CORREGIDOR The Rock Force Assault, 1945
Lt. Gen. E. M. 'Flanagan, Jr. USA (Ret.)
*
PRESIDIO FIL P r fA
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The opinions expressed in this book are those of the author, and do not reflect those of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.
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Copyright Š 1995 by Robert H. Scales Jr. Published by Presidio Press 505 B San Marin Drive, Suite 300 Novato, CA 94945-1340 This edition printed 1997 First publication in paper by National Defense University Press, 1990 Revised edition first published in cloth by Presidio Press, 1994 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. Inquiries should be addressed to Presidio Press, 505 B San Marin Drive, Suite 300, Novato, CA 94945-1340. library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Scales, Robert H., 1944Firepower in limited war / by Robert H. Scales,Jr.-Rev. ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89141-533-5 (cloth) ISBN 0-89141-650-1 (paperback) 1. Limited war. 22. Firepower. 3. Military history, Modem-20th century. I. Title. 1994 UA11.5.S27 355.02'15--dc20 94-36607 CIP
Photo on page 222 reproduced courtesy British Aerospace Aircraft Group. Photo on page 267 reproduced courtesy Army Times. Printed in the United States of America
For the valiant soldiers of the Rock Forceparatroopers and amphibians-who overcame great odds of enemy, terrain, and weather to free Corregidor
"I'm proud I'm allowed To be one of the crowd." Line from 50 3d Regimental Combat Team song.
Contents
Acknowledgments Introduction
Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter X Chapter XI Chapter XII
IX Xlll
Corregidor Won Corregidor: Geography and U.S. Buildup The Fall of Bataan Corregidor Lost Invasion of the Philippines and Recapture of Manila Japanese Buildup of Corregidor The 503d Comes of Age: Nadzab Noemfoor Mindoro 503d Planning and Preparation The Assault The Japanese React
1 21 35 55 79 103 111 125 147 161 193 231
viii
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Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Biographical Data Bibliography Index
Banzai The Mop-up
253 285 313 321 325
Acknowledgments
Writing about a military operation which took place over fortytwo years ago requires a great deal of search: search for records, for men who were present at specific times and places; search for maps of the area, for photographs of the action; search for authentic remembrances of things past, untainted by nostalgic stories passed around at annual reunions. Without General George Jones's cooperation and assistance, I could not have even begun the search for records, reports, and former members of the 503d. In fact, I could not have written the book without his help. He sent me monographs written by some of his officers who attended service schools just after the War; he remembered and wrote about many significant incidents covering the entire life and battles of the 503d; he referred me to officers and men who were key members of the regimental combat team; he called me a number of times with additional suggestions and references; and most important of all, he reviewed the entire manuscript and made valuable comments and corrections before I sent the manuscript to the publisher. His help was inestimable. As usual, the editor-in-chief of Presidio Press, Adele Horwitz, was my mentor and guide. She drew on her vast editorial background to lead me through the manuscript, editing and correcting on the way. To her, lowe a great deal of gratitude. Many other men who were part of "The Rock Force" contributed markedly to the final version of this book. I have listed
x
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them alphabetically because I cannot with any degree of accuracy list them in any order of priority. Donald E. Abbott, the executive officer of E Company, 503d, sent me his draft manuscript of his jump, his subsequent actions, and E Company's operations on "The Rock." Colonel Robert M. Atkins, USA, Retired, sent me his monograph and a number of letters; he was particularly helpful in tracking down and identifying the present status of many members of the 503d. Colonel John H. Blair III, USA, Retired, wrote an excellent monograph at the Infantry School shortly after the War. It was entitled: operations of the 3d Battalion, 503d PIR on Corregidor. Warren W. Elfrank, who was a 1st Lieutenant in the 161st Engineer Company with the 503d, sent me a tape of his experiences on the Rock, detailing his experiences and those of his men on the jump. Edward T. Flash, who was a platoon leader in F Company of the 503d, sent me the lesson plan for a class he taught at the Infantry School on the subject of airborne operations in the Southwest Pacific area, with special emphasis on Corregidor. He also sent me letters detailing specifics of the actions in which he was a participant. Colonel Henry W. "Hoot" Gibson, with whom I served at Fort Sill a few years after the War, wrote me a long letter outlining the part played by his battery, B Battery of the 462d, in the Rock attack; he also wrote that when he was a boy his father had worked for the Navy at Cavite and that he had gone to Fort Mills, Corregidor, to participate in swimming meets with boys who lived on Corregidor. William Hennessey, who was a 2d lieutenant in B Battery of the 462d, met with me for lunch at the Parris Island Officers club where he filled me in on his and B Battery's part in the operation. Joseph L. Gray, who had been a lieutenant in B Battery of the 462d, sent me a paper outlining his recollections of the Corregidor operation and also sent letters from Sgt. Thomas L. Shutt and Park Hodak, both ex-members of B Battery of the 462d. Major James J. Helbling for his thesis in the 1971 Class at
Acknowledgments
XI
the Command and General Staff School wrote a paper entitled: "Combined Assault-Fortress Corregidor." Weldon B. Hester, who had been the Red Cross Field Director with the 3d Battalion of the 34th Infantry, sent me many letters enclosing copies of articles from his vast collection of magazine articles, newspaper clippings and official reports, all dealing with the conduct of the war in the Southwest Pacific, with particular emphasis on Corregidor. One important document was BG S. L. Howard's report on the employment of the 4th Marines from September 1941 to May of 1942. Mr. Hester also sent me items from the Manila Press, printed while the newspaper was under the control of the Japanese. Captain Hudson C. Hill, while a student at the No.1 Advanced Course at the Infantry School at Benning, wrote an outstanding monograph on "The Operations of Company E of the 503d at Wheeler Point, 23 February 1945." Dr. Logan W. Hovis, Battalion Surgeon with the 3d Battalion of the 503d, wrote me letters detailing the operations of the 3d Battalion. Carl Kuttruff has done a great deal of research on a special pictorial project of the assault on Corregidor. Lt. Colonel John H. Lackey, who commanded the group of C-47s which dropped the 503d on Corregidor, wrote an excellent staff paper at the Armed Forces Staff College entitled: "The Rock Operation." Karl H. Landes, PhD from the university of Berlin in 1930 came to the United States in the same year, and enlisted in the Army in 1940 at Edgewood Arsenal. He went to jump school in 1941 and later transferred to the 503d. Because of his engaging personality, he became known to every man in the 503d as "Doc" Landes. He wrote me a number of fact-filled letters covering the operations of the 503d from Stateside through Corregidor. Ron Lee, a S/Sgt in the 3d Platoon of I Company 503d wrote a splendid letter about his platoon in combat on Corregidor. Lester H. Levine, a major at the time, wrote an outstanding monograph while at the Infantry School advanced course. It was entitled: "Operations of the 503d PIR in the attack on Corregidor." Frank H. Linnell, now a retired brigadier general, wrote his
Xll
CORREGIDOR
monograph on "The Retaking of Corregidor" while a student at the Amphibious Warfare School, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, VA in 1948. Rev. Msgr.JohnJ. Powers wrote concerning some of the details of the Corregidor operation with which he was familiar. Irving Sellinger wrote a number of letters and sent a brief chronology of the 503d. He also included some 39 of the 503d's wartime songs ranging from "Powdered Eggs" to "The Golden Gate Bridge." Captain Magnus L. Smith wrote his monograph, while at the Infantry Officers Advanced Course, on "Operation of the Rock Force in the Recapture of Corregidor." Lt. General John J. Tolson wrote a number ofletters explaining in detail the organization and history of the 503d. Dick Williams, the photographer with the 503d on the Corregidor operation, sent many photos of the assault and subsequent battles. He also sent me a detailed account of his work with the 503d. I am especially indebted to him for loan of his outstanding photos of the assault on Corregidor.
Introduction
"CORREGIDOR, fortified rocky island (2 sq mi) in the Philippines, at the entrance to Manila Bay. Under U.S. control from 1898, it fell to the Japanese in May 1942 when Gen. Jonathan Wainwright surrendered after four months of fierce fighting. Recaptured in 1945, it is now a WW II memorial." With those fifty words, the Concord Encyclopedia sums up tersely and unemotionally the varied and tumultuous history of the island fortress that guards the approaches to Manila Bay. This book is a story of those fifty words, with emphasis on three words: "Recaptured in 1945." The 503d Parachute Regimental Combat Team, reinforced by the 3d Battalion Combat Team of the 34th Infantry Regiment, 24th Division, made up the "Rock Force," which assaulted Corregidor (The Rock) on 16 February 1945. Two-thirds of the parachute regimental combat team jumped onto the small island, defying the Japanese commander's firm conclusion that a parachute assault could not take place on the island because there were no suitable drop zones. He was almost-but not quite--correct: the drop zones used by the 503d were, in fact, barely suitable, but the 503d parachuted onto them anyway. The regimental combat team's (RCT) jump casualties were relatively high, but not as high as the regimental commander had first predicted. But given the nature of the DZs-small (the bigger was 325 by 125 yards) ; rubble-strewn, from all of the U.S. Air Corps and Navy's prejump softening-up bombing and strafing; wind-blown by a constant breeze that flowed
XIV
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across the island (a wind so strong that it would have canceled training jumps in the States)-the jump injuries were relatively mmor. To attack a small, heavily fortified island defended by elite troops with a phobia about surrendering is a risky operation. But war is, by its very nature, filled with risks. Daring, courage, danger, and gambles are commonplace in war; soldiers practice those virtues hourly. The successful commander is the one who studies the situation, assesses his forces and the enemy, analyzes the terrain, considers the weather, and then weighs all of the factors and makes a decision. If there were no risk involved, there would be no war; it would be a peacetime maneuver. A soldier wins a medal for taking a risk; a unit wins a battle. Just so at Corregidor. The commander evaluated all of the factors bearing on his decision and decided that he could land on the island by parachute troops and thus achieve one of the most important principles of war-surprise. And with surprise, he was able to secure a foothold with relatively few troops. By parachuting onto the forbidding high ground, he 'was able to secure the controlling terrain and dominate the island, which, in turn, permitted him to defeat in detail a much larger, more heavily fortified, more deeply dug in, more ingeniously camouflaged enemy force. Certainly the 503d did not achieve the victory unaided and unsupported. The 3d Battalion Combat Team ofthe 34th Infantry landed amphibiously on the island a couple of hours after the initial drop of the 503d. The Air Corps and the Navy provided countless sorties and surface ship attacks in support of the Rock Force. Thus, the recapture of Corregidor was in every sense a joint operation; it could not have been accomplished by one service alone. Military history is replete with battles won by intrepid, clever, decisive commanders against great odds and seemingly insurmountable conditions. But the Rock Force attack against Corregidor on 16 February 1945 must go down as one of the most daring, well-planned, and superbly executed operations in the annals of the U.S. or any other army. The rugged terrain, the fanatical enemy, the strong defenses, the concrete and steel fortifications
Introduction
xv
stacked the odds in favor of the enemy. Yet the Rock Force achieved success through its daring plan of attack; sound implementation of the battle plan; the bravery, discipline, and training of its soldiers; and the wholehearted support of the other services. This, then, is the story of the Rock Force.
Index
Abbott, Lt. Donald E., 218-220, 301302 Adams, Lt. (USN) Charles, 217 Aguinaldo, Emilia, 4, 14, 17, 18 Aiken, Maj. Gen. Spencer, 306 Airborne Forces, potential use of, III Alamo Scouts, 104, 127 Alger, Russell A., 5, 6 Allen, 2d Lt. Robert, 207 Allen, TIS Lloyd S., 218 Allied Air Forces, 157 Allied Naval Forces, 157 Armstrong, Lt. Robert W., 118 Arrigo, TIS Frank, 210 Atkins, Capt. Robert M., 224, 227, 246, 266 Australian 2/4 Field Artillery Regiment, 118 Australian 7th Division, 122 Australian 9th Division, 118 Australian 25th Brigade, 122 Backhander Task Force, 128 Ball, Lt. Emory, 282 Barbey, Vice Admiral Daniel E., 306 Barham, Lt. Albert S., 251 Bataan, 19,23,91 Bataan, Battle of, 40-54 Battle of the Points, 41 Beebe, Brig. Gen. Lewis c., 47, 48,71, 73, 74
Berkey, Rear Admiral Russell S., 168, 255, 256-258 Blair, Lt. John H., 269 Blake, 1st Lt. William E., 201-203, 236-238, 270-272 Blarney, General Sir Thomas, 116, 122, 146 Bluemel, Brig. Gen. Clifford, 44 Boettcher, Captain Arnold, 30 Bossert, Capt. William T., 261, 262, 290, 291, 299 Bourque, Pvt. Rivers P., 233 Braly, Col. William C., 72 Bridget, Cmdr. Francis J., 41 Britten, Lt. Col. John W., 136, 138140 Brooke, Maj. Gen. John R., 13 Brown, Pfe. W. A., 281 Browne, Lt. Lawrence S., 136,277,278 Bulkeley, Lt. John D., 19 Bunker, Col. Paul D., 59 Burt, 2d Lt. Robert E., 207 Bushido, 285-286 Byer, Capt. James, 145 Callahan, Lt. Edward J., 299 Camranh Bay, Viet Nam, 152 Cannibalism, 143 Carabao, 23, 25 Carroll, Sgt. Hubert, 73-74 Casey, Maj. Gen. Hugh, 306
326
CORREGIDOR
Caskey, Major Lawson B., 216, 223, 248, 255, 262, 277, 287 Castillo, Pfc. Jesse S., 207, 259-260 Casualties of Rock Force on Corregidor, 303, 310 Cavite Naval Yard, 39, 101 Centenni, Capt. Frank, 214, 231-234, 251 Cervera, Admiral Pascual, 7, 9, 12 Chase, Maj. Gen. William c., 103, 189 Chuises, T/5 George A., 283 Churchill, Sir Winston Spencer, 83 Clark, Capt. Golland M., 72, 73 Clark Field, 88-90 Clark, Major Ernest C., 205 Collier, Col. James V., 52 Conway, Capt. Joseph M., 210, 223, 245, 269, 299 Corder, 1st Lt. Roscoe, 279, 280, 283 Corregidor, 163-164 Armament of, 30-33 Description of, 26-28 Drop Zones on, 168-170 Japanese Aerial Attack of, 57-59 Japanese Artillery Attack of, 59-67 Japanese Buildup of, 103-110 Japanese Landings on, 68 Japanese Siege of, 61-67 MacArthur's Departure from, 47-48 Spanish use of, 23-24 US bombing of, 194 US clearance of east end of, 285287 US control of, 19 US estimates of Japanese on, 104105 US need to retake, 106 Crawford, 2d Lt. Lewis B., 278, 279 Crawford, Pfe. Stanley C., 300 Crenshaw, Pvt. Ray, 233 Cruver, Lt. Albert]., 251 Davis, Major John N., 292-295, 298, 299 Dean, Lt. L. M., 149 Debruycker, SSgt. Ernest]., 300 Dewey, Commodore George, 2, 3, 4, 13, 14, 24 Diller, Brig. Gen. LeGrande A., 306 Doerr, Capt. Jean P., 210, 299 Donovan, Capt. Francis X., 268, 270
Dooley, Maj. Thomas, 73 Drake, Brig. Gen. Charles C., 40 Dunkel, Brig. Gen. William C., 84, 149 Eddleman, Brig. Gen. Clyde, 156, 165 Edgar, Pvt. James]., 266 Ehrenhold, Pvt. Emil, 234 Eichelberger, Lt. Gen. Robert L., 129, 130, 132, and attack on Manila, 163 EI Fraile, 23, 25, 33 Endo, Lt., Japanese Navy, 108, 255258, 261, 263, 264, 266-267 Erickson, Lt. Col. John R., 136, 137, 143,177,193-196,204,209-210, 215,223,227,243,287-288,299 Eubanks, Sgt. Roy E., award of Medal Of Honor, 142 Flash, Lt. Edward T., 207-208, 259, 267 Formosa, 80, 81 Fort Drum, 25, 32-33 Fort Frank, 25 Fort Hughes, 25 Fort McKinley, 38, 39 Fort Stotesenburg, 38 Fort Mills, 25 Fraser, Jimmy, 197 Fugitti, Lt. Robert R., 251 Fuller, Maj. Gen. Horace H., 129, 131, 132 Gall, Major 'Jock," 125, 127 Gambrell, Pfe. Thomas, 207 Garcia, Gen. Calixto, 9 Genko Line, 99-100, 101, 105, 163 Gibson, Capt. Henry W., 216, 225-226, 228, 240-241, 266, 267, 286, 288290, 292, 296 Gitnik, Lt. Henry G., 250, 251 Griswold, Lt. Gen. Oscar W., 88Guantanamo, 13 Gulick, Capt. John McM., 63, 66, 67 Gulsvich, S/Sgt. Edward, 220 Guthrie, Bennett, 254, 266, 297, 298, 302 Hall, Lt. Gen. Charles P., 90,172,192, 227,303,305,310 Halsey, Admiral William F., 82, 83 Hartman, Sgt. William, 236
Index Hauck, Capt. Herman, 108 Haugen, Col. Orin D. "Hard Rock," 96,98, 174 Haynes, TSgt. "Tex" (USMC), 69 Herb, Chaplain Probert E., 197 Herman Goering Armored Division, 112 Herndon, Col.]. P., 139 Hester, Weldon B., 211 Hill, Capt. Hudson C., 219-220, 241245, 277-281, 283, 284 Holcombe, Lt. Col. "Hacksaw," 174 Homma, Lt. Gen. Masaharu, 36, 41, 44,49,53,57-59,63,69,71,7376 Hovis, Capt. Logan W., 204 Howard, Col. Sam. (USMC), 76 Howard, S/Sgt. Nelson, 263-264 Huff, Col. Sidney, 306 Intramuros, 103 Irving, Maj. Gen. Frederick A., 129 Itagaki, Capt. Akira, 110, 163, 167, 177,205-206,209,256,273 Iwabuchi, Rear Admiral Sanji, 100, 101, 108, 109 Iwo Jima, 81 James Ravine, attack on, 241-245 Jandro, Pvt. Howard]., 281, 283 Japanese Air Force 5th Air Group, 57, 58 60th Heavy Bombardment Regiment,58 62d Heavy Bombardment Regiment,58 Japanese Army 2d Formosa, 38 4th Division, 49 7th Tank Regiment, 44, 68 14th Army, 36, 44, 106 16th Division, 36 20th Infantry Regiment, 41 61st Infantry Regiment, 68, 69 219th Infantry Regiment, 133 Japanese Navy lith Air Fleet, 57 31st Naval Special Base Force, Imperial Marines, 108 Manila Naval Defense Force, 100, 102
327
Jenks, Col. Royal G., 64 Johnson, S/Sgt. Chris W., 264 Johnson, Major Harold K., 43 Jones, Colonel George M., 19, 104, 114-116,126,127,129,143,150, 164-166,168,169,172,174-177, 183,184,187,190,196,204,205, 209,215,227,228,235,239,241, 244,246,247,249,251,253-255, 259,262,266-268,274,284,285, 287,288,291,292,297,298,303309 jump on Noemfoor, 135-137 plans to clear Corregidor, 242 reaction to Corregidor mission, 161162 reasons for recapturing Corregidor, 105 unique supply section, 185-186 Kamikaze Attacks, 86, 87, 119; near Mindoro, 151, 153 Kenney, Lt. Gen. George C., 119, 121, 152; air attack on Corregidor, 167 Kesselring, Field Marshal Albert, 111112 Kimura, Maj. Gen. Naoki, 43 Kindley Field, 26, 64, 65, 295, 299 Kinkaid, Vice Admiral Thomas C., 168 King, Admiral Ernest]., 81 King, Maj. Gen. Edward P.Jr., 50; surrender of Bataan, 51-54 Kinsler, Col. Kenneth H., 112, 115, 117,118, 123, 125, 126 Kitajima, General Kishio, 60 Kline, Major Arlis E., 208, 222 Koyameda, Lt. Cmdr. Shoichi, 109 Knox, Maj. Cameron, 136, 137 Knudson, Major Melvin R., 208, 240 Krueger, Gen. Walter, 88, 93, 103, 116, 126-128, 133-135, 138, 169, 170, 192, 230, 305 mission of 3/34th Infantry, 211 plan to reopen Manila Bay, 156 plan to retake Manila, 163 Lackey, Lt. Col. John, 96, 172, 176, 177,186,189,191,204,224,236, 239, 253 air plan for drop on Corregidor, 181-185
328
CORREGIDOR
Lae Operation, 117-124 Lawrie, Lt. Col. Joe, 126 Lawton, Maj. Gen. Henry W., 9-11 Levine, Lt. Lester H., 184, 229, 247, 258, 262, 301 Lilly, Lt. Col. Edmund J., 43 Lindsay, S/Sgt. Charles A. Jr., 207 Lingayen Gulf, US Invasion of, 87-88 Los Banos, 38 Lothrop, Major Robert, 108 Lumsden, Lt. Gen. Herbert (British Army), 87 >Luzon Invasion Force, 86 Luzon, Japanese Invasion of, 35-36 MacArthur, Brig. Gen. Arthur, 14, 18 MacArthur, General Douglas, 15, 19, 21,25,30,35,47,56,71,78,7988,90,97,100,112,116,119,120, 127, 131, 132, 157 attack along coast of New Guinea, 129 clearance of New Guinea, 146 concern for POWs and internees, 93 desire to take Manila, 94 feeling on return to Corregidor, 146 forces on Luzon, 1941,36 isolation of Manila, 101 message to 503d, 123-124 narrow escape on Bataan, 188 need to retake Corregidor, 106 plan to clear Manila Bay, 155 plan to recapture Rabaul, 127 plan to return to Corregidor, 292 return to Corregidor, 303-309 Madigan, Lt. Col. Donald F., 145 Malinta Hill, 23, 26 Malinta Tunnel, description of, 28, 58, 60,64,70,72 Manila, 4, 5,13-17,19,23,100 devastation of, 102 Japanese defense of, 101 Manning, Pvt. James, 207 Mapp, Lt (USN) John A., 196 Marquat, Maj. Gen. William F., 175, 292, 303, 306 Marshall, General George C., 48, 65, 145 Marshall, Maj. Gen. R. J., 81, 306 McCarter, Pvt. Lloyd G., 263-265 McMicking, Lt. Col. Joseph A., 306
Meedkins, Cpl. Michael L., 308 Melberg, Colonel Reingold, 310 Merritt, Maj. Gen. Wesley, 13, 14, 17 Miles, Lt. Gen. Nelson, 5, 6, 13 Mindoro Japanese naval attack offshore, 153 reasons for Invasion, 86 use for attack on Luzon, 154 US invasion of, 84 Mitchell, General Billy, 25 Mitchell, Major Harris T. Sr., 254, 259 Mitscher, Vice Admiral Marc, 83 Monkey Point, 26; explosion, 295-299 Moore, Maj. Gen. George F., 63, 66, 67, 69, 73 Morioka, Lt. Gen. Susumu, 36, 38 Morro Castle, 8, 9, 11, 12 Mount Cariliao-Mount Batulao Defile, 95 Murphy, Capt. Lyle, 122, 245, 246, 273, 299, 300 Nadzab, 116, 117; flight to, 119-120, 123 Nakayama, Col. Motoo, 52, 53, 73, 74, 76 Nagano, Gen. Kameichiro, 51-52 New Guinea, clearance of, 145-146 Nichols Field, 99 Nimitz, Admiral Chester W., 79-83; attack through Central Pacific, 129 Noemfoor, plan to recapture, 132; transformation of, 145 Noemfoor Task Force, 134-146 North Luzon Force, 36, 39, 40 Oldendorf, Vice Admiral Jesse, 87 Operation Reckless, 129 Otis, Maj. Gen. Elwell S., 17-18 Otter, Lt. (USN) Bethel B., 70 Pacific Ocean Area Command, 79 Pacific Theatre Strategy, debate on, 80-82 Pacific War Memorial, 311 Parker, Lt. John, 11 Parker, Maj. Gen. George M., 38, 40 Patrick, Brig. Gen. Edwin D., 134-140, 143 "Pearl of the Orient," 101 Philippine Army, 35-36
Index Philippine Army 31st Division, 44 Philippine Army 41st Division, 49 Philippine Division, 36 Philippine Islands, US Control of, 19 Philippine Insurrection, 17 Philippine Scouts, 36 Pierce, Brig. Gen. Clinton A., 38 Postlethwait, Lt. Col. Edward M., 192, 206, 211, 234, passim Powers, Father JohnJ ., 197-198 Powers, 1st Sgt. Eddie, 222 Prentiss, Col. Paul H., 119, 120 Prettyman, Pfc. John P., 225, 226 Pugh, Lt. Col. John R., 73-75 Quezon, Manuel, President of the Philippines, 19,30,37,39 Rabaul, plan to recapture, 127; isolation of, 128 Rock Force, 225, 252, 273, 277, 284, 285,310 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 176 Rommelspargel, 176 Roosevelt, Lt. Col. Theodore, 11 Roosevelt, President Franklin D., 21, 45,47,48,56,71,77,80,83 Rucker, Capt. John P., 140, 278, 292 Rupertus, Maj. Gen. William H., 128 Russell, Lt. John T., 208 Sampson, Rear Admiral William T., 2,
7, 8 Santiago, 9, 10, 11, 13 Sato, Col. Gempachi, 55, 67, 76, 77 Sayre, Francis B., US High Commissioner, 30, 39 Schneider, TSgt. Cyril, 308 Shafter, M.y. Gen. William R., 8--12 Sharp, Brig. Gen. William F., 75, 76 Shimizu, Colonel, 133, 140, 143, 144 Shinoara, Colonel, 123 "Shin yo" Boats, 109 Shinyo, Lt. Cmdr. Koyameda, 273 Sink, Col. Robert F., 112 Smith, Capt. Mangus L., 172,223,228, 247-248 Soule, Colonel Robert "Shorty," 97 South Luzon Force, 38, 40 Spanish-American War, 1-19
329
Spanish Fleet, in Philippines, 3, 4; Off Cuba, 7 Spicer, Capt. Emmet R., 208--209 Steele, T Sgt. Robert C., 98 Stuart, Jeb, 93 Student, General Karl, 112 Subic Bay, 3 Sutherland, Lt. Gen. Richard K., 306 Swift, Lt. Gen. Innis P., 88 Swing, Maj. Gen. Joseph M., 97, 99, 161, 164 Tagaytay Ridge, 94, 95, 163 Tolson, Lt. Col. JohnJ., III, 112, 114, 118, 121, 122, 156, 157, 162, 165, 216,217 Traywick, Lt. Col. Jesse T.,Jr., 51, 52 Treaty of Paris, 16 "Tunnel Rats," 58 Turinsky, Lt. Joseph A., 262, 264 USAFFE,37,39,40,47 US Air Corps Fifth Air Force and attack on Noemfoor, 132; attack on Corregidor, 167, 172, 192 Fifth Bomber Command, 191 Seventh Air Force, 167 54th Troop Carrier Wing, 119, 120, 136, 172 317th Troop Carrier Group, 172, 190, 192 US Army Sixth Army, 87", 88, 103, 162, 163; at Hollandia, 130; plan to open Manila Bay, 158 Eighth Army, 97, 163; reconnaissance in force of, 91 I Corps, 40", 41, 43, 50, 88 II Corps, 40, 41, 44, 50 XI Corps, 90--91, 158 XIV Corps, 88 1st Cavalry Division, 101, 103 6th Infantry Division, 145, 188 11th Airborne Division, 91, 94, 103, 111, 112, 161, 162 24th Infantry Division, 84, 129 32d Infantry Division, 127, 129 37th Infantry Division, 101, 103 40th Infantry Division, 89 41st Infantry Division, 129, 131
330
CORREGIDOR
82d Airborne Division, 112, 176 WIst Airborne Division, 176 19th Regimental Combat Team, 84 26th Cavalry, 36-38 31st Infantry Regiment, 36 34th Infantry Regiment, 134 57th Infantry Regiment, 43 151st Regimental Combat Team, 188-189 158th Regimental Combat Team, 134, 135, 138, 139, 144 187th Glider Infantry Regiment, 94, 95 188th Glider Infantry Regiment, 9497 503d Parachute Infantry Regiment, 84,86, 1l0, Ill, 162, 177-178, 187-189, 224, 225, 227, 231, 251, 269, 307, 310 airlanding on Cyclops Field, 130 alert for Nichols Field Drop, 154 alert to return to Mindoro, 303 commitment for Noemfoor operation, 135 cancellation of drop on Cape Gloucester, 128 cancellation of drop on Nichols Field, 155 jump casualties on Corregidor, 222 plan to drop on Corregidor, 155159 in reserve for Noemfoor, 137-138 Mindoro, 147-149 operations on Noemfoor, 139-146 return to Australia, 129 return to New Guinea, 129 Topside perimeter, 249 trip to Australia, ll2-ll6 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, ll2 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 95,152,154,163,173,174,203 attack on Manila, 98 drop on Tagaytay Ridge, 96-97 2d Battalion 45th Infantry, 43 2d Battalion 151 st Infantry, 294, 301 1st Battalion 503d PIR, 136, 138, 140, 254, 291-296, 302 cancellation of drop on Corregidor, 227, 239
landing on Corregidor, 249 operations on Noemfoor, 141 2d Battalion 503d PIR: 211, 216, 217, 223, 226-228, 248, 249, 261,287,302 amphibious landing on Noemfoor, 139 3d Battalion 50 3d PIR, 121-122, 138, 143, 190, 193-195, 209, 228,268,287-288,299,300 jump on Noemfoor, 137 3d Battalion 34th Infantry, 170, 178-179, 188, 192, 194, 206, 210,223, passim landing on Corregidor, 2ll-214 147th Field Artillery Battalion, 138, 141 192d Tank Battalion, 36 462d Parachute Field Artillery Battalion, 145, 152, 158, 174,239240, 287, 290, 304 501 st Parachute Infantry Battalion, ll4, ll5 632d Tank Destroyer Battalion, 127 641st Tank Destroyer Battalion, 138 674th Glider Field Artillery Battalion, 95, 98 675th G~ider Field Artillery Battalion, 95 6th SAP, 278 18th Portable Surgical Hospital, 253 161st Parachute Engineer Battalion (Company C), 145, 152, 158, 174 592d lASCO, 228, 278 603d Tank Company, 291 A Battery 462d Parachute FA Battalion, 294 B Battery 462d Parachute FA Battalion, 207, 216, 225 D Battery 462d Parachute FA Battalion, 210, 266 A Company 503d PIR, 261,263,290, 291, 295, 299 B Company 50 3d PIR, and action on Mindoro, 15(}-151, 291, 295, 299 CCompany 50 3d PIR, 277, 278, 291, 295 D Company 50 3d PIR, 262, 263, 264, 302
Index E Company 503d PIR, 219-220, 277 attack on James Ravine, 241-245 F Company 503d PIR, 262, 263 G Company 503d PIR, 210, 223, 229, 235, 299, 300 H Company 503d PIR, 210, 223, 229, 269, 270, 299, 300 I Company 503d PIR, 205-206, 211, 235,236,245,273,299,300 A Company 1I34th Infantry, 232, 239,250,260,274,276 H Company 3/34th Infantry, 238 I Company 3/34th Infantry, 235, 250,260,261,273,275 K Company 3/34th Infantry, 215, 232-235,249-252, 261, 274, 277 L Company 3/34th Infantry, 214215,231,250,251,260,261,274, 275, 291 M Company 3/34th Infantry, 261 QM Graves Registration Team, 310311
US Marine Corps 1st Marine Division, 127, 128 US Navy Third Fleet, 82, 86 7th Amphibious Force, 172 Vance, Col. John R., 72 Vasey, General, 122
331
Wainwright, General Jonathan M., 19, 21,23,45,37,39,41, passim, 7277, 106,255 defense of Luzon, 36--40 decision to surrender Corregidor, 71 War Plan Orange (WPO-3), 37 Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, 26 Western Visayan Task Force, 84, 86; and casualties on Mindoro, 151 Wheeler Point, reduction of, 277-284 Whitehead, MaJ . Gen. Ennis C., 192 Whitson, Lt. Joe, 242 Williams, Lt. Richard, 186-187 Williams, Major Francis USMC, 70 Williams, Mrs. Maude R., 64 Williams, Pvt. Earl, 197 Willoughby, Brig. Gen. Charles E., 306 Woods, Major Robert H. "Pug," 140, 141, 227, 239, 249, 254, 255, 287, 290, 291 Wooten, Maj. Gen. G. F. , 118 Yamashita, Gen. Tomoyuki, 84, 88, 100, 101, 106 Yokoyama, Lt. Gen . Shizu, 101 Zig Zag Pass, 91 Ziler, Lt. Donald, 204