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Corpus Development of this publication has made use of the Cambridge English Corpus (CEC). The CEC is a computer database of contemporary spoken and written English, which currently stands at over one billion words. It includes British English, American English and other varieties of English. It also includes the Cambridge Learner Corpus, developed in collaboration with Cambridge English Language Assessment. Cambridge University Press has built up the CEC to provide evidence about language use that helps to produce better language teaching materials. English Profile This product is informed by the English Vocabulary Profile, built as part of English Profile, a collaborative programme designed to enhance the learning, teaching and assessment of English worldwide. Its main funding partners are Cambridge University Press and Cambridge English Language Assessment and its aim is to create a ‘profile’ for English linked to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF). English Profile outcomes, such as the English Vocabulary Profile, will provide detailed information about the language that learners can be expected to demonstrate at each CEF level, offering a clear benchmark for learners’ proficiency. For more information, please visit www.englishprofile.org Cambridge Dictionaries Cambridge dictionaries are the world’s most widely used dictionaries for learners of English. The dictionaries are available in print and online at dictionary.cambridge.org. Copyright © Cambridge University Press, reproduced with permission.

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Cover photographs by: (L): ©Tim Gainey/Alamy Stock Photo; (R): ©Yuliya Koldovska/Shutterstock. The publishers are grateful to the following illustrators: Christos Skaltsas (hyphen) 6, 8 (L), 10, 26, 28, 35 (L), 38, 39 (R), 43, 46, 50, 52, 56, 57, 59, 60, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 75, 84, 94, 103, 109, 111 and Zaharias Papadopoulos (hyphen) 8 (R), 12, 16, 20, 35 (TR), 39 (L), 44, 48, 58, 92, 112 The publishers are grateful to the following contributors: hyphen: editorial, design and project management; Leon Chambers: audio recordings; Karen Elliott: Pronunciation sections; Matt Norton: Get it right! exercises

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