 358 , 359 Marsha ll, Brig. Gen. Richard J.: 10, 19, 164, 165, 190n , 200, 234, 247 , 274, 274n , 290, 304, 304- 05, 359n,378 Mataling line: 5 13, 514 Mauban: 119, 139,141,142, 142n, 164, 191 , 195,247 , 249, 296. See also Abucay- Mauban line. Mauban li ne. See Abucay - Mauban li ne. Mauban Ridge: 249, 278 , 284 Maya: 103 , 105 Mayan: 164 Medal of Honor: 270, 34 1 Med ica l Corps: 120 Medical Department : 50 Medica l depot: 120 Medical problems : 376- 84, 400, 40 1- 02 , 403 , 404, 410,412,433- 34, 444, 454 - 55,524,525, 53 1- 32, 544- 46 Medical Regiment, 12th: 22 Meier, Capt. Philip A.: 272 Meigs: 146n Melbourne: 146,364,397,575 Merle-Smith, Col. Van S.: 146, 154 Merrill, Col. Gyles: 179 Midd le Sector: 529, 530, 531, 558 . See also Corregidor. Midd leside : 472-73 , 48 1,482,494, 529,531, 540. See also Corregidor. Midway: 38, 77-78, 584 Mikami , Maj. Gen. Kizo: 414, 4 16, 422, 553 Military Advisor. See MacArthur, Gen. Douglas. Mi ll er, Col. Ernest B.: 176, 176n, 177 , 222,223,229, 293 M indanao: 358, 359 , 520 conquest of: 507 - 19 landings on: 98, 11 2, 123 , 145 , 238 plans to occupy: 57 , 59,98, 122, 4 14n, 47 1,503 plans to use as base of operations: 239, 354, 356- 57, 360,500- 0 1, 502 as supp ly co ll ection base: 378 , 395 , 396, 398 , 399, 400, 40 1,402,403 surrender of: 570, 572 , 573, 574, 577 , 578 terrain : 6, 498- 99

620 Mindanao-Continued use as military base: 10, 11 , 43 ,7 0,88,92, 92n, 97, 97n, 119, 156,239,360 Mindanao Force. See Task forces. Mindanao River: 5 1 1 Mindanao Sea: 359, 499 Mindoro: 10,349, 4 14n Minelayers: 110, 126 Mines: 95, 283, 320, 411, 436, 537, 550 Mineswee pers: 46, 9 1, 95, 126, 14 1, 150, 155, 307 Mitchell, Col. Eugene H.: 5 13, 5 14 Miura, Lt. Col. Toshio: 112,507,508,510,511 ,5 12 Mizuho: 142 Moncada: 177 Monkey Point: 555, 557 Moore, Maj . Gen . George F.: 22, 44-45, 71, 279, 279n, 360, 361, 375, 478 , 479, 486, 486n, 488, 494,535,540,546,547, 547n, 550, 551, 557,561, 567,57 1 Moore, Col. Jose ph H.: 87n, 11 7 Morale: 245,247,293-94,32 1-22,350-51 ,354,38489, 419, 424-25, 436, 444, 445, 449, 454-55, 527-28,53 1,547, 549, 55~ 558 Moran, Col. J ohn: 225 Morehouse, Maj. C. H.: 359 n Morioka, Lt. Gen. Sasumu: 138-39, 139, 140, 142, 190, 19 1, 196-97,20 1- 02, 202 n , 218, 235, 236, 236n, 3 12- 13, 3 12n, 3 17, 322, 337, 340, 340-4 1, 341,342,343,347-48,348,349-50,4 17,522 Morita, Col. Haruji: 4 16, 426, 428, 445, 446 Mormacsum: 393, 395 Moron: 245, 248, 249, 250, 263, 266, 279, 28 1, 300 Morrison Hill: 494, 527, 538 Morrison Point : 527 Morse, Col. William P.: 5 16, 517, 5 18 Mortars: 22 1, 223, 288, 294, 335, 339,436,444,475 ammunition: 321,335,339,496,540 3-inch Stokes: 288, 321,335 3-inch trench: 29 12-inch: 306, 307,474,476,478,487,489,494,496, 540, 541, 549n, 550,556 60-mm.: 32 1 8 1-mm.: 35, 306, 307, 32 1, 436, 439 Motor torpedo boats: 9, 11 , 12, 13,47,48,60,91,97, 100, 126, 155,300-0 1,3 18, 322 n, 359, 359n, 361 Mount Arayat: 166,203,213,215 Mount Banahao: 191 Mount Bataan: 245 Mount Limay: 446n, 448 Mount Natib: 245, 247, 248, 251, 252, 266, 266n, 274, 276,325,379 Mount Natib trail: 266, 266n MountPucot: 301,302, 303, 306, 307, 308 MountSamat : 326, 327, 330, 332, 333, 406, 407,414, 415,416,4 17,418,432,434,438,440,441,443 capture of: 421 -3 1 Mount Santa Rosa: 248, 265 Mount Silanganan: 248, 249, 250, 278, 281, 282, 283, 285n

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Murasame: 107 Myers, Capt. Gordon R.: 339

Naga: 111 ,505,506 Naga n o, Maj. Gen. Kam eichiro: 413 , 4 16, 433, 444, 46 1,462,463,464, 466,467 Nagumo, Vice Adm. c.: 78 Naka : 107 Nakajima, Lt. Col. Yoshio: 58n, 181 , 230n, 350n, 569n Nakanishi , Col.: 283, 284 Nakar, Col. Guillermo: 573,574, 574n Nakayama, Col. Motoo: 347, 416, 464-66, 566-67, 568,570 Napa: 459 Nara, Lt. Gen. Akira: 262,263, 264,265,266,267-68, 271,272,273,275,277, 279, 280-8 1, 287, 289n, 294n, 295, 296, 312n, 325-26, 329-30, 331, 332, 333,334,335,336,340,347,348,4 16,424,427, 437,442 Nasugbu: 164n, 264, 524 Nasugbu Bay: 141 National Defense Act ( 1935): 10-11 Naval losses: 105, 106, 107 , 129 Naval strength Allied: 46,47,90-91 Japanese: 103, 110, 112, 126-27 Naval Task Force 5: 9 1,9 1-92, 91n, 95 Naval units. See Asiatic Fleet (US). Navy Basic War Plan. See RAINBOW 5. Navy Department, U. S.: 47, 73, 95n, 149,459 Needham, Lt. Robert F.: 194 Negros : 5, 7,11,499,502,507,578,581,582 Nelson, Lt. Col. R .J.: 511 Netherlands Indies: 4, 52, 54, 56, 59, 98, 145 , 150, 152, 155, 156, 238,239, 240, 241, 242, 356, 357, 365,390,391,392,393,395,396,397,400,401, 507 Niagara: 145 Nichols Field. See Airfields. Nieto, Col. Manuel: 161 n Nininger, 2d Lt. Alexander R ., Jr.: 270 Nishimura, Rear Adm. Shoji: 122 Nomura, Kichisaburo: 78 North Channel: 8, 523 North Dock : 540 North Luzon Force. See Task forces. North Point: 549, 551, 554, 555, 557 Nueva Ecija Province: 178 Obata, Lt. Gen. Hideyoshi: 57,479,480 Observation: 228, 274, 306, 3 15 , 326, 407, 418, 421, 422,488,540,548,549,553 aircraft: 228422,449,540,541,549 balloon: 523n, 537, 539 post: 298, 306, 541 visibility: 113,30 1,309,3 14,315,338,339 O 'Day, Col. Ray M .: 162n, 170,225,385 O'Donnell , Maj. Emmett,Jr.: 38

621

INDEX Office of Military Advisor: 9, 11 , 19. See also MacArthur, Gen. Douglas. Ozgawa Maru: 107

Olongapo: 29,47, 58,91,96, 223 , 264, 266, 279,280, 313,322,337,349,452,453,454,476,523,524, 528 Olongapo Naval Station: 29 Onuma, Maj. Kiyoshi: 525n Operation Baus Au: 502, 503, 507. See also Visayan Islands. ORANGE Plan. See War Plan Orange-3 . Orani: 266,524 Orani River: 270 Ord, Lt. Col. James B.: 9, 10 Ordnance Philippine Ordnance Depot: 92 17th Ordnance Battalion : 32 Ordnance Department: 24, 50 Orion: 251, 289, 325, 326, 327 , 329, 332, 405, 406, 407 , 417 , 429,440, 445n, 456 Orion - Bagac lin e: 325-30, 350, 406, 410, 417, 493, 552n Orion cutoff: 330, 33 1,440,444 Ota, Col. Kumataro: 581 Otter, Lt. Bethel B.: 559 Outpost lin es : 137,197, 198 , 247 ,2 50, 251,265 ,269 , 272,278,279,28 1,332,334,338,4 17 ,438

Paalungan River: 448, 449n Pacific Fleet: 46, 46n, 47 , 5 1, 52 , 54, 56, 64, 78, 79 , 9 1, 149 , 152, 155,394. See also Asiatic Fleet (US); U. S. Navy. Padre Burgos: 109, 142 Pagbilao: 144, 195 , 196 Palau: 59, 60, 61 , 98,109,110,112 Palawan : 10,91,574 Palsabangon River: 196 Pampanga River: 166, 180, 181 , 182, 18 3,202,203, 205,206,207,208,210,2 13 ,2 14,215,418 Pan American Airways: 147, 148 Panama: 14,36, 48, 71 n, 24 1,398 Panay: 5, 6, 7, 11 , 238, 396, 499 , 501, 502, 503, 506-07,510,574,579,580. See also Christie, Col. Albert F. Panay Force: 502 Pandacan: 234 PandanRiver: 332, 334 Paniquian River: 296, 406 Pantingan River: 326,327,327-28,337,405-06,408, 416,420,422,424,426,427,432,433,435,436, 442,443,447 Pantingan River Valley: 406,411 , 416, 426,427,429, 460 Parang: 510, 511, 513 Parker, Maj. Gen . G eorge M.,Jr.: 109, 141 , 165, 166, 190, 193 , 225,227,229,252,265,266,271,275, 282,289,290,29 1,3 05,32 7,332 , 405 ,406,424, 431, 432, 454. See also Bataan Defense Force;

Parker, Maj. Gen. George M. , Jr.-Continued Task forces, South Luzon Force; Corps, II Philippine. Commander, Bataan Defense Force: 165 Commander, South Luzon Force: 69 Commander, II Philippine Corps: 247 directs II Corps operations: 25 1, 268, 268n, 271 - 72, 273 , 274-75,277,285 ,287,289,290, 290n , 328, 331 ,335, 384,425 , 439, 446,447,451-52 surrender: 459 Pasig River: 115, 121 ,234,235 Paysawan River: 296 Pearl Harbor: 46, 52, 54, 78 , 78n, 79 , 80, 81 , 82 , 86, 88,89 , 90, 145 , 149, 152,394,479,583 Peck, Maj. Allen L.: 519 Peck, Capt. Gordon H.: 177 , 222-23 Penaranda River: 183 Pensacola convoy : 145-48, 150, 151,152, 15 3, 153-54, 154, 157 Permit: 399

Pescadores: 60, 123 , 126 Philippine Army. See also Divisions; Infantry units ; Philippine Constabulary; and appropriate ann or service. 16,17, 18 , 19,23,32,34,35,36,47, 48 , 49, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 102 , 109, 11 3, 115 , 119 , 120, 13 1, 132, 136, 142 , 143,157, 162n, 163, 165, 166, 189,2 12 ,238,258,262,294, 298,351,354,366,372,373 ,3 81,383,385,405, 408,430, 441,445,451 , 454, 461 , 478, 481,499, 529, 583 mobilization and training: 25-30 organization and development: 8-13 Philippine Army Air Force: 13 , 25 , 26, 62 , 502 , 529. See also Air Forces units; Far East Air Force. Philippine Coast Artillery Command: 44-45, 65, 71, 478. See also Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays. Philippine Coastal Frontier: 65 , 67 Philippine Constabulary: 9 , 10 , lOn, 12 , 26, 27 ,58, 114, 118- 19 , 119, 199,200,298 Philippine Department: 9,10,12,16,18,21 , 22,23, 61 , 62,63 , 70, 71 , 121 , 163,247 , 296 Philippine Division. See Divisions. Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company: 7, 15 Philippine Scouts: 21, 26, 27, 28, 34, 49, 70, 71, 102, 120, 162n , 238 , 239n, 258, 383 , 384, 405, 478, 529 . See also Divisions; Infantry units; and appropriate arm or service.

organization and strength: 9, 12, 21,2 1n, 22,24 Phillips, Maj. Paul D.: 517, 5 18 Phillips, Vice Adm. Sir Thomas: 72 Pico de Loro hills: 486, 488 Pierce, Brig. Gen . Clinton A.: 13 1, 133, 134, 135, 138, 171 , 174,218,3 05,310 ,3 14,3 15,316,317.320, 328 , 407. See also Cavalry. 26 th Regiment. Piis : 193, 194 Pilar: 245 , 251, 332 Pilar River: 332,334,335,438,439 Pio: 218, 219 , 220, 224

622 Plaridel: 180, 200, 20 1, 203 , 205 , 206- 08 , 2 14 , 2 15, 265 Pocket Fights: 336- 38, 34 1- 46 Big Pocket: 339-4 1, 34 1, 342,343 , 344, 345 , 346 establishment of pockets: 338- 39 Little Pocke t: 339, 341 , 342,343 Upper Pocket: 340, 34 1,342,343,345 Polk: 148 Porac: 213 , 215 , 216 , 218 , 2 19, 220, 223 , 225 , 262. See also Guagua- Porac lin e. Port Darwin: 149, 150, 156 Port Moresby: 38, 584 Post ofLimay: 21 Post of Manila: 2 1 Pozorrubio: 131 , 134 , 136, 137 President H arrison: 47 Preston: 91, 1 10 Primrose, Capl.John: 222 Prince of Wales: 72 Princessa: 396 Provisional Air Corps Regiment. See Infantry Units, Regiments (PAJ. Provisional Battalion , 5 1st Division: 339 , 34 1, 342, 343 , 345 Provisional F ield Artillery Brigade: 449 Psychological warfare: 268- 69, 269 n , 323 , 418,494, 527 PT's. See Motor torpedo boats. Pugh, Lt. Col. John R .: 567 , 568 , 569, 574, 575 Puntian: 5 17,5 18,5 19 Puntian Sector: 518 Purnell , Rear Adm. William R.: 72- 73 , 73 Quartermaster: 2 1, 22 , 50, 62, 70, 120, 121, 255 , 256- 57, 258, 370 Quezon, Manuel: 4, 9,10, 13, 72,84,116, 161 , 164, 203 , 239, 354 , 355,399,400,456 , 482 , 491 , 492 , 544 Quinauan Point: 299 , 300, 30 1, 303, 304, 305 , 308-12, 314,317,3 18,320,323,324, 328, 345 Quintard , Col. A lexander S.: 120, 419 , 449 Quail: 307 R adar: 43 Radio Tokyo: 232 Railroads: 109, 176, 177 , 473 , 484 RAINBOW 5: 46n, 65 , 67 , 7 1, 79 , 82, 83 , 148 , 149 Rations: 63, 179, 276, 288, 289, 309 , 3 17, 32 1, 322 , 340, 344, 39 1, 392 , 393,395,396 , 399, 400 , 401 , 402, 412, 4 12n, 440,452 , 453 , 490, 491, 507,528, 534-35 , 543 - 44,552 - 53. See also Supply; Med ical problems. Ray , Capt. Harold G.: 359n R ea l River: 381,448 R ear battle positions : 247 , 248, 251 , 290, 295, 325 R econnaissance : 315 , 316,3 19, 409, 482 , 54 1 co unterreconnaissance: 4 17- 18 reconnaissance in force : 351 , 418

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Reinforcements American: 31, 32 - 37 , 273, 2 74 , "282, 305, 306- 07, 309 . See also Pensacola convoy; Blockade-running. Japanese: 3 17, 3 18, 413 , 4 13- 14, 414n, 501 - 02,523 Republic: 146n Repulse: 72 Reserve area: 70- 71 Reserve Force : 70 Richards, Lt. Grover C. : 220n Rii'ht Sector. See Corps, I Philippine. Roadblocks: 177 , 183 - 85 , 194, 282- 84, 282n , 290, 437 - 38,443,450, 5 11 Roads and trails Baua ng- Baguio Road: 128, 132 Cabanatua n- Tarlac Road: 184, 18 7 East Road: 245 , 25 1, 254, 265 , 266, 267 , 268, 269 , 27 1, 274, 293 , 326 , 330, 332 , 334 , 4 15, 417 , 433 , 438, 445n , 448, 449,451,460, 461 , 467 Gu itol trail: 276 , 289 Junction 2- 10: 445 , 446 Junction 2- 46: 446 Junction 4- 429: 434 Junction 6- 8 : 432, 433 , 436, 437 , 438, 439 , 442 , 443 Junction 8- 29: 432, 437 , 442, 443 Junction 8- 44: 445n Junction 29- 429 : 435 Junction 44- 429: 435, 438, 439 Pilar- Bagac road: 245, 247 , 248, 268, 281 , 282, 291 , 294, 295,296,300,325 , 326,3 32,3 35,336, 337, 405 , 407,408 , 422 , 424,425 , 426 , 427,428,438 Route 1: 7, Ill, 139 , 140, 142 , 144 , 191, 195 , 196, 197 , 200, 498 , 499 , 508, 510, 51 1, 512, 513 , 514, 5 15 Route 2: 434n Route 3 : 7, 102, 107,108, 127 , 128 , 131 , 136, 166, 168, 170,174, 176,177 , 178,180, 181 , 182 , 186, 187 , 188, 20 1, 203 , 206, 210, 211 , 212 , 213,215 , 498 Route 5: 7, 102 , 105, 106 , 166 , 178 , 180,182,183, 184, 200,20 1, 203 , 206, 213 Route 6: 424 Route 7: 165 , 203, 210, 2 15, 2 16, 220, 22 1, 222, 223, 224,225 , 228, 145, 265 , 266, 279 Route 8: 178 Route 10: 2 10, 2 13 Route 13: 166, 170, 178 , 186 Route 17: 199,200 Route 20 : 451 Route 21 : 195 , 200 Route 23: 193 , 194, 195 , 196, 197 Route 25: 199 , 200 Route 29: 425 Route 67: 180 Route 74: 181 , 203 , 210, 213 , 216 , 218 , 222 , 223, 262, 264 Route 110: 223 , 225 , 226, 227 , 245 Tra il 2: 325 , 330- 36, 431, 434, 435, 438, 439 , 440, 445,445n,446,446n, 449n Trai l 4: 407, 416, 422, 429,430, 432, 434, 435 , 438

INDEX Roads and trails - Continued Tra il 5 : 337, 338, 341 , 344 Trai l 6 : 407 , 424, 425,426,427,430,432 , 437 , 439 , 440 Trai l 7: 328, 3L9 , 337 , 339 , 340, 34 1, 343 , 344 , 407, 431 Trail 8 : 407,422, 427,432 , 441 , 442 , 443,447 Trail 9: 407, 431 TraiII 0 : 431 , 446n Trail 12: 286 Trail 15 : 407 Trail 20: 448, 449, 449n, 450, 451 Trai l 29: 407 , 416, 422 , 424 , 425 , 426 , 427 , 432 , 433, 436,4 37,440,442 Trail 38 : 445n Tra il 44: 434, 434n, 440, 445 Trail 46: 445, 445n, 447 Trail 429 : 407 , 422 , 430,434,435 Robenson , Col. John A.: 392, 393, 394, 395 Rockwell , R ear Adm . Francis W.: 9 1, 94 , 95, 155, 359n , 363 Rodman , Co l. John H.: 176, 282 , 283,284 Rogers , M Sgt. Paul P.: 359n Romulo , Col. Carlos: 234, 544 Roosevelt, President Franklin D.: 7 1, 394 , 550 decision to base fleet at Pearl H arbor: 46 and MacArthur's appointmen t as Miliary Advisor : 9, 16- 17 and MacArthur's evacuat ion: 353 , 354, 355, 356, 357- 58 message to Wainwright: 572, 574 "no surrender" order: 354- 55, 355 , 456 obligation to aid Philippines: 14 5, 146, 148, 150, 15 1, 153, 154 , 239- 40, 24 1, 242 , 397 promises a id to Wainwright: 40 I rejects Quezon's independence proposal: 354- 55 and USAFFE command : 18 ,363,364- 65 and Wainwright's surrender decision: 56 1, 562-64 Rosales: 13 1, 178 Rosario: 127 , 128,131,132,133- 36, 136, 163, 174 Rosario- Infanta li ne : 109 Roxas, Brig. Gen . Manuel A.: 582 Rumbold , Maj. Ralph E.: 193 , 194 Russia. See Soviet Union . Ry ujo:97 , 110, 11 3 Ryukyus: 6 1, 123 , 138,140 S -38: 129 S -39: 110 Sage, Col. Charles G.: 45 1, 457 Sakaguchi , Maj. Gen. Shizuo: 11 2 Samal: 269, 270 Samar: 5, 98, 499, 50 1, 502, 507 , 58 1 Sampaloc : 193 San Bernardino Strait: 98, 110 San Carlos: 166, 169, 170 San Fabian: 129 , 133 , 135, 144 San Fernando, La U ni on : 10 2, 102n , 108, 122 , 128 , 131 , 165n

623 San Fernando, Pampanga: 63 , 102n , 104 , 165 , 165n, 168 , 170, 178, 184, 195 , 202, 203 , 206, 2 10 , 2 13, 2 14, 2 14- 15,2 16, 221 , 223,230 , 255 , 281 , 336, 347 , 35 1, 416,467 San Francisco: 4, 32 , 33, 38, 39 , 44, 148 , 3!l5 San Jose: 166, 178 , 182, 2 18, 222 , 472,507,571 San Marcelino: 28, 92 San Quintin: 174, 182 San Vicente lin e. See San Vicente River. San Vicente Riv er: 408, 432 , 434 , 434n, 435, 438, 439,440,442,443 , 444, 445 Sangley Point: 7, 9 1, 95 , 155 Santa Cruz: 195, 222 , 223 , 225 San ta I gnacia: 166, 178 Santa R osa: 186, 18 7 Santiago: 129, 199 , 200, 20 I Santo Thomas: 128 Sanyo Maru: 103n Sargo: 399 Sariaya: 195, 196, 197 , 198 Sato, Col. Gempachi: 429, 430 , 434 , 443, 553, 556, 558,57 1 Savoie, Lt. Carl J. : 188 Sayre, Hi gh Commissioner Francis B. : 72, 164 , 203n , 491 Sayre Highway: 498, 508 , 5 10, 5 11 , 5 12, 5 13, 516, 5 17, 519,576 Schumacher, Lt. (jg) V . S.: 359n Scudder, Col. Irvin e C.: 502 Sculpzn: 14 1 Seacoast Artillery. See Coast Artillery guns. Seacoast defenses. See Corregidor. Seadragon : 94, 399 Seation: 94 Seaplane carri ers: 60, 126- 27 Seaplane tender: 103 , 103n Searaven: 399 Searchlights: 33 , 45,299,318,474, 47 5, 476, 481,531 , 537 - 38, 540,555 Searight, Col. Hamilton F.: 196 , 197 Seaward Defenses: 306, 481 , 489,490 Segundo, Brig. G e n. Fidel V.: 278 , 280,337 , 338,341 , 342. See also Divisions (PA), 1st R egu lar. Selleck, Brig. G e n. Clyde A .: 134, 135, 136, 226, 227 , 228, 229 , 250, 298 , 299, 302, 303 , 304, 305, 305n. See also Di vis ions (PA). 7 1st. Service Command Area. See Ha taa n Service Command Area. Sexmoan: 220,223 Shanghai: 7, 19, 46,47,77 , 380, 413 , 528 Shark: 155 Sharp, Bri g. Gen. William F.: 69 , 70, 238 , 356, 360, 395 , 395n, 499, 500,50 1,502 , 508, 5 10, 516, 5 17, 5 19 , 562 , 564,569 , 570, 572 , 573 , 575,576, 577 , 578, 579, 580 , 58 1, 582 Commander, Visayan-Mindanao Force: 69 , 506 Sherr, Lt. Col. J oe R. : 359n Shipping: 36- 37 , 47 , 48, 95 , 125 n , 390-0 I , 40 1- 04. Sft also Pens(fcnla convoy .

624 Shoemake, Capt. Andrew D.: 419n Short, Lt. Gen. Walter c. : 71 Shortages: 28- 30,134, 180,2 84 ,32 1,367-76,376-84, 401-02,489,496,499 - 500 , 508,526 , 559.Seeauo Ammunition; Rations; Supply. Shreve, Lt. Col. Arthur L.: 195n, 197, 201 Siain: 139,142 Sierra Madre: 178 Signal Corps: 22, 50, 120 12th Signal Regiment : 22 Si-Kiang: 255 Silaiim Bay: 314, 316, 323 Silaiim Point: 312-24, 345 , 347 , 347-48 Silaiim River: 3 13 , 314, 3 15 , 3 16, 317 , 319, 323 Silen , Bert: 232 Silver Star awards : 361 n Singapore: 4 , 56,72,77, 91n , 145, 147 , 150, 152,238, 241 ,350n ,356, 418 Singora: 77 Sipoco: 111 Sison: 136, 137,138 Skardon, 1st Lt. Beverly N.: 282 Skerry, Col. Harry A .: 208-09 , 209, 210, 226, 227, 245, 248, 248-49, 383 Sloan , Capt. Raymond: 323 Smith, Lt. Col. Ross B.: 319 Snapper: 399 Solomon Islands: 365, 584 Somervell, Maj. Gen. Bre hon B.: 398,401 Sonoda, Col. Seinosuke: 206, 207 Sorsogon Bay: 91 South Channel: 8 South China Sea: 4, 7, 64,85,100,128, 248,296, 310, 328,548,583 South Dock: 539 South Luzon Force. See Task forces. South Sector. See Corps, I Philippine. Southeast Pacific Force: 46n Soviet Union: 14,33, 67,150. Spaatz, Brig. G e n. Carl A.: 37 Spearfish: 399 Stark , Admiral Harold R .: 36, 46 ,94, 148, 149 , 150, 151 , 155 Sta tion Hospital: 24, 50 Steel, Col. Charles L.: 228, 229, 286 Steve not, Joseph: 15 , 120 Steve ns, Brig. G e n. 'Luth er: 170 , 174 , 207 , 209. 214, 250, 328,337,371 - 72 , 373 , 405,407. See also Di. visions (PA), 91 st. Stewart, Lt. Col. Loren P.: 201 , 208 Stilwell, Lt. Gen. Josep h W .: 403 Stimson,HenryL.: 15 , 16, 17 , 17n,3 1, 31 - 32 ,39, 145 , 148, 150 , 239 - 40, 241 Stingray: 13 1 Stivers, Col. Charles P.: 359n Strafing: 86,87,94, 106, 129 , 294 , 318 , 425,427 , 450, 480,512,519 Strategy American : 61-64 , 64-71 , 145 -57,238-42,353-66, 390,393-94,40 1

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Strategy-Continued Japanese: 51 - 61, 347 Strickler, Maj. Dudley G .: 308 , 309 Subic Bay: 12,22, 45,47 , 62 , 65 , 71 , 91 , 96,120, 128, 278,279,3 13 ,403,452,478,523 Submarine tenders: 95 Submarines American: 46 , 47 , 49, 90-91 , 91 , 94, 95 , 97,110, 129 , 130 , 13 1, 141 , 155,156,3 58,390,398,399, 402,403,548 Japanese: 59, 78 Sulu Archipelago: 6, 10, 112 ,23 8 Sumatra: 52,54, 240, 356 Supply: 36, 63, 152 , 164 -65, 179 - 80, 197 , 254 - 59, 317, 340, -352, 361,485,486, 528, 533, 533-34, 546,552-53. See also Blockade-running; Pemacola co nvoy ; Rations ; Shipping; Shortages. Surabaja: 154; 157 Sutherland, Maj. G en . Richard K.: 10, 67,73,79,81 , 82, 82n , 83, 88, 88n, 89, 90, 115 , 121 , 164, 206, 207,225,226,268,273-74, 290, 290n, 291, 294, 304 , 305,328 , 358n , 359, 359n, 360, 361, 364, 364n, 365,479, 528 Army background: 19 Chief of Staff, USAFFE: 19 Suzuki, Col. Tatsunosuke: 348, 349 Swordfish: 399 Tacloban: 577 Takagi, Rear Adm. Takeo : 109 , 110, 112 Takahashi, Vice Adm. Ibo: 57,60,103 , 105 , 126, 129 Takahashi, Lt. Col. Katsumi : 188,2 16,2 19 , 220,224, 225 Takao: 60, 61 , 100, 123 , 261 , 262 Takao Maru : 107 Takechi, Col. Susumu: 266, 267, 270, 27 1, 272, 277, 287,289, 289n, 332, 334, 335, 340 Tala River: 429, 430 Talisay River: 348,408,420 , 429 , 433 Tanabe, Maj. Tadaji: 332, 334 Tanaka, Col. Toru: 10 3, 108, 128, 13 1, 178 ,2 15 ,2 16 Taniguchi , Maj. G en. Kureo: 416, 424, 425, 426, 427 , 429 , 430 , 434,435 ,438,439,552,553 Tank action American: 33, 58, 134-35, 168 , 176, 176n, 177 , 177n , 178 , 184 -85, 185-86, 18 7, 194 ,207-08, 219 , 220n, 221 , 222-23 , 223, 225, 227,229,24748 , 283,287,293,294,310,314 ,3 18,3 19 -20, 341,346, 409-10, 418 , 433,436,451 Japanese: 126, 126n , 135, 138,207 , 221,229 , 424, 427,433,438 - 39,444,450, 512 ,5 15,560 Tank units Provisional Tank Group: 33, 121 , 168 , 176, 178, 405 , 406, 409 , 431 192d: 33,5 0, 134, 135, 169,171 , 176, 178 , 18 3n, 184,205,2 18 ,227,3 19,346 194th: 32, 33 , 50, 73,169,171,176,177 , 178, 178n, 181 , 205 ,2 14, 221 , 222 , 223,227 ,283, 293,294 Tank-infantry co-operation : 3 10 , 320, 32 1, 34 1,346, 410

INDEX Tankulan: 517, 518 Tarkington, Col. Hiram W.: 503, 508, 516 Tarlac:63,96, 166, 176, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187 , 188,203,2 11 ,2 12,2 16 ,262 Tarlac-Cabanatuan Line: 169-89 Tarlac Depot: 179 Task forces Initial Protective Force: 62 Lanaoforce: 5 14- 15 Leyte-Samar Force: 577 Luzon Force: 361, 362, 362n, 363, 364, 365, 366, 384,404,405,406,407,4 11 ,43 1,432, 451 ,452, 453,455,456,457,458,459,460,562,564,570 Mindanao Force: 508, 516, 5 17 , 570 North Luzon Force: 50, 67 , 69, 69n, 70, 72, 102, 120,122,131, 133, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 174, 178,179, 180, 180n, 181 , 18 3, 186, 188, 190, 199, 200,201,202,203,205,206,207,208-09,210, 2 15,216,219,226,227,230,366 Defense line D- 1: 166, 168, 170, 190 Defense lin e D-2: 166,"171 , 174, 176, 179 Defense line D-3: 166, 176, 177, 178 Defense line D-4 : 166, 178, 180, 181 , 182, 183, 186, 187 Defense line D-5: 166, 180, 183, 186, 187, 188,202 ,203,210-14,215 Panay Force : 502 South Luzon Force: 50, 67 , 69, 70, 109n, 110, 11 9, 120,14 1,165, 166, 168,180, 181 , 18 3, 188, 190, 190n, 193, 194, 195, 197 , 199, 200, 200n, 202, 205,206,207,2 10,2 14,215,227,230,266,328, 36 1 Visayan Force : 50 1, 502, 506 Visayan-Mindanao Force: 49. 67,69, 70, 1 13 , 360, 395,499,500,506, 562, 56~, 572, 574, 575 Tayabas: 19 5, 196 Tayabas Bay: 100, 142, 196 Tayabas Mountains: 139, 144, 19 1 Tayug: 138,169, 170, 17 1, 174 Terauchi, Gen. Count Hisaichi: 56, 261 Ternate: 264,485,486,488, 523 Terrain a nd geography Bataan: 8, 245 , 248, 251, 266n, 273-74, 276, 296, 300,30 1,303,309,3 13- 14,3 25-26,337-38,338, 339, 346, 407 - 08, 442, 445n, 446n, 449n, 484- 85 Caballo Island: 476 Carabao Island: 478 Corregidor: 245472-73 Luzon: 5- 7,100- 02,109,127-28 , 132, 16 6, 186, 191 , 195-96,203,2 12,2 16,22 1,2 26- 27 M indanao: 4-6, 498-99,519 Philippine Islands: 4-8 Visayan group : 499 Thailand: 4, 54, 56, 72, 77, 238 , 484 Thayer, Lt. Col. Allen: 5 18, 5 19, 579, 580 Thompson, Maj. Donald G.: 229n Tiaong: 196, 197 , 198, 199, 200 Tiawir Ri ver : 334, 348, 408, 424, 427 Tiawir- Ta1isay River: 408, 423, 426, 428 T isdelle, Maj. Achille C .: 369, 385. 464. 464n

625 Toledo: 503, 505, 506 Topside: 473 , 480, 48 1, 482 , 490, 494, 528, 529, 531, 537,540,547,549. See also Corregidor. Torres Strait: 154, 155 Trails. See Roads and trails. Townsend, Col. Glen R.: 105n, 2 13, 337, 339, 340 Training: 12- 13, 16, 27, 28, 29-30, 102, 109, 131, 262, 298 - 99 ,3 08 , 408 - 11 ,508,522,529,530,552, 558 Transportation: 29, 63, 197,255,498-99 Trapnell , Maj . T homasJ . H .: 135 Traywick, Col. Jesse T.,Jr.: 199, 462 ,5 72,5 73 ,576, 577 Tree bursts: 3 14, 3 14n, 320, 339 Troop dispositions, America n Bataan : 247-48, 248- 54, 278- 79, 285-86, 299, 30809,3 16,3 19,327-28,329,330-3 1,337,342,345, 405,405-07,422-24,43 1-3 2,439- 40, 448-49 Corregidor: 529 Luzon: 196, 2 18, 220-2 1, 226-27 Mindanao : 5 10- 11 , 512- 13, 5 16, 5 16- 17 Visayas: 502 Troop dispositions, Japanese: 216, 228, 265-66, 276, 3 12n, 329, 332, 336-37, 340, 414-15 , 416-17 , 420, 424,426,429,433,522 ,55 2 Troop stre ngth s, American: 299, 302, 308, 435 , 449, 454,461 , 476, 478 , 502,507,518 Bataan : 247,40 1, 455 Corregidor: 401, 475, 476, 535 Harbor D efenses and Beach Defenses: 70, 529, 530, 531 Luzon: 22 , 162, 162n, 239, 239 n Luzon Force: 405, 406 Marines: 47, 299 n , 476 ,528,529,53 0 North Luzon Force: 70 Philippine Army : 26-27,49, 65, 70 R eserve Force: 70 South Luzon Force: 70 U.S. Army in Philippines: 2 1-23, 49,50,58,65, 70, 71 Visayas: 502, 507 Visaya n-Mind a nao Force: 70 11th Division (PA): 1U~ 5 1st Division (PA ) : 330 71st Division (PA): 226 Troop strengt hs , Japan ese: 54, 54 n , 55, 10 3, 112, 125n, 216, 262, 281, 295n , 300, 302, 303, 3 14, 329-3 0, 336-37, 338, 345, 349-5 0, 35 0n ,4 12 , 41 3,503 , 507,508n, 515,559 Troops, co ndition of: 288, 53 1-35, 542-46. See also Mora le; M edical problems. Truk : 4, 79 Tsuchibashi, Lt. Gen. Yuichi : 125, 133, 170, 174, 182 , 184, 191 , 206,235,236n Tsukahara, Vice Adm , Nishizo: 57 Tsunehiro, Lt. Col. Nariyoshi: 139, 142, 191, 194,196, 300,303,308,312 Tuguegarao : 84, 102, 105, 106 Tuol River: 337, 338, 344 Turner. R ear Anm. Ri c hmonn K .: 140

626 Tydings-Mc Duffi e Act ( 1934 ): 4 , 13,6 1 Uegima. See Kamijima, Col. Umingan: 174, 176 Upper Pocke t. See Pocket Fights. Urdaneta: 134, 166, 169, 170, 178 U. S. Army: 9,12,15,26,35,36, 48,49,50,58, 62 , 64, 70, 71 ,238 , 239n, 258, 529 U. S . Army Forces, Far East (U SAFFE): 34,44 , 48, 50, 70, 71 , 80n, 81, 85 , 100, 104 , 110, 116, 118, 120, 121,1 30,133 , 136 , 138,153,163, 161 , 190, 193n, 197 , 199,23 4, 247 , 248,274,282,290,305, 317, 318, 324, 328, 329, 339, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365,37 1, 373,409,410,480,481,501,548 Bataan ec helon of: 290, 371, 372, 377 organization and strength : 14-3 0 U. S . Forces in the Philippin es ( USFIP): 365, 453, 535, 548 organization: 363 U. S. Navy: 13 ,3 6, 37, 148, 298, 529. See also Asiatic Fleet (US); Pacific Fleet. USSR. See Soviet Union. Vachon, Brig. Gen. Joseph P.: 512-13 Vance, Col. John R.: 565 Vance, Col. Lee C.: 446 V esey, Lt. Col. Robert H.: 514, 515 Vigan: 57,60,98,102,103,104,106-08,122,128 Villamor, Capt. Jesus A.: 488 Villasis: 174, 178 Visayan Force. See Task forces. Visayan Islands: 5, 6, 10, 27, 43 , 57 , 59, 69, 88, 91 , 95 , 119, 238,239 ,3 60,396, 401,403,414,414n,471, 499,501 , 520,569 Japanese seizure : 502 - 07 surrender: 572 Visayan-Mindanao Force. See Task forces. Visayan- Mindanao Sec tor : 70 " Voice of Freedom": 385, 388, 544, 563 Volckman, Maj. Russell W .: 184 , 186 Wachi , Maj . G en. Takaji : 413, 568, 576n. Wainwright , Lt. Gen . Jonathan M .: 65, 65n, 72, 195 , 197 , 252,33 6,375 , 418,561 assumes command in Philippines: 360-66 Commander, Philippine Division : 21 Commander, North Luzon Force: 69, 69n Commander, I Philippine Corps: 247 and Japanese landings on Luzon: 102,104,108, 122,133- 34, 134,135,137-38,138 mission in the defense of north Luzon: 69, 122 part in the defense of Bataan: 248, 250,2 68, 269n, 274,277,279,280,281,282, 282n, 284, 284n, 290, 291, 300, 305, 305 - 06, 306-07, 308, 311, 312,319,325,327-28,329,337,340,341,342, 344,347,350-51,373,375,377,383,434,440, 441 , 447 , 448, 452,452 - 53 part in the defense ofCorregidor: 495, 527-28, 535, 536, 541-42, 543, 547, 547n, 549, 549n, 550, 550n , 550-51

THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES Wainwright , Lt. G e n. Jonatha n M. -Continu ed part in the d efense of the Southern Islands : 506, 5 10 part in withdrawal to Bataan: 162, 163 , 165 , 168, 174, 176, 180, 190, 199 , 200, 203 , 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 216, 219, 222 , 224, 225 , 226, 227, 230 surrender of Bataan: 452, 453 , 454, 455, 455n, 456, 457,457n, 458,458n,459 , 460, 462, 462n, 46263,465 -66 surrender ofCorregidor: 560-61, 562 , 562-64, 56474,584 surre nd er in th e Southern Islands : 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 582 views on reinforcements: 390, 401 - 02,403 Wake: 47 Wake Island: 38, 52,54,65,77 , 145 , 394 Wappenstein, Lt. Col. William A.: 425 War Plan ORANGE-3: 61-64, 65n, .69, 161 -66 War Plans Division: 15n, 16,3 1,32, 15 3,240,24 1, 390 Warner, Lt. Col. Everett L.: 574 Watanabe, Col. Yunosuke: 266, 279 , 280, 281 Wavell, Gen. Sir Archibald P.: 242,353,356,398,399 Weaver, Brig. G e n.James R. N.: 33,121,134,135, 168,176, 176n, 209, 214, 216, 221 , 229, 287, 293, 310,318 Webb, Maj . Joseph R.: 516 West Road : 245, 248 , 250, 280, 281, 284, 290, 298, 299,301,303,304,305,308,314,315,316,317, 319,324,326,329,337,338,406 West Sector. See Bataan Service Command Area : Corregidor. Wheeler Fi eld: 78 Whitlock, Lt. Col. L ester J.: 390n Wickord , Col. Theodore: 176, 181 Williams, Col. Everett C.: 458, 459, 461,462, 464, 466 Williams, Maj. Francis: 558 Williams, Mrs. Maude R .: 542 Willoughby , Col. Charles A .: 122,3 04, 359n Wilson, Lt. Col. Albert T. : 508n Wilson , Lt. Col. Francis H .: 359n Wood , Col. Stuart : 403n Woodbridge , Lt.'Col.John P.: 516

Yamashita, G en . Tomoyuki : 145, 163,238,300, 350n Yanagi, Col. Isamu: 132, 134, 135 Yoshida, Col. Motohiko : 448n , 521, 522, 554, 555, 556n, 559,560 Yoshioka, Col. Yorimasa: 336, 338, 339, 340, 343, 344, 345, 346 Yoshizawa, Col. Masataro: 332

Zamba1es Mountain range: 8, 100, 169, 178,203,212, 218,22 7,245 Zamba1es Province: 28, 29, 69, 166,223 Zamboanga: 2 1n , 22, 508, 508 n , 5 11 Zamboanga Peninsula : 498, 510 Zamboanga Sector: 508, 508n Zaragoza: 183 , 184, 185, 186,2 12,2 13

*

U,S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2004 307-377

PIN : 038765-000

-

..,eneroso

Nuval

1"'.

;:,alazar.

r-ernanao-I"t~.

I:.'eOIIafOIYQ.