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Understanding Administrative Law in the Common Law World

PAUL DALY

3

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For Marie-France, Liam, Lorna and Luke

Preface

Why write a book like this one? There are three reasons.

First, I want to make the subject understandable to those who work with it— students, practising lawyers, legal academics, administrative decision-makers, legislators and judges—and comprehensible to those outsiders who wish to know more. Demonstrating that there is an intelligible structure to what might look at first glance like a random collection of discrete rules and standards gathering like barnacles on the hull of a shipwreck will help people to grasp administrative law.

Second, theoretical work is useful in rationalising the rapid development of administrative law since the latter half of the 20th century.1 In a sense, tort and contract have a one-hundred year headstart on administrative law. Those areas of law were liberated from the constraints of the writ system in the late 1800s, a full century before the so-called ‘prerogative writs’—the predecessors of today’s ‘application for judicial review’—were abolished or tamed. Administrative lawyers have some catching up to do. Indeed, administrative lawyers have been accused of creating a subject which has the ‘core’ of a ‘seedless grape’.2 Think of this book as an attempt to answer the ‘seedless’ gripe.

In another sense, though, administrative law existed long before the procedural reforms of the mid-20th century. Just as the contemporary law of tort and contract can be traced back to writs used many centuries ago, administrative law has been with us at least since the 16th and 17th centuries, when the courts began to use the prerogative writs to control administrative decision-makers. Long ago, common law courts used concepts of legality, rationality and procedural fairness which are familiar to the contemporary reader.3 The point is that the abolition of a system of writs, where substantive law can only be found ‘in the interstices of procedure’,4

1 See the ‘private law envy’ of Adam Perry, ‘Plan B: A Theory of Judicial Review’ (2017) Social Science Research Network:

In private law, I see an abundance of doctrinally-oriented theory. I don’t mean theories of this or that doctrine (of course there are those, too). I mean theories of whole areas of law: tort law, contract law, and the law of unjust enrichment. I’m thinking of promissory theories of contract law, corrective justice-based theories of tort law, and the like. I’m not saying these theories succeed. For all I know, they don’t. It’s the ambition that impresses me, because in administrative law, things could hardly be more different.

2 Ernest Gellhorn and Glen Robinson, ‘Perspectives on Administrative Law’ (1975) 75 Columbia Law Review 771, 779–780.

3 Paul Craig, ‘English Administrative Law History: Perception and Reality’ in Michael Ramsden and Swati Jhaveri eds, Indigenizing Administrative Law (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2021).

4 Henry Maine, Dissertations on Early Law and Custom (John Murray, London, 1883), 389. Maine was writing about legal systems in general, but the point is so elegantly put as to justify taking it slightly out of context.

makes it easier to conceptualise a body of substantive law, such as ‘tort’, ‘contract’ or ‘administrative law’. I aim in this book to enhance the understanding of administrative law as it has been rationalised in recent decades.

Third, I quite like the core features of contemporary administrative law. I think common law courts have done good work in recent decades, requiring administrative decision-makers to live up to relatively high standards of justification, transparency and intelligibility. But the courts have no obvious warrant for imposing such requirements, which in turn creates the risk of a backlash from those concerned about judicial overreach, about the courts exercising too much power over the other branches of government. So far, administrative law has not caused concerned citizens to man the barricades. But that could change. And mounting a defence of the legitimacy of the work judges have done in recent decades seems valuable to me, as someone who appreciates these judicial efforts. At the time of going to press, the United Kingdom had embarked on an exercise designed—in the view of some—to rein in judicial review of administrative action.5 This book was not conceived of as a defence of contemporary administrative law against those sceptical of judicial power, but my analysis is certainly relevant to the United Kingdom’s reform project. If I am right that today’s law of judicial review of administrative action rests on morally desirable foundations, the case for reform is not as strong as some might like it to be.6

This book is about judicial review, that is, the principles that determine how courts are to exercise their reviewing function and what sorts of decisions are subject to judicial review. I use the terms ‘administrative law’ and ‘judicial review of administrative action’ interchangeably throughout, solely for the purposes of readability (and, to simplify matters, I will refer invariably to the ‘applicant’ for judicial review). This hardly exhausts the broad field of administrative law, which also includes such important topics as the structure of the state and the content of administrative justice. I do not address these in this book. In many ways, these other topics are more important than judicial review of administrative action, because for most people their first point of contact with the administrative state—the immigration

5 Ministry of Justice, Terms of Reference for the Independent Review of Administrative Law (31 July 2020) <https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-launches-independent-panel-to-look-atjudicial-review>. For concerns about the motivations underlying the creation of the Review, see Mark Elliott, ‘The Judicial Review Review I: The Reform Agenda and its Potential Scope’, Public Law for Everyone, 3 August 2020, <https://publiclawforeveryone.com/2020/08/03/the-judicial-review-review-i-thereform-agenda-and-its-potential-scope/>. My own view is more sanguine: Paul Daly, ‘The Inexorable Rise of Judicial Review’, Prospect Magazine, 28 September 2020, <https://www.prospectmagazine. co.uk/politics/the-inexorable-rise-of-judicial-review-supreme-court-law-constitution>.

6 See e.g. Richard Ekins, ‘It’s Time to Rein in the Supreme Court’, Spectator Magazine, 3 August 2020, <https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/it-s-time-to-rein-in-the-supreme-court>. Such debates about the judicial role are not new and, in the United Kingdom at least, cross ideological lines: see e.g. Richard Rawlings, ‘Review, Revenge and Retreat’ (2005) 68 Modern Law Review 378.

officer, the government employee at the service counter, the tax collector—is also their last. Most administrative decisions are never judicially reviewed. Making sure that those front-line decisions which escape judicial oversight are lawful, rational and fair is, accordingly, an important task.

To some extent, judicial decisions about the core features of administrative law do have an impact on public administration. Measuring this impact is difficult but it is reasonable to assume that administrative decision-makers, from frontline officials stamping application forms and inspecting shipping consignments to agency chiefs formulating general policy guidelines, try to act in accordance with the principles generated by judicial decisions. It is also reasonable to suggest that understanding administrative law in terms of values will assist administrative decision-makers: where the doctrinal detail is contained within an intelligible structure it should, all things considered, be easier to understand. But I do not want to overstate these points. I recognise that for public administration to meet the needs of the society it serves, judicial review of administrative action is certainly not enough on its own. My motivation in writing this book is to improve our understanding of judicial review of administrative action, not to improve public administration (though this may be a welcome side-effect). Judicial review of administrative action is now a substantial part of the workload of common law courts. Better, then, to have intelligible administrative law. * * *

I am indebted to the friends and colleagues who read and commented on drafts of various chapters: John Allison, Janina Boughey, Peter Cane, Marie-France Fortin, Grant Huscroft, Graham Mayeda, David Mullan, John Murphy and Greg Weeks. In their capacity as editors of the edited collections arising from the first two Public Law Conferences, Mark Elliott and Jason Varuhas made incisive comments on work which provided the foundation for this book. Others provided venues in which I could present components of this book: the ATLAS consortium, the Canadian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, the Centre for Public Law at the University of Cambridge, the Centre de recherche en droit public at the Université de Montréal, the Faculty of Law at the University of Ottawa and the Public Law Conference. Work on this book spanned three academic institutions (the Université de Montréal, the University of Cambridge and the University of Ottawa), where Olivier Dulude, Sarah Richert, Lesley Dingle and Kseniya Kudischeva provided invaluable support, and was financed in part by a grant from the Fonds de recherche du Québéc—société et culture

Table of Cases

2747- 3174 Québec Inc v Quebec (Régie des permis d’alcool) [1996] 3 SCR 919 40–41

A v Criminal Injuries Compensation Board [1999] 2 AC 330 .

AAA v Minister for Justice and Equality [2017] IESC 80

116

127

Abebe v The Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510 124–25

Abrahamson v Law Society of Ireland [1996] 1 IR 403 234–35

Abrametz v Law Society of Saskatchewan 2020 SKCA 81 85–86

ABT17 v Minister for Immigration [2020] HCA 34

Access for All Alliance (Hervey Bay) Inc v Hervey Bay City Council [2007] FCA 615; (2007) 162 FCR 313

14–15, 126, 139–40

196–97

Adams v R [2018] NICA 8 53–54

Aga v Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church of Canada 2020 ONCA 10 219 Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry Industry Training Board v Aylesbury Mushrooms Ltd [1972] 1 WLR 190

Ainsley Financial Corp v Ontario Securities Commission (1994) 21 OR (3d) 104 (CA)

150

Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564 4–5, 71, 82–83, 147, 148, 151, 202

Air Canada v Toronto Port Authority [2013] 3 FCR 605, 202–3, 208–9, 222

Air Nelson Ltd v Minister of Transport [2008] NZAR 139

Alberta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony 2009 SCC 37; [2009] 2 SCR 567

53, 163–64, 206–7

134–35

Alberta (Workers’ Compensation Board) v Alberta (Workers’ Compensation Board Appeals Commission) (2005) 258 DLR (4th) 29 94

Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v Alberta Teachers’ Association 2011 SCC 61; [2011] 3 SCR 654

Allied Irish Bank v O’Brien [2015] IEHC 260

Allingham v Minister of Agriculture [1948] 1 All ER 780

159–60

208–9

Altus Group Limited v Calgary (City) 2015 ABCA 86 227–28

American Cyanamid v Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC 396 161, 162

Animals’ Angels eV v Secretary, Department of Agriculture [2014] FCAFC 173; (2014) 228 FCR 35 .

Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147

197–98

. 5–6, 116–18, 120, 132–33, 184–85

Ankers v Attorney- General [1995] 2 NZLR 595 46

Annamunthodo v Oilfields Workers’ Trade Union [1961] AC 945 165

Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596

6–7, 14–15, 71–72, 82, 197–98

Ansett Transport Industries Ltd v Minister for Aviation (1987) 72 ALR 469 . . . 14–15, 88–89

Apotex Inc v Canada (Attorney General) [1994] 1 FCR 742

160–61

Apotex Inc v Canada (Attorney General) [2000] 4 FC 264; [2000] 4 FCR 264 229–31, 236–37

Applicant S214 of 2002 v Attorney- General [2004] FCA 1635 57

Applicants A1 and A2 v Brouwer (2007) 16 VR 612

Applicant VEAL of 2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2005] HCA 72; (2005) 225 CLR 88

163–64

88–89

Argos Pty Ltd v Corbell [2014] HCA 50; (2014) 254 CLR 394

197–98

Ashbourne Holdings v An Bord Pleanála [2003] 2 IR 114 244–45

Ashby v Minister of Immigration [1981] 1 NZLR 222 142

Assistant Commissioner Condon v Pompano Pty Ltd [2013] HCA 7; (2013) 252 CLR 38

ATP15 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] FCAFC 53; (2016) 241 FCR 92 87–88

Attorney General (Cth) v Foster (1999) 84 FCR 582 53

Attorney General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1 124–25, 227–28, 240, 242

Attorney General of Canada v Inuit Tapirisat [1980] 2 SCR 735

Attorney General of Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shiu [1983] 2 AC 629 .

76–77

224, 225–26, 230–31, 236–37

Attorney General (Quebec) v Carrières Ste- Thérèse Ltée [1985] 1 SCR 831 50–51

Attorney General v de Keyser’s Royal Hotel Ltd [1920] AC 508 201–2

Attorney General v Great Eastern Railway Co (1880) 5 App Cas 473 57

Attorney General v Refugee Council of New Zealand Inc [2003] 2 NZLR 577 .

Attorney General v Udompun [2005] 3 NZLR 204

Auckland Casino Ltd v Casino Control Authority [1995] 1 NZLR 142

191–92

34–35

Auckland Electric Power Board v Electricity Corporation of New Zealand [1994] 1 NZLR 551 208–9, 215

Auckland Standards Committee 3 of New Zealand Law Society v W [2011] 3 NZLR 117

Australia Heritage Commission v Mount Isa Mines Ltd (1997) 187 CLR 297

Australian and International Pilots Association v Fair Work Australia [2012] FCAFC 65; (2012) 202 FCR 200 167

Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 94 ALR 11 107–8, 110–11, 191–92

Australian Conservation Foundation Inc v Commonwealth of Australia (1980) 28 ALR 257

193, 197–98

Australian Education Union v Fair Work Australia [2012] HCA 19; (2012) 246 CLR 117 193

Australian Postal Commission v Hayes (1989) 87 ALR 283 92–93

Authorson v Canada (Attorney General) 2003 SCC 39; [2003] 2 SCR 40 76

Ayr Harbour Trustees v Oswald (1883) 8 App Cas 623

AXA General Insurance Ltd and others v HM Advocate and others [2011] UKSC 46; [2012] 1 AC 868

195–96, 198

Back Country Helicopters Ltd v Minister of Conservation [2013] NZHC 982; [2013] NZAR 1474 36–37

Badger v Whangarei Refinery Expansion Commission of Inquiry [1985] 2 NZLR 688

Bagge’s Case (1615) 11 Co Rep 93b

92–93

154–55

Bailey v A’Hearn (1968) 13 FLR 199 87

Baker v Canada (Minister for Citizenship and Immigration) [1999] 2 SCR 817 6–7, 69–70, 72–73, 98–100, 143–44

BAM PPP v Balfour Realty [2017] IEHC 157

Bancoult v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (No. 3) [2018] UKSC 3; [2018] 1 WLR 973

176

Bank Mellat v Her Majesty’s Treasury (No. 2) [2013] UKSC 39; [2013] 3 WLR 179 77–78

Bank of Scotland (Ireland) v Employment Appeals Tribunal [2002] IEHC 119 111

Barker v Queenstown Lakes District Council [2006] NZAR 716

Barnard v National Dock Labour Board [1953] 2 QB 18

170

Barratt v Howard [2000] FCA 190; (2000) 96 FCR 428 74

Barreau du Québec v Khan 2011 QCCA 792 82–83

Barrick Australia v Williams (2009) 74 NSWLR 733 117

Barrier Reef Broadcasting Pty Ltd v Minister for Post and Telecommunications (1978) 19 ALR 425

92–93

Barry v Review Group and the Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform [2001] 4 IR 167 96

Bates v Lord Hailsham [1972] 3 All ER 1019 76–77

Bates v Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [2011] IEHC 429; [2012] 1 IR 247

Beaverford v Thorhild (County No 7) 2013 ABCA 6

Becker v Duggan [2005] IEHC 376; [2009] 4 IR 1

243

219

Beckner v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1991) 30 FCR 49 93

Beirne v Garda Commissioner [1993] ILRM 328 215

Belize Bank Ltd v Attorney General of Belize [2011] UKPC 36

Bell Canada v Canadian Telephone Employees Association 2003 SCC 36; [2003] 1 SCR 884

39–40, 44–45

69–70

Bell v Victoria University of Wellington [2010] NZHC 2200 92–93, 98–99, 100–1

Berkeley v Secretary of State for the Environment [2000] UKHL 36; [2001] 2 AC 603 .

Bi- Metallic Investment Co v State Board of Equalization 239 US 441 (1915) .

Birkdale Electricity Supply Co Ltd v Corporation of Southport [1926] AC 355

Blanchard v Control Data Canada Ltd [1984] 2 SCR 476

163–64

6–7

Blencoe v British Columbia (Human Rights Commission) [2000] 2 SCR 307 85–86

Bloxham (In Liquidation) v Irish Stock Exchange [2013] IEHC 301; [2014] 4 IR 91

Board of Education v Rice [1911] AC 179

Board of Trustees of the Maradana Mosque v Mahmud [1967] 1 AC 13

Boddington v British Transport Police [1999] 2 AC 143

Bolger v Osborne [2000] 1 ILRM 250

Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council v Secretary of State for the Environment (1990) 61 P & CR 343

Bord na Móna v Galway County Council [1985] IR 205

Borges v Fitness to Practice Committee [2004] 1 IR 103

92–93

Borowski v Canada (Attorney General) [1989] 1 SCR 342 191

Boyce v Paddington Borough Council [1903] 1 Ch 109 193

Bradbury v Enfield London Borough Council [1967] 1 WLR 1311 161–62

Bradley v Attorney- General [1988] 2 NZLR 454

Brady v Cavan County Council [1999] 4 IR 99

Braganza v BP Shipping [2015] UKSC 17; [2015] 1 WLR 1661

191–92

157–58

219

Branch- Allen v Easther [2016] TASSC 29; (2016) 217 LGERA 147 90–91

Brannigan v Davison [1997] 1 NZLR 140 167

Bread Manufacturers of New South Wales v Evans (1981) 180 CLR 404 46, 76–77

Breen v Amalgamated Engineering Union [1971] 2 QB 175

Brettingham- Moore v St Leonards Municipality (1969) 121 CLR 509

204–5

British American Tobacco Australia Services Ltd v Laurie [2011] HCA 2; (2011) 242 CLR 382 38–39

British Oxygen Co Ltd v Minister of Technology [1971] AC 610 58–60, 62

Brosseau v Alberta Securities Commission [1989] 1 SCR 301 40–41, 44

Browne v Dundalk UDC [1993] ILRM 328

Buck v Bavone (1976) 135 CLR 110

216–17

104, 112–13

Bulk Gas Users Group v Attorney General [1983] NZLR 129 116–17

Buller Hospital Board v Attorney- General [1959] NZLR 1259 50–51

Burke v Minister for Labour [1979] IR 354 77–78

Bushell v Secretary of State for the Environment [1980] UKHL 1; [1981] AC 75 .

52–53, 95–96, 131

Buttrose v Attorney General for New South Wales [2015] NSWCA 221; (2015) 324 ALR 562 149

C (K) v College of Physical Therapists (Alberta) (1999) 72 Alta LR (3d) 77 85–86

Cadillac Investments Ltd v Northwest Territories (Labour Standards Board) (1993) 24 Admin LR (2d) 81

Cahill v Sutton [1980] IR 269

194

Cains v Jenkins (1979) 42 FLR 188 96–97

Calvin v Carr [1980] AC 574 164–65

Campus Oil v Minister for Industry and Energy (No.2) [1983] IR 88 163

Canada (Attorney General) v Brent [1956] SCR 318 .

Canada (Attorney General) v Downtown Eastside Sex Workers United Against Violence Society 2012 SCC 45; [2012] 2 SCR 524

194–96, 197–98

Canada (Attorney General) v Honey Fashions Ltd 2020 FCA 64 58–59

Canada (Attorney General) v Impex Solutions Inc 2020 FCA 171 136

Canada (Attorney General) v Mavi 2011 SCC 30; [2011] 2 SCR 504 . . . . . 74, 206–7, 227–28

Canada (Attorney General) v Public Service Alliance of Canada [1993] 1 SCR 941

Canada (Attorney General) v TeleZone Inc 2010 SCC 62; [2010] 3 SCR 585 .

108

. 6–7, 12–13, 177–78

Canada (Border Services Agency) v CB Powell Limited 2010 FCA 61; [2011] 2 FCR 332

Canada (Canadian Human Rights Commission) v Canada (Attorney General) 2011 SCC 53; [2011] 3 SCR 471

153–54

131–32

Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Khosa 2009 SCC 12; [2009] 1 SCR 339 107–8, 128–29, 200

Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Tennant 2019 FCA 206 159–60

Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v Vavilov 2019 SCC 65

5–7, 49–50, 58–59, 100, 104–5, 118–19, 125–26, 127, 128–29, 131–33, 135, 138–39, 140, 159–60, 187–88, 226–28

Canada (Director of Investigation and Research v Southam [1997] 1 SCR 748 108, 123–24

Canada (Minister of Transport, Infrastructure and Communities) v Jagjit Singh Farwaha 2014 FCA 56; [2015] 2 FCR 1006

127, 132–33

Canada (Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness) v LeBon 2013 FCA 55; (2013) 444 NR 93 159–60

Canada v Kabul Farms Inc 2016 FCA 143 128–29

Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers v Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) 2019 FC 1126

Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers v Canada (Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship) 2020 FCA 196

49–50

Canadian Council of Churches v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1992] 1 SCR 236 198

Canadian Union of Public Employees v Ontario (Minister of Labour) 2003 SCC 29; [2003] 1 SCR 539

Canberra Tradesmens’ Union Club Inc v Minister for Environment (2000) 183 ALR 137

Canterbury Regional Council v Independent Fisheries Ltd [2012] NZCA 601; [2013] 2 NZLR 57 128–29

Cardinal v Director of Kent Institution [1985] 2 SCR 643 78, 79, 164, 227–28

Carltona v Commissioners of Works [1943] 2 All ER 560

Carroll v Minister for Agriculture and Food [1991] 1 IR 230

Carr v Minister for Education and Science [2001] 2 ILRM 272

23, 50–55

181–82

Cassidy v Minister for Industry and Commerce [1978] IR 297 76–77

Castle v Director General, State Emergency Service [2008] NSWCA 231 76–77

Castle v Director of Public Prosecutions [2014] EWHC 587 (Admin); [2014] 1 WLR 4279

Catalyst Paper Corp v North Cowichan (District) 2012 SCC 2; [2012] 1 SCR 5

CECA Institute Pty Ltd & Anor v Australian Council for Private Education and Training [2010] VSC 552 202–3

Chase Oyster Bar Pty Ltd v Hamo Industries Pty Ltd [2010] NSWCA 190; (2010) 78 NSWLR 393

Chen v Minister for Ethnic Affairs (1994) 121 ALR 83

Chief Constable of the North Wales Police v Evans [1982] 1 WLR 1155 14–15, 82, 155–56

Christchurch District Licensing Agency Inspector v Karara Holdings Ltd [2003] NZAR 752

Chuck v Cremer (1846) Cooper temp Cottenham 205

City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135

182

112, 116–17, 119, 149

Clancy v Butchers’ Shop Employees Union (1904) 1 CLR 181 187

Clapper v Amnesty International USA 568 US 398 (2013) 193–94

Clarke Homes Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment (1993) 66 P & CR 263 . . . . 100–1

Clough v Ratcliffe (1847) 1 De G & S 164

CNY17 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2019] HCA 50

Cocks v Thanet District Council [1983] 2 AC 286 202–3

Cock v Labour Relations Board (1960) 26 DLR (2d) 127 169

College of Physicians & Surgeons (Ontario) v Casullo [1977] 2 SCR 2 39–40

Commissioner of Police v Tanos (1958) 98 CLR 383

Commissioner of State Revenue (Vic) v Royal Insurance Australia Ltd (1994) 182 CLR 51

159–60

Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Cure and Deeley Ltd [1962] 1 QB 340 110–11

Commissioners of Inland Revenue v Chesterfields Preschools Ltd [2013] NZCA 53; [2013] 2 NZLR 679 52–53

Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada Local 141 v Bowater Mersey Paper Co. Ltd 2010 NSCA 19; (2010) 3 Admin LR (5th) 261 (NSCA)

85–86

Condron v National Assembly for Wales [2006] EWCA Civ 1573; [2007] LGR 87 36–37

Construction Industry Federation v Dublin City Council [2004] IEHC 37; [2005] 2 IR 496

Cooke v Secretary of State for Social Security [2001] EWCA Civ 734; [2002] 3 All ER 279

195–96

123–24

Cooper v Attorney- General [1996] 3 NZLR 480 188–89

Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 14 CB (NS) 180 6–7, 68

Cooper v Wilson [1937] 2 KB 309 39–40, 149

Consumers Co- operative Society (Manaawtu) Ltd v Palmerston North City Council [1984] 1 NZLR 1

161–62

Corrigan v Irish Land Commission [1977] IR 317 35

Coulter v Independent Press Standards Organisation [2018] EWHC 1017 (Admin) 212

Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374

5–7, 12–13, 23–24, 226–28

CPCF v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2015] HCA 1; (2015) 255 CLR 514 46, 80–81

Craig v South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163 120

CREEDNZ Inc v Governor General [1981] 1 NZLR 172 36–37, 50–51, 76–77, 78–79, 141

Crevier v AG (Quebec) [1981] 2 SCR 220

185–87

Criminal Bar Association of New Zealand Inc v Attorney- General [2013] NZCA 176; [2013] NZAR 1409 58–59

Cromane Seafoods Ltd v Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [2016] IESC 6; [2017] 1 IR 119 232, 241

Cuming Campbell Investments Pty Ltd v Collector of Imposts (Vic); (1938) 60 CLR 741 .

CUPE v New Brunswick Liquor Corporation [1979] SCR 227

156

125–26

Daganayasi v Minister of Immigration [1980] 2 NZLR 130 14–15, 53, 82

Dainford Ltd v Smith (1985) 155 CLR 342

Damjanovic v Maley [2002] NSWCA 230; (2002) 55 NSWLR 149

Davis v Carew- Pole [1956] 1 WLR 833

Davy v Spelthorne Borough Council [1984] AC 262

45–46

96–97

178

Day v Saunders [2015] NSWCA 324; (2015) 90 NSWLR 764 38 de Burca v Wicklow County Manager [2009] IEHC 54 191–92

Delta Air Lines Inc v Lukács 2018 SCC 2; [2018] 1 SCR 6

Dekker v Medical Board of Australia [2014] WASCA 216

140

94–95

Delios v Canada (Attorney General) 2015 FCA 117; (2015) 100 Admin LR (5th) 301 138, 139

Dellway Investments v National Asset Management Agency [2011] IESC 4; [2011] 4 IR 1 5–6, 82, 83–84

Dennis v British Columbia (Superintendent of Motor Vehicles) (2000) 82 BCLR (3d) 313

Denton v Auckland City [1969] NZLR 256

94–95

89–90

Del Zotto v Minister of National Revenue [2000] 4 FC 321 93

D’Errico v Canada (Attorney General) 2014 FCA 95; (2014) 459 NR 167 159–60

Devanney v District judge Shields [1998] 1 ILRM 81 23

De Verteuil v Knaggs [1918] AC 557

Devil’s Gap Cottagers (1982) Ltd v Rat Portage Band No 38B 2008 FC 812; [2009] 2 FCR 27

209

Devonport Borough Council v Local Government Commission [1989] 2 NZLR 203 40–41

Dimes v Proprietors of Grand Junction Canal (1852) 3 HL Cas 759 33

Director of Animal and Plant Quarantine v Australian Pork Ltd (2005) 146 FCR 368

Director of Public Prosecutions v Haw [2007] EWHC 1931 (Admin); [2008] 1 WLR 379 52–53

Director of Public Prosecutions v Hutchinson [1990] 2 AC 783 171

Doherty v South Dublin County Council (No. 2) [2007] IEHC 4; [2007] 2 IR 696

Donegan v Dublin City Council [2012] IESC 18; [2012] 3 IR 600

Doré v Barreau du Québec 2012 SCC 12; [2012] 1 SCR 395 125–26

Dover District Council v CPRE Kent [2017] UKSC 79; [2018] 1 WLR 108 5–6, 101–2

Dowty Boulton Paul Ltd v Wolverhampton Corporation (No 2) [1976] Ch 13 122–23

DPP (Quigley) v Monaghan [2007] IEHC 92

Drake v Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs (1979) 2 ALD 634; (1979) 24 ALR 577

Dr Astley McLaughlin v A- G of the Cayman Islands [2007] UKPC 50 166–67

Drew v Attorney- General (2001) 6 HRNZ 368; [2002] 1 NZLR 58 96–97

Dr Q v College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia 2003 SCC 19; [2003] 1 SCR 226

D’Souza v Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (2005) 12 VR 42

215

Dublin and County Broadcasting Ltd v Independent Radio and Television Commission Unreported, (Irish) High Court, 12 May 1989 36

Dún Laoghaire Rathdown County Council v West Wood Club [2017] IECA 213; [2019] IESC 43

Dunlop v Woollahra Municipal Council [1982] AC 158

177, 178, 184

178

Dunmanus Bay Mussels Ltd v Aquaculture Licences Appeals Board [2014] 1 IR 403 . . . . 186

Dunnes v Maloney [1999] 3 IR 542 84

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. 118–19, 125–26, 202, 219–20

147

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Feng v Saskatchewan (Economy) 2020 SKCA 6

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168

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176

111

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34, 42, 43, 45

236–38

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175

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. 141, 142

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Harrington v Lowe (1996) 190 CLR 311

166–67, 180–81

171

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Heckler v Community Health Services 467 US 51 (1984)

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243

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159–60

162–63

77–78

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60–61

188–89

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136, 138, 201–2

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188–89

213

198

Immeubles Jacques Robitaille Inc v Québec (City) 2014 SCC 3; [2014] 1 SCR 784 243

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39–40, 44, 69–70

69–70, 96

116–17

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165–66

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36–37

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137

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200

68, 89–90, 94

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. 169, 171–72

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164–65, 218

195–96

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216

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69–70, 75

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38, 82–83, 169–70

125–26, 127–28

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191–92

156

222–23

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96–97

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58–59, 211–12

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166–67

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151

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68–69, 86–87, 88, 94

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219

204–5, 218

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Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Stretton [2016] FCAFC 11 128–29, 130

Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v SZVWF [2018] HCA 30 124–25, 126, 127, 128–29

Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v WZARH [2015] HCA 40; (2015) 256 CLR 326

29–30, 90–91, 227–28

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Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 259

100–1

Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs; ex parte Applicant S20/ 2002 (2003) 198 ALR 59 6–7

Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, ex parte Lam (2003) 195 ALR 502

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227–28, 229–30

16, 182–83, 186

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. 107–8

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218

147–48

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220–21

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69–70, 88–89

202–3, 208–9

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36–38, 39–40

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154–55

169–70

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149, 227–28

208–9, 215, 218

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208–9, 218

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