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The Hike into the Sun MEMOIR OF AN AMERICAN SOLDIER CAPTURED ON BATAAN IN 1942 AND IMPRISONED BY THE JAPANESE UNTIL 1945

Bernard T. FitzPatrick with John A . Sweetser III

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Jefferson, North Carolina, and London

I-ILIPINAS HE RITAGE llBRAA ;

Unless otherwise attributed, photographs are from the collection of Bernard T. FitzPatrick.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data are available

Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data FitzPatrick, Bernard T. The hike into the sun: memoir of an American soldier captured on Bataan in 1942 and imprisoned by the Japanese until 1945 / [by] Bernard T. FitzPatrick with John A. Sweetser III. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Q ISBN 0-89950-850-2 (lib. bdg. : 50# alk. paper) E'3 1. FitzPatrick, Bernard T. 2. Bataan (Philippines: Province), Battle of, 1942. 3. World War, 1939-1945-Prisoners and prisons, Japanese. 4. World War, 1939-1945-Personal narratives, American . 5. Prisoners of war- United States- Biography. 6. Prisoners of warPhilippines-Biography. 7. Prisoners of war-Japan-Biography. 8. United States. Army-Biography. 1. Sweetser, John A., 1919- . II. Title. D767.4.F6 1993 915.8'50485-dc20 92-56641 CIP <tl1993 Bernard T. FitzPatrick and John A. Sweetser. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America

McFarland & Compan y, Inc., Publishers Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640

This book is dedicated to the men of the 194th Tank Battalion, the first armored unit ever to leave the United States to go overseas

CONTENTS Maps and Illustrations Acknowledgments

lX Xl

Introduction: Hospital Train Homeward

PART ONE: THE HIKE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Debacle at Clark Field Into the Breach They Shall Not Pass Rattrap on the Agno River Guarding the Calumpit Bridges Into Bataan The First Line Withdrawal The Second Line Of Malaria and Iguanas Last Days Surrender The Hike Begins Vitamin Sticks Vaya con Dios

11 16

21 23

27 30 33 37

41 46 50 54 56 64 70

PART TWO: THE SAMURAI AND MACARTHUR 16. 17. 18. 19.

Survival of the Samurai Dishonor Attention Present Arms Vll

77 81

84 89

Contents

Vlll

20. 2l. 22. 23.

Parade Rest At Ease To Measure the Strength I Shall Return

93 97 102 108

PART THREE: IN THE POKEY 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. PART 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

Camp O'Donnell Building Bridges The Two Fiestas of San Isidro Calauan Revisited The Fair One Building More Bridges Cabanatuan Prison Camp Number One Breakout Heroes of Cabanatuan The Mass of the Blue Moon The Mayor of Bilibid Farm Days Major Smothers and the Smothers Brothers Shipping Out

117 124 131 137 140 145 149 155 161 165 170 176 180 183

FOUR: TO]APAN Hell Ship Fukuoka Dai San The Trading Game The Lone Ranger The Voice of the Crane Yasumi Major Rikitaki Surrenders Pere Rene Roullier Sayonara

189 196 204 208 213 217 221 225 229

Selected Bibliography About the Authors Index

233 235 237

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Maps The Death March and Some Combat Areas of the Philippines Route of the Benjo Maru

60 193

Illustrations Bernard FitzPatrick, 1946 "The Bombing of Clark Field" Captured American Soldiers, April 10, 1942 Bernard FitzPatrick at the Beginning of the Death March Five Fellow Members of the 194th Tank Battalion "Death Marchers Drink from Mud Holes" "The Stragglers" Colonel Ernest B. Miller, 1941 Bernard FitzPatrick at Fort Lewis, Washington, 1941 "Rules and Regulations" "Water Brigade" "His Own" Dr. Mariano Marfori and Dr. Ricardo de Guzman, 1967 Dr. Ricardo de Guzman, 1991 Dr. Mariano Marfori, 1967 Catholic Church in Calauan, 1945 "Quan and Quaning" "Noon Fight Over Food" "Cabanatuan Beef" Torture of American War Prisoners, 1942 Major Thompson Brooke Maury Bernard FitzPatrick in the American Cemetery, Manila, 1967 American War Prisoners in Bilibid Prison, 1945 ix

13 58 59 61 62 65

86 87 119

120 122

125 126

132 138

152 153 153 157 167 181

190

Illustrations

Fukuoka Dai San, Kokura, Kyushu, Japan, 1944-1945 Barracks at Fukuoka Dai San Interior of Barracks at Fukuoka Dai San Common Bath at Fukuoka Dai San Bernard FitzPatrick at Fukuoka Dai San Yawata Steel Works, 1944-1945 Crematorium at Fukuoka Dai San Air-raid Shelter at Fukuoka Dai San Military Training of Housewives, Japan, 1945 "Japan: The Peaceful Reign" Captain Thomas R. Taggart, 1945 Parachutes into Flags, 1945 Pere Rene Roullier with Nami and Niki Ikeda, 1950 General Harold K. Johnson Visiting Fellow War Prisoners, 1966

197 198 199 200 201 202 206 209

210 214 219 219 227 235

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS HE AUTHORS would like to thank J. B. Sisson, for his editorial contribution, and Kevin FitzPatrick, for his overall involvement in the making of this book. They would also like to thank their wives, Corinne FitzPatrick and Druanne Sweetser, and other family members and friends who have provided help, insight, and encouragement. They are also grateful to Ben Steele, professor of art emeritus at Eastern Montana College, for the use of his drawings in this book. A survivor of the Bataan Death March and prison camps in the Philippines and Japan, he began his career as an artist by drawing as a war prisoner in Bilibid Prison in Manila while he was immobilized by illness. His drawings presented in this book, with the exception of "Noon Fight Over Food," have been selected from his collection of drawings, PRISONER OF WAR (Department of Art, Eastern Montana College, Billings, 1986). Finally, thanks to Brian Kowalski and Steve Leach of the Cartography Lab of the Geography Department of the University of Minnesota for the maps that appear in this book.

INTRODUCTION Hospital Train Homeward

ARLY NOVEMBER 1945: I stared out of the window of the hospital train, as excited as a boy opening Christmas presents. Liberated from a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp, I was back in the United States, and everything I saw was a curiosity. Automobiles on the streets, haircuts, fashions, even women in uniforms- Wacs and Waves-were all new to me. What planet had I been on for nearly four years? The other former war prisoners gawked too as we departed from Madigan General Hospital near Tacoma, Washington, and saw shoppers peering into store windows. We jabbered to each other in "bamboo Japanese," trying to figure out what the shoppers were doing. Our hospital-train attendants had been shaking their heads ever since we boarded, not understanding our mixture of English and Japanese with a u sound tagged to the ends of many English words: wifu, housu, knifu, forku, cupu, bucketsu. We'd say "changie-changie" when we were trading among ourselves. All of us had been captured at Bataan or Corregidor and had shared a harrowing fellowship. Those of us in Bataan had been on the long forced march to a prison camp, a brutal experience we called the Hike. Only later, when we returned to the United States, would we hear it called the Bataan Death March. On the hospital train we were ordered to turn in our uniforms for pajamas. Debilitated as we were, most of us were young and like wild horses in spring, and pajamas were the army's way of corralling us. Our destination was not home but Schick General Hospital in Clinton, Iowa, where we would spend months recuperating before being discharged. I had weighed 175 pounds when I was drafted in April 1941, and when I was released from prison camp in September 19451 weighed 104 pounds. My prison-camp illnesses included malaria, pellagra, jaundice, tuberculosis, beriberi, filariasis, corneal ulcers, dysentery, scurvy, and what is now called post-traumatic stress syndrome.

Introduction

The mortality rate for war prisoners in Japanese camps was dramatically higher than for war prisoners in German camps. Not only were we physically deprived for several years but our Japanese captors called us horyo, a term that can be translated as "vicious criminals," "the lowest of the low," or "dishonored captives." The Japanese did not believe in honorable surrender. Of the 10,000 American soldiers who began the Bataan Death March, only 1,100 survived the march and the following three and a half years in prison camp. The concept of horyo and the consequent mistreatment were part of the cultural differences I observed between Japanese and American worldviews. We traveled the Great Northern route back to the Midwest, on the tracks that James J. Hill completed from St. Paul to Seattle a little over 50 years before. We returned through forests and pastures, mountains and plains, harvested hay and wheat fields, through Washington, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota, finally descending toward St. Paul, Minnesota. During most of our three-day train ride, we told stories about our experiences, sang, and simply gazed out of the window. We stayed up all night talking and caught catnaps during the day. I was so used to sleeping on the ground that I was uncomfortable sleeping on the train. At the Madigan hospital many of us had slept on the floor with only a blanket. One night as we sang, one of the men broke into "Dugout Doug, come out from hiding, / Send to Franklin these glad tidings / That his troops go starving on!" I was surprised how many of the soldiers knew the lyrics. Before the fall of Bataan, Jerry Lundquist and I had written the words of "Dugout Doug," anonymously, to 'v ent our frustration at General Douglas MacArthur's way of conducting the American military operation. The lyrics were set to the tune of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic." We had been on half rations or less for four months before we were captured, and we were very short on medical supplies, especially quinine, as well as ammunition and military maintenance equipment. Had we suffered and died because of inept military policy and leadership? Since we were still in the army, we discussed this question discreetly both in prison camp and on the trip home, but I have continued to study this issue through the decades. Our bull sessions and singing on the train reminded me of our 24-day trip on the hospital ship, the Klipfontein, from Manila to Seattle in October 1945. Our storytelling flowed easily as we stood at the rail overlooking the moonlit Pacific. More than 1,000 former war prisoners

Hospital Train Homeward

Bernard fitzPatrick, 1946, after many months of hospitalization.

and refugees from all points of the Far East were on board this converted ocean liner. One soldier, R. D. Russell from Texas, said that I had remembered so much that I should write a book. His remark echoed in my mind two decades later, in 1967, when I returned to the Philippines and Japan for the twenty-fifth anniversary of the fall of Bataan. Sitting around a table in the bar of a Manila hotel, talking and singing with other former war prisoners, I was urged by Burt Ellis to write my stories down so they would not be lost. Writing a book soon after the war wasn't possible, but the seeds were planted then as I relaxed on the KlipJontein. On board I met two people who were working on books already. Agnes Newton Keith, the author of the widely read Land Below the Wind, was writing Three Came Home, about her Japanese prison experience in Borneo. Dr. Alfred A. Weinstein, an army surgeon and a war prisoner with me in Cabanatuan, had begun writing Barbed-Wire Surgeon. I was saddened to hear from Dr. Weinstein that Father Theodore Buttenbruch, S.V.D., a German citizen living in Manila, had been killed by the Japanese. Our spirits had always lifted when we saw his battered old truck driving toward our prison compound. He scoured

Introduction

Manila for vegetables, pineapples, papayas, candy, books, and toilet articles for refugees and American soldiers. At first the Japanese let him travel freely because of his German citizenship, and at first we distrusted him. But he relayed many messages from the outside, including messages from Dr. Weinstein's future wife, Hanna Kaunitz, a Viennese refugee who had arrived in Manila in 1938. Father Buttenbruch was tireless in his protest against our ill-treatment. In the end, as the Japanese made their last stand in Manila in February 1945, he was tortured, beheaded, and dismembered. Over the years, in reading about the Second World War in the Philippines, I have been troubled by how little credit has been given to people like Father Buttenbruch and the many Filipinos who risked their lives to help American prisoners by such acts as providing a cup of water to a dehydrated soldier during the Bataan Death March. Men such as Dr. Mariano Marfori and Dr. Ricardo de Guzman and women such as Maria Ravelo worked courageously to restore us to health. And there were Japanese soldiers and civilians who helped us as much as they could under the iron-cruel system of the Japanese Imperial Army. Captain Wakamori and Sergeant Teramura treated us humanely, and Colonel Imai refused to carry out a direct order to kill his prisoners on Bataan. I had been in no hurry to get to Tacoma and more confinement at Madigan General Hospital. Morris Doerfler, a member of the army air corps, had managed to reserve some seats on a plane to the United States, and he had invited Bill McKeon and me to go with him. I had grown up with Morris in Waverly, Minnesota,' a small farming town 40 miles west of Minneapolis, and we had survived the Death March and prison camp together. I thanked Morris but told him I had enough food now and no one was poking me with a stick or a rifle butt, so I was content to find the biggest ship available and lie down. Bill McKeon agreed with me. In fact, I was a bit more active on the Klipfontein. I was asked to be an announcer on the ship's radio station, probably because of my wartime experience in radio communications, my relatively uncluttered English, and my background in music-I was a leader of the glee club and choir in prison camp. I dubbed it Radio XPOW and made announcements, read news, and played records. Soldiers restricted to the hospital ward would hoot and holler when I played "Don't Fence Me In.'' When I was feeling cocky and in good voice, I'd sing.

Hospital Train Homeward

On our train to the hospital in Iowa I wondered if we would stop in St. Paul. Before I was drafted, I had lived in St. Paul, having graduated from the College of St. Thomas and begun a career in insurance there. My mother Catherine, a widow in her mid-sixties, had moved to St. Paul from Waverly to spend the winter with my sister Florence and help her with her two babies. And I was not the only one who was clamoring for the train to stop. Many of the survivors of the Bataan Death March were members of the 194th Tank Battalion stationed at Brainerd-Fort Ripley, Minnesota. The hospital-train commander was a young doctor from St. Paul, John Fee, who was friendly, generous, and careful in his attention to the medical problems of the soldiers on board. In Fargo, North Dakota, with a little more persuasion from me, Dr. Fee wired army headquarters, and a three-hour leave was approved for all of u.s. We turned in our pajamas for uniforms. We looked like soldiers when the train entered the St. Paul depot. At Madigan General Hospital an auxiliary of older women called Gray Ladies had helped us sew on chevrons and insignias and position our medals properly. My mother was waiting for me as we disembarked from the train. She was crying. I had wired her from Manila that I was alive. That was the first she had heard from me since I was captured three and a half years before. She had thought I was dead because a war prisoner who had arrived home earlier had reported that I had died on a prison ship transporting me to Japan. As we drove to my sister Florence's house, my mother told me she had received my telegram as she came out of church on a Friday morning in Waverly. She was alone at the top of the steps as the Western Union man hurried up toward her. My mother could barely speak. "Are you bringing me good news?" she asked. The man smiled and said yes and read the telegram. But the joy of our meeting now in St. Paul was tempered by the report that Morris Doerfler was presumed dead. I had heard at the Madigan hospital that his flight was missing, and my mother confirmed this news. Morris had sent a telegram to his parents that he was on his way home, but the plane was lost over the Pacific. Our three-hour visit seemed over in a few minutes, and I was soon back at the St. Paul train station. I expected to find everyone milling around, but the station was deserted. Across the street I saw Dr. Fee with two nurses hurrying into Sugar's Bar. Sugar's Bar had been a watering hole for train travelers for years. I followed behind at an

Introduction

inconspicuous distance. Bedlam roared inside as many of my fellow war prisoners were flapping their freedom with a little unruly fun. Some of them had been drinking for three hours and were now wrestling at the bar and on top of the pool tables and yelling in bamboo Japanese. They relished calling one another a blankety-blank baka, a person without brains, the worst insult a Japanese soldier could receive. Two soldiers with samurai swords were taking good-natured swipes at the bartender whenever he objected to the horseplay. Broken furniture littered the floor. Calm was eventually restored as Dr. Fee and the nurses waded in. Most of the men got back on the train. A number of them, however, missed the departure and straggled down to Schick General Hospital over the next week. Dr. Fee soon found himself assigned to Germany. A few years later, my wife Corinne and I bought a house across the street from him in St. Paul. One Saturday as I was raking leaves, he gave me the business for talking him into a lot of hot water with his military superiors for those three hours at Sugar's Bar. At Schick General Hospital I met war prisoners and old friends Sergeant Myron Hayes and Staff Sergeant Ed Wright. From them I learned that Lieutenant Larry Hendrickson was killed on a prison ship. Corporal LeRoy Little was seriously ill in Fitzsimmons Hospital. I would be a pallbearer for LeRoy the next June. All of these men grew up in small towns near Waverly. After a thorough checkup at Schick, I was given a ten-day leave, and I returned to Minnesota. On a downtown St. Paul street I ran into a relative of a soldier who had died in prison camp. We began a discreet dance of words, a dance in which I would participate often over the years, in person, by letter, or by phone with other relatives, mothers, fathers, wives, and children. It is a dance I am a partner in to this day, half a century later. Indirectly, the family member would ask me how the relative died. I would tell what happened truthfully but as gently as possible. For example, if a soldier died of "natural causes," I would cite the specific disease, but I wouldn't say that the disease was a starvation disease, that in fact he had starved to death. I preferred to describe the courage and camaraderie that the war prisoners had exhibited throughout their captivity. I emphasized this aspect a few days later when I visited the parents of Morris Doerfler. They were hardworking German dairy farmers. It was one of the most difficult visits I ever made. They were consoled to hear that after the

Hospital Train Homeward

Death March, Morris had worked as a stevedore in Manila Harbor and was under a decent Japanese officer. He had had enough to eat, and he had gone out of his way to load and unload extra cargo when a fellow war prisoner was too sick to work. For years I corresponded with Mrs. Magruder G. Maury, the mother of Major Thompson Brooke Maury, a West Point graduate who was captured on Bataan and died when the unmarked "hell ship" taking him to Japan was bombed by American planes. In every letter she asked for recollections to include in a biography she was writing for the family. The Maurys were an old, distinguished Virginia family. She was grateful to hear of Major Maury's care of the men under him. Major Maury voluntarily walked the march out of Bataan, when he could have ridden with the staff officers of his unit. During the Death March he intervened bodily when a bayonet-wielding Japanese soldier was threatening a sick, lagging American. Mrs. Maury was comforted to know he sang in the glee club and, though he was not Catholic, sang with us Montani's Missa Brevis, a mass he loved to hear. Major Maury greatly admired Shakespeare, and I told Mrs. Maury how I appreciated his reading aloud and dramatizing difficult passages in King Lear. Father Buttenbruch had given us a copy of Shakespeare's plays, and Major Maury's presentations were edifying and entertaining. He literally foamed from the mouth for one of Lear's soliloquies. Another mother sometimes drove 100 miles from rural Minnesota to visit me in my insurance office in downtown St. Paul. She would sit in my office for 15 to 20 minutes and say very little, comforted because I had known her son and was with him when he died. After the months of recuperation at Schick General Hospital, I was released to the outpatient clinic at the Veterans Hospital in Minneapolis with a disability rating of 100 percent. Before returning to Minnesota, I was honorably discharged at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, in May 1946. My rank was sergeant. I stopped in Chicago on my way back. The changes in American life were still new and confusing to me. On my last day in Chicago I was stuck in a traffic jam on the way to the train station. A crowd of screaming teenage girls blocked my taxi. I asked the driver what was going on. He told me matter-of-factly that the girls were bobby-soxers trying to get a glimpse of Frank Sinatra, who was staying at a nearby hotel. "What are bobby-soxers?" I asked. "Who's Frank Sinatra?"

INDEX Abucay 35 Abucay Hacienda line 32-38 Agno River 18, 19-26, 99 "Air Raid" 177,178 Aircraft, Japanese: "Photo Joe" 35; Zero 13, 15, 19-20, 50, 105 Aircraft, United States: B-17 11, 12, 13, 15; B-29 208-12, 218, 219, 223-26; Hellcat 221; "Lone Ranger'" 208-12; P-40 11, 12, 52 Ales, Sergeant Major 226 Alexander, Major 90, 91 Altman, Jack 25-26, 100 American Cemetery 181 Anderson, Doctor 197, 218 Anderson, George 185 Angel Island 91, 170 Apalit 27 Aparri 11 Aquila Andy 217-18 Artillery pieces: 75-millimeter 23, 50, 51; 105-millimeter 23; 155-millimeter 50 Artillery units: 71st Field Arti llery Unit, Philippine Army 1l1; 200th Coast (An· tiaircraft) Artillery Regiment, United States 28, 46, 93-94, 101 Ashley, Lou Ellen 142-44 Ashley, Sergeant 143-44 Asiatic Exclusion' Act 83 Atienza, Nazario 127, 131 Austin, John 178 Australia 43, 45, 51, 102, 113, 114

Bataan 16, 17, 27-69, 82, 84, 98, 102, 103, 106, 108-13, 118, 121, 124, 133, 136, 151, 172-74, 190 Bataan Death March 1,4; 5, 7, 56-74, 77,117, 121, 124, 133, 142, 143, 156, 161-62 Bacaan Uncensored 57,158,163 Batangas 18, 140-43, 144, 145, 147, 204 Battle of Midway 129-30 Battle of the Big and Little Pockets 42, 43 Bay View Hotel 94,97,98,100 Bayambang 24 Beecher, Curtis 178, 183 Bell, Don 12 Bell, Gerald 23 Bender, August 23 Benjo Maru 192-95, 223 Berg, Norman 198 Betis 31 Betts, Eddie 133 Bianchi, Mrs. 235 Bianchi, W. 235 Bicol Peninsula 27 Biggs, Lloyd W. 156-58 Bilibid Prison 36,151, 174-75, 189-91, 192 Bismarck, Otto von 79 Blake, F. John 225-30 Blood brother group 132-35, 155-60 Bogart, Jim 16, 23 Boudreau, Napoleon 110-11 Boyd, Bill 34, 141 Boyer, Fran 166 Bradford, Ray 61 Bradley, Major 150 Brain, Phil 26, 70-71, 85, 170 Breitung, E. C. 156-58 British conquest in the Philippines 95-96 British military influence on Japan 79 Brougher, William E. 114 Bumps, Grover 82-83

Babcock, David 168 Babst, Father 90 Bagac 66 Baguio 12 Bahr, Karl 47 Balanga 64, 66-68 Barbed· Wire Surgeon 3, 145 Barbour, Lew 162

237

238

Index

Buna-Gona-Santananda Point campaign 111-12 Bundy,Omar 103 Burke, Ed 18-19, 21, 24, 25, 171 Burma 81 Bushido code 78, 208 Buttenbruch, Theodore 3-4, 7,166,168, 176

Caballo Island 33 Cabanatuan 46, 106, 109, 149, 173, 189 Cabanatuan airfield 183, 184 Cabanatuan Prison Camp Number One 3,36,38, 72, 77, 128, 149-69, 175, 176-85, 190, 191, 197, 199, 218, 223 Cabanatuan Prison Camp Number Three 163, 164 Cabcaben 41, 53, 57, 58, 59, 61 Calauan 124-39, 146, 147, 148, 149, 204 Calumpit bridges 16, 17, 27-29, 30, 108, 111 Camp John Hay 12 Camp O'Donnell Prison Camp 113, 117-23,124,128, 133, 150, 156, 161 Canby, Charles 17,28,48,53,55,88, 89, 90-91, 118 Candelaria 18, 145-48, 204 Capas 64, 73-74, 117 Carabao Island 33 Carlson, David 88 Carmen 18, 20-22, 24-25, 27 Casey, Hugh J. 110 Cavalry, 26th 21,48,93 Champlin, Malcolm 106 Charlie's Aunt 183 Childers, Captain 165-66 China 81, 99, 101, 105, 148, 208, 209 China Sea 33, 41, 52, 93, 156 Choir 4, 7, 166-69, 184, 185 Christie, Sergeant 85 A Christmas Carol 183 Clark Field 11-15, 20, 26, 29, 99, 101, 110 Cole, Brownell 70 Collins, Jeremiah 73, 143 Convent of the Good Shepherd 141-44 Corps, United States: I Philippine 34, 37,42, 51, 52, 66, 113; [[ Philippine 34, 37,41,52, Il3 Corregidor Island 1, 18, 27-28, 33, 34, 42,43, 50, 51, 57, 61, 70, 102, 103, 108, 112-13, 128, lSI, 156, 161 Costigan, Harold 24-25

Crosby, Bing 222 Crusade in Europe 89 Cummings, William 169 Curran, John 194, 218, 221

Dagupan 106 Daimyo 78-79 Daly, James W. 97-98,190-91, 235 Davao II, 163, 184 "Death of a Friend" 72 de Guzman, Ricardo 4, 125, 126, 131, 138, 149 Del Monte airfield 52 Dickens, Charles 183 Diller, LeGrande A. 111 Dinalupihan 70 Doerfler, Morris 4, 5, 6-7 Domei News 14 "Donald Duck" 178 Dorris, W. 221 Draper, William 95-96 Duby, Ralph 28 "Dugout Doug" 2, 44-45 Duncan, Angus 169 Dwyer, Corporal 178

Eagle Against the Sun Il3 Early, Stephen 105 Eastern, Jock 229 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 89, 159 EI Cobra -127,128 El Fraile Island 33 Elizalde, Miguel 105 Ellis, Burt 3, 35-36, 108, 235 Emley, Howell A. 158 Errington, Joe 137,145 Errington, Rick 145-46 Escape 66-67, 132-35, 151, 155-60 "An Execution" 159

Falk, Stanley L. 57 Feast of All Hallows 97, 190 Fee, John 5-6 Festival of the Holy Rosary 95 Fiesta of San Isidro 131-32, 135-36, 137 FitzPatrick , Bernard T.: Bataan Death March 56-74; combat II-55; imprisonment in Japan 196-216; imprisonment in the Philippines 117-85; induction and training 84-101, 170-71; liberation

Index and repatriation 1-7,137-39,217-31; transport to Japan 189-95 FitzPatrick, Catherine 5, 170, 184, 230 FitzPatrick, Corinne 6 FitzPatrick, Rose 184 Fitzsimmons Hospital 6 Five Words 78 Floridablanca 31 Foley, Gerry 49, 222-24 Formosa (Taiwan) 15,98,192 Fort Drum 33 Fort Frank 33 Fort Hughes 33 Fort Knox 90, 92 Fort Lewis 85, 88-91, 93 Fort McDowell 91 Fort Mason 170 Fort Mills 33 Fort Ripley 5 Fort Sheridan 7 Fort Snelling 84 Fort Stotsenburg 17, 26, 28, 46, 93-101,

171-72 Fort Wint 110-11 Foster, Carl 213 Foster, Stephen 129, 165 Foussard, Henri 180 French military influence on Japan 79 Fukuoka Dai San 196-231

Garcia, Miguel 43, 48-49 Garfallo, Warrant Officer 162 Gekokujo 79 General Wainwright's Story 108 Geneva Convention ISS, 159, 210 German military influence on Japan 79-80 German treatment of prisoners of war 2 Gilbert, Roy 156-58 Glee club 4, 165-69, 183-84, 185 Gold Star mothers 163 Gordon, Kenny 16-17,23, 27, 31 Grande Island 110 Gray Ladies 5 Greenspaun, Jerry 218-19 Grew, Joseph 105 Guadalcanal 112, 170 Guagua 30-31, 109 Guagua-Porac line 31 Guam 209

239

Guerrilla activity 127, 128, 132-33, 135-36, 155 Gulliver's Travels 110

Haase, Ed 213, 217, 221 Harris, Pappy 183, 223 Hart, Thomas C. 104 Hattori, Tokushiro 42 Hayes, Myron 6 Heikkila, Harry 37 Hell ship 7, 189-95 Hendrickson, Larry 6 Hersey, John 105-06 Hirohito, Emperor 215-17 Hiroshima 212 Hodson, Wells 179 Homma, Masaharu 18, 41-42, 106, 107, lll, 134 Hong Kong 93 Hook, A. 12-13, 16, 20, 23 Hoover, Herbert 104 Horyo 2, 81-82, 118-19, 146, 196, 219, 222, 224 Hospital Number One 34, 43, 45, 59 Hospital Number Two 34,43,60 Houskie, C larence 219-20, 222 Hummel, John 25-26

Ikeda, Nami 227, 231 Ikeda, Niki 226, 227, 229-31 Imai, Hifumi 4, 82 Imperial Ordinance in 1900 80 Imperial Rescript of the Emperor Meiji 78 Indonesia 78 Infantry regimenrs, United States: 31st Infantry 35, 38, 51, 70, 73, 98, 108, 143-44, 165, 178, 205, 220; 45th Philippine Scouts 35, 38, 42, 52, 54, 98, 103, 182; 57th Philippine Scouts 35, 42, 98, 103, 165; Philippine Scouts 40, 43, 48, 104 Irwin, Constant 110 Ishitani, Corporal 127,148,149-50 Iwasaka 200, 202, 210 Iwo Jima 108

Japan 195, 196-231 Japanese combat engineers 124-36, 140-50, 204

240

Index

Japanese conquest of the Philippines 11-55, 98-99, 101, 105-14 Japanese 14th Army 18, 19, 42, 106 Japanese military attitudes 2,4, 56-57, 64-66, 77-83, lI8, 124-36, 140-43, 145-50, 204-05 Japanese 20th Infantry 41-42 Johnson, Captain 17 Johnson, Harold K. 180, 235, 236 Jones, Albert M. 18, 51, 106, III Jones, James 46-47 Jordan, Larry 128-29 Jordan, Lieutenant Commander 178 Joyce, Thomas Steven 54, 84

Lingayen Gulf 18, 19, 45, 99, 106, Ill, 172 Lipa 140 Little, LeRoy 6 Little Baquio 36 "Lone Ranger" aircraft 208-12 Long, Sergeant 15 Longoskawayan Point 41-42 Lopez, E. 205 Lopez, Pedro 171-72 Los Banos 106, 137 Lubao 30-31, 70-72 Lumban 132-33 Lundquist, Jerry 2, 44-45 Luzon 11, 18, 106, 113, 145, 192

Kamia, Colonel 128, 133, 134, 146-47 Kaunitz, Hanna 4 Kawasaki, Sergeant 217 Keith, Agnes Newton 3 Kelly, Andy 37 Kelly, Colin 15 Kempei T ai 205 Kimigayo 214-15, 216 Kimura, Naoki 41-42 King, Eddie 59 King, Edward P., Jr. 50, 51, 54, 99, 113, 121 King Lear 7 Kinler, Bill 21, 223 Klipfontein 2-4, 143 Kokura 196, 208, 210, 212, 222 Korea 163, 190, 191 Kratz, Johnny 183 Kurvers, Harold 84, 180 "Kwantung Army" 80 Kyoto 79 Kyushu 192, 195-96, 208, 221-22, 223

Mabalacat 16 Mabatang 37 MacArthur, Arthur 102 MacArthur, Douglas 2, 14, 16, 18, 19, 28, 34,43,44-45,47, 51, 52, 54, 82, 91, 99, 10l, 102-14, 128, 138 McDonald, John 169 McDonald, Scotty 57 McKeon, Bill 4, 70-71, 85, 100, 137, 139, 170 McNulty, First Sergeant 38 Madigan General Hospital 1, 2, 4, 5 Mainichi Shimbun 217 Maitland, Lester 101 Malaya 41, 78 Manchuria 78, 80, 163, 190 Mandated Islands 98 Manila 16-19, 27-28, 44, 46, 94-96, 97-100, 10l, 106-07, 108, 123, 134, 143-45, 184, 189-91, 212 Manila Bay 27-28, 30, 33, 39, 41, 44, 47, 50, 61, 63, 102-04, 108, 191-92 Manila Hotel 18-19, 105, III Manila Times 19,101 Manning, Al 165, 183, 185 Marfori, Mariano 4, 125, 126-27, 131, 132,133-34, 138-39, 146, 147, 149 Marfori, Mayor 131, 135 Marianas 98 Mariveles 40, 42, 46, 48, 52-53, 59, 74 Mariveles airfield 52, 56, 58 Mariveles Mountains 33 Marshall, George Catlett lI2-13 Marshall, Richard J. 106 Mauban 37 Maury, Mrs. Magruder G. 7

Ladre, Mateo 135-36 Laguna de Bay 18, 100, 137, 146 Lainbach, Charles E. 101 Lamao 37,41,46,47,51,52,61-62 Latrine construction 162-63 Lauman, Philip 185 Lee, Henry G. 72, 159 Legaspi 145 Lemery 140 Lemke, Bill 85 Li, Chin 229 Life III Limay 41, 62-63

Index Maury, Thompson Brooke 7, 163, 166-68, 184, 185 Medical problems: beriberi 1, 124, 151, 162, 192, 207, 222; corneal ulcers 1; dengue fever 63; dysentery 1, 43, 63, 67-68, 69, 120, 124, 126, 141, 145, 151, 154, 162, 173, 192, 207; filariasis 1; heat/ dehydration 4, 64, 66-69, 70, 72, 74, 117-18, 119-20, 191-94; insanity 66-67, 133-35, 192; jaundice 1, 162, 173; malaria 1, 43, 49, 53, 63, 82, 109, 121, 124, 133, 145, 151, 173, 178, 192; night blindness 43, 48; pellagra 1, 124, 126, 145-46, 162; post-traumatic stress syndrome 1; scurvy 1, 43, 48, 124, 126, 145-46, 162; sinus infection 43; starvation/ malnutrition 1, 6, 43, '46-49, 108-09,112-13, 117-18, 123, 133, 150-51, 156, 161-63, 173-75, 176, 218, 222; suffocation 192; tuberculosis 1, 207, 222 Meiji restoration 79 Mexico 30 Midway 129-30 Miller, Ernest B. 11-14, 17-19, 24-28, 31-32,38-40,43-47, 52, 54, 57, 86, 88, 89-94, 98-101, 118, 120, 122, 151, 158, 163, 172, 173 Milstien, Albin 163 Mindanao 11, 52 Misakawa, Private 140-41 Missouri 221 Miyosato, Lieutenant 128, 130, 146, 148 Moji 195, 212, 222-23 Moncada 26 Monroe, Bill 47,161-62 Montani, Nicola A. 7, 168 Mori, Lieutenant Colonel 157 Morris, Eric 57 Mount Arayat 15 Mount Banahao 125 Mount Bataan 33 Mount Maquiling 125 Mount Natib 33, 37 Mount Samat 33, 50-51 Mount Santa Rosa 33, 37 Mount Silanganan 33, 37 Muntinlupa 17, 163 Musical compositions: "Adeste Fideles" 21; "Auld Lang Syne" 231; "The Ave of Lourdes" 230; "Battle Hymn of the Republic" 44; "Donegal" 207; "Don't Fence Me In" 4; "Dugout Doug" 2, 44-45;

241

"Gentlemen Rankers" 184; "God Save the King" 226; "The Gypsy Love Song" 219; "The Jolly Coachman" 226; "Kimigayo" 214-16; "Kiss Me Good Night, Sergeant Major" 226; Lamentations of }erimiah 164; "Long, Long Trail Awinding" 55; "Long Way to Tipperary" 226; "Madelon" 182, 227; "Men of Harlech" 226; Missa Brevis 7, 168; Missa de Angelis 168; "0 Come, All Ye Faithful" 169; "0 Sanctissima" 168; "Old Kentucky Home" 55, 135-36; "Panis Angelicus" 229-30; "Pretty Redwing" 141; "Red River Valley" 141; "Salve Regina" 142; "Silent Night" 21; "Soldier's Chorus" 183; "Song of Peace" 183; Songs of Isaiah 164; "Umabi No Ute" ("The Song of the Sea Beach") 136; "USAFFE Cry of Freedom" ("Dugout Doug") 2, 44-45; "Watashi Wa Ju Roku" 136; "The Whiffenpoof Song" 184; "White Christmas" 222 Muto 200, 202, 210 Mydans, Carl III

Nagakura, Quartermaster Corporal 205-06 Nagasaki 212, 231 National Guard 89-90, 93-94 Nelson, Donald 185 New Guinea 111 New York Times III Nikki, Three-Star Private 128-29, 148, 149-50

O'Brien, James 169 Okinawa 108, 209, 212 "Old Kliatchko" 164 Olongapo 42, 98, lll, 113 Omansky, Herman 84-85 192nd Tank Battalion see Tanks 194th Tank Battalion see Tanks Orani 68-69, 70 Orion 28,64

Padden, Florence 5 Paete 127, 146 Pagsanjan River 100 Palawan massacre 13 7

242 Pampanga Bay 30, 32 Pampanga River 27,30, 50, III Pangasinan province 99 Parker, George M. 34,112 Pasig River 143 Patten, Tommy 211-12 Pearl Harbor 11, 101, 105, 110, 170 Peck, Gordon 27 Perry, Matthew C. 79 Pershing, John J. 91 Petain, Philippe 22 Petrie, Lieutenant 32 Philippine Army 21-22,34-35,47,82, 98, 103-05, lll, 172 Philippine Army divisions: 11th 114; 71st Philippine 122; 91st 82, lll; Philippine 98, 103-04 Philippine Islands 14,17-18,46-47,93, 95-96, 102-05, 109-10 "Photo Joe" aircraft 35 Pier 7 173, 191 Pilar 64 Pilar-Bagac line 37-43, 50, 113, 136 Plaridel 30, III Porac 30 Porwoll, Ken 123, 172, 173-75 Poublon, Jacques 229, 230 President Coolidge 93, 170, 172 Presnell, John 162 Prison camp diet 120-21,125-26,127, 151-54, 161, 163-64, 176-79, 183, 184, 193-94, 197, 199, 204, 205, 217-19, 229

Quanning 152 Quezon, Manuel 103, 104, 109-10 Quinlen, Clinton 54-55

Radio centrale 41, 44-45 Radio KGEI 34,44, 222 Radio KZRH 12, 44, 101 Radio Tokyo 14 Radio XPOW 4 Rations 26, 28, 48-49, 108-09, 113, 124 Ravelo, Maria 4,127, 138, 149 Red Cross 155, 164, 176, 184, 207, 217 Reed, Emil 179 Remedios 30, 31 Reminiscences 102, 103, 104, 106, 112 Rikitaki, Yaichi 196-98, 203, 205, 209, 217-18, 221 Riley, Stanley 169

Index Roosevelt, Franklin D. 44, 104, 110, 112-13, 129 Rosales 24 Roullier, Rene 225-31 Royal Air Force 221, 225 Royal Dutch Empire 220, 229, 231 Russell, R. D. 3 Russo-Japanese War of 1905 78, 82, 102 Ryukyu Islands 192

Saccone, First Sergeant 141, 146 Sage, Charles G. 94, 101 Saign, Sid 35 Saint, Fred 162 St. Paul, Minnesota 5-6, 7, 142, 170 St. Peter's Ward 121, 123 St. Vitalis, Sister 143 Saipan 184, 190 Sakai, Saburo 15 Salangan 189 Samurai 78-79 San Augustine monastery 95-96 San Fernando 28, 30-32, 42, 64, 71, 74 San Fernando River 30 San Francisco 34, 91-92, 170, 222 San Jose 19-20 San Manuel 27 San Pablo 148 Sanchez, Jose 45, 170-75, 191 Santa Crus 30 Sapangbato 171 Sayre, Gus 165-68, 185 Scherman, David E. 57 Schick General Hospital 1, 6, 7, 81-82 Schneider, Leo 43, 55 Schultz, Bob 147 Schultz, Juan 139, 149 Schwartz, Jack 60 Scott, Sergeant 85-86 Secina, Tom 166,169 Seishan 78 Sensei 123 Sevann, Lieutenant 183 Seven Years' War 95-96 Sexmoan 31 Shakespeare, William 7 Shinto 227, 228 Shogun 78 Sibelius, Jean 183 Simmons, Tex 21, 151-54, 158, 161, 163, 165,170 Sinatra, Frank 7

243

Index Singapore 43, 93, 225 Skerry, Harry K. 27 "Smiley" 178 Smith, Earl G. 158 Smothers, Dick 180-82 Smothers, Thomas Bolyn, Jr. 180-82 Smothers, Mrs. Thomas Bolyn 182 Smothers, Tom 180-82 Soldier's Code of Conduct 155, 159 Solsbee, Tennessee 62 Son, Private 140-41 Southern Cross 44, 169 Southern Luzon Force 17-18, 27-28, 106, 111 Spector, Ronald H. 113 Spoor, F. G. 12,14,17,18, 31, 101, 118 Steele, Ben 13, 62, 65, 119, 120, 122, 152, 153 Stewart, Bob 128 Stimson, Henry L. 112 Stokes, D. P. 218, 221, 225, 226, 230-31 Strobel, Herbert 24 Subic Bay 33, 51, 111 Sutherland, Richard K. 110, 111, 112 Suzuki 134, 146-47 Swift, Jonathan 110

Taggart, Thomas R. 219 Tanks: First Tank Group 12,18,100, 172; 17th Ordnance Company 41, 94; 192nd Tank Battalion 25,30-32,41, 42,100,111,118,123,147; 194th Tank Battalion 5, 11-55, 59, 70, 85, 88-94, 97-101,; 118, 123, 151, 158, 163, 170-73, 175, 191; M-3 light tank 16-17, 23, 93-94; Twin turret tank 89 T arlac 19, 21, 26, 106 Teramura, Sergeant 4, 129-30, 134, 140, 143, 146-50, 202, 204 Texas Rangers 208 Thomas, Brandon 183 Three Came Home 3 Tiffany, Chaplain 166-67 Time 105 Tinian 190, 209 Tobata 225-31 Tojo, Hideki 40, 78,177, 190-191, 205 Tokara Islands 192 Tokugawa shogunate 79 Tokyo 42, 78, 79, 215 Tokyo Bay 221 Tonelli, Mario 156

Tooley, Bill 98-99,185 Tripp, Phil 70 Tsuji, Masanobu 42-43, 82 Tsuneyoshi, Captain 118, 121 Uniform Code of Military Justice 159 United States Armed Forces of the Far East (USAFFE) 14, 17, 18, 43, 44-45, 46, 94, 98-99, 100, 105, 109-14 United States Army Air Corps 4, 208 United States Army Finance Corp 54 United States Forces in the Philippines (USFIP) 113 United States War Department 104, 113 "USAFFE Cry of Freedom" 2, 44-45 Van Alstyne, Harold 84 Wagner, Richard 183 Wainwright, Jonathan M. 34,47,50,51, 98, 108, 110-14 Wakamori, Captain 4, 124-36, 138, 140-42, 145-49, 204 Walker, Dick 137 War Plan Orange 102, 106, 108-09 Waterman, Sergeant 177-78 Waverly, Minnesota 4, 5,6 Weaver, James R. N. 12-14, 18, 31-32, 39, 100, 172-73 Weinstein, Alfred A. 3, 145 West Point, United States Military Academy 7, 47, 100, 102, 110, 162, 181, 182 Wheeler, Bob 207 White, Hubert 180 Wickord, Theodore 129, 133, 134, 140 Wilson, John 169 Wilson, 0.0. 165-66, 183 Wood, Leonard 103 Wright, Ed 6 Wright, John M., Jr. 184 Yamashita, Tomoyuki 41, 111, 138 Yasukuni, Jinja 81 Yawata steel works 81,199-204, 208-16 York, Dan 184 Zambales Mountains 11, 12, 117 Zero ward 151, 161 Zweber, Roland 84

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Roderick Hall Coli. 13584 0767.4 .F6 1993 E R I TAG E The Hike into the sun: memoir of an American soldier H II captured on Bataan in 1942 and imprisoned by the Japanese II A Y until 19451 Bernard T. FIlzPatrick; with John A. Sweetser III