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Measuring the Impact of Ownership Structure on Resiliency in Crisis Results from a study by the National Center for Employee Ownership (NCEO) on behalf of Employee-Owned S Corporations of America (ESCA) December 2021

Introduction The pandemic and shutdowns provide an opportunity to examine how businesses dealt with a once-in-a-generation economic shock. Depending on their industry, businesses struggled with weathering the storm or, conversely, with having the capacity to capitalize on new opportunities. Given the nature and purpose of ESOPs and the forward-looking company culture that often accompanies them, there is strong reason to believe that having an ESOP in place prior to the worst of the crisis helped businesses not just survive but for many take the best advantage of growth opportunities more so than their conventional counterpoints. Recent survey findings from Zogby on behalf of ESCA provided evidence that employee ownership was a strong buffer for workers during the pandemic. This first-of-its kind project draws on a comprehensive analysis of more than 300,000 plan filings, covering more than 43 million employees. This includes a longitudinal analysis connecting the same plans across the period in December 2019 when the pandemic had not yet begun, to December 2020 while the U.S. economy remained in its grip. 2

Summary of Findings  Overall, we find measurable evidence of this resiliency in greater financial security for employees heading into and during the pandemic, and job retention at the firm level compared to comparable conventional firms.  Before the pandemic, the average ESOP account balance at an S ESOP was more than double compared to the average account balance at a comparable conventional firm ($132k vs. 64k). See slide 9.  Controlling for company size, industry, and region, the ESOP advantage is an estimated $67,000 more assets in the average account balance. See slide 12.  This is remarkable given the context that just over half (50.5) of American families have a retirement account at all. Among those that do, the median account value was $65,000 (Survey of Consumer Finances, 2019)

Summary of Findings  The average yearly employer contribution to the ESOP was 2.6 times that of companies offering a 401(k) ($6,567 vs. $2,507). See slide 13.  94% of total contributions to ESOPs came from the employer, compared to 31% for 401(k) plans. See slide 14.  Using active participants as a proxy for employment, and controlling for company size, industry, and region, being an ESOP is associated with retaining or adding an additional 6 employees from 2019 to 2020, compared to nonESOP employers. See slide 18. 4

Data Every business with a qualified retirement plan is required to file a form with details about the plan with the federal government. The data from these filings is objective and covers all businesses instead of just a sample of them. The data also enables researchers to control for factors such as company industry and size, meaning observed differences between ESOPs and non-ESOPs are not merely outgrowths of ESOPs being more or less prevalent in certain types of companies. Our data source is the Department of Labor’s Form 5500 and Form 5500-SF EFAST filing data, accessed September - November 2021. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa/about-ebsa/our-activities/public-disclosure/foia/form-5500-da tasets

Measuring Resiliency  Workers financial cushion during the pandemic: Average account balances as of December 2019 and December 2020;

 Workers financial security: Amount and percent of retirement contributions that came from the employer as of December 2019 and 2020;

 The ability of firms to survive and thrive during the pandemic and shutdowns: The change in active plan participants between 2019 and 2020 as a number and a percent. Active participants are defined as any individuals who are currently in employment covered by the plan and who are earning or retaining credited service under the plan. 6

Measuring Resiliency  For each of these measures, we compare all S ESOPs with all comparable 401(k)s during the same time period.  In the multivariate regression analysis, we control for:  Industry (2-digit NAICS)  Geography (Census division)  Size (number of active participants in largest 2019 401(k) plan)

Methodology Plans included in the analysis:  

 

Calendar-year filings (to keep time window constant) Privately held, for-profit U.S. employers  Excludes plans that do not identify as S corporation ESOPs and are presumably C corporations. At least 10 up to 25,000 active participants. Largest plan in terms of active participants, if company has multiple plans

S ESOPs*

Comparison 401k plans

Total Participant s

Filings for plan year ending December 2019

2,861

307,413

44,201,165

Filings for same plan for 2020*

2,513

265,223

41,229,512

*As of November 2021

Retirement Assets Heading Into the Pandemic The average account balance at an S ESOP was dramatically higher compared to non-ESOP companies with a 401(k) plan. Of course, there are many factors that go into explaining the variation in average account balances, particularly at the worker level. Still, the data show a substantial additional financial cushion available to S ESOP employees heading into 2020. 2019 Average ESOP account balance Average 401(k) account balance

$132,362 $63,925

*Average assets are calculated by dividing total plan assets by the total number of participants covered by the plan. 9

Retirement Assets Heading Into the Pandemic Across the board, workers at ESOPs were in a better position on average compared to those at traditional companies. Average per participant assets in S ESOPs Mean 10th percentile 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile 90th percentile Number of plans (N)

$132,362 $9,776 $28,037 $71,449 $151,064 $296,563

Average per participant assets in comparable 401ks $63,918 $4,268 $13,958 $36,853 $80,370 $150,221

2,861

307,413

Percent difference

69.7% 78.4% 67.1% 63.9% 61.1% 65.5%

*Average assets are calculated by dividing total plan assets by the total number of participants covered by each plan.

Additional retirement assets for ESOP participants Nearly 80% of S corporation ESOPs also offer a 401(k) plan, either separate from or combined with the ESOP. The data do not allow for summing each individual account to ascertain with accuracy the total retirement account balance for ESOP participants with an additional plan. Average per participant assets in separate 401k Mean

$75,246

10th percentile

$16,897

25th percentile

$32,768

50th percentile

$58,951

75th percentile

$99,764

90th percentile

$150,606

Number of plans (N)

1,938

*Average assets are calculated by dividing total plan assets by the total number of participants covered by each plan.

The ESOP advantage in retirement assets is not merely a function of ESOPs being more or less prevalent in certain types of companies.

Multivariate regression analysis controlling simultaneously for industry, geography, and size shows that being an ESOP is associated with $67,616 (p =.00) more in retirement assets on average compared to a comparable traditional business.

Employer Contributions in 2019 An important piece of the discussion of worker financial security is the challenge of being able to save at all. Here is we see that on average ESOP employers are contributing 2.6 times more than comparable conventional businesses.

2019 Average employer contributions to ESOP per participant Average employer contribution to 401(k) per participant

$6,567 (n=2,861) $2,507 (n=286,899)

Percentage of total contributions The charts below illustrate the stark difference in how ESOPs can help workers build wealth.

S ESOPs

Non-ESOP 401(k)s 31% 69%

From employer

From participant 14

Employer Contributions in 2020 Looking at average employer contributions again at the end of 2020, among those plans that have filed, we continue to see the advantage of S ESOPs for workers during a rough economic period. It is also indirect evidence of the likely advantage this conveys in terms of ESOP firms being able to retain employees during this time. 2020 Average employer contributions to ESOP per participant Average employer contribution to 401(k) per participant

$7786 (n=2,513) $2808 (n=265,223)

Employment Changes Clearly, the period from 2019 to 2020 was tumultuous for all types of firms.

Net change in active plan participants from December 2019 to December 2020 S ESOPs 401(k)s Mean

-3.6

-4.6

10th percentile

-18

-5

25th percentile

-4

50th percentile

75th percentile

90th percentile

2,801

294,111

Number of plans (N)

Employment Changes Looking at the same data in terms of the percent change shows a somewhat similar pattern between the two groups overall. Net percent change in active plan participants from December 2019 to December 2020 S ESOPs 401(k)s Mean

-.01

-.02

10th percentile

-17

-.27

25th percentile

-.06

-.11

50th percentile

.00

75th percentile

.08

.09

90th percentile

.17

.22

2,801

294,111

Number of plans (N)

Being an ESOP is associated with a measurable resiliency.

Multivariate regression analysis controlling simultaneously for industry, geography, and size shows the coefficient for being an ESOP is 6.1 (p=.03) compared to a comparable traditional business. This translates into ESOPs retaining or adding 6 participants on average to their plan. Of course, active participants is not a perfect proxy for employment and our modeling cannot include performance measures like revenue. Separate analysis shows that changes in active participants from 20192020 for each industry do correlate fairly closely with changes in total employment for that industry from BLS data (r2 = 0.65). 18