THE BATTLE FOR CORREGIDOR: DECEMBER 1941- 6 MAY 1942 THE 4
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2002 Daniel D. Howell All Rights Reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Manufactured in the Republic of the Philippines
Dizon & Company, Inc., Publishers #55 Alejandrind Street, Las Pifias, Metro Manila Philippines
11 Printing Press Offset and Letterpress Jim M. Epang / Jess N. Federico Proprietors 1st Edition: February 2,2003
Other books by the author: Saturday Morning: A Vietnam Experience
CIP DATA A\,AlLA8LE
ISBN 0-9742215-0-3
ENDORSEMENT(S) "Your book was of great interest to me as a surviving participant in the defense of the Philippines. 1 learned many things from it which 1 had not known before." Colonel Jack Hawkins, U.S.M.e. (Ret.) - U.S. Naval Academy 1939. A Marine Corps Lt. on Corregidor. Captured on Corregidor and later escaped from the Davao Penal Colony, Mindanao, P.I. Guerrilla fighter, later taken to Australia by submarine. Once in Australia Colonel Hawkins was personally welcomed by General Douglas MacArthur who decorated him with the Distinguished Service Cross. Author of the book, Never Say Die, Š 1961. .
"I appreciate your sending me your very well documented manuscript. "At 94 years of age I've seen it and heard it all about Corregidor, but yours was the most interesting, it took me back in time and was very refreshing and enjoyable to read. 1 think your study is very close to the truth about what really happened on Corregidor." Capt. Harold Ferrell, U.S.M.C. (Ret.). Capt. Ferrell was a Gunner (Warrant Officer) on Corregidor. He was in charge of a machine-gun platoon, "D" Company 1st Bn. 4th Marines at the tail of the island. His commanding Officer was Capt. Noel O. Castle who was killed in action on Corregidor on 6 May 1942.
"This is the best, truest and most accurate book ever written about the history of Corregidor. If you really want to know the factual true, read this book." Douglas McGetchin, Ph.D., Second World War historian, University Professor. U.C. San Diego.
FOREWORD
Six May 1942 marked the first and only time in American history that a United States Marine Regiment burned its colors and surrendered. A little known fact is that nearly 15,000 American and Filipino Defenders were forced to surrender the island fortress of Corregidor to less than 300, ill-equipped, sick, broken Japanese invaders. On 5-6 May the beach Defenders had performed remarkably well. So why capitulate?
There has never been a book devoted to the particulars concerning the defense of Corregidor. Because of major voids in the official and accepted history of the battle, even the U.S. Government's official history is "unofficial" at best. Fortunately, we won the war. Unfortunately, no one likes a loser, or so it seems. But the truth is what it is, not necessarily what we want it to be.
Over the past 20 years I have assembled and studied, what I believe to be, the workl's largest resource library on the subject. With the loss of the island fortress and the loss of almost all official records followed by public relations spin and personal embellishments, no one has been able to bring the complete story to view - until now.
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CORREGIOOR ISLANO' December, 1941
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For we can do nothing against the truth, but for the truth. II Corinthians 13: 8
Vl
"Corregidor and Bataan will forever be, in American memory, synonymous with painful pride-pain in the worst defeat inflicted upon American arms, pride in the courage of the men who fought and suffered and died in the frrst campaign of the war in the Pacific."
Hanson W. Baldwin, Battles Lost and Won, Great
Campaigns o/World War II. Chapter 4 "The Rock, The Fall ofCorregidor," Harper and Row 1966.
VII
Dedicated to George D. Munson.
Without George doing all those interviews in the Seventies, Eighties, and Nineties with the Defenders of Corregidor this story would be incomplete.
And Ted Crammer
Ted encouraged me to stop talking so much and ftnish writing the book. Ted is my editor and a good friend. Who could ask for more!
During the course of my research I came to appreciate the heroic contributions of the following 4th Marines: Francis H. (Joe) Williams, John Mercurio, William Haynes, John E. Haskin, and Thomas Sweeney.
Vlll
Special thanks to Col. Grant John Berry. USMC (Ret.).
Col. Berry gave me all his documents, hard-evidence, concerning what happened on Corregidor, December 1941 through May 6, 1942. Without this most valuable documentation the untold story of the fighting on Corregidor would remain untold. Because of Col. Berry the truth will finally, after sixty years, be brought to light. Thank you, Col. Berry, for being a giver, thank: you for sharing your knowledge so the rest of us shall know the truth.
And special thanlcs to Capt. Harold M Fe"eJl. USMC (Ret.)
As a Marine Corps Gunner, Capt. Ferrell helped deploy D Company machine gun emplacements along the island's tail with the judgment of Capt. Noel Castle Commander. Capt. Ferrell was able to answer many questions about what happened during the fighting on the tail of the island. He was very helpful to me in the writing of this book. Capt. Ferrell is a fme man and a real gentleman.
lX
I would like to extend a big, special "thanks" to Col. Jack Hawkins, USMC (Ret.). The guidance that I received from Col. Hawkins through letters and phone calls over a period of five years helped in the writing of this book. Col. Jack Hawkins is a real homespun American Hero. A graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy 1939, Col. Hawkins, a platoon leader on Corregidor, was captured there on 6 May 1942. He later escaped from the Davao Penal Colony, Mindanao, Photo courtesy of Col. Jack Hawkins, USMC (Ret.).
P.I. along with fellow Marines, Austin Shofner and Mike Dobervich. Jack functioned as a guerrilla fighter until he
was taken to Australia by submarine. Once in Australia Col. Hawkins was personally welcomed by Gen. Douglas MacArthur who decorated him with the Distinguished Service Cross. Col. Hawkins is the author of the book, Never Say Die, lC 1961.
x
Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Douglas McGetchin, Ph.D., for his candid and professional review of this manuscript.
Lastly, I would like to thank my dear old friend, Mr. Robert E. McGetchin, who was able to validate the work and help with a few revisions making the book a more accurate
statement concerning the fall ofCorregidor.
Editor's Note: This book is the author's work-product of over 10 years research and analysis. Other authors and eyewitnesses are liberally quoted; unsubstantiated author opinion is little to none. When I ftrst took on the task of editing I had a few questions of my own and I felt that the reader would, too: How did the United States acquire Corregidor? How important was Corregidor in the scheme of things?
An4 most importantly, how could it be that
nearly 15,000 defenders would surrender to no more than three- to ftve-hundred invaders? So the book goes from a description of Corregidor the island, to an understanding of the political and strategic considerations surrounding Corregidor, to an account of the battle for Corregidor from the view of some of the men in the trenches, and the author wraps it up by dissecting a few myths. We hope you enjoy the ftndings.
XI
In Memoriam
Austin Connor "Shifty" Shofner Brig. Gen. USMC (Ret.)
1916-1999
General Shofner was overwhelmingly helpful to me in writing this story aOOut wartime Corregidor. As a Captain, he served in defense of Corregidor. I found him to be a strong and brave man who loved his country and fought bravely for her, an outstanding Marine and, better yet, he was a man that I was proud to call my friend.
Five Defenders of Sataan and ComJgidor reunited at the Marine Corps Ba"acks at Quantico, VA in 1944. Left to right: Maj. Mike Dobarvich, USMC, Lt. Col. Austin Shofner, USMC, Cmdr. Melvin H. McCoy, USN, Maj. Jack Hawkins, USMC, and Maj. Samuel Grashio US Army Air Corps. Photo courtesy of the Samuel Graahio Family.
Xli
About The Author
Joined the U.S. Marines 1960, serving two (2) tours in Vietnam. Second tour with 1st \
Tank Battalion, 1st Marine Div. Retired from U.S. Government service 1980. Lived on Corregidor for ten years. Curator of the Pacific War Memorial Museum on Corregidor. B.A. University of Central Oklahoma M.A. University of Oklahoma. Adamson Law School, Manila, Philippines. Married to Brenda Alburo Howell (Filipina). with two children, Mary Helen Howell and Paul Bunker Howell.
The author and his wife Brenda on South Dock Corregidor 1991.
XIII
Introduction
IT WAS LOVE AT FIRST SIGHT.
On my first visit to Corregidor in 1982 I became absolutely
fascinated and enamored with the island. Deep down I felt a burning desire to see every part of this historical place, to learn and embrace everything possible, and to make this island my home. In short, I began a long, love affair with Corregidor that continues to this day.
For ten years I lived on Corregidor. During that time I became the Curator of the Pacific War Memorial Museum and the only American to subsist on "The Rock" since the Second World War. I loved every minute of my stay. I was designated the island's resident archeologist and along with my crew of two Filipinos, Angel Reyes and Mario Galang, I spent many long hours digging for artifacts and relics. We were a band of brothers eating, sleeping, and digging through the nights in deep caves lit by kerosene lanterns. It was more fun than any human being could believe imaginable. We were always thinking glory, ghosts, and gold. There was little gold but there was an abundance of artifacts which were lovingly restored, tagged, and placed in the Corregidor Museum-with fierce pride and a bit of vanity I might add-where they may be viewed today .
XIV
I read about my new love in every book that I could locate in bookstores back in the states. The fIrst two books I found were The Saga ofa Fortress and The Fall ofthe
Philippines. This library of two books multiplied and grew. Today, my personal library is one of the largest in the world on the subjects ofBataan and Corregidor.
While living on the island I would go to the Corregidor Inn at night or during lunch to inquire if any of the Defenders of the Island might be visiting. Sometimes I would have the good fortune of locating a Defender and conducting a taped interview or jotting down notes during a chat. Occasionally, if the Defender was so inclined, the conversation, with the help of a few cold San Miguel beers, lasted into the wee hours of the night. I loved those conversations with the Defenders and, best of all, I learned a great deal about the history of Corregidor from the people who lived and fought there. Being on the island of Corregidor at this time, smelling the scent of the native flowers, hearing and sensing the white surf of the South China Sea brought back many old memories for the Defenders. Being on Corregidor during these years certainly enhanced and ameliorated these interviews. I found that I could learn a great deal from a person in this carefree, serene setting.
After years of interviewing the Defenders and comparing my notes to official accounts authored by the U.S. government, a pattern of inconsistencies and contrary facts began to gnaw at my inquisitive mind. These inconsistencies and a restless search for the truth drove me to write this book.
xv
THE SIXTII OF MAY
1942 was the first time in Marine Corps history that a regiment had
ever surrendered. For three years following the surrender the Defenders of Corregidor continued fighting. The battle against starvation and disease was, for many POWs, more deadly than actual combat with the enemy.
XV I
Table of Contents
Chapter One The Rock: A Short History of Prewar Corregidor ............................................................... 1. Chapter Two A Brief Look at War Plan Orange and the Rainbow 5 Plan for the Philippines ................ 17 Chapter Three You Can't Have it Both Ways ... ...... .... .. .................... ........ .. ... .................. ............. .. .. ........ 32 Chapter Four The Fourth Marine Regiment on Corregidor, December 1941- January 1942 ............... 53 Ohapter Five The Fourth Marine Regiment on Corregidor February - May 1942 ................................. 72 Chapter Six The Fourth Marine Regiment on Corregidor, May 1942 ... ...... .. ........ .... ................ .. .......... 91 Chapter Seven Corregidor Surrenders ........... .... .. ........ ... .. ....... ........ ..... .. ...... ....... .. ....... ..... ... ..... .. ............. 114 Chapter Eight The Food, Water, and Fuel Controversy on Corregidor ............................ ,.. ....... ...... ...... 123 Chapter Nine Tank Controversy and Confusion on Corregidor............................................................. 147 Chapter Ten Command Decisions: Some Leave, the "Rock," Some Stay ........ .. ......... ... ............... ...... 168 Chapter Eleven Leadership Abilities of the Senior Officers on Corregidor .............................................. 180 Chapter Twelve The Royce Raid and Problems Because Wainwright Was Not Evacuated ..................... 206
XVII
Chapter 1
Chapter Thirteen The Halsey-Doolittle Raid and Its Effect on Corregidor .. ............................................... 211 Chapter Fourteen Could the Japanese Blockade of the Philippines Been Penetrated? ................................ 218 Chapter Fifteen Evacuating the Defenders OffCorregidor Tn April Or May, Before It Was Surrendered.......................................... .................................... ....... ... ....... 224 Chapter Sixteen The Corregidor Conclusion............................................................................................. .231 Glossary ......... .................................................................................................................. 243 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 247 Supplement ...................................................................................................................... 259 Roster ......... ................. ............................ ...................... ..................................... ....... ....... 272 Index ................................................................................................................................ 285
XVlII
Index
7
1
7.7mm machine gun(s), 152 75mm gun(s), 63, 77, 80, 99, 108, 166 7Smm rapid-firing piece(s), 15
105mm projectile(s), 74 lO-inch rifle(s), 10 12-inch gun, 188 12-inch mortar battery, 198 12-inch mortar(s), 10, 15 12-inch rifle(s), 9, 10, 11, 15 12-incb shell, 188, 190 14-inch rifle(s), 12, 13 14-inch turrets, 13 150mm projectile(s), 74 155mm battery, 77 IS5mm gun(s), 15,63, 77 . 155mm shell, 138 l't Battalion, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 63, 75, 78, 79, 82,83,84,85,93,97,101,102,103,104, 106,116,160,163,164,181, 184, 185, 199, 201 1at Battalion Reserve, 102 l't Platoon, 103 l't Separate Battalion, 56, 59
8 8-inch muzzle-loading rifle(s), 10
9 0d
92 Garage Area, 119, 120
A A Company, 56, 62, 63,82,83,97, 104, 16S, 238 AA Defense, 68, 194 AAguns,199 Abston, Capt., 193, 196 Adams, John J., 100 Adams, John P., 60, 64 Aguinaldo, Emil, 1 Aid Station, 78, 83 Air Corps, 92 airplane fuel, 35 airstrip. See Kindley Field Amaroso, LTC, 199 American war prisoners, 96 Amoroso, Arnold, 194, 196, 197, 199 Amoroso, Arnold, 195 Anderson, Herman R., 60, 116 antiaircraft, 137, 178,181,194,199 anti-aircraft battery(ies), 73, 78 anti-aircraft fire, 86 antiaircraft fuses, 173 antiaircraft gun(s), 30 Army, 90 Army Engineers, 9, 78 Army personnel, 105 Army Scout, 91 Army War Plans Division, 18 Artillery Point. 63, 74, 78, 79, 83, 93, 94, 136, 149, 178 Australia, 42, 45,130,168,173,174,176,184, 206,207,208,210,215,217,222,225,226, 232,236,265 aviators, 82 Axis Powers of Europe, 20
2 240mm gun(s), 80 240mm shell, 165, 187, 189,204 240mm sheII(s), 74, 87 2nd Battalion, 55, 56, 65, 80,193,199 20d Platoon, 56, 103
3 31't Infantry, 62 37mm gun(s), 15,63,64,65, 74, 99, 109, 148, 152,156, 162, 164,238 37mm rifle(s), 74 3-inch ammunition, 142 3-inch rifle(s), 15 3rd Battalion, 60, 64, 65, 73, 80, 93, 100, lOS, 181 3rd Platoon, 103, 161 4
4S dt Infantry, 168 47mm gun(s), 151 4th Battalion, 80, 103, 104, lOS, 108, 161 4dt Marines tactical training, 181
6 B
60mm mortar(s), 74, 156 6-inch rifle(s), 13, 15
B Company, 63, 72, 97 B-17,24
285
Index Bataan, soldiers on, 47 Bataan, stores on, 134 Bataan, supplies to, 126 Bataan, supply on, 130 Ba~, terrain, 128 Bataan, the fall, 197 Bataan, transfer to, 73 Bataan, troops on, 46,41 Bataan, withdrawal to, 38 Batangas, 63 Battalion Reserve Company, 76 Battery Cheney, 10 Battery CraighiU, 13 Battery Crockett, 10, 188 Battery Crofton, 12 Battery D, 201 Battery Denver, 77, 105, 106, 108, 165, 199, 200,236 Battery Geary, 92, 187 Battery Gillespie, 13 Battery Greer, 12 Battery Grubbs, 10 Battery Hartford, 131 Battery Hearn, 11, 12, 15 Battery Indiana, 68 Battery James, 15 Battery Koehler, 13 Battery Kysar, 77, 99 Battery Maxwell Keyes, 161 Battery Monja, 121 Battery Morrison, 15 Battery Point, 94
bacon, 67 Bagac Bay, 54 Baggett. Capt. Wmen, 215 Bardowski, Zenon, 150 b~e~62,94,97,99, 100, 103, 105, 133, 153, 154,160,237,239
Barleycorn,133 Barne~
Silas K., 86, 99, 100, 103, 104, 114, 116, 163 Barnes, Silas K., 163 Barr, LTC, 191, 193, 195, 199 Ba~,2,27,38,42,48,63, 78,83,85,94,95, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 136, 137, 138, 141, 143,148,153,176,178,184,188,191,192, 193, 196 Bataan Airfield at Cabcaben, 171 Ba~ Peninsula, 8, 9, 43 Ba~ Peninsula; retreat to, 22 Ba~shore, 2 11 Ba~, 91 on, 196 Ba~, after the fall, 168 Bataan, after the fall of, 196 Bataan, American forces on, 197 Bataan, American tanks on, 157 Ba~,Americanson, 76 Bataan, arrivals from, 69 Bataan, artillery bombardments from, 200 Ba~, artillery on, 99 Bataan, chow ration, 128 Ba~, civilians on, 126 Bataan, Corregidor's fixed batteries bearing on, 15 Bataan, defense of, 21& Ba~, enemy batteries on, 13 Bataan, evacuation, 168 Ba~, fall of, 79, 82 Bataan, flashes of artillery, 67 Ba~, food on, 130, 131, 134 Bataan, food sentto, 132, 133 Bataan, food shortages, 129 Bataan, forces on, 150 Bataan,headquarteBon,118 Bataan, heroes of, 45 Bataan, infantry on, 76 Bataan, Japanese on, 198 Bataan, LTC Barr on, 195 Bataan, marines sent to, 87 Bataan, men from, 79, 81 Bataan, men on, 44, 45, 49, 132 Bataan, new arrivals from, 79 Bataan, peBonnel from, 80 Bataan, reconnaissance of, 53 Bataan, refugees from, 186 Ba~, searchlight on, 194
Rattery Ramsay, 111
Battery Smith, 11, 12, 15 Battery Way, 194, 197, 198 Battery Wheeler, 9, 10 Battery Woodruff, 13 beach defense, 15,27,63,76,99, 178, 181, 199 Beach Defense Artillery, -181 . beach defense(s), 86, 94 beach defenses, 53, 57,68,69, 166, 178 Beck, John Jacob, 129, 138, 184 Beebe, Lewis C., 174, 175, 178 Beebe, Lewis C., 174 Beecher, Lt. Col Curtis S., 56, 62, 102, 103, 120, 154; 155, 161, 181, 184 beef, 128, 133, 134, 135, 144 beriberi, 13 7 Berry, Chant John, 53, 72,91 bluejackets, 68, 91 Bohol,177 bombeB,67 Borneo, 33 Bottomside, 5, 6, 60, 74, 84, 119, 140, 148
286
lllda
China Sea, 9, 10, 13 chow, 76,97,123,130,134 Churchill, 218 Churchill, Winston, 34, 46 Chynoweth, Bradford G ., 177 cigarettes, 134, 135 Clark Field, 24 Clark, GolIard L., Jr., 117, 118 Clark, Max, 64,102 Clement, William T., 73 Clements, John, 53 Coast Artillery Corps, 9, 178 Cohen, Raymond E., 73, 74 cold storage plant, 94, 133, 141, 144 cold-storage, 143, 144 concrete battleship. See Fort Drum Constabulary, 19,91 Coral Sea, 213, 222, 248 corned beef, 67 Cornwall, Paul, 194,200,201,202 CP [Command Post], 189
Bottomside Barrio, 74 Bottomside, lowest part of the island, 5 Brady,~ey, 165, 179,200,201,202 bnead,67, 128, 134, 136 Breakwater Point, 64, 74, 98 Breitung, Col., 192 Breitung, LTC, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 Bridget, Frank, 68 British, 23, 27, 33 British Empire, 23, 39 British Maylaya, 37 Brook, Charles B., 103, 108 Brown, Burton, 192 Browning Automatic Rifle(s), 74 Bulkeley, J.D., 170,237 Bunker, Paul 0 .,120, 140, 178, 179, 185, 186, 187,198,199,204 Burns, Lt. John A., 65
c C Battery, 196 C rations, 79, 135 Caballo, 12, 13, 178. See Fort Hughes Caballo Island, 3, 9 Cabanatuan, 199 Cabcaben, 66 candy, 74, 135 carabac stew, 68 Carabao, 2, 9, 12, 128, 133 Carabao Island, 12, 178 Carpenter, Frank, Jr., 127 Casiano, 133 Castle, Noel 0 ., 102, 108 Cavalry Point, 63, 67, 74, 77, 84, 86, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 114, 149, 150, 153, 163, 164 Cavite, 1,60,202 Cavite hills, 13 Cavite Marine Detachment, 53, 57 Cavite Naval Base, 56 Cavite Province, 2 Cavite Province, Pico de Loro hills, 9 Cavite shore, 72 Cavite, enemy batteries on, 13 Cebu, 82, 142, 174, 177 Central Luzon, 21 Chambers, Capt., 94, 105 Chase, TbeodoreM., 68,178,179,191,192, 193,194,195,196, 197,198,199,200,203, 204 Cheney Ravine, 4, 65,85, 184, 185 Chief of Naval Operations, 23 China, 45, 72, 208, 212, 214, 240, 248, 265, 266, 267,270
D
o Company, 63, 99, 108, 160, 163, 164, 165 Davao, 42, 180 Davis, Thomas, III, 185, 187, 190, 191 De Carre, Col., 179, 182 deer, 68 Del Monte airfield, 42 Dempsey, James C., 176 Denver Hill, 154, 159, 165 dereliction of duty, 199 Dewey, George W ., 1, 13 diesel, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143,233 Diller, Col. Le Grande, 55 Diller, Le Grande, 171 Dobervich, Lt., 73 Dooiittle, 211, 216, 217, 223, 227, 237 Doolittle Raid, 213, 214, 221 Doolittle, Lt. Col. James, 212 Drake, Charles C., 133, 138, 139, 178, 232 l)uncan,LOtris, 160, 161, 183 Dutch East Indies, 45 dynamite, 156 dysentery, 76 E E Battery, 192, -194, 198 Early, Stephen, 41, 125 East Indies, 33, 39 East Point, 7 East Point, extreme tail of the island, 7 East Sector, 60, 87, 92, 96, 98, 101, 103
287
I"dex G
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 19,20,45 E1 Fraile, 2, 9, 12, 13, 178. See Fort Drum electric, 141 electric generating plant, 5 electric lines, 141 electric trolley line, 6 Elmes, Chester H., 130, 133, 179 Enfield(s),74 Engelhart, Carl, 186 Engineer Dock, 65, 74 Engineer Point, 63, 78, 84,141,178,179,190 engineers, 3, 12, 13 Engineers' Ravine, 156 Englin, Milton A., 162,238,239 Enlisted Men's Beach, 83 entanglements, 72, 87 Enterprise, 212, 214 Erwin, Smokey, 86 Evans, Charles, 121
G Battery, 192, 193, 196, 198 g&ley,62,68,79,80 gasoline, 67, 96, 121, 125, 138, 139 Geary Point, 10 Gener& Heruiquarters, 73 Germany, 20,23,27, 34,252,263,265,268 269 Government Ravine, 4, 65, 73, 98, 184 ' Grande Island, 178 Great Britain, 33 grenades, '107, 108, 109, 153, 156, 165 Grunert, George, 26 Guam, 1,27,35, 37 Gulick, Jack, 137, 193, 196, 198 Guyton, Ben, 200 H
H Company, 65, 80 Hackett, Lt., 161 Hagen, Lt., 68 H&sey-DoolittIe Raid, 211, 225 Hamrick, John F ., 62, 81 Hansen, Pfc G., 84 harbor defenses of Manila Bay, 14 hard tack, 128 Harrington, Cmdr., 55 Harris, Lt., 103, 104 Hart, Thomas H., 53, 54, 180 Haskins, John M ., 108, 109 Hauck, Herman, 159, 161
F Far East Forces in Manila, 54 FOR, 35, 36, 40, 46, 47, 48, 49,50, 149,233. Also See, Roosevelt, Franklin D . Ferguson, Frank W., 108 Ferrell, Harold M., 163, 164, 165 field phone, 194 Filipino(s), 28, 30, 36, 40, 41, 43, 44, 50, 62,69, 76,84,170,177 Filipino(s),29, 93, 241 Filipino(s) soldiers, 120 FiIipino(s) war prisoners, 96 Filipino(sXs), 1 Filipino(s)Anny, 74 Filipino(s)s, 22, 43 Filipino(s)soldiers,63 first wave, 97, 99, 153 Fitzgerald, Cpl., 84 flares, 83, 98 flour, 128, 135 Flying Tigers, 214 food, distribution, 75 Formosa, 37 Fort Drum, 12, 13,63,68, 72, 178. See El Fraile Fort Frank, 2, 12, 17R, 202 Fort Hughes, 12, 13,63, 68, 72, 82, 121, 172, 173, 178. See Caballo Fort Mills, 3, 6, 12, 15,46,81, 139 FortWint, 193, 196 Fortified Islands, 9, 159, 168 French Indo-China, 32 fuel oil, 138, 143
Ha~i,213,216,235,237,26O,266,267
Hawkins. Jack, 98, 119 Hayes, Thomas, 131 Haynes, Platoon Sgt., 109 heavy ritle batteries, 9 HMS Prince of Wales, 34 Hoeffel, Kenneth, 138, 143, 173, 178, 179 Hogaboom, Lt., 94, 105 . Homma, Lt. Gen., 95,117,161,184,239 Hong Kong, 37 Hooker Point, 86, 98 Hooker Point, a tiny prominence beyond East Point, 7 Horne, William E., 58, 86, 87 Hornet, 212, 213, 214 Howard, Samuel, 53, 57, 60, 102, 1l0, 158, 159, 161,165,179,184,192,194, 195,236 HQ Battery, 198
I I Company, 64 Ichinose Tadakuni, 159 Ickes, Harold, 35
288
Index
Imperial General Headquarters, 32 Indochina, 35 Indo-China Coast, 142 Infantry Point, 63, 77, 98, 99, 100, 114, 149, 153, 164 Irwin, Constant L., 135, 136, 176, 178
Japanese machine gun sections, 153 Japanese Navy, 33 Japanese observation plane, 67 Japanese occupation, 168 Japanese offensive, 34 Japanese officer, 99, 117 Japanese officers, 73, 118 Japanese positions, 104 Japanese prison camp, 170 Japanese prisoner of war, 175 Japanese report, 154 Japanese rifleman, 153 Japanese ships, 131, 136 Japanese sniper, 109 Japanese soldier(s), 157, 160 Japanese soldiers, 95, 100, 108, 114, 118, 119, 121,131,135,150, 163 Japanese tank, 164 Japanese tanks, 161, 162, 164 Japanese troops, 35, 106, 109, 119, 129, 135, 143, 149, 157, 161, 165, 185 Japs landing, 97 Japs shelling Malinta Hill, 203 Java, 33 Jenkins, RF., 56, 59,62,63,64,66, 79, 82,97, 100 Jenks, Royal G., 176, 178 Jonelis, Frank, 186
J James Ravine, 4,85, 184, 185, 186 Jap air activity, 125 Jap artillery, 72, 79, 82,117,189 Jap bomb(s), 59 Jap bombers, 57 Jap bombs, 67 . Jap gunners, 103 Jap machine-gun position, 104 Jap mortar fire, 117 Jap shelling, 77 Jap(s), 82, 98, 106, 114, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 126, 160, 165, 174, 175, 188, 189 Japan, 18, 19,21,28,32,33,34,36,49, 121, 135,144,180,240 Japan, avoiding war with, 23 Japan, the probable enemy, 21 Japanese, 20, 21,22,27,28,29,31,34,35,36, 38,43,46,47,72,74,77,80,91,94,98,99, 100,131,139,144,155,159,173,174,175, 176,192,196,231,233,235,236,237,238, 239,240 Japanese advance, 168 Japanese aggressors, 39 Japanese air strikes, 55 Japanese Army, 33, 37 Japanese artillery, 75, 83 Japanese assault, 91 Japanese attack, 24, 35,48 Japanese attackers, 14 Japanese Blockade, 218, 221 Japanese bombardment, 140 Japanese bombing attacks, 36 Japanese command, 153 Japanese commanding officer, 117 Japanese engineers, 150 Japanese eyewitness, 158 Japanese fire, 109 Japanese forces, 32, 87, 95 Japanese government, 39 Japanese Infantry, 147, 148 Japanese invaders, 19, 159, 162, 163, 166, 184, 185 Japanese invasion, 124 Japanese landings, 38, 124, 165 Japanese lines, 103, 155 Japanese losses, 160
K K Company, 65 Kasler, 2nd. Lt., 199 Kazumaro Uno, 95, 96, 239 Keech,FUchard,162 Keene, Lt., 68, 85 Kilbourne, Charles E., 8, 9 Kindley Field, 6, 7,147, 150, 154, 155, 156, 159, 163 Kindley FUdge, 116 King, Stuart, 68, 192 knee-mortar, 108, 153 Knox Trophy, 195 Knox, Frank, 23 Kota Bharu, 37 Kulikowski, Leopold A., 84
L La Monja, 2 Lamao,96 landing craft, 97, 99, 101, 153, 154, 161, 194, 231,235 Lang, GySgt., 74 Lang, Harry C., 63, 82, 165
289
Index
Lee, Capt., 102 Levagood, (Jeorge, 200,201, 202 Lewis Machine Gun(s), 74 Leyte,l77 Lothrop, Mal. 179, 190 Love, Cpl., 121 Luzon, 27, 28, 38,42, 124, 141 Luzon coastline, 37 Luzon defense of, 177 Luzon forces in, 43 Lyon,Lt.,68
Mann, Lt., 73 Marine, 135, 179,231,238,239,240,241,249 Marine Detachment at Cavite, 73 Marine, the most unusual unit, 91 Marines, 74,97,120,154,160,181,233,236, 237,238,239,241 Mariveles,54,55,56,57, 73, 79,138,198 Mariveles Harbor, 55, 57 Marshall, 176,210,214,218,241,253 Marshall, (Jen., 134 Marshall, (Jeorge C., 28, 29,41,43,45,46,50 Massello, William, 191, 192 Maynard, Maj ., 194 McClung, Red, 103 McCoy, Melvin H., 129 Mc(Jetchin, Robert, 183 McNair, Thomas, 194,200,201,202,203 meat, 68, 131 Mellnik, Stephen H., 141 Mercurio, (fySgt., 166 Middleside, 5, 59, 80, 184 Middleside Barracks, 58 Middleside, a plateau, 4 Midway, 213, 222, 260 Midway Island, 35 Miller, Cpl., 165 Miller, E.B., 124, 159, ]92, 197, 198, 199,238 Miller, Fred, 192 Mindanao, 42, 171, 172, 173, 174, 178,206, 207,208,209,214,215,218,222,225,226, 227,228,232,238 Mindanao Force, 29 Mindanao, personnel transfer, 172 Mindanao, troops on, 177 mine field, 15 mine(s), 14,87, 157, 173,186, 190 Molotov cocktails, 156, 165 Monkey Point, 63, 98, 101, 119, .120, 159 Montojo, Don Patricio, 1 Moore, (}en. (Jeorge F., 123 Moore, CJeorge F., 60, 81,105, 123,130,133, 139,140,141, 159, 161, 174, 176, 177,178, 179, 192,199, 200, 204, 236 Morris, Cpl., 164, 165 Morrison, 233 Morrison Hill, 139 mortar battery(ies), 9, 10, 198 mortar gunners, 197 mortar pit, 187, 188, 189, 190 mortar section, 73 mortar(s), M-1908, 13 mortar(s), M-1912, 13 mortars, 63, 189, 198 mortars, M-1908, 187
M
M Company, 65, 80 M Prime West, 186 MacArthur, 211 MacArthur, Douglas, 6,17,18,19,20,22,24, 26,27,28,29,30,31,38,39,40,41,42,43, 44,46,47,48,49,53,54,57,58,75,123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 132, 134, 138, 168, 169, 170,171,172,173,174,175,178,181,182, 184,185,195,202,232,233,237 MacArthur's guards, 58, 60 MacArthur's staff, 19,42 machine gun(s), 15, 55, 63, 64, 65, 68, 74, 86, 98,99, 100, 103, 106, 108, 109, 163, 196 machine-gun, 104, 108, 109 machine-gun fire, 101 machine-gun nest, 114 machine-gun nest(s), 166 machine-gun platoon, 65, 73 machine-gun position(s), 85,.107 machine-gun(s),73 malaria, 76 Malaya, 33, 34 M!Iinta Hill, 60, 66, 79, 85, 100, 105, 158, 162, 181, ]84,202,203 Malinta Hospital, 116 Malinta Point, 63 Malinta Tunnel, 6, 39, 50, 59, 73, 85, 94, 102, 106, 108, 11 0, 117, 118, 130, 131, 133, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, 144, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 165, 166, 168, 198, 199,233, 236,238,239,240 malnutrition, 131, 137, l.h Manchester, William, 182 Manchuria, 121 Manila, 8, 19,21,29,38,43,44,53,94,95,125, 129, 130, 139, 144, 178, 180,232,236 Manila Bay, 3, 13, 15, 19,21,30,43,48,63,66, 68,79,103,169,174,176,184,186,202 Manila Bay, entrance, 2 Manila Harbor, 22, 186 Manila Hotel, 95
290
Index Philippine Air Corpsmen, 76 Philippine Army, 23, 26, 27, 36, 38, 85, 92, 128 Philippine Constabulary, 92 Philippine Insular Navy, 92 Philippine Regular Army, 36 Philippine Scouts, 19,27,36,77,85,92 Philippines, 17, 18, 19,20,21,23,24,26,27,28, 30 33,34,35,36,38,39,40,41,43,44,45, 46: 47,49, 121, 124, 129, 134, 138, 149, 170, 174,177,178,180,181,184,204,232,237, 238,240,249 Philippines, a distant dumping ground, 180 Philippines, a military liability, 19 Philippines, American forces in, 174 Philippines, defense of, 22 Philippines, internal rebellion, 18 Philippines, surrender of, 175 phone line, 200, 203 Pickup, Lewis H., 82 Pico de Loro Mountain, 202 pilfering, 73 pillbox(es), 14,65,94, 158 Pontiac, 110, 138 powder magazine(s), 83 power plant, 140, 141 Power Plant Ravine, 5 powerhouse, 65, 74 prunes, 137 PT boat, 170 Pugh, John R., 174, 178, 192 pumping plant, 141 pumping stations, 141
Morton, Louis, 123, 124, 126, 132, 135, 136, 140, 148, 155, 157, 159 Mount Bataan, 8 Mount Mariveles, 9, 189 mules, 134 Munson,CJeorge, 185, 186, 191, 199,202
N Naval Battalion, 73, 79 Navy, 135 Navy defense of Manila Bay, 186 Navy gunboats, 72 Navy sea plane, 172 Navy Tunnel, 60, 131 Negros,177 Netherlands, 33, 39 Newsome, Pfc, 109 Nichols Field, 82 Nimitz, 212, 213 Nix, Asbury, 144 North Channel, 2, 79, 178, 179 North Channel mine field, 15 North Dock, 58, 62, 109, 169 North Luzon Force, 29 North Mine Warf, 148 North Point, 63, 97, 98, 100, 147, 149, 153, 161, 164 North Shore Road, 6, 150 nurses, 82, 166, 172, 173, 176
o o Company, 94, 102, 103, 105, 108
Q
Officers' Beach, 63, 79, 147, 149 official records, 176 oil, 67, 81, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143 oil fields, 34 oil shipments, 32 Olongapo,54,56,57 Ord, James B., 19,20 Otter, Bethel B., 106, 107
Q Company, 80 Quezon, Manuel L., 18, 19,38,39,40,41,42, 43,44,49,50,133,136,137,168,169,171, 233
R RCompany,80 radar, 36, 193 radio, 66 rain, 140 RAINBOW 5,17,20,27,28 raisins, 137 Ramsay Ravine, 4, 64, 65, 80, 84,92, 184, 185 Reardon, James 1.,94,98, 102, 104, 106, 107 Reserve Company, 78 Reserve Force, 29 reservoirs, 139, 141 rice, 67, 128, 133, 134,136 Ridgely, Maj., 72
p P Company, 94, 102, 103, 105 P-38,66 P-40,24 Panay, 168, 174, 177 Parker, CJeorge M., Jr., 29 Parker, Thomas C., 176 PBY,82, 173, 178,238 PBY Squadron, 58 Pearl Harbor, 20, 21, 30, 35, 36, 142, 182 Peshek, 1st Lt., 73 Philippine Air Corps, 91
291
Index Spanish Fort Platoon, 74 spring, 84 star shells, 83 Stark, Harold R., 23 Starr, Warren, 135 Stivers, Charles P., 55, 171 Stuart M3, American light tank, 148, 152, 153, 154, 158, 162, 163, 164 sub,82,176 submarine, 90, 169, 170, 176, 177, 178,186,238 sugar, 73, 128, 135, 139 Sumatra, 33 Sutherland, Richard K., 53, 55, 140, 169, 170, 171, 174, 175, 181,232 Sweeney, Thomas F., 108, 109
Rock Point, 10 Romulo, Carlos P., 136, 169, 171, 178 Roosevelt, 211, 212, 215, 218, 229, 234, 244, 250 . Roosevelt, Franklin D., 32, 34, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44,45,47,49,50 Roosevelt, Theodore, 19 Ross, Leslie, 196 ROTC, 199,241 Roxas, Manuel, 55, 169 Royal Navy, 34 rubber, 35 rumors, 39, 56,66,93,125,149,160,182,191 Russell, 1st Sgt., 75 Russia, 212, 259, 263,265
s
T T Company, 80,106 tank obstacles, 67 tank trap(s), 65, 87, 147, 162 tea, 134, 135 Teel, Cp\., 84 telephone, 110, 188 telephone communications systems, 92 Thailand, 37 three-inch anti-aircraft battery(ies), 63 three-inch anti-aircraft gun, 199 three-inch anti-aircraft gun(s), 55 three-inch gun, 193 three-inch landing gun(s), 77 tomatoes, 67, 135, 144 Topside, 4, 6, 121, 161, 184 Topside Barracks, 4, 10 Topside lighthouse, 9 Topside, the high round head of the island, 4 tunnel fever, 181 Tydings-McDuffie Act, 49 Type 97, Kai medium tank, 151; 152, 153, 163
S Company, 80 S.S. Corregidor, 186 Saalman, Lt., 154, 155, 156, 159 Samar, 177 San Jose, 5, 158 San Jose Point, 64 Sangley Point, 58 Sayre, Francis B., 38, 40, 169, 170 Schaeffer, Max W., 65, 94, 102 Schenk, Capt., 198 Schroeder, Alfred K., 181 Schultz, Duane, 182, 250 Scouts, 161,241 scurvy, 137 searchlight(s), 14,83,99, 140 searchlights, 100, 192,194,195,197,198 second wave, 97, 99, 153,236 Sharp, 174 Sharp, Gen., 171, 177 Sharp, Gen., 177 Sharp, William, 29 Shaull, Donald M ., 85 shelter, 78 shelters, 96 Shieb, Pfc, 120 Shinhoto Chi-Ha, 151 Shofner, Austin C., 117,237 Sikiang, 56 Singapore, 37 Singora, 37 skirmish line, 102, 156 South Channel, 2, 12, 178, 179 South China Sea, 3, 25, 169 South Dock, 64, 65, 74 South Luzon Force, 29, 125 South Shore, 72 South Shore Road, 6, 158
U Ulanowiez, Emil M., 121 United States, 19,20,21,23,31,32,33,35,39, 40,46,49,240 United States Army Forces in the Far East, 46 United States Far East Headquarters, 59 United States government, 41 US Air Corps, 74 US Army, 19,21,22,28,29,36,42,53,85, 105, 127,130,148,180,182,190,202,238,241 US Army Forces in the Far East, 24, 58, 178 US Navy, 21, 22, 23, 39, 42,45,46,54,85,91, 241
292
Index USAFFE, United States Anny Forces in the Far East, 24, 27, 125, 127, 128, 170, 178 USFIP, 171, 174, 178 USS Augusta, 34 USS Canopus, 63, 69, 138 USS Napa, 138 USSPerry,169 USS Pigeon, 142 USS Quail, 173 USS Seadragon, 142 USS Snapper, 142 USS Spearfish, 176 USS Swordfish, 169, 170 USS Tanager, 58, 173 USS Trout, 142 . USS Vega, 57
159,160, 161,162,164,165, 166, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185,192,232,233,237 Wake Island, 27, 35, 37 walkee talkee, 202 WAR PLAN ORANGE, 17, 19,20,21,48,124 Washington, 9, 17, 18, 19,22,24,26,29,34,40, 42,43,44,46,47,48,50,116,134,180,182, 211,233 water, 84, 92, 120, 136, 140, 141, 143,200,201, 232,233, 235 water tank, 109 water towers, 105, 108 Weeks, Carl G., 65, 194, 198 Wells, Platoon Sgt., 97 whiskey, 133, 137 Whitney, Courtney, 40, 41, 43, 46, 48 Williams., Francis R, 80, 94, 96, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 154, 155, 156, 158, 161, 166 Williams, Joe, 161 Willoughby, Charles A., 50, 55, 171 Wood, Stewart, 173, 178 WPO-3, 24, 26, 31, 47. See War Plan Orange
v Vargas Government, 95 Vi sayan, 27, 174 Visayan Force, 29 Visayas,42 Visayas troops on, 177
y
W Yates, Jules David, 181 York, Sgt., 120
Wainwright, Jonathan M ., 29, 75, 81, 86, 102, 110,114,117,118,123,124,129,132, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 147, 148, 155, 158,
293