Table of Contents
Preface xiii
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xxi
List of SPSS Screen Captures xxvii
1 Overview of Mathematical and Research Methodological Terms 1
Learning Objectives 1
Introduction 1
Basic Mathematical Concepts 2
Variable and Constants 6
Levels of Measurement 9
Research Hypotheses 12
Psychometric Properties of an Instrument 13
Population and Sample 18
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 19
Types of Relationships between Two Variables 19
Summary 21
Key Terms 22
Practical Exercises 22
2 Working with SPSS 27
Learning Objectives 27
Introduction 27
About the SPSS Program 28
Creating an Instrumentation Codebook 33
Practical Example 35
Starting the SPSS Program 36
Summary 64
Key Terms 65
Practical Exercises 65
3 Data Organization and Summary: frequency Tables and Graphs 69
Learning Objectives 69
Introduction 69
frequency Distributions 70
Graphic Presentations of Data 80
Summary 100
Key Terms 100
Practical Exercises 101
4 Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency, Variability, and Percentiles 105
Learning Objectives 105
Introduction 105
Measures of Central Tendency 106
Measures of Variability 109
What Measure(s) to Report 113
Percentile and Percentile Ranks 114
Box-and-Whisker Plot 124
Summary 131
Key Terms 132
Practical Exercises 132
5 Distributions, Data Transformations, and Standard Z Scores 135
Learning Objectives 135
Introduction 136
Normality of Distributions 136
Standard Scores (Z Scores) 157
Summary 164
Key Terms 165
Practical Exercises 166
6 Hypothesis Testing and Selecting a Statistical Test 169
Learning Objectives 169
Introduction 169
Research Hypotheses 170
Errors in Hypothesis Testing 173
Confidence Interval 179
Selecting a Statistical Test 183
Summary 189
Key Terms 189
Practical Exercises 190
7 Bivariate Correlations 193
Learning Objectives 193
Introduction 193
Correlation 194
Scatterplot 196
Correlation and Causality 198
Correlational Tests 198
Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient 198
Point-biserial correlation coefficient 199
Assumptions 199
Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient 202
Partial Correlation Test 202
Practical Examples 203
Summary 229
Key Terms 230
Practical Exercises 231
8 Difference between Two Group Means: The One-Sample Case and Two-Sample Case t-Tests 233
Learning Objectives 233
Introduction 233
Student’s t-Tests 234
One-Sample Case t-Test 235
Two-Sample Case t-Test 237
Mann-Whitney U Test 239
Practical Examples 239
Summary 261
Key Terms 261
Practical Exercises 262
9 Dependent t-Test: Two-Paired Observations 265
Learning Objectives 265
Introduction 265
Dependent t-Test 266
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test 268
Practical Examples 269
Summary 289
Key Terms 290
Practical Exercises 290
10 K Group Comparisons: One-Way Analysis of Variance and
Covariance 293
Learning Objectives 293
Introduction 293
Why Not Use the Independent t-Test? 294
Analysis of Variance: An Overview 296
One-Way ANOVA 297
One-Way ANCOVA 297
Sources of Variations in ANOVA and ANCOVA 298
Assumptions of ANOVA and ANCOVA 299
Kruskal-Wallis H Test 301
Post Hoc Tests 302
Practical Examples 302
Summary 329
Key Terms 330
Practical Exercises 330
11 Chi-Square Goodness-of-fit Test and Test of Association 333
Learning Objectives 333
Introduction 333
Chi-Square Test 334
Chi-Square Goodness-of-fit Test 335
Chi-Square Test of Association 335
Contingency Table 336
Assumptions of Chi-Square Tests 339
fisher’s Exact Test 340
Measures of Association 341
Practical Examples 341
Summary 359
Key Terms 360
Practical Exercises 360
12 Simple Linear Regression 363
Learning Objectives 363
Introduction 363
Simple Linear Regression 364
Regression Equations and Scatterplot 364
Regression Coefficients 365
Confidence Interval 367
Assumptions 367
Practical Example 369
Summary 383
Key Terms 383
Practical Exercises 384
Appendix A: SPSS Data files 387
Data file 1: Experimental Design (N = 60) 387
Data file 2: Immigrants (N = 40) 387
Data file 3: Job Satisfaction (N = 218) 387
Data file 4: Mental Health (N = 155) 388
Data file 5: Refugees (N = 230) 388
Data file 6: Reliability Analysis (N = 110) 388
Data file 7: Senior Citizens (N = 90) 389
Data file 8: Well-Being (N = 182) 391
Appendix B: Hand Calculations 393
B.1. Correlational Tests 393
B.2. One-Sample Case and Two-Sample Case T-Tests 404
B.3. Student’s T-Test—Two-Paired Observations 417
B.4. One-Way Analysis of Variance and Covariance 425
B.5. Chi-Square Tests 446
B.6. Simple Linear Regression 453
Appendix C: Critical Values 461
Table C.1. Z Scores 461
Table C.2. Pearson’s Correlation 470
Table C.3. Spearman’s Correlation 471
Table C.4. T Distribution 472
Table C.5. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test 473
Table C.6. F Distribution 474
Table C.7. Mann-Whitney U Test 476
Table C.8. Tukey HSD Q Test 477
Table C.9. Chi-Square 478
References 481
Index 483
Preface
It is with great happiness and satisfaction that I was able to complete this newly edited version of Using Statistical Methods in Social Science Research: With a Complete SPSS Guide. Since the release of the second edition in 2011, many students and faculty, including myself, and researchers around the country and abroad have used it either as a required textbook or a recommended reference for their statistic courses and/or for their research projects. Over the years, I have received a lot of feedback and comments about the book, its organization, details, and how simple it is to follow, especially its step-by-step SPSS guides. At the same time, many have also recommended the addition of new topics, data evaluation methods, examples, and tables. Moreover, since 2011, IBM has released many new SPSS versions that necessitate the need to update all SPSS screens and output, which originally were generated using SPSS Version 18.
Taking all of these factors into consideration, and to provide students, faculty, and researchers with the most-up-to date SPSS version, all chapters were carefully reviewed and updated. In particular, the following summarizes all revisions, additions, and changes made in this edition:
• Updated all SPSS Version 18.0 screens and output with the latest SPSS Version 26.0.
• Updated all practical examples.
• Updated all practical exercises and added new hand calculations, multiple-choice, true–false, and fill-in-the blank exercises.
• Added key terms at the end of each chapter.
• Replaced most of the tables and graphs (histograms, Q-Q plots, scatterplots, etc.).
• Added two new SPSS data files: Experimental Design and Immigrants (see appendix A).
• Added new sample size tables for statistical power levels of .90 and .95 (chapters 7 to 12).
• Added new general mathematical rules (chapter 1).
• Extended the discussion about reliability (chapter 1).
• Added a new section about measurement errors (chapter 1).
• Added a new SPSS example for Kuder-Richardson 20 reliability analysis (chapter 2).
• Added a new section about grouped percentile and percentile ranks (chapter 4).
• Updated the content about skewness and added a new section about kurtosis and new figures (chapter 5).
• Added a new section about normality tests (chapter 5).
• Updated the content about power and effect size (chapter 6).
• Added a new section about critical values (chapter 6).
• Updated the guidelines for test selection and the table (chapter 6).
• Reorganized, updated, and introduced two new test statistics: point-biserial and partial correlation tests (chapter 7).
• Reorganized, updated, and added a new test statistic: one-sample Wilcoxon signed ranks test (chapter 8).
• Added new examples illustrating how to write and present the results of nonparametric tests in academic tables: Mann-Whitney U test (chapter 8), Wilcoxon signed ranks test (chapter 9), and Kruskal-Wallis H test (chapter 10).
• Updated types of ANOVA/ANCOVA tables (chapter 10).
• Extended the discussion about post hoc tests and introduced two new post hoc tests: Tukey HDS and Games-Howell tests (chapter 10).
• Introduced a new SPSS method to calculate the Kruskal-Wallis H test and its post hoc test (chapter 10).
• Introduced two SPSS methods to calculate one-way ANOVA: SPSS compare means and SPSS general linear model (chapter 10).
• Removed the section about hand calculations of the expected frequencies (chapter 11) and moved it to appendix B (“Hand Calculations”).
• Added a new section about standardized residuals (chapter 11).
• Added a new section about fisher’s exact test (chapter 11).
• Replaced “Multiple Regression Analysis” with “Simple Linear Regression Analysis” (chapter 12).
• Updated the references list.
In addition to these revisions and changes, I included a new detailed appendix (appendix B) that discusses step by step how to calculate each test statistic presented in chapters 7 to 12, as well as a new appendix (appendix C) containing nine critical values tables used to determine the level of significance for each test statistic. These hand calculations and critical values are of great importance for graduate students who may seek to teach undergraduate statistics courses, which require basic knowledge of mathematical concepts and statistical equations.
I hope that by releasing this new edition, I met your expectations of a providing you with a user-friendly edition that will greatly benefit you in developing your hypotheses and evaluating, organizing, analyzing, and reporting your data in ways that are easy to understand.
Data Files
This book uses the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26.0 as the main computer software to organize, summarize, and analyze the data. This program was chosen because it is one of the most popular computer software programs and is available in most university computer labs. Users of other statistical software, such as Excel, R Stat, SAS, or Stata, or users of handheld calculators still can greatly benefit from this book because it provides a detailed discussion of the process of organizing and summarizing data, selecting the appropriate test statistic, understanding the test and its underlying assumptions, and writing and presenting the results in summary tables and graphs. These same descriptive and inferential statistics can be computed by any other computer software or hand calculators (appendix B).
finally, practical examples and exercises that are discussed in this book rely on eight SPSS data files. These files can be obtained from Learning Link at Oxford University Press: www. oup.com/he/abu-bader3e. Appendix A describes these files in detail.
Acknowledgments
Many thanks to my Data Analysis and Quantitative Methods students at Howard University for their feedback and comments, especially the 2018–2020 classes. Thank you also to my graduate assistants, Latoya Hogg and Imani Smith, for their help, suggestions, and edits.
A special thank you and my sincere appreciation goes to my former research assistant and current colleague, Dr. Tiffanie Jones, who took her time to review each chapter and provided very helpful constructive comments and corrections. for that I am grateful.
I also would like to extend special thanks to Dr. Thomas O’Hare of Boston College and the Oxford University Press editors and staff, Sarah Butcher, Stefano Imbert, Alyssa Palazzo, and Melissa Yanuzzi, whose suggestions enhanced this new edition.
List of figures
Chapter 1
figure 1.1: Scatterplot for Burnout and Turnover 20
figure 1.2: Scatterplot for Job Satisfaction and Turnover 20
figure 1.3: Scatterplot for Workload and Burnout 21
Chapter 3
figure 3.1: Bar Graph for Levels of Education 82
figure 3.2: Histogram for Age 87
figure 3.3: Histogram for Age by Gender 89
figure 3.4: frequency Polygon for Age 90
figure 3.5: frequency Polygon for Age 93
figure 3.6: Cumulative Frequency Polygon for Cognitive Status 93
figure 3.7: Cumulative Percentage Polygon for Cognitive Status 95
figure 3.8: Stem-and-Leaf Plot for Cognitive Status 96
figure 3.9: Stem-and-Leaf Plot for Cognitive Status—Counterclockwise 97
figure 3.10: Stem-and-Leaf Plot for Age 99
Chapter 4
figure 4.1: Boxplot for English Proficiency Scores 125
figure 4.2: Boxplot for Burnout 129
figure 4.3: Boxplot for Burnout by Gender 131
Chapter 5
figure 5.1: Standard Normal Distribution 137
figure 5.2: Positively Skewed Distribution 138
figure 5.3: Negatively Skewed Distribution 138
figure 5.4: Leptokurtic Distribution 139
figure 5.5: Platykurtic Distribution 139
figure 5.6: Histogram for Supervision 148
figure 5.7: Normal Q-Q Plot for Supervision 148
figure 5.8: Histogram for Promotion 149
figure 5.9: Normal Q-Q Plot for Promotion 149
figure 5.10: Histogram for Reversed Supervision 153
figure 5.11: Q-Q Plot for Reversed Supervision 154
figure 5.12: Histogram for Square Root of Supervision 156
figure 5.13: Q-Q plot for Square Root of Supervision 156
figure 5.14: Histogram for Standard Score of Promotion 159
figure 5.15: Q-Q Plot for Standard Score of Promotion 160
figure 5.16: Normal Z Scores 161
Chapter 6
figure 6.1: Directional Relationships between Variables 171
figure 6.2: Two-Tailed Rejection Area 177
figure 6.3: One-Tailed Rejection Area—Positive Relationship 177
figure 6.4: One-Tailed Rejection Area—Negative Relationship 178
Chapter 7
figure 7.1: Venn Diagram—Correlation between Two Variables 195
figure 7.2: Scatterplot Illustrating Positive Relationship 197
figure 7.3: Scatterplot Illustrating Negative Relationship 197
figure 7.4: Scatterplot Illustrating No Relationship 198
figure 7.5: Partial Correlation Venn Diagram 203
figure 7.6: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Physical Health 207
figure 7.7: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Life Satisfaction 207
figure 7.8: Venn Diagram for Physical Health and Life Satisfaction 212
figure 7.9: Scatterplot for Physical Health and Life Satisfaction 213
figure 7.10: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Emotional Balance 217
figure 7.11: Point-Biserial Correlation between Sickness and Emotional Balance 218
figure 7.12: Scatterplot for the Correlation between Sickness and Emotional Balance 220
figure 7.13: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Self-Esteem 223
figure 7.14: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Depression 223
figure 7.15: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Square Root Depression 224
figure 7.16: A Matrix Scatterplot 225
figure 7.17: Venn Diagram for Self-Esteem and Depression Controlling for Emotional Balance 229
Chapter 8
figure 8.1: Two Means Comparison 234
figure 8.2: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Age 242
figure 8.3: Observed and Hypothetical Median Age 249
figure 8.4: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for PTSD 251
figure 8.5: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Square Root of PTSD 253
Chapter 9
figure 9.1: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Pretest Anxiety—Experiment Group 275
figure 9.2: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Pretest Anxiety—Control Group 275
figure 9.3: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Posttest Anxiety—Experiment Group 275
figure 9.4: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Posttest Anxiety—Control Group 276
figure 9.5: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Emotional Balance 286
figure 9.6: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Cognitive Status 287
Chapter 10
figure 10.1: Multiple Means Comparison 294
figure 10.2: Sources of Variability in ANOVA and ANCOVA 299
figure 10.3: Means Plot—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 310
figure 10.4: Kruskal-Wallis H Mean Ranks Comparisons—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 314
figure 10.5: Scatterplot—Emotional Balance and Self-Esteem 318
figure 10.6: ANCOVA—Adjusted Means Plot 327
Chapter 12
figure 12.1: Scatterplot of Y by X 366
figure 12.2: Histogram and Q-Q Plot for Cognitive Status 371
figure 12.3: Scatterplot for Self-Esteem by Cognitive Status 372
figure 12.4: Scatterplot for Predicted Scores and Residual Scores 373
figure 12.5: Histogram and Normal Probability Plot for Self-Esteem Residuals 373
figure 12.6: Scatterplot for Self-Esteem by Cognitive Status 382
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1: Tests Scores in Statistics Courses 2
Table 1.2: Characteristics of Levels of Measurement 9
Table 1.3: Comparison of Reliability Coefficients 16
Table 1.4: Construct Validity 17
Chapter 2
Table 2.1: Immigrants Survey—Instrumentation Codebook 35
Table 2.2: Statistics Table for Immigrants’ Data file 48
Table 2.3: frequency Table for “Age” 50
Table 2.4: frequency Table for “Gender” 50
Table 2.5: frequency Table for “USBorn” 51
Table 2.6: frequency Table for “Esteem5” 51
Table 2.7: Cronbach’s Alpha for Self-Esteem 60
Table 2.8: Inter-Item Correlation Matrix for Self-Esteem 60
Table 2.9: Inter-Item Correlation Summary Statistics 60
Table 2.10: Item-Total Statistics 61
Table 2.11: KR20 Reliability for Promotion 62
Table 2.12: Inter-Item Correlation Matrix for Promotion 63
Table 2.13: Inter-Item Correlation Summary Statistics for Promotion 63
Table 2.14: Item-Total Statistics for Promotion 63
Table 2.15: Raw Data 64
Chapter 3
Table 3.1: Raw Data 71
Table 3.2: Array Data 72
Table 3.3: frequency Distribution Table 73
Table 3.4: Statistics 74
Table 3.5: frequency Table for Age 75
Table 3.6: frequency Table for Gender 76
Table 3.7: Class-Interval frequency Table for Cognitive Status 76
Table 3.8: Exact-Limits frequency Table for Cognitive Status 77
Table 3.9: Class-Interval frequency Distribution for Cognitive Status 81
Table 3.10: Class Intervals and Exact Limits Summary Table for Cognitive Status 82
Chapter 4
Table 4.1: English Proficiency Scores 106
Table 4.2: English Proficiency Scores—Array Data 107
Table 4.3: English Proficiency Scores—frequency Table 108
Table 4.4: English Proficiency Scores—Mean Deviation 110
Table 4.5: English Proficiency Scores—Variance 112
Table 4.6: Exact-Limits frequency Table for Cognitive Status 115
Table 4.7: English Proficiency Scores—Quartiles 117
Table 4.8: Descriptive Statistics for Gender and Job Satisfaction 121
Table 4.9: Mean Deviation for Satisfaction 123
Table 4.10: frequency Table for Absolute Deviations from Mean 123
Table 4.11: Descriptive Statistics for Burnout 128
Table 4.12: Descriptive Statistics for Burnout by Gender 130
Chapter 5
Table 5.1: Descriptive Statistics for Supervision and Promotion 146
Table 5.2: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for Supervision and Promotion 147
Table 5.3: Normality Tests for Supervision and Promotion 147
Table 5.4: Descriptive Statistics for Reversed Supervision 153
Table 5.5: Descriptive Statistics for Reversed Supervision 155
Table 5.6: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for the Square Root of Supervision 155
Table 5.7: Normality Tests for the Square Root of Supervision 156
Table 5.8: Descriptive Statistics for Promotion and Its Standard Scores 159
Chapter 6
Table 6.1: Experimental Pretest–Posttest Control Group Design 172
Table 6.2: Errors in Hypothesis Testing 174
Table 6.3: Case Processing Summary Table for Depression 183
Table 6.4: Descriptive Statistics Table for Depression 183
Table 6.5: Guidelines for Selecting a Statistical Test 186
Chapter 7
Table 7.1: Interpretations of Correlation Coefficients 196
Table 7.2: Minimum Sample Size Required for Pearson’s Correlation 201
Table 7.3: Descriptive Statistics for Physical Health and Life Satisfaction 205
Table 7.4: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for Physical Health and Life Satisfaction 206
Table 7.5: Normality Tests for Physical Health and Life Satisfaction 206
Table 7.6: Descriptive Statistics for Physical Health and Life Satisfaction 210
Table 7.7: Pearson’s Correlation between Physical Health and Life Satisfaction 210
Table 7.8: Spearman’s rho Correlation between Physical Health and Life Satisfaction 210
Table 7.9: Correlation Matrix (N = 90) 212
Table 7.10: Descriptive Statistics for Emotional Balance 216
Table 7.11: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for Emotional Balance 216
Table 7.12: Normality Tests for Emotional Balance 217
Table 7.13: Pearson’s Correlation between Sickness and Emotional Balance 218
Table 7.14: Correlation Matrix—Sickness and Emotional Balance (N = 90) 219
Table 7.15: Descriptive Statistics for Self-Esteem and Depression 221
Table 7.16: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for Self-Esteem and Depression 222
Table 7.17: Normality Tests for Self-Esteem and Depression 222
Table 7.18: Descriptive Statistics for Square Root Depression 223
Table 7.19: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for Self-Esteem and Depression 224
Table 7.20: Normality Tests for Square Root Depression 224
Table 7.21: Descriptive Statistics 227
Table 7.22: Pearson’s and Partial Correlation Coefficients 227
Table 7.23: Partial Correlation Matrix 229
Chapter 8
Table 8.1: Sample Size for One-Sample Case t-Test 236
Table 8.2: Sample Size for Independent t-Test (per Group) 239
Table 8.3: Descriptive Statistics for Age 241
Table 8.4: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for Age 241
Table 8.5: Normality Tests for Age 242
Table 8.6: Descriptive Statistics for Age 244
Table 8.7: One-Sample Case t-Test 244
Table 8.8: One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Summary Results 247
Table 8.9: One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test Statistics 248
Table 8.10: Descriptive Statistics for PTSD 250
Table 8.11: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for PTSD 251
Table 8.12: Normality Tests for PTSD 251
Table 8.13: Descriptive Statistics for Square Root of PTSD 252
Table 8.14: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for Square Root of PTSD 252
Table 8.15: Normality Tests for Square Root of PTSD 252
Table 8.16: Group Statistics—Square Root of PTSD by Country 255
Table 8.17: Independent t-Test—Square Root of PTSD by Country 255
Table 8.18: Mann-Whitney U Mean Ranks—PTSD by Country 258
Table 8.19: Mann-Whitney U Test Statistics—PTSD by Country 259
Table 8.20: Results of the Independent t-Test—PTSD by Country 260
Table 8.21: Results of the Mann-Whitney U Test—PTSD by Country 260
Chapter 9
Table 9.1: Sample Size for Dependent t-Test 268
Table 9.2: Descriptive Statistics for Pretest–Posttest Control Group Design 272
Table 9.3: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for Levels of Anxiety 274
Table 9.4: Normality Tests for Levels of Anxiety 274
Table 9.5: Descriptive Statistics—Pretest–Posttest Levels of Anxiety per Group 278
Table 9.6: Correlation between Pretest–Posttest Levels of Anxiety per Group 278
Table 9.7: Dependent t-Test—Pretest–Posttest Levels of Anxiety per Group 279
Table 9.8: Wilcoxon Test—Pretest–Posttest Levels of Anxiety per Group 281
Table 9.9: Wilcoxon Test—Pretest–Posttest Levels of Anxiety per Group 282
Table 9.10: Results of the Dependent t-Test for Levels of Anxiety (N = 30) 283
Table 9.11: Results of Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for Levels of Anxiety (N = 30) 284
Table 9.12: Descriptive Statistics for Emotional Balance and Cognitive Status 285
Table 9.13: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for Emotional Balance and Cognitive Status 286
Table 9.14: Normality Tests for Emotional Balance and Cognitive Status 286
Table 9.15: Descriptive Statistics for Emotional Balance and Cognitive Status 287
Table 9.16: Correlation between Emotional Balance and Cognitive Status 287
Table 9.17: Dependent t-Test—Emotional Balance and Cognitive Status 288
Table 9.18: Wilcoxon Ranks—Emotional Balance and Cognitive Status 288
Table 9.19: Wilcoxon Test—Emotional Balance and Cognitive Status 288
Table 9.20: Results of the Dependent t-Test for Emotional Balance and Cognitive Status 289
Table 9.21: Results of Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for Emotional Balance and Cognitive Status 289
Chapter 10
Table 10.1: Types of Analysis of Variance and Covariance 297
Table 10.2: Sample Size for One-Way ANOVA/ANCOVA 300
Table 10.3: Levene’s Test for Self-Esteem by Marital Status 304
Table 10.4: One-Way ANOVA Descriptive Statistics—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 307
Table 10.5: One-Way ANOVA—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 308
Table 10.6: Robust Tests—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 308
Table 10.7: Post Hoc Tests—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 309
Table 10.8: Kruskal-Wallis H Test Hypothesis Testing—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 313
Table 10.9: Kruskal-Wallis H Test Summary—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 313
Table 10.10: Nonparametric Post Hoc Test—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 313
Table 10.11: One-Way ANOVA Summary Table—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 316
Table 10.12: Tukey HDS Multiple Comparisons —Self-Esteem by Marital Status 316
Table 10.13: Results of Kruskal-Wallis H Test—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 316
Table 10.14: Levene’s Test for Self-Esteem by Marital Status by Emotional Balance 317
Table 10.15: Pearson’s Correlation—Emotional Balance and Self-Esteem 318
Table 10.16: ANCOVA Custom Table—Homogeneity of Regression 319
Table 10.17: ANCOVA—Descriptive Statistics—Unadjusted Means 325
Table 10.18: ANCOVA—Tests of Between-Subjects Effects 325
Table 10.19: ANCOVA—Adjusted Grand Mean 326
Table 10.20: ANCOVA—Adjusted Group Means 326
Table 10.21: ANCOVA—Post Hoc Pairwise Comparisons 327
Table 10.22: One-Way ANCOVA Summary Table—Self-Esteem by Marital Status by Emotional Balance 329
Table 10.23: Bonferroni Multiple Comparisons—Self-Esteem by Marital Status 329
Chapter 11
Table 11.1: Two-Way Contingency Table (3 * 3 Table)—Anxiety Disorder by Race 336
Table 11.2: Sample Size for Chi-Square Test 340
Table 11.3: Observed and Expected frequencies for Levels of BMI 343
Table 11.4: frequencies for Body Mass Index 345
Table 11.5: Chi-Square Test Statistics 345
Table 11.6: Results of Chi-Square Goodness-of-fit for Levels of BMI 346
Table 11.7: Observed and Expected frequencies for Gender by BMI 347
Table 11.8: A 2 × 3 Contingency Table for Gender by BMI 351
Table 11.9: Results of Chi-Square Test of Association—Gender by BMI 353
Table 11.10: Measures of Association—Gender by BMI 353
Table 11.11: Results of Chi-Square Test—Gender by BMI 354
Table 11.12: Observed and Expected frequencies—Race by Sickness 355
Table 11.13: A 2 × 2 Contingency Table—Race by Sickness 357
Table 11.14: Results of Chi-Square Test of Association—Race by Sickness 358
Table 11.15: Measures of Association—Race by Sickness 358
Table 11.16: Results of Chi-Square Test—Sickness by Race 359
Chapter 12
Table 12.1: Minimum Sample Size Required for Simple Linear Regression 368
Table 12.2: Descriptive Statistics for Cognitive Status 370
Table 12.3: Calculations of Skewness and Kurtosis for Cognitive Status 371
Table 12.4: Normality Tests for Cognitive Status 371
Table 12.5: Correlation between Self-Esteem by Cognitive Status 372
Table 12.6: Analysis of Residuals 374
Table 12.7: Regression Model Summary 379
Table 12.8: ANOVA Summary Table 379
Table 12.9: Unstandardized and Standardized Coefficients 380
Table 12.10: The Results of Simple Linear Regression—Self-Esteem by Cognitive Status 382
Appendix A
Table A.1: Job Satisfaction SPSS Variables List 389
Table A.2: Mental Health SPSS Variables List 390
Table A.3: Refugees SPSS Variables List 390
Table A.4: Senior Citizens SPSS Variables List 391
Table A.5: Well-Being SPSS Variables List 392
