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Preface Acknowledgments

About the Author

CHAPTER 1

Crime and Victimology

Introduction

Discipline of Victimology

Victims of Violent Crime in the Media

Murdered Children

Professionals as Victims

Victims of Revenge

Victims of Workplace Violence

Who Is a Victim?

Defining the “Victim”

Victims of Personal and Property Crime

Beyond Criminal Victimization: Victims of “Noncriminal” Harms

Trends in Crime and Victimization

Costs and Consequences of Crime

Health-Related Costs

Direct Financial Costs

Intangible Costs

Criminal Justice Costs

CHAPTER 2

Measurement of Crime and Victimization

Introduction

Uniform Crime Reports

UCR Data Collection

National Incident-Based Reporting System

UCR Canada

Challenges in the Measurement of Crime

Definitional Challenges

Reporting Challenges

Challenges Related to Policing Practices

National Prisoner Statistics Program

NPS Data Collection

Adult Criminal Court Survey

Challenges in Measuring Crime with Prisoner Data

Victimization Surveys

Victim Survey Methods

Generations of Victim Surveys

National Crime Victimization Survey

Data Collection for the NCVS

NCVS Summary Findings for 2015

National Family Violence Survey

Canadian General Social Survey

British Crime Survey

International Crime Victims Survey

Challenges in Measuring Victimization

Challenges Related to Sampling

Challenges Related to Victim Responses

Challenges Related to Interpretation of Data

CHAPTER 3

Theories of Victimization

Introduction

History of Victimology and Theory Development

Victim-Based Theories

Interactional Theories

Societal-Based Theories of Victimology

Ecological Theory

Case Analysis Using Victimology Theories

Analysis

CHAPTER 4

Victim Rights and Services

Introduction

Victims' Rights Movement

Restitution

Victims' Compensation

Eligibility for Compensation

Costs of Victim Compensation

Innovative Compensation Laws

9/11 U.S. Compensation Fund

Restorative Justice

Victims' Rights and the Courts

Victim Impact Statements

National Victim Information and Notification Everyday Program

Services for Victims

Women's Movement and Services for Rape Victims

Domestic Violence and Intimate Partner Violence

Services

Comprehensive Continuum of Services for Crime Victims

Evaluating Victim Assistance Programs

Code of Ethics for Victim Services

Psychological Response to Victimization

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Treatment Interventions

Roberts's Crisis Intervention Model

Treatment Models

CHAPTER 5

Justice Systems

Introduction

Evolution of Laws

Historical Perspective

Greek Mythology

Urukagina

Code of Ur-Nammu

Code of Hammurabi

Mosaic Law

Roman Law

Code of Justinian

Feudalism

English Common Law

Contemporary Codes and Laws

Concepts Related to Justice and Alternative Forms of Justice

Retributive Justice

Utilitarian Justice

Distributive Justice

Restorative Justice

Criminal Law

Levels of the U.S. Court System

Canadian Court System

Entering the Criminal Justice System

Reporting the Crime: Interactions with the Police

Pressing Charges

Pretrial

Preliminary Hearing

Grand Jury

Plea Bargain

Suppression Hearings and Change of Plea Hearings

Criminal Justice Trials

Civil Commitments for Sex Offenders

Psychopathology

Attention to Prevention

Dynamics of Disclosure in Child Abuse

Effects of Traumatic Events on Children

Developmental Traumatology

Children with Developmental Disabilities

Epidemiological Approaches to the Study of Child

Maltreatment

Complex Child Trauma

Causes of Complex Trauma

Case of Complex Trauma

Diagnostic Considerations

Suicidal Impulses and Violence Against Others

Case of Matricide

Treatment for Child Victims

Crisis Intervention

Individual Treatment for Children

CHAPTER 7

Child Abduction and Exploitation

Introduction

Scope of the Problem

Legal Framework

Child Abduction and Murder

Child Trafficking and Child Prostitution

Infant Abduction

Fetal Abduction

Infant Abduction

Missing Children

Family Abductions

Nonfamily Abduction

Thrownaways /Runaways

Lost, Injured, or Otherwise Missing Children

AMBER Alert

Child Labor

Child Trafficking

Child Prostitution

Making of Teenage Prostitutes

Typologies of Sex Offenders of Children

Coerced Versus Forced

Situational Predators Versus Preferential Predators

High Contact Versus Low Contact Offenders

Case of a Preferential Child Molester/Spree Crime and Multiple Victims

CHAPTER 8

School Violence

Introduction

Scope of the Problem

Legislation Addressing School Violence

Bullying

Types of Bullying

Factors Contributing to Bullying

Cyberbullying

Effects of Bullying

Managing and Preventing Bullying

School Bullying Climate

Gang Violence in Schools

Youth Gang Participation

Gang Violence

Victims of Gang Violence

Addressing Gang Violence in Schools

Teachers as Victims of School Violence

School Shootings

Columbine

A Note on Frequency

Indications and Threats of Violence

Effects of School Shooting

CHAPTER 9

Intimate Partner Violence

Introduction

Scope of the Problem

Dating Violence

Legal Responses to IPV

Effects of IPV on Victims

Barriers to Disclosing and Ending Abuse

IPV in LGBT Relationships

Child Witnesses of IPV

Continuum of Intimate Violence

Batterer Typologies

Intersections Between Batterer Typologies and the Continuum of Violence

Partner Homicides

Honor Killings

Battered Woman Syndrome Defense

Intervention Programs in IPV

Interventions for Victims of IPV

Interventions for Child Witnesses

Interventions for Offenders

CHAPTER 10

Stalking Victims

Introduction

Scope of the Problem

Stalking Laws

Typology of Stalking

Celebrity Stalkers

Erotomanic Stalkers

Stalking as an Extension of Domestic Violence

Sexually Sadistic Stalkers

Effects of Stalking on Victims

Safety Strategies for Victims

Court Appeals of Stalking Convictions

Threat Assessment of Stalkers

Treatment of Stalkers

CHAPTER 11

Victims of Rape and Sexual Assault

Introduction

Scope of the Problem

Subpopulations of Victims

Legislative Framework

Rape Shield Laws

Title IX

Typologies of Rape and Sexual Assault

Incest

Statutory Rape

Marital Rape

Acquaintance Rape

Sexual Homicide

Rape Myths

Dynamics of Reporting Rape

Nonreporting

Typology of Sexual Trauma

Rape: Sex Without the Victim's Consent

Pressured Sex: Inability to Consent

Sex Stress Situation: Sex with Initial Consent

Workplace Harassment

Psychological Impact of Sexual Assault

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Classifying Rapists

Early Research

Theory of Interpersonal Aggression

Exploitative Rape

Anger Rape

Sadistic Rape

Sexual Predators in the Community

False Allegations of Rape and Sexual Assault

Potential Consequences of a False Allegation

Difficulty of Measuring Rates of False Allegations of Rape

Reasons for False Allegations of Rape

Care for Victims of Sexual Violence

National Sexual Violence Resource Center

CHAPTER 12

Elder Abuse Victims

Introduction

Scope of the Problem

Elder Abuse Legislation

Types of Elder Abuse

Physical Abuse

Neglect

Sexual Abuse

Psychological Abuse

Financial Abuse

Categories of Abusive Situations

Spousal Violence as Elder Abuse

Abuse by Adult Children and Relatives

Institutionally Based Abuse

Societal Neglect

Sexual Assault

Assessment of Elder Abuse

Interventions

Prevention Programs

Adult Protection Programs

Domestic Violence Programs

CHAPTER 13

Homicide: Victims, Their Families, and the Community

Introduction

Scope of the Problem

Legislative Framework

Penalties for Homicide

Recidivism

Civil Litigation

Classification of Homicides

Single Homicide

Double Homicide

Triple Homicide

Mass Murder

Spree Murder

Serial Murder

Homicide-Suicide

Violent Death Data

Homicide Victimization Theories

Demographic Correlates and Homicide Offending

Homicide Offender Typologies

Organized and Disorganized Offenders: Typology of Crime Scene Dynamics

Other Typologies Based on Crime Scene Dynamics

Underclass Homicide Typology

Toward a New Homicide Typology

Covictims of Homicide

Covictim Response to Family Member Homicide

Death and Notification

Funeral Activities and the Immediate Aftermath

Post-Funeral Life

Intersections Between Grief and Trauma

Guilt and Blame

Stigma

Fears and Phobias

Supporting the Covictim

CHAPTER 14

Hate Crimes

Introduction

Scope of the Problem

Hate Crime Legislation

Typology of Hate Crimes

Race

Religion

Disability

Gender

Sexual Orientation

Political

Typology of Offender Motivation

Suicide Bombers as Perpetrators of Hate Crimes

Impact of Hate Crimes on Victims

CHAPTER

Victims of Social Media

Introduction

Social Media Structure

Types of Social Media Victimization

Self-Exploitation

Sexting Case: Protecting One's Electronic Reputation

Sexting Ring Case

Electronic Aggression

Dangerous Cases Using Social Media

Legal Issues

Sexting Laws

Internet Luring

Sextortion

Mental Health Implications

Internet Addiction

Signs and Symptoms of Internet Addiction

Case of Withdrawal Psychosis

Interventions

Prevention

Identifying Victims of Electronic Aggression

CHAPTER 16

Victims of Cybercrime

Introduction

Scope of the Problem

The Legal Context

Types of Internet Crime

Hacking

Cyberterrorism

Cyberbullying

Child Sexual Exploitation on the Internet

Cyberstalking

Internet Fraud

Identity Theft

Internet Copyright Piracy

CHAPTER 17

Other Forms of Victimization

Introduction

Victims of Property-Related Crime

Robbery

Burglary

Home Invasion

Carjacking

Victims of Workplace Violence

Victims of Natural Disasters

Victims of Terrorism

Corporate Victimization

Victims of the Justice System

Victims of Wrongful Convictions

Victims of Racial Profiling and Disproportionate

Penalties

CHAPTER 18

Forensic Victimologyand Investigative Profiling

Introduction

Forensic Victimology

911 Calls

First on the Scene: Police, Paramedics, and Fire

Personnel

Hospital Personnel as Healers and Detectives

Investigative Profiling

Crime Scene Analysis

Victimology

Crime Scene Indicators

Forensic Findings

Investigative Considerations

Outcome

Case Example

Case Featuring an Atypical Serial Killer

Case 1

Case 2

Case Analysis

Case 3

Case Analysis

Case 4

Case Analysis

Glossary

Name Index

Subject Index

Preface

In the 19th century and early part of the 20th century, few scholars discussed or wrote about the victim's role in a criminal situation. It was not until the 1940s that interest in the victim developed. Von Hentig's paper titled “Remarks on the Interaction of Perpetrator and His Victim” (1941) and his book The Criminal and His Victim (1948); Mendelsohn's paper “New Bio-Psycho-Social Horizons: Victimology” (1947); and Ellenberger's study on the psychological relationship between the criminal and his victim (1954) brought clear scholarly focus to the plight of the victim.

The last quarter of the 20th century brought even more focus to the victim. The First International Symposium on Victimology held in Jerusalem in 1973 gave the discipline of victimology international recognition as a distinct focus separate from the discipline of criminology. The scholarly papers presented at the symposium were divided into five volumes that aimed to provide new data, theoretical inputs, and analyses to encourage the building of ideas and the development of intellectual dialogues in the field of

victimology. In particular, the volumes sought to contribute to a discourse within the international community of scholars and to bring together scholars whose paths might not easily cross, despite their common interest.

At the opening ceremony of the symposium, Professor Israel Drapkin, chairman of the Organizing Committee, identified five purposes of the meeting:

1. To reach agreement on the scope of victimology

2. To establish a valid typology of victims as an indispensable tool for future developments

3. To analyze the role of the victim, both in juridical and judicial settings, to improve the current situation

4. To analyze the offender–victim relationship, particularly with regard to the main categories of criminal offense

5. To develop strategies to improve society's reaction toward victims, be it by means of compensation, insurance, prevention, or treatment

Although the science of victimology has expanded over the decades, it is upon this early scholarly and research foundation that this text on victimology has been conceptualized. This text provides an overview of issues related to people who become victims of a wide variety of crimes. At times, these crimes are specific to particular populations, such as children, the elderly, women, or individuals and groups of a specific race or religion. At times, these crimes are more general in who is targeted, such as in the case of Internet crime. We have focused on the incidence of each type of victimization, the impact of the crime on victims, the motivations of the perpetrators, strategies for intervention, laws that define the

nature of the crime, and legal attempts to punish offenders and protect victims and society at large.

This third edition of the text includes chapter cases for discussion and expands the traditional academic concepts and theories of victimology to include an applied component for those students who will assess and/or treat victims or offenders. The text emphasizes data from North America regarding the scope of the problem, measurement of victimization, the typologies of victims and offenders, victim impact statements, policies, services, and future research areas. This text is written for students whose work or careers will bring them into contact with victims, offenders, and/or the justice system.

This third edition of the text includes updated information on opening chapter cases on Amanda Knox, Anders Behring Breivik, Kobe Bryant, Casey Anthony, Jaycee Dugard, Brandon McInerney, Rihanna and Chris Brown, Catherine Zeta-Jones, the St. Guillen's family, Mickey Rooney, David Russell Williams, and Brandon Piekarsky and Derrick Donchak. New chapters address social media, cybercrime, forensic victimology, and investigative profiling.

Two important trends have materialized in the five years since the last edition of this text. First, reporting rates on homicides in the United States increased in 2016, and the rate at which murders are cleared through arrest dropped to the lowest level on record. FBI statistics estimate that only 59.4% of homicides were cleared through arrest in 2016. This was the first time the national clearance rate dropped below 60% (Murder Accountability Project, 2017).

Second, mass shootings are increasing. In June 2016, a shooter, Omar Mateen, fired more than 50 rounds into patrons at the Pulse

nightclub with an AR-15. He took hostages and shot at police. Forty-nine people died and dozens were wounded. Authorities noted that Mateen had pledged his allegiance to the Islamic State in a 911 call just before the attack. He ultimately died in a gun battle with SWAT team members (Velasquez, 2016). In October 2017, another mass shooting occurred, with the shooter firing from the Mandalay Bay hotel in Las Vegas. It is considered the deadliest U.S. mass shooting committed by one person. The gunman, identified as Stephen Paddock, fired hundreds of rifle rounds into a concert crowd at the Route 91 Harvest Music Festival. Paddock fired from his suite on the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay. Fiftyeight victims were killed and hundreds injured. Paddock died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound. His motive remains unclear.

As crime and criminology in our society are ever-changing, the study of victims needs to keep pace and evolve to better serve both victims and the many professionals and practitioners who work with them. Whether a student is considering a career in the criminal justice system, health care, first responder services, social work, or academia, this text will guide the reader toward a deeper understanding of the multifaceted world of victimology and prepare them to better serve this complex population.

REFERENCES

Hargrove, T. (2017). Murder Accountability Project. Retrieved from: http://www.murderdata.org

Velasquez, M. (2016, June 12). 2016 Pulse nightclub shooting in Orland, a look back at the worst mass shooting in history. OCR Daily News. Retrieved from: http://www.ocregister.com/2017/06/11/2016-pulsenightclub-shooting-in-orlando-a-look-back-atthe-worst-mass-shooting-in-us-history/

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Stefan Treffers for his research additions to all three editions as well as the following for their contributions to the third edition of Victimology: Theories and Applications:

Paul Thomas Clements

Dr. Clements is a clinical professor at the College of Nursing and Health Sciences at Drexel University, where one of his online courses for Drexel's forensic health certificate is Victimology for Health Professionals. Dr. Clements has been a psychiatric forensic specialist for more than 20 years, specializing in intrapsychic sequela and behavioral manifestations following exposure to interpersonal violence, crime, and sudden traumatic death.

Grace Cummings

Grace Cummings, Morrissey College of Arts and Science, Boston College, Class of 2020, is one of three student workers who assisted with updates to Chapter 16.

Elizabeth S. Dillon

Elizabeth Dillon, Esq. is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and of the Washington University School of Law in St Louis. She is an associate attorney at Cetrulo, LLP in Boston, Massachusetts. Elizabeth focuses her practice primarily on employment, business, real estate, and probate litigation, as well as employment advice and counseling.

Elizabeth B. Dowdell

Elizabeth Burgess Dowdell is a professor of Pediatric Nursing in the College of Nursing at Villanova University. She is a graduate of Vanderbilt University, Boston College, and the University of Pennsylvania. Her program of research has focused on studying vulnerable populations such as high-risk adolescents, grandmother caregivers, and infants who have been abducted from homes and hospitals. Dr. Dowdell is an expert in the area of forensic pediatric nursing and Internet safety.

Sarah B. Gregorian

Sarah B. Gregorian is a graduate of Northeastern University and the University of Pennsylvania. She has been a research associate at Boston College in the areas of victimology and has coauthored articles on elder abuse and fetal abduction. Her current research is on hate crimes and social justice.

James Hendren

James Hendren, Carroll School of Management, Boston College, Class of 2020, is one of three student workers who assisted with updates to Chapter 16.

Kevin R. Powers, J.D.

Kevin Powers is the founding director for the Master of Science in Cybersecurity Policy and Governance Program at Boston College

and an assistant professor of the practice in Boston College's Carroll School of Management's Business Law and Society Department With a combined 20 years of law enforcement, military, national security, business, higher education, and teaching experience, he has worked as an analyst and an attorney for the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Department of Defense, law firms in Boston and Washington, DC, and as the general counsel for an international software company based in Seattle, Washington. Along with his teaching at Boston College, Kevin has taught courses at the U.S. Naval Justice School and the U.S. Naval Academy, where he was also the deputy general counsel to the superintendent. Kevin regularly provides expert commentary regarding cybersecurity and national security issues for varying local, national, and international media outlets. He is a program lead for the Collegiate Working Group for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE), and he also serves as a board member for a regional bank and an international software company. Kevin received his J.D. from Suffolk University Law School and his B.A. in history from Salem State College.

Stefan Treffers

Stefan Treffers is a doctoral candidate in the sociology department at York University. His previous degrees include an M.A. in criminology at the University of Windsor and a B A in health sciences at the University of Ottawa. Aside from studies in criminology and victimology, his interests include urban sociology, poverty, race and ethnicity, and urban governance. His current research focuses on austerity and municipal finance in the context of urban decline, including the effects of service withdrawal on residents in the city of Detroit.

Victimology: theories and applications 3rd edition, (ebook pdf) - Quickly access the ebook and start

Contents

Psychopathology

CHAPTER 7

School Shootings

Categories of Abusive Situations

CHAPTER

Crime Scene Analysis

Preface

REFERENCES

Acknowledgments