Acknowledgements
The book is based on my doctoral thesis, completed in 2016 and defended in January 2017. Many people and institutions contributed to the completion of the book. My doctoral supervisor was Markus Gehring, whose aid and kindness I recall with much gratitude. I am much indebted to my examiners, Michael Waibel and Christoph Schreuer, who provided constructive and detailed comments in the viva, and kind encouragement later. Their support was invaluable in turning the thesis into this book. I have benefitted greatly from the stimulating intellectual environment at various institutions where parts of the book were written and revised, in particular the Hughes Hall College and the University of Cambridge, Harvard Law School, and the University of Liverpool School of Law and Social Justice. I am grateful to many colleagues who provided me with comments and advice that informed my work. I am especially thankful to Carsten Stahn, Mark Wu, Amandine Garde, Pádraig McAuliffe, Vassilis Tzevelekos, Mavluda Sattorova and Gregory Messenger. The book has benefitted from feedback received at various conferences, including the American Society of International Law Midyear Research Forum, Just Post Bellum Conference organized by Leiden University, and the Colloquium on International Investment Law & the Law of Armed Conflict organized by the European Society of International Law in Athens. Funding support, which made this project possible, came from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, and Slovene Human Resources Development and Scholarship Fund. Their aid is gratefully acknowledged. I thank the Oxford University Press, particularly, Jack McNichol, Natasha Flemming and Alison Thomas for their patience and help in the revision process, as well as the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. Finally, I am immensely grateful to my friends, my partner, and my family, in particular my parents Irena and Bore. This book would not have been possible without their moral encouragement and continued support.
Table of Cases
INTERNATIONAL COURTS AND TRIBUNALS
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)
Brazilian Loans (France v Brazil) [1929] PCIJ Ser A No 21 .
Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzów (Germany v Poland) (Merits) [1928] PCIJ
Rep Series A No 17 (Chorzów Factory) .
211n89
209n74
Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex (France v Switzerland) (Order) [1929] PCIJ Rep Series C No 17/1 80–81n136
Oscar Chinn (UK v Belgium) [1934] PCIJ Rep Series A/B No 63, Separate Opinion of Judge Anzilotti, 114
Serbian Loans (France v Serb—Croat—Slovene) [1929] PCIJ Ser A No 20
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libya v UK) (Preliminary Objections) [1998]
ICJ Rep 115
151–52n121
211n89
183–84n132
Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations, and Consular Rights (Iran v US) (Provisional Measures Order) (3 October 2018) (Sanctions against Iran) 135–36n14, 142n56, 142–43n62
Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v Pakistan) (Judgment) [1972] ICJ Rep 46 73–74n104
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda) (Judgment) [2005] ICJ Rep 168
.28–29n66, 48–49n203, 97–98n61, 162–63n3, 163–64n9, 187n153
Barcelona Traction (Belgium v Spain) (Merits) [1970] ICJ Rep 3 203–4n50
Case Concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v Democratic Republic of the Congo) (Judgment on Compensation) [2012] ICJ Rep 324, 324, Declaration of Judge Greenwood 391
192n178
Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia-Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro) (Judgment) [2007] ICJ Rep 43 28–29n66, 183–84n132
Case Concerning the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) (Merits) [1997] ICJ Rep 1 . . . . . . . 72n90, 75–76n112, 77n123, 79–80n136, 82n151, 82–83n154, 150n109, 150–51n112, 151–52n121, 154–55n142
Certain Activities Carried Out By Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v Nicaragua) [2015] ICJ Rep 665 97–98n63
Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v France) (Judgment) [2008] ICJ Rep 177 143–44n68, 143–44n72, 144n74
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica Along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v Costa Rica) (Judgment) [2015] ICJ Rep 665
97–98n63
Corfu Channel (UK v Albania) (Merits) [1949] ICJ Rep 4 . . . . . . . . . . 28–29n66, 78–79n129
Corfu Channel (UK v Albania) (Assessment of the Amount of Compensation) [1949] ICJ Rep 4 211n88
Dispute Regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v Nicaragua) (Judgment) [2009] ICJ Rep 213
Elettronica Sicula SPA US v Italy (Merits) [1989] ICJ Rep 15
.93n40
28–29n66, 102n95
Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (Federal Republic of Germany v Ireland) (Jurisdiction) [1973] ICJ Rep 1 72n90, 79–80n136, 82–83n152, 82–83n154
Frontier Dispute Case (Burkina Faso v Mali) (Judgment) [1986] ICJ Rep 554 211n87
Jan Mayen (Denmark v Norway) (Separate Opinion) [1993] ICJ Rep 38
LaGrand (Germany v US) (Judgment) [2001] ICJ Rep 466
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion) [1996]
211n86
160–61n177
ICJ Rep 226 39n134, 162–63n3, 185–86
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua case (Nicaragua v US) (Merits) [1986] ICJ Rep 14 48–49n203, 65n54, 135–36n13, 141n49, 143n67
North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v Belgium) (Federal Republic of Germany v Netherlands) (Judgment) [1969]
ICJ Rep 3
189–90n163, 211n87
Nuclear Tests (Australia v France) (Judgment) [1974] ICJ Rep 253 190–91n167
Oil Platforms (Iran v US) (Judgment) [2003] ICJ Rep 161 65n54, 135–36n13, 143n67
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v Uruguay) (Judgment) [2010]
ICJ Rep 14
The Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion) [2004] ICJ Rep 136 (Israeli Wall)
97–98n63
51–52n224, 162–63n3, 186–87, 186–87n145
US Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Teheran (US v Iran) (Judgment) [1980] ICJ Rep 3 (Hostages in Iran Case)
28–29n62, 28–29n66, 95–96n53, 155–56n150
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area, ITLOS Case no 17 (Advisory Opinion, 1 February 2011)
World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body
WTO United States: Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, Panel Report (10 November 2004) WT/ DS285/ R
Indonesia – Certain Measures Affecting the Automobile Industry Panel Report (23 July 1998) WT/ DS54/ R, WT/ DS59/ R, WT/ DS64/ R
97–98n63
139–40n42
164n12
Turkey – Restrictions on Imports of Textile and Clothing Products Panel Report (31 May 1999) WT/ DS34/R 164n12, 185–86n142
United States – Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline Appellate Body Report (29 April 1996) WT/DS2/AB/R
Russia – Measures Concerning Traffic in Transit Panel Report (5 April 2019) WT/DS512/R
Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
Phelps Dodge v Iran (1986) 10 Iran–USCTR 130
Questech Inc. v Iran (1985) 9 Iran–USCTR 107 .
Sea-Land Service Inc v Iran (1984) 6 Iran–USCTR 149
78–79n129
138–39n32, 143–44n68, 144n74
126–27n223
80–81n141, 80–81n142
126–27n222, 212n90
Starrett Housing Corp v Iran (Case No 24) (1983) 4 Iran–USCTR 122 129n245
Sylvania Technical Systems v Iran (1985) 8 Iran–USCTR 309 154–55n145
Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthym Stratton v TAMS--AFFA (1984) 6 Iran–USCTR 219
Too v Greater Modesto Insurance Associates Award, 29 December 1989, 23 IUSCT Rep 378
126–27n223
102n92
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Prosecutor v Galić (Judgment and Opinion) IT-98-29-T (5 December 2003) . . . . 47–48n195
Prosecutor v Galić (Appeal Judgment) IT-98-29-A (30 November 2006) . . . . . . . 47–48n195, 48–49n202
Prosecutor v Hadžihasanović and Kubura (Decision on Motions for Acquittal) IT-01-42-T (27 September 2004) 47–48n192
Prosecutor v Kupreškić (Trial Judgment) IT-95-16 (14 January 2000) . . . . . . . . . . 43–44n160, 47–48n192, 47–48n195, 48–49n202, 158n165, 180–81n118
Prosecutor v Martić (Review of the Indictment Pursuant to Rule 61) IT-95-11 (8 March 1996) 158n165
Prosecutor v Strugar (Judgment) IT-01-42-T (31 January 2005) 47–48n192–193
Prosecutor v Tadić (Appeal Judgment) IT-94-1-A (15 July 1999) 7–8, 39n132, 60–61
Prosecutor v Tadić (Decision on Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction) IT- 94-1- T (2 October 1995) .
7–8n18, 47–48n188
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Prosecutor v Akayesu (Appeal Judgment) ICTR-96-4-T (1 June 2001) . .
Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission (EECC)
Central Front— Eritrea’s Claims, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 22 (Partial Award of 28 April 2004)
48–49n202
26 RIAA 115 39n136
Central Front— Ethiopia’s Claim 2 (Partial Award of 28 April 2004)
26 RIAA 155
39n136, 171n59
Civilian Claims: Eritrea’s Claims 15, 16, 23, 27– 23 (Partial Award of 17 December 2004) 26 RIAA 195 40nn137–138, 40–41n140–141, 57–58n3, 114n166
Civilian Claims: Ethiopia’s Claim 5 (Partial Award of 17 December 2004)
26 RIAA 249 39n136, 40n139
Eritrea’s Non-Residents’ Claim 24 (Partial Award, 19 December 2005) 26 RIAA 429 . . . . . 40n138
Ethiopia’s Port Claim 6 (Final Award, 19 December 2005) 26 RIAA 489 .
Pensions: Eritrea’s Claims 15, 19 & 23 (Final Award of 19 December 2005)
40n138, 219–20n128
26 RIAA 471 57–58n3
Western Front, Aerial Bombardment and Related Claims, Eritrea’s Claims 1, 3, 5, 9 – 13, 14, 21, 25 & 26 (Partial Award of 19 December 2005)
26 RIAA 291 . . . . . . . . . . . . 44n161, 44–45n167, 45nn169, 45n171, 45–46n173, 170n49
Ethiopia’s Damages Claims (Final Award of 17 August 2009)
26 RIAA 631 212n92, 213n104
European Court of Justice (ECJ)/Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)
Case 162/96, Racke v Hauptzollamt Mainz [1998] ECR I--3655 . . . . . . 73–74n103, 73–74n104, 79n132, 81nn .144–149, 82, 84n160
Case T-306/01, Yusuf and Al Barakaat v Council and Commission [2005] ECR II--3533 141n49
Case T-315/01, Kadi v Council and Commission Case [2005] ECR II--3649 . . . . . . . . 141n49
Case C-495/ 07 Elgafaji v Staatssecretaris van Justitie [2009] ECR- I 921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8n19
Case C- 285/ 12 Aboubacar Diakité v Commissaire Général aux réfugiés et aux apatrides ILEC 033 (CJEU 2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8n19
European Commission and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
AGOSI v United Kingdom (1986) 9 EHRR 1 . . . . .
50n216
Ahmet Özkan and Others v Turkey App no 21689/93, Judgment (ECtHR, 6 April 2004) 117n182, 188–89n156
Akdivar and Others v Turkey App no 21893/93, Judgment (ECtHR, 16 September 1996) 53n233
Albekov and Others v Russia App no 68216/01, Judgment (ECtHR, 9 October 2008) .
.54–55n248, 177–78n102
Al-Jedda v United Kingdom App no 27021/08, Judgment (ECtHR, 7 July 2011) . . . . . 8–9n20
Beyeler v Italy (2000) 33 EHRR 53 50n216
Bosphorus Hava Tollari v Ireland App no 45036/98, Judgment (ECtHR, 30 June 2005) 141n51
Cyprus v Turkey App nos 6780/74 and 6950/75, EComHR (1976) 4 EHRR 482 . . . . . 53n231
Cyprus v Turkey App no 8007/77, EComHR (1983) EHRR 15
Ergi v Turkey App no 23818/94, Judgment (ECtHR, 28 July 1998) .
53n232
53–54n234, 54–55n245, 54–55n251, 55–56n255, 117n182, 177–78n102
Former King of Greece and Others v Greece App no 25701/94, Judgment (ECtHR, 23 November 2000) 207–8n70
Gasus Dosier v the Netherlands (1995) 20 EHRR 403
Gogitidze and Others v Georgia App no 36862/05, Judgment (ECtHR, 12 May 2015)
50n216
127–28n233
Gül v Turkey App no 22676/93, Judgment (ECtHR, 14 December 2000) 188–89n157
Güleç v Turkey App no 21593/93 (ECtHR, 27 July 1998) 53–54n235, 117n182, 120n193
Hamiyet Kaplan and Others v Turkey App no 36749/97 (ECtHR, Judgment, 13 September 2005)
120n192
Hassan v the UK App no 29750/09, Judgment (ECtHR, 16 September 2014) 8–9n20, 52n227
Isayeva v Russia App no 57950/00, Judgment (ECtHR, 24 February 2005) (Isayeva II)
8–9n21, 53–54n236, 54–55n247, 55n252, 55–56n255, 117n182, 120n194, 171–72n65, 177–78n99, 188–89n156
Isayeva, Yusupova and Bazayeva v Russia App nos 57947/00, 57948/00, and 57949/00, Judgment (ECtHR, 24 February 2005) (Isayeva I) 8–9n21, 53–54n236, 55–56n255, 177–78n99
Khatsiyeva and Others v Russia App no 5108/02, Judgment (ECtHR, 17 January 2008)
Loizidou v Turkey (1995) 23 EHRR 513
188–89n158
50n216
Mansuroğlu v Turkey App no 43443/98, Judgment (ECtHR, 26 February 2008) 188–89n158
McCann and Others v The United Kingdom App no 18984/91 (ECtHR, 27 September 1995) 53–54n238, 55–56n255, 177–78n99, 177–78n101
Mentes and Others v Turkey (1997) 26 EHRR 595
Neumeister v Austria App no 1936/63, Judgment (ECtHR, 7 May 1974)
Oğur v Turkey App no 21594/93, Judgment (ECtHR, 20 May 1999)
53n233
. 185–86n142
188–89n157
Osman v The United Kingdom (2000) 29 EHRR 245 55n252
Papachelas v Greece App no 31423/96, Judgment (ECtHR, 25 March 1999 207–8n70
Paulet v The United Kingdom App no 6219/08, Judgment (ECtHR, 13 May 2014)
Plattform ‘Ärzte für das Leben’ v Austria (1988) 13 EHRR 204 .
Selcuk and Asker v Turkey (1998) 26 EHRR 477
127–28n233
54–55n250, 55n252
52n228, 53n233
Tre Traktörer AB v Sweden (1991) 13 EHRR 309 50n217
Yarrow et al v United Kingdom App no 9266/81, Decision (EComHR, 28 January 1983) 50n217
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR)
Barrios Family v Venezuela Judgment of the IACtHR of 24 November 2011 . . . . . . . 54n241
Chaparro Álvarez and Lapo Iñiguez v Ecuador Judgment of the IACtHR of 21 November 2017 127–28n233
Ituango Massacres v Colombia Judgment of the IACtHR of 1 July 2006
54–55n249, 54–55n251, 55–56n255–256
Ivcher-Bronstein v Peru Judgment of the IACtHR of 6 February 2001 .
50n217
Massacres of El Mozote v El Salvador Judgment of the IACtHR of 25 October 2012 54n242, 55–56n255–256
Memoli v Argentina Judgment of the IACtHR of 22 August 2013 127–28n233
Santo Domingo Massacre v Colombia Judgment of the IACtHR of 30 November 2012
54n242–243, 55–56n255, 176–77n96
Velásquez Rodríguez v Honduras Judgment of the IACtHR of 29 July 1988 55n252, 55n253, 122n205
Inter-State Arbitration
France– US Claims Commission 1880
Joseph Chourreau v US (French–US Claims Commission 1880) Moore, Digest 921; 36n110
US– Chile Claims Commission 1901
Andrew Moss v Chile, No 25 (US–Chilean Claims Commission 1901) Moore, Digest 921 36n110
Edward Du Bois v Chile No 2 (US–Chilean Claims Commission 1901) Moore, Digest 921 36n110
Peter Bacigalupi v Chile No 42 (US–Chilean Claims Commission 1901) Moore, Digest 894
France– Venezuela Mixed Claims Commission
36–37n111
French Company of Venezuelan Railroads (France v Venezuela) (1904) 10 RIAA 285 32n82, 154–55n145
Germany– Venezuela Mixed Claims Commission
Bischoff Case (1903) 10 RIAA 420
100–1n83
Wenzel Case (Germany v Venezuela) (1903) 10 RIAA 428 27n53
Kummerow, Otto Redler and Co, Fulda, Fischbach, and Friedericy Cases (Germany v Venezuela) (1903) 10 RIAA 369 26n48, 31n79
Italy– Venezuela Mixed Claims Commission
Sambiaggio Case (Italy v Venezuela) (1903) 10 RIAA 499 . . . . . . . . 25n41, 25–26, 25–26n44, 28–29n61, 48–49n200, 89–90n6
Poggioli Case (Italy v Venezuela) (1903) 10 RIAA 669 126–27n221
Spain–Venezuela Mixed Claims Commission
Mena Case (Spain v Venezuela) (1903) 10 RIAA 748 .
UK– Venezuela Mixed Claims Commission
155n147
Aroa Mines Case (Great Britain v Venezuela) (1903) 9 RIAA 402 111–12n155
Puerto Cabello and Valencia Railway Company (Great Britain v Venezuela) (1903) 9 RIAA 510 32n82
Santa Clara Estates Case (Supplementary Claim) (1903) 9 RIAA 455 27n53
US– Venezuela Mixed Claims Commission
Dix Case (US v Venezuela) (1903) 9 RIAA 113 .
36–37n118
Heny Case (US v Venezuela) (1903) 9 RIAA 113 36–37n119
Upton Case (US v Venezuela) (1903–1905) 9 RIAA 235 114n165
NAFTA Arbitral Panel
Cross-Border Trucking Services (Mexico v US) Case No USA-MEX-98-2008-01 (NAFTA Ch 20 Arb Trib Panel Decision, 6 February 2001) . . . . . .
UK– US Arbitral Tribunal
Parsons Case (Great Britain v US) (1925) 6 RIAA 165
US– Mexico General Claims Commission
. . . . 220–21n136
126–27n221
Chapman (US v Mexico) (1930) 4 RIAA 632 28–29n63, 55–56n254
Chase Case (US v Mexico) (1928) 4 RIAA 337 95–96n52
Dickson Car Wheel Co (US v Mexico) (1931) 4 RIAA 669 100–1n83
GL Solis (US v Mexico) (1928) 4 RIAA 358 .
Janes (US v Mexico) (1926) 4 RIAA 82
Kennedy Case (US v Mexico) (1927) 4 RIAA 194
28–29n60, 155–56n151
28–29n64
95–96n52
Lillie Kling v Mexico (1930) 4 RIAA 575 160–61n178
Mallen (US v Mexico) (1927) 4 RIAA 175 28–29n63
Massey (US v Mexico) (1927) 4 RIAA 155 28–29n64, 95–96n52
Minnie East Case (US v Mexico) (1930) 4 RIAA 646
Morton Case (US v Mexico) (1929) 4 RIAA 428
Sewell Case (US v Mexico) (1930) 4 RIAA 626
95–96n52
95–96n52
95–96n52
Way Case (US v Mexico) (1928) 4 RIAA 391 95–96n52
Youmans (US v Mexico) (1926) 4 RIAA 110 28–29n64
Other Inter- State Arbitrations
Adams Case, Moore Digest 893
36–37n115
Alexander Barrington v Mexico, No 365 (1868) Moore, History and Digest 3674 36n110
Arbitration Regarding the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Guyana and Suriname (17 September 2007) 30 RIAA 113
Buckingham Case (1933) Hackworth, Digest 480
Claire Case (France v Mexico) (1929) 5 RIAA 516
Case of Bain (Great Britain v US) Moore, Digest 850
183–84n132
28–29n61
122n205
25–26n43
Case of Maza and Larrache (Spain v US) (1884) Moore, Digest 895 36–37n113
Case of the Montijo (US v Colombia) (1875) Moore, History and Digest 1421 27n52
Claims by the Eastern Extension Telegraph Company et al against the US, Moore Digest 893
De Brissot Case, Moore, History and Digest 3040
36–37n113
28–29n61
Don Pacifico Case (Great Britain v Greece) Moore, History and Digest 1421 25–26n43
Ecuador v United States UNCITRAL, Request for Arbitration, 28 June 2011 220–21n135
Hardman Case (Great Britain v US) (1910) 7 AJIL 897 36–37n114
Mox Plant Case (Ireland v UK) PCA Case no 2002-01, Procedural Order No 3, 24 June 2003, 126 ILR 310
Pinson (France v United Mexican States) (1928) 5 RIAA 327
183–84n129
.32n82
Rainbow Warrior Affair Case (New Zealand v France) (1990) 20 RIAA 217 154–55n140
Republic of Italy v Republic of Cuba Ad hoc Arbitration, Final Award, 15 January 2008
Republic of Italy v Republic of Cuba Ad hoc Arbitration, Interim Award, 15 March 2005
Spanish Zone of Morocco (Great Britain v Spain) (1924) 2 RIAA 615
220–21n134
220–21n134
. 28n55, 28–29n60, 28–29n61, 30n73, 36–37n116, 42–43, 42–43n155, 48–49n200, 111–12n156, 114n165, 155n147, 155–56n152
Venezuelan Steam Transportation Company Case (US v Venezuela) (1892) Moore, History and Digest 1693
William Moore Case (US v Nicaragua) (1900) Moore, Digest 914
Wilson’s Case (Spanish Claims Commission 1881) Moore, Digest 894
.27n52
36–37n118
36–37n111
Wipperman Case, Moore, History and Digest 3040 28–29n61
Conciliation Commission
In re Rizzo (1955) 22 ILR 317 .
Ousset (1945) 22 ILR 312
Mixed Arbitrations
Ad hoc arbitration
Eureko BV v Poland Ad hoc Arbitration, Partial Award, 19 August 2005 90–91n20
Libyan American Oil Company (LIAMCO) v Libyan Arab Republic (1981) 62 ILR 140
Mohamed Al-Kharafi & Sons Co v Libya Ad hoc Arbitration, Award, 22 March 2013, 380
211n88
. 4–5n14, 208n72, 209
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
AES Summit Generation Ltd v Republic of Hungary ICSID Case no ARB/07/22, Award, 2 September 2010 91–92n27
Aguas del Tunari SA v Republic of Bolivia ICSID Case no ARB/02/3 . . . . . .
Al Jazeera Media Network v Arab Republic of Egypt ICSID Case no ARB/16/1 (pending) .
. . . . 198–99n20
3–4n6, 198–99n23
Amco Asia Corp and Others v The Republic of Indonesia Award, 20 November 1984, 1 ICSID Rep 413 90–91n17
American Manufacturing & Trading, Inc (AMT) v Republic of Zaire ICSID Case no ARB/93/1, Award, 21 February 1997 . .
. . 90–91n21, 103n98, 106–7n123, 108n133, 111n147, 121n197, 122n203, 123n209, 210–11n82, 212–13n95, 212–13n98, 222–23n140
Ampal-America Israel Corp v Arab Republic of Egypt ICSID Case no ARB/12/11, Decision on Liability, 21 February 2017 3–4n6, 90–91n22, 105nn 111–113, 106, 155–56n150, 155–56n152, 156–57n154, 156–57n155, 235n10
Archer Daniels Midland Company v Mexico ICSID AF Case no ARB/(AF)/04/5, Award, 21 November 2007, .
159–60n172
Asian Agricultural Products Ltd (AAPL) v Republic of Sri Lanka ICSID Case no ARB/87/3, Award, 27 June 1990 1n2, 90–91n23, 96–97n58, 98–99n72, 102n93, 103n102, 106–7n123,111n147, 111n148, 115–16n174, 119n187, 119–20, 121, 122n202, 123n208, 163n8, 166, 166–67n27, 167n21, 168–69n42, 170–71n57, 173n69, 175n84, 176–77n90, 176–77n97, 180–81, 182n122, 188, 191–92, 192–93n179, 194, 198–99n23, 210n81, 216n114, 222–23n140, 236n12, 238
Autopista Concesionada de Venezuela v Venezuela ICSID Case no ARB/00/5, Award, 23 September 2003 156–57n155, 198–99n20
Azurix Corp v the Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/01/12, Award, 14 July 2006
91–92n27, 94n47, 101–2n89, 126–27n224
Bayindir Insaat Turizm Ticaret Ve Sanayi AS v Islamic Republic of Pakistan ICSID Case no ARB/03/29, Award, 27 August 2009
130–31n249, 131–32n256
Bear Creek Mining Corp v Peru ICSID Case no ARB/14/21, Award, 30 November 2017 101–2n89, 147n92, 148n98, 183–84n133
Bernardus Funnekotter and Others v Republic of Zimbabwe ICSID Case no ARB/05/ 6, Award, 22 April 2009
106–7n124, 108n132
Bernhard von Pezold and Others v Zimbabwe ICSID Case no ARB/10/15, Award, 28 July 2015
90–91n17, 102n93, 106–7n124, 183–84n132
Biwater Gauff Ltd v United Republic of Tanzania ICSID Case no ARB/05/22, Award, 24 July 2008 91–92n27, 96n54, 98–99n69, 99, 122–23n207, 130–31n249
Burlington Resources Inc v Ecuador ICSID Case no ARB/08/5, Decision on Liability, 14 December 2012
101–2n89
Cargill v Mexico ICSID Case no ARB(AF)/05/2, Award, 18 September 2009 . . . . 159–60n173
CMS Gas Transmission Company v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/01/8, Award, 12 May 2005 106–7n125, 110, 110n144, 137n24, 137n25, 137n26, 138n30, 147n92, 150n109, 150–51n112, 151–52n118, 151–52n119, 151–52n121, 152n123, 152–53n125, 152–53n127, 210n80, 230n5
CMS, Decision on Annulment, 25 September 2007
137n24, 147n91, 149n107, 152–53n126
Companía de Aguas del Aconquija SA and Vivendi Universal SA v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/97/3, Award, 20 August 2007 91–92n27, 94n47, 125–26n216
Compañia del Desarrollo de Santa Elena, SA v Costa Rica ICSID Case no ARB/96/1, Final Award, 17 February 2000
125–26n216
Consortium RFCC v Morocco v Kingdom of Morocco ICSID Case no ARB/00/6, Award, 22 December 2003 . . . . . . . 106–7n126, 107–8n131, 110–11n146, 110–11n150
Continental Casualty Company v The Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/03/9A, Award, 5 September 2008 137n24, 137n26, 140n44, 140–41n47, 144–45n76, 145–46n85, 147n91, 148n100, 151–52n119, 152–53n126
Corn Products Int’l Inc v Mexico ICSID AF Case no ARB/(AF)/04/1, Decision on Responsibility, 15 January 2008 .
159–60n173
David Minnotte and Robert Lewis v Republic of Poland ICSID Case no ARB(AF)/10/1, Award, 16 May 2014 160n174
Duke Energy Electroquil Partners v Republic of Ecuador ICSID Case no ARB/04/19, Award, 18 August 2008 130–31n249, 131n251
EDF International SA and Others v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/03/23, Award, 11 June 2012 .
106–7n125, 150n109, 151–52n119
El Paso Energy v Argentina ICSID Case no ARB/03/15, Award, 31 October 2011 102n93, 103–4n103, 106–7n125, 111n151, 122–23n206, 152n123
Enron Corp v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/01/3, Award, 22 May 2007, 93n41, 106–7n125, 111n151, 137n24, 137n25, 139n35, 143n67, 147n92, 150–51n112, 151–52n118, 151–52n119, 151–52n120, 151–52n121, 152n123
Gustav F W Hamester GmbH & Co KG v Ghana ICSID Case no ARB/07/24, Award, 18 June 2010 160n174
Hussain Sajwani and Others v Arab Republic of Egypt ICSID Case no ARB/11/16 3–4n6
Iberdola Energia v Guatemala ICSID Case no ARB/09/5, Award, 17 August 2012
182–83n127
Table of Cases xxi
Impregilo SpA v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/07/17, Award, 21 June 2011 106–7n125, 111n151
Inceysa Vallisoletana v Republic of El Salvador ICSID Case no ARB/03/26, Award, 2 August 2006
Joseph Houben v Republic of Burundi ICSID Case no ARB/13/17, Award, 20 May 2013
160n174
90–91n17, 102n93, 105n110
LESI SpA and ASTALDI SpA v People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria ICSID Case no ARB/05/3, Award, 12 November 2008 90–91n22, 104n107, 106–7n123, 111n147, 121–22n198, 191n171
LG&E Energy Corp v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/02/1, Decision on Liability, 3 October 2006
106–7n125, 137n24, 138n30, 143n67, 144n73, 147n92, 150n109, 151–52n116, 151–52n118, 151–52n119
Liman Caspian Oil BV and NCL Dutch Investment BV v Republic of Kazakhstan ICSID Case no ARB/07/14, Award, 22 June 2010 160n174
Maffezini v The Kingdom of Spain ICSID Case no ARB/97/7, Award, 13 November 2000
Marvin Feldman v Mexico ICSID Case no ARB(AF)/ 99/ 1, Award, 16 December 2002
129n244
.99–100n76, 125–26n220
Metal--Tech v Uzbekistan ICSID Case no ARB/10/3, Award, 4 October 2014 182–83n128
Metalclad Corp v Mexico ICSID Case no ARB(AF)/97/1, Award, 30 August 2000
Metalpar SA and Buen Aire SA v Argentine Republic ICISD Case no ARB/03/5, Award, 6 June 2008
125–26n216
128–29n23
MTD Equity Sdn Bhd and MTD Chile SA v Republic of Chile ICSID Case no ARB/01/7, Award, 25 May 2004 129n244
MTD Equity v Republic of Chile ICSID Case no ARB/01/7, Decision on Annulment, 21 March 2007,
183–84n131
Niko Resources Ltd v Republic of Bangladesh and Others ICSID Case no ARB/10/18, Decision on Jurisdiction, 19 August 2013
160n174
Noble Ventures Inc v Romania ICSID Case no ARB/01/11, Award, 12 October 2005 90–91n19
Pantechniki SA Contractors & Engineers v The Republic of Albania ICSID Case no ARB/07/21, Award, 30 July 2009 . . . . . . . 90–91n21, 103–4n105, 130–31n249, 131n251, 155–56n151, 191n171
Parkerings--Compagniet AS v Republic of Lithuania ICSID Case no ARB/05/8, Award, 11 September 2007 95–96n52, 96n54, 122–23n207, 130–31n249, 131–32n256
Patrick Mitchell v Democratic Republic of Congo ICSID Case no ARB/99/7, Award, 9 February 2004 .
125–26n216, 126–27n226, 127n229–231, 127–28n234, 128–29n238, 182n122, 198–99n23, 211n83
Patrick Mitchell v Democratic Republic of Congo ICSID Case no ARB/ 99/ 7, Annulment Decision, 1 November 2006 125–26n214, 127n229–230, 145–46n82, 145–46n84, 147n92, 148n101, 152–53n125, 211n84
Philip Morris et al v Uruguay ICSID Case no ARB/10/7, Award, 8 July 2016 99–100n76, 99–100n79, 101–2n89, 102n92, 125–26n220
Phoenix Action, Ltd v Czech Republic ICSID Case no ARB/06/5, Award, 15 April 2009
160n174
Plama Consortium Ltd v Republic of Bulgaria ICSID Case no ARB/03/24, Decision on Jurisdiction, 8 February 2005 63n39, 160n174
PSEG Global v Turkey ICSID Case no ARB/02/5, Award, 19 January 2007
91–92n31, 93–94n42
Quiborax SA and Non Metallic Minerals v Bolivia ICSID Case no ARB/06/2, Award, 16 September 2015 99–100n76, 125–26n220
Renée Rose Levy de Levi v Peru ICSID Case no ARB/10/17, Award, 26 February 2014 .
.99–100n76, 125–26n220
RSM Production Corp v Central African Republic ICSID Case no ARB/07/02, Decision on Jurisdiction and Liability, 7 December 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156–57n155
Rumeli Telekom v Kazakhstan ICSID Case no ARB/05/16, Award, 29 July 2008 91–92n26
Rusoro Mining Ltd v Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ICSID Case no ARB(AF)/12/5, Award, 22 August 2016 91–92n31
SAUR International SA v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/04/4, Decision on Jurisdiction and Liability, 6 June 2012
160n174
Sempra Energy International v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/02/16, Award, 28 September 2007 106–7n125, 130–31n249, 137n24, 137n25, 137n26, 138n30, 139n35, 143n67, 147n92, 151–52n118, 151–52n119, 151–52n121, 152n123, 154–55n136, 230n5
SGS v Paraguay ICSID Case no ARB/07/29, Decision on Jurisdiction, 12 February 2010
Siag and Vecchi v Egypt ICSID Case no ARB/05/15, Award, 11 May 2009 .
182–83n128
209n75
Siemens AG v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/02/8, Award, 17 January 2007 94n45
Southern Pacific Properties Ltd v Arab Republic of Egypt ICSID Case no ARB/84/3, Award, 20 May 1992
Suez v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/03/17, Decision on Liability, 30 July 2010
125–26n216
91–92n26, 91–92n30, 93–94n42, 106–7n125, 163–64n9
Tecnicas Medioambientales Tecmed SA v The United Mexican States ICSID Case no ARB(AF)/00/2, Award, 29 May 2003 90–91n18, 99–100n76, 101–2n89, 102n93, 103n99, 125–26n220, 126–27n224, 130–31n249, 130–31n250, 191n170
The Loewen Group, Inc and Raymond Loewen v United States of America ICSID Case no ARB(AF)/98/3, Award, 26 June 2003
165n17
The Rompetrol Group BV v Romania ICSID Case no ARB/06/3, Award, 6 May 2013 182–83n127
Total SA v Argentine Republic ICSID Case no ARB/04/1, Decision on Liability, 27 December 2010
106–7n125, 111n151
Toto Costruzioni Generali SpA v Lebanon ICSID Case no ARB/07/12, Award, 7 June 2012
131–32n254
Tulip Real Estate and Development Netherlands BV v Republic of Turkey ICSID Case no ARB/11/28 183–84n134
Urbaser v Argentina ICSID Case no ARB/07/26, Award, 8 December 2016 183–84n133, 183–84n134
Utsch and Others v Arab Republic of Egypt ICSID Case no ARB/13/37 .
3–4n6
Vivendi v Argentina ICSID Case no ARB/97/3, Decision on Annulment, 3 July 2002 182–83n128
Waste Management Inc v United Mexican States ICSID Case no ARB(AF)/00/3, Award, 30 April 2004 129n244
Wena Hotels Ltd v Arab Republic of Egypt ICSID Case no ARB/98/4, Award, 8 December 2000
90–91n16, 95–96n52, 102n93, 126–27n225
World Duty Free Company Ltd v Republic of Kenya ICSID Case no ARB/00/7, Award, 4 October 2006 160n174
International Chamber Of Commerce (ICC)
Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd v the Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Ministry of Oil and Minerals ICC Arbitration no 19299/MCP, Award, 10 July 2015
156–57n155
National Oil Corporation v Sun Oil ICC Case no 4462/1985 and 1987, XVI Yearbook Commercial Arbitration 54–78 (1991) 156–57n155
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Achmea BV v Slovakia UNCITRAL, PCA Case no 2008-13, Final Award, 7 December 2012
126–27n227
Active Partners Group Ltd v The Republic of South Sudan PCA Case no 2013/4, Award, 27 January 2016 210n79
Aeroport Belbek LLC and Kolomoisky v Russian Federation UNCITRAL, PCA Case no 2015-07
Copper Mesa Mining v Republic of Ecuador PCA Case no 2012-2, Award, 15 March 2016
3–4n8
90–91n18, 91–92n31, 160–61n180, 198–99n22
Devas et al v India PCA Case no 2013-09, Award on Jurisdiction and Merits, 25 July 2016 143n67, 144–45n75, 144–45n76, 145n78, 147n91, 152–53n126
Everest Estate LLC et al v Russian Federation UNCITRAL, PCA Case no 2015-36, Award, 2 May 2018
JSC CB PrivatBank and Finilon LLC v Russian Federation UNCITRAL, PCA Case no 2015-21
3–4n8
3–4n8
Les Laboratoires Servier, SAS Biofarma, SAS, Arts et Techniques du Progrès SAS v Poland PCA, UNCITRAL, Final Award, 14 February 2012 125–26n220
Lugzor and Others v Russian Federation UNCITRAL, PCA Case no 2015-29 . . . . . . . 3–4n8
NJSC Naftogaz of Ukraine et al v Russian Federation UNCITRAL, PCA Case no 2017-16
3–4n8
Peter Allard v Barbados PCA Case no 2012-06, Award, 27 June 2016 91–92n31, 102n93
PJSC Ukrnafta v Russian Federation UNCITRAL, PCA Case no 2015-34 3–4n8
Stabil LLC and Others v Russian Federation UNCITRAL, PCA Case no 2015-35 3–4n8
Yukos Universal Ltd v The Russian Federation UNCITRAL, Final Award, 18 July 2014
160n175, 160n176
UNCITRAL
AWG Group Ltd v Argentine Republic UNCITRAL, Decision on Liability, 30 July 2010 106–7n125, 151–52n119
BG Group plc v Republic of Argentina UNCITRAL, Final Award, 24 December 2007
.91–92n26, 93n41, 106–7n125, 111n151, 230n5
Chemtura Corp v Canada UNCITRAL, Award, 2 August 2010
99–100n76, 125–26n217, 125–26n220
CME Czech Republic BV v Czech Republic UNCITRAL, Partial Award, 13 September 2001 91–92n27, 103–4n103, 214n106
Frontier Petroleum Services v Czech Republic UNCITRAL, Award, 12 November 2010
95–96n52, 96n54, 102n93, 122–23n207
Lauder v Czech Republic UNCITRAL, Final Award, 3 September 2001
91–92n27, 99–100n76, 102n93, 103–4n103, 125–26n220
Methanex Corp v United States of America UNCITRAL, Award, 3 August 2005, Part IV, Chapter D 125–26n217
National Grid plc v Argentine Republic UNCITRAL, Award, 3 November 2008
Oxus Gold v Uzbekistan UNCITRAL, Award, 17 December 2015
.106–7n125, 130–31n249
91–92n26
Petroleum v Czech Republic UNCITRAL, Final Award, 12 November 2010 130–31n250
Saluka Invs BV v Czech Republic UNCITRAL, Partial Award, 17 March 2006
91–92n26, 93n41, 93–94n42, 93–94n43, 94n48, 98–99n68, 99, 99–100n76, 99–100n79, 102n92, 102n93, 125–26n217, 125–26n220
SD Myers v Canada UNCITRAL Arbitration, First Partial Award, 13 November 2000
126–27n224
Table of Cases
Tatneft v Ukraine UNCITRAL, Award, 29 July 2014 90–91n17, 91–92n31
Ulysseas v Ecuador UNCITRAL, Final Award, 12 June 2012 122–23n206
Yosef Maiman and Others v Arab Republic of Egypt, UNCITRAL 3–4n6
Other Mixed Arbitration
Eastern Sugar v Czech Republic SCC Case no 088/2004, Partial Award, 27 March 2007 93–94n42, 93–94n44, 122–23n206
Occidental Exploration and Production Company v Ecuador (I) LCIA Case no UN3 4 67, Final Award, 1 July 2004 230n5
United States Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
Hostage case (US v List et al) (American Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 1948) 11 NMT 1253, 1295–96 42–43n154, 128–29n240
DOMESTIC COURTS
Canada
In re Francis v The Queen 1955 ILR 591, 603, 4 DLR 760 (1955) .
Israel
The Public Committee against Torture in Israel et al v The Government of Israel et al Supreme Court of Israel (Judgment, 11 December 2006) (Targeted Killing) .
Italy
.67n64
174–75n77, 178n103, 178n106, 188–89n159
Lanificio Branditex v Soceita Azais e Vidal (1971) Court of Cassation, Joint Session, No 3147, reported in 1 Italian Ybk of Intl L (1975) 232 .
. . 73–74n103, 76–77n118
Netherlands
Contra Prince Salm-Salm v The State of the Netherlands and the Nederlands Beheers-Instituut District Court of The Hague, 28 June 1954
Utermöhlen, Re (1948) AD 1949, No 129
United Kingdom
114n169
71–72n88, 76–77n119
Adams v Naylor [1946] 2 All ER 241, [1946] AC 543 117–18n183
Masinimport v Scottish Mechanical Light Industries Ltd, 30 January 1976, ILR, vol 74, 559
Sutton v Sutton, Court of Chancery, 29 July 1830, BILC, vol 4, 367–68
United States of America
Arakawa v Clark (1947) 79 F Supp 468
Brown v Maryland, 25 U .S . (12 Wheat) 419, 442–43 (1827)
69–70n76
65–66n56
.68n70, 69
99–100n74
Brownell v San Francisco, 271 F 2d 974 (1954) 59–60n23
Clark v Allen, 331 US 503 (1947) 513 59–60n23, 66n60
Doe I v Unocal Corp, 395 F 3d 932 (9th Cir 2002) 198–99n24
Jaragua Iron Co v US, 212 US 297
Johnson v United States, 170 F.2d (9th Cir, 1948) 767, 770
Karnuth v US (1929) 279 US 231
36–37n114
117–18n184
67n62, 67–68
Meier v Schmidt (1948) 150 Neb 383, 34 N W 2d 400 70–71n82, 71–72
Table of Cases xxv
Skeels v US, 72 F Supp (W D La, 1947) 372 117–18n184
Society for Propagation of the Gospel v Town of New Haven (1823)
21 US 8, 464 65–66n55
Techt v Hughes, 229 NY 222 (1920) .
US v Marks, 187 F.2nd (9th Cir, 1951) 724
. 58n9, 62, 62n38, 66n57
117–18n184
Table of Instruments and Legislation
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
Treaties
African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (adopted 27 June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986) (1982)
21 ILM 58 49–50, 49–50n214
Art 14 51n222
Art 27(2) . .
51–52n225
Agreement between India and USSR (28 September 1959)
Art 9 63n42
Agreement between Eritrea and Ethiopia (12 December 2000) 2138 UNTS 94
219–20n127
American Convention on Human Rights (adopted 22 November 1969, entered into force 18 July 1978) 1144 UNTS 123 49–50, 49–50n213
Art 21
Art 27(1) . .
.51n222
51–52n225, 52n227
Association Agreement between the EU and Egypt (2001) 138–39
Art 83 138–39n34
Association Agreement between the EU and Tunisia (1995)
Art 87 .
138–39n34
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (adopted 4 November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953) 213 UNTS 222 . . . . . 49–50, 49–50n212, 51
Art 2 53–54n237
Art 2(2) 188–89
Art 3 52n228
Art 8
Art 15 .
. 53
52n229, 53n232
Art 15(1) . . . . . . . . . . 51–52n225, 52n227
Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (adopted 20 March 1952, entered into force 18 May 1954) 213 UNTS 262
Art 1 51n222, 53
Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 (adopted on 10 June 1958, entered into force on 7 June 1959) 330 UNTS 3 (New York Convention) 70n77
Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID Convention) (adopted on 18 March 1965, entered into force on 14 October 1966) 575 UNTS 159 70, 70n78
Art 42
183–84n131
Convention Relative to the Rights of Aliens Signed at the Second International Conference of American States (Mexico City, 1902) in Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1956, Vol II, UN Doc A/CN .4/ SER .A/1956/Add .1 . . . . . . . . 24–25n37
Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (signed on 2 April 1980)
Preamble
81–82, 84
81–82n146
Art 1 81–82n146
Declaration Renouncing the Use, in Time of War, of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes Weight, Saint Petersburg (entered into force 11 December 1868) 35n105, 41n144
The Protection of Foreign Investment in Times of Armed Conflict. First Edition. Jure Zrilič. © Jure Zrilič 2019. Published 2019 by Oxford University Press.
Economic Cooperation Agreement between India and Singapore (2005)
Article 6 .12 .
138, 138n29
Geneva Conventions 1949 (Generally) . . 57
Common Art 1
46–47, 46–47n183, 48–49n201
Common Art 2 7–8n17
Common Art 3 7–8n17, 38–39, 47, 48–49
Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (signed 22 August 1864, entered into force 22 June 1865) . .
. 35n105, 39, 41–42, 47–48, 97–98n61, 113–14, 134–35, 178–79
Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea (signed 12 August 1949, entered into force 21 October 1950) 75
UNTS 85 39, 41–42, 47–48, 97–98n61, 113–14, 134–35, 178–79
Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (signed 12 August 1949, entered into force 21 October 1950) 75
UNTS 135 39, 41–42, 47–48, 113–14, 134–35, 178–79
Geneva Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (signed 12 August 1949 entered into force 21 October 1950) 75
UNTS 287
7–8n17, 38–39, 38–39n129, 41–42, 47–48, 113–14, 134–35, 134–35n8, 178–79
Art 4 39
Art 33 40–41, 158n164
Art 35–46 40–41
Art 53
Art 147
40–41, 41–42n146
41–42n146
Protocol (I) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (signed 12 December
1977, entered into force
7 December 1978) 1125 UNTS
3 (AP I) 38–39, 38–39n129, 39n133, 39n134, 41–42, 46n181, 47–48, 47–48n190, 158n166, 170n54, 170–71, 170–71n55, 173n74, 178–79, 178–79n110
Art 20 43–44n160
Art 44(3) 116–17n177
Art 48
Art 49 . . .
Art 49(1) .
43–44
116–17
116–17n178
Art 51 43–44, 116–17n181, 176–77n95, 188n154
Art 51(1) 116–17n179
Art 51(3) .
Art 51(5)(b) .
Art 51(6) .
188n155
.45n170
158n164
Art 51(7) 176–77n93
Art 51(8) 176–77n94
Art 52 . . . . . . . . . 43–44, 44n162, 188n154
Art 52(1) .
158n164
Art 52(2) . . . . . . 44n161, 44n163, 171n61
Art 52(2)(a) . .
.173n70
Art 52(3) 170–71n56
Art 53 42–43n150
Art 57 .
45, 45–46n172, 46, 48–49n197, 97–98n61, 166n25, 172–73n67, 173, 180–81n118
Art 57(1) 116–17n179, 116–17n180, 170
Art 57(1)(a)(iii) 174–75, 174–75n79
Art 57(2) . . . . . . .
. 116–17n181
Art 57(2)(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45n170
Art 57(2)(a)(i) . . . . . . . . . 46n177, 170n51
Art 57(2)(a)(ii) 171n58
Art 57(2)(c) 171–72, 171–72n63
Art 58 45–46, 45–46n172, 48–49n197, 166n25, 170n50, 172–73n66, 180–81n118
Art 58(a), (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45–46n173
Protocol (II) Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (signed 12 December 1977, entered into force 7 December 1978) 1125 UNTS 609 (AP II) 38–39, 38–39n129, 41–42, 47, 47–48n190, 48–49, 114–15
Art 1 7–8n17
Art 1(1) 38–39n131
Art 13 47n185
Art 14, 15 . . . . . . . . . . 47n186, 55–56n257
Hague Convention IV Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (signed 18 October 1907, entered into force 26 January 1910) 187 Consol T S 227 (Hague Regulations) . . . . . 35–36n107, 38–39, 47–48, 113–14
Art 23(g) . .
41–42, 41–42n147, 165
Art 46 40
Art 52, 53 40, 165–66n23
Havana Charter for an International Trade Organization (adopted on 24 March 1948, not in force) UN
Doc E/Conf .2/78 .
134–36
Art 99 134–35n10
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 . . .
49–50, 49–50n210, 51
Art 1(2) 207–8
Art 4 51–52n225, 52n227
Art 6(1)
185–86n140
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 3 January 1976) 993 UNTS 3 49–50, 49–50n211, 51
Paris Reparation Agreement (15 March 1946) 555 UNTS 69
Part I
Art 6(A) 114n168
Protocol of the Proceedings of the Potsdam Conference (1 August 1945)
para 19
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July1998, entered into force 1 July 2002) 2187 UNTS 90
.200n30
Treaty between Great Britain and Tunis (5 October 1662) 58–59n3
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States and France (6 February 1778)
Art 22 . . . . . . .
. . . 37n122, 112–13n159
Treaty of Amity and Commerce, US–Prussia (1785)
Art XVIII 18–19n2, 89–90n4
Treaty of Amity, US–Prussia (1799)
Art XXIII .
112–13n159
Treaty of Amity and Friendship, and of a Free Intercourse of Trade and Merchandizes between Henry VII King of England, and Philip Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy (1495) .
34n98
Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation, US–Great Britain (1794)
Art II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18–19n2, 89–90n4
Art XIV
18–19n2, 89–90n4
Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation, US–Mexico (1931)
Art III 89–90n5
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between the US and Austria–Hungary (1848)
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, US–Japan (1894)
66
Art 1 68, 89–90n5
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Colombia–US (1824)
Art 24 . . . .
112–13n158
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Italy–Venezuela (1903) 89–90n6
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, Mexico–United Kingdom (1826)
Art XII
Art 8 7–8n18
San Francisco Treaty between the Allied Powers and Japan (8 September 1951) 136
UNTS 45
Art 14(b) 220n129
Statute of the International Court of Justice (26 June 1945) 33 UNTS 993
Art 38(b), (c)
189–90n162
112–13n158
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, US–Argentine (1853)
Art II 89–90n5
Art VIII
89–90n5
Treaty of Neuilly (27 November 1919)
s IV.
202–3n39
Treaty of Peace and Commerce between Francis I King of France, and Henry VIII King of England (5 April 1515)
Art V
34n98
Treaty of Peace between France and Great Britain (13 November 1655)
Art I 89–90n3
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Great Britain and Spain (13 May 1667)
Art XXXVI 37n122
Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany (28 June 1919) 225 Consol TS, 1888 (Treaty of Versailles) . . . . 38n127, 114, 202–3
Art 297 202–3n39
Art 297(b) 114n167
Art 297(e) 114n167
Art 298 .
Art 304, 305
202–3n39
202–3n38
Treaty of Peace between the Kingdom of France and the United Provinces of the Netherlands (19 August 1678)
Art XV
Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria (1947)
Art 25
Treaty of Peace with Italy (1947)
.37n122
.38n127
Art 79 38n127
Treaty of St Germain-en-Laye (10 September 1919)
s IV.
Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920)
202–3n39
s IV 202–3n39
United Nations Charter for the Maintenance of International Peace or Security (UN Charter) (signed 26 June 1945, entered into force 24 October 1945) 1 UNTS
xvi 49–50, 52, 140–43, 142–43n59
Art 1(3) 49–50n208
Art 2(4) . .
Art 39
. . 58–59, 94–95n50, 157–58n159
141, 141–42n53
Art 41 141–42n53
Art 55(c) 49–50n208
Art 103 141, 141n49
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (10 December 1982) 1833 UNTS 397
Art 18 155–56n149
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) 217 A (III) . . . . . . 49–50n209, 50
Art 17
.51, 51n220
Art 17(1), (2) 51n221
US–Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1948)
Art XXIII . . . . . . .
US–Iran Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights (1955)
134n5
Art XX(1)(d) 135–36n13
US–Italy Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1948)
Art XXIV
US–Nicaragua Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1956)
134n5
Art XXI(1)(d) 135–36n13
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (signed on 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331 13, 13n31, 15, 57–58, 71–72, 73–74n99, 74, 79–80, 83, 86, 92–93, 141n49, 230, 231–32
Art 26 . . .
Art 31
72, 143–44, 143–44n68
13, 92–93n34
Art 31(1) 93n40
Art 31(3)(c) 183–84, 185–86n141, 189–90, 192, 192n173, 192–93n174, 192–93n180
Art 32
92–93n34
Art 44(3) 78–79
Art 50 78–79
Art 54 72
Art 57
72
Art 58 . . . . . .75n108, 75–76n111, 77n123
Art 59
79n133, 79–80n136
Art 61 72, 73–74, 75n105, 75n107, 75n108, 75–76, 75–76n111, 75–76n112, 75–76n114, 76n117, 77n123, 78, 78–79n128, 80, 83–84, 154–55
Art 61(1) .
76, 78–79
Art 61(2) 75n106
Art 62 72, 73–74, 79n131, 79n133, 79–80n136, 80, 80n139, 80–81, 82, 82n150
Art 62(1)
Art 62(2)
81
75–76n113
Art 65 58n10, 64n47, 84n160, 84–85, 86n172
Art 65(2) 84
Art 66, 67
Art 69
84
73, 73n97
Art 73 73n95, 73n97, 73–74, 73–74n99, 73–74n104
WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (15 April 1994) . . . . 139–40n42, 164n11
Art XIV(a) . .
139–40n42
International Investment Treaties and Free Trade Agreements
Albania–Netherlands BIT (1995)
Art 3(2) .
Algeria–Italy BIT (1991)
91–92n28
Art 4 5 121–22, 121–22n200
Argentina–Mexico BIT (1996) 109–10n142
Argentina–US BIT (1991)
Art XI
Armenia–Austria BIT (2001)
151–52n116
Art 6(2) 114n171, 115n172
Armenia–Italy BIT (2003)
Art 4 110–11n146
ASEAN–Hong Kong, China SAR Investment Agreement (2017)
Art 5
Australia–Egypt BIT (2001)
93n41
Art 3(3) 98n67
Australia–India BIT (1999)
Art 5
Australia–Korea BIT (2014)
Art 11 .6
Austria–Libya BIT (2002)
67n66
115n172
Art 5(2) 215n112
Austria–Yemen BIT (2003)
Art 11(3) .
Bangladesh–Italy BIT (1994)
138–39n31
Art 4 110–11n146
Benin–Germany BIT (1978)
Protocol 2(a) 146–47n87
BLEU–Botswana BIT (2006)
Art 3 .
BLEU–Ethiopia BIT (2006)
146–47n87
Art 3 146–47n87
BLEU–Sudan BIT (2005)
Art 2 2 146–47n87
Bolivia–Republic of Korea BIT (1996)
Art 2
Canada–Benin BIT (2013)
67n65
Art 11 124–25n212
Canada–EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (2016)
Art 8 10(5) 93n41
Canada–Peru BIT (2006)
Annex B 13(1) 129n243
Canada–Republic of Guinea BIT (2015)
Art 6
China–Germany BIT (2003)
93n41
Protocol 4(a) 146–47n87
China–Syria BIT (1996)
Art 3 90n15
Colombia–Japan BIT (2011)
Art 15(1)(b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139–40n41
Colombia–Switzerland BIT (2006)
Art 2(2) 139–40n41
COMESA Common Investment Area Agreement (2007)
Art 20(08) .
Croatia–Libya BIT (2002)
Art 2(5)
Croatia–Ukraine BIT (1998)
99–100n78
91–92n29
Art 6(2) 209–10n76
Energy Charter Treaty (1994) . . .
Art 10
Art 12(2) .
Art 24(1)
113
90n12
115n172, 146–47n89
146–47n88
Art 24(3) 63–64n44, 138–39n31
Ethiopia–Sweden BIT (2004)
Art 2(4)
Finland–Ukraine BIT (2004)
Art 6(1)
France–Mexico BIT (1998)
98n67
215n112
Art 4 67n65
Free Trade Agreement between the EFTA States and Egypt (2007)
Art 22
Germany–Mali BIT (1977)
138–39n34
Art 4 90, 90n11
Germany–Mexico BIT (1998)
Art 20 221–22n139
Germany–Pakistan BIT (1959)
Art 3(3) .
109–10n140
Germany–Papua New Guinea BIT (1980) 63
Art 11 63n41
Germany–Syria BIT (1980)
Art 4(3) .
110–11n145
Germany–Zimbabwe BIT (1995)
Art 8(1)
182–83n125
Art 10(5) 183–84n130
Greece–Syria BIT (2003)
Art 6(1) 110–11n145
Hungary–India BIT (2003)
Art 12
.145n78
xxxii Table of Instruments and Legislation
Hungary–Russia BIT (2005)
Art 2 138n29
Iceland–Mexico BIT (2005)
Art 23
Indonesia–Algeria BIT (2000)
Art 2(2)
Indonesia–Yemen BIT (1998)
221–22n139
90n14
Art 2(2) 90n14
Israel–Japan BIT (2017) 138–39
Art 4
Art 15(2)
Israel–Ukraine BIT (1994)
93n41
138–39n33
Art 4(2) 215n111
Japan–Korea BIT (2002)
Art 8 67n66
Art 8(2) .
Art 11
Art 16
67–68n67
106n121
139–40n41, 140n43
Art 16(1) 138–39n31
Art 16(1)(b) 141n48
Japan–Turkey BIT (1992)
Art 5
Japan–Vietnam BIT (2003)
Art 15(1)
90n12
139–40n41
Art 15(1)(b) 141n48
Libya–Portugal BIT (2003) 107–8
Art 7
Macedonia–Ukraine BIT (1998)
Art 3(1)
Mauritius–Singapore BIT (2000)
107–8n127
91–92n29
Art 7(2) 209–10n78
Mexico–the Netherlands BIT (1998)
Art 12
Schedule
Morocco–Italy BIT (2000)
221–22n139
221–22n139
Art 4(1) 110–11n146
Morocco–Turkey BIT (1997)
Art 2 2 146–47n87
Netherlands–Vietnam BIT (1995)
Art 3(2) .
Nicaragua–US BIT (1995)
91–92n28
Art VII(1)(a) 67n66
Art VII(2) 67–68n67
North American Free Trade Agreement (1994)
Art 1105
Art 1105(2) .
93n41
107–8n129
Pakistan–Philippines BIT (1999) 9–10
Art V 9–10n23, 106n121
Peru–Singapore BIT (2003)
Art 11 145n78
Philippines–Myanmar BIT (1998)
Art V
Republic of Korea–Republics of Central America FTA (2018)
106n121
Art 9 5 93n41
Russia–Ukraine BIT (1998)
Art 17 77n122
Rwanda–Morocco BIT (2016)
Art 2(2) . .
. 93n41
Rwanda–United Arab Emirates BIT (2017)
Art 4(3) 93n41
Singapore–Ukraine BIT (2006)
Art 6(2) 209–10n78
Sweden–Kazakhstan BIT (2004)
Art 5(2) . .
Switzerland–Paraguay BIT (1992)
115n172
Art 9(1) 182–83n126
Art 9(6) 183–84n130
Switzerland–Turkey BIT (1988)
Art 8(1) .
Syria–Italy BIT (2003)
Art 4
Thailand–Vietnam BIT (1991)
182–83n125
110–11n146
Art 2 90n13
Art 3(2)
UK–Argentine Republic BIT (1990)
Art 4(2)
UK–Bolivia BIT (1988)
90n12
215n111
Art 4(1) 113n163
UK–China BIT (1986)
Art 4(1)
UK–Egypt BIT (1975)
Art 4(2)
UK–Hong Kong BIT (1998)
113n163
113n161
Art 4(2) 209–10n76
UK–Jamaica BIT (1987)
Art 4(2) . .
. 214n107
UK–Papua New Guinea BIT (1981) . . . . 214
Art 4(2) .
UK–Sri Lanka BIT (1980)
214n107
Art 2(2) 167
Art 4 115
Art 4(1)
Art 4(2) .
Art 8
UK–Ukraine BIT (1993)
111n150, 167
113n163, 167
182–83n126
Art 5(2) 113
Paraguay–Venezuela BIT (1996)
Art 9(1) .
Art 9(5) .
182–83n125
. 183–84n130
US–Albania BIT (1995) 142–43n59
US–Bangladesh BIT (1989)
Art IV
108–9n137
US–Cameroon BIT (1989)
Art IV 108–9n137
US–Congo BIT (1990)
Art X(1)
US–Croatia BIT (1996)
Art XV .
145–46n83
.138n29
US–Jamaica BIT (1994) 100–1n86, 142–43n59
US–Lithuania BIT (1998) 100–1n86, 142–43n59
US–Mongolia BIT (1994) . . . . . . 100–1n86
US–Mozambique BIT (1998)
Art 25 143n65
US–Panama BIT (1991)
Art V 108–9n137
US–Peru FTA (2006)
Art 22 .2
US–Rwanda BIT (2008)
.143n65
Art 18 143n65
US–Senegal BIT (1983)
Art IV .
Art X(1)
US–Ukraine BIT (1994) .
Art 3(3)
108–9n137
.138n29
108–9, 111
110
Art IX 140, 140n46
Art IX(1) 142–43n58
US–Uruguay BIT (2005)
Art 18
US–Zaire BIT (1984)
.143n65
Art II(4) 90n15
Art IV(2) 122
Model and Draft Treaties
2004 Canada Model BIT
107–8
Art 10 141n48
Art 12(1) 107–8n131
Annex B 13(1) 125–26n215
2008 UK Model BIT
Art 4
Art 7(1)
2009 Germany Model BIT
107–8
107–8n128
138n28, 139n36
Art 3(2) 139n36
2010 Austria Model BIT
Art 8(1)
2012 US Model BIT
Art 5(2)
107–8
107–8n130
107–9, 113
93n41
Art 5(4) 107–8n129, 108n134
Art 6 124–25n212
Art 18
Art 18(1)
Art 37(1)
.140n46
.138n27
220–21n132
Annex B para 4 125–26n215
2016 India Model BIT
Art 33
2018 Draft Netherlands Model BIT
Art 20(5) .
.143n65
. . 221–22n140
Abs-Shawcross Draft Convention on Investments Abroad (1960) 9 J Public L 116 109–10n141
Art I .
Art V . . . . . .
89–90n9
136–37n19
Draft Code of International Law, adopted by the Japanese Branch of the International Law Association and the Kokusaiho Gakkwai (1926) in ILC, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1969, Vol II, UN Doc A/CN 4/SER A/ 1969/Add 1 30–31
Art 3 .
30–31n77
Draft Convention on the Responsibility of States for Injuries Caused in their Territory to the Person or Property of Aliens, prepared by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Volkerrecht (1930) in ILC, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1969, Vol II, UN Doc A/CN 4/ SER A/1969/Add 1 30–31, 32–33, 32–33n85
Art 6 .2
30–31n77
Draft Convention on the International Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens, reprinted (1961) in 55 AJIL 545
Art 9 136–37n19
Draft on International Responsibility of States for Injuries in their Territory to the Person or Property of Foreigners, Prepared by the Institute of International Law (1927)
Art VII . . . . . . . . . . . . 32–33n85, 109n139
Harvard Draft Convention on the International Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens (1961) in ILC, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1969, Vol II, UN Doc A/CN .4/ SER .A/1969/Add .1 . . . . . . .101, 214–15
