THE OXFORD LATIN SYNTAX
Volume II
The Complex Sentence and Discourse
HARM PINKSTER
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
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Finite declarative argument clauses
15.5 The use of quod in argument clauses
15.6 The use of quad clauses with the verb accedit 'to be added to' or ' to constitute an addition to' 59
15 7 The use of quad clauses with verbs and expressions meaning 'to leave unmentioned'
15.8 The use of quad clauses with verbs and expressions of emotion
15.9 The use of quad clauses with verbs and expressions of perception,
cognition, and communication
15.10 The use of quad clauses with verbs and expressions of accusing and convicting and of blaming, excusing, praising, congratulating, and thanking
15.11 The use of quad clauses in combination with a subject or object complement
15.12 The use of quad clauses with a variety of other expressions
15.13 The use of quad clauses with verbs of happening
15 14 The use of quad clauses in combination with a preparative or interrogative pronoun or similar expressions
15.15 The use of quia in declarative argument clauses
15.16 The use of quia clauses with the verb accedit 'to be added: or ' to constitute an addition to'
15 17 The use of quia clauses with verbs and expressions meaning
' to leave unmentioned '
15 18 The use of quia clauses with verbs and expressions of emotion 76
15 19 The use of quia with verbs and expressions of perception, cognition, and communication 77
15 20 The use of quia clauses with verbs and expressions of blaming, praising, congratulating, and thanking 78
15.21 The use of quia clauses in combination with a preparative pronoun or determiner
15.22 The use of quoniam in declarative argument clauses
15 .23 The use of cum (quom) in declarative argument clauses
15 24 The use of quomodo and quemadmodum in declarative argument clauses
15.25 The use of ut in declarative argument clauses
15 26 The use of ut clauses with the verb accedit ' to be added to' or 'to constitute an addition to'
15.27 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions of happening and befalling 83
15.28 The use of ut clauses as subject with the verb sum 85
15 .29 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions meaning ' the conclusion is: ' it follows' 86
15 30 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions meaning 'it remains to be done: 'it is sufficient' 86
15 31 The use of ut clauses with various third person singular verb forms (so-called impersonal verbs) 87
15.32 The use of ut clauses with expressions consisting of the copula and an adjective functioning as subject comp lement 88
15 33 The use of ut clauses with expressions consisting of the copula and a noun or noun phrase functioning as subject complement 90
15 34 The use of ut clauses with expressions consisting of the copula and other categories that function as subject complement 91
15 .35 The use of ut clauses with verbs and expressions of perception, cognition, and communication 92
15.36 The use of ut clauses in 'periphrastic' constructions 93
15.37 The use of ne in declarative argument clauses with verbs and expressions of fearing and worrying 94
15 .38 The use of quin in declarative argument clauses with a negative main clause 96
15 .39 The use of si in declarative argument clauses 100
15.40 The use of si clauses with verbs and expressions of waiting in expectation and trying 100
15.41 The use of si clauses with verbs and expressions of surprise 101
15.42 The use of si clauses in combination with so - called impersonal expressions 102
15.43 The use of quasi in argument clauses with verbs and expressions of pretending 103
15.44 The use of tamquam (si) and quasi in argument clauses with verbs and expressions of accusing and of emotion and with verbs of communication 104
15.45 Finite interrogative argument clauses (indirect questions) 105
15.46 Verbs and expressions governing indirect questions 106
15 47 Types of interrogative argument clauses (indirect questions) 107
15.48 Simple interrogative argument clauses (indirect questions) 108
15.49 Indirect clausal questions 108
15.50 Inclirect clausal questions without a question particle 108
15.51 Indirect clau sal questions with a que stion particle 109
15.52 The use of -n e in indirect clausal questions 110
15.53 The use of nonn e in indirect clausal questions 111
15.54 The use of num in indirect clausal questions
15.55 The use of utrum in indirect clausal questions
15.56 The use of an in indirect clausal questions
15.57 The use of si in indirect clausal questions
15.58 The use of ne (not clitic) in pseudo-indirect clausal questions
15.59 Indirect questions with indefinite pronouns, determiners, adjectives, adverbs, and particles formed with ec-
15 .60 Indirect constituent questions
15.61 Overlap of indirect constituent questions and autonomous relative clauses
15 .62 Multiple indirect questions
15.63 Minor combinations of particles in multiple indirect questions
15.64 Finite imperative argument clauses
15.65 Verbs and expressions governing imperative clauses
15 66 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of ordering and commanding (class (i) (a))
15 67 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of begging, requesting, etc. (class (i) (b))
15.68 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of advising, warning, exhorting, reminding, admonishing, etc. (class (i) (c))
15 69 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of inducing, persuading, etc. (class (i) (d))
15 .70 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of permitting, granting, allowing (class (i) (e))
15 71 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of forcing (class (i) (f))
15 72 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of hindering, preventing, etc. (class (i) (g))
15.73 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of wishing, desiring, preferring, etc. (class (ii) (a))
15 .74 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of striving (class (ii) (b))
15 .75 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs of causation (class (iii))
15. 76 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of deciding, resolving, etc. (class (iv))
15 .77 The use of finite imperative clauses with verbs and expressions of deserving (class (v))
15 78 The use of finite imperative clauses in combination with a neuter singular adjective or a comparable expression that functions as subject or object complement (class (vi))
15 79 The use of finite imperative clauses in combination with a noun functioning as subject or object complement (class (vii))
15.80 The use of finite imperative clauses with so-called impersonal expressions (class (viii))
15.81 The subordinating devices of finite imperative clauses
15 .82 The use of ut, ut ne, and ne in imperative clauses
15.83 Imperative clauses with a simple subjunctive (without a subordinator)
15 84 The use of the subordinator ne in imperative clauses
15 .85 The use of quin in imperative clauses
15 86 The use of quominus in imperative clauses
15.87 The use of quoin imperative clauses
15.88 The use of qui in imperative clauses
15.89 Exclamatory argument clauses
15.9 0 Non-finite argument clauses
15.91 Infinitival argument clauses
15 92 Accusative and infinitive clauses
15.93 The functions of accusative and infinitive clauses
15.94 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject or object with verbs and expressions of happening and befalling or causing to happen
15.95 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject with accedit 'to be added to' or 'to constitute an addition to'
15.96 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject or object with verbs and expressions meaning 'to leave unmentioned '
15 .97 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with verbs and expressions of emotion
15.98 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with verbs and
expressions of perception, cognition, and communication
15.99 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with verbs and expressions of praising, blaming, and thanking 170
15.100 The non-declarative use of the accusative and infinitive clause 170
15.101 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause as subject with one-place and so-called impersonal verbs 181
15.102 The use of accusative and infinitive clauses in combination with expressions that function as subject or object complement
15 . 103 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause with
a preparative pronoun
15 104 Independent accusative and infinitive clauses 186
15.105 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause in interrogative clauses and sentences 186
15.106 The use of the accusative and infinitive clause in exclamations 189
15.107 The use of the accusative and infinitive in relative clauses 189
15.108 The use of the accusative and infinitive in correlative and comparative structures 190
15.109 The use of the accusative and infinitive in subordinate (especially satellite) clauses with a subordinator 191
15 110 The use of the accusative and infinitive as subject of passive two - and three-place verbs 192
15.111 The nominative and infinitive construction 194
15.112 Other personal constructions resembling the Nd construction 200
15 . 113 Diachronic developments of the accusative and infinitive 202
15.114 Prolative infinitive clauses 204
15.115 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of ordering and commanding (class (i) (a)) 204
15 116 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of begging, requesting, etc (class (i) (b)) 205
15 . 117 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of advising, warning, exhorting, reminding, admonishing, etc. (class (i) (c)) 205
15.118 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of inducing, persuading , etc . (class (i) (d)) 206
15.119 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of permitting, granting, allowing, etc. (class (i) (e)) 207
15.120 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of forcing (class (i) (f)) 208
15 121 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of hindering, preventing, etc . (class (i) (g)) 208
15.122 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of wishing, desiring, preferring, etc (class (ii) (a)) 209
15.123 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of striving (class (ii) (b)) 209
15 124 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs of causation (class (iii)) 211
15 . 125 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of deciding, resolving, etc. (class (iv)) 211
15.126 The use of the prolative infinitive with verbs and expressions of deserving (class (v)) 212
15.127 The use of the prolative infinitive in combination with a neuter singular adjective that functions as subject or object complement (class (vi)) 212
15.128 The use of the prolative infinitive in combination with other expressions that function as subject or object complement (class (vii)) 213
15 . 129 The use of the prolative infinitive with so - called impersonal expressions (class (viii)) 215
15.130 The use of the infinitive with verbs of accusing and convicting 216
15.131 The use of the (present) infinitive with auxiliary verbs and verbs with a related meaning 219
15.132 Participial argument clauses (dominant participles)
15.133 The use of the dominant participle construction as subject
15 134 The use of the dominant participle construction as object or as third argument
15.135 Gerundial argument clauses
15.136 The use of gerundial clauses as argument with verbs
15 137 The use of gerundial clauses as second or third argument
15.138 The use of gerundial clauses instead of prolative infinitives
15.139 The use of gerundial clauses with two-place adjectives that function as subject or object complement
15.140 Gerundival argument clauses
15.141 The use of gerundival clauses as arguments with verbs 15.142 The use of gerundival clauses with adjectives that function as subject or object complement
15 143 Relative clauses functioning as argument
15 144 Nominal (verbless) argument clauses
Subordinate
16.l Verbal and nominal satellite clauses
16.2
16.3 Classes
16.4 The role of subordinators
16.6 Space clauses (adjuncts)
16.7 Time clauses (adjuncts)
16.8 Time clauses denoting an event that is simultaneous with the event in the main clause
16.9 Time clauses that locate the event of the main clause in time (cum, dum, quando, quoniam, quotiens)
16.10 Time clauses with cum (quom)
16 11 So-called cum inversum
16 . 12 The temporal use of quoniam
16.13 Time clauses with quando, quandoque, and quandocumque
16.14 Time clauses with dum locating the event of the main clause in time
16.15 Time clauses indicating the extent of time of the event in the main clause
16.16 Time clauses indicating a co -extensive event
16 17 Dum clauses indicating an event that lasts longer than the event of the main clause
16.18 Time clauses indicating an event that concludes the event of the main clause
16 . 19 Time clauses denoting anterior events
16.20 Time clauses with cum
16.21 Time clauses with postquam
16 22 Time clauses with simul
16 23 Time clauses with ubi
16 24 Time clauses with ut
16.25 Time clauses with mo x , primum , and statim
16 26 Time clauses with ex quo
16.27 Time clauses denoting a posterior event
16 .28 Non-temporal interpretations of time clauses
16.29 The interpretation of cum (quom) clauses as indicating the reason
for the content of the main clause
16.30 The interpretation of dum clauses as indicating the reason for the content of the main clause
16.31 The concessive (or: 'adversative') interpretation of cum (quom) clauses
16.32 The concessive and reason interpretations of postquam clauses
16.33 Manner clauses
16.35 Attitudinal manner clauses (disjuncts)
16 .36 Illocutionary manner clauses (disjuncts)
16.37 Degree clauses (adjuncts)
Reason clauses with quad (adjuncts)
with quoniam (disjuncts)
16.43 Reason clauses with quando(quidem) (disjuncts)
16.44 Reason clauses with quandoque (disjuncts)
16.45
with quatenus (disjuncts)
16.50 Purpose clauses with ut and (ut)
Purpose clauses with qua (adjuncts)
16.52 Purpose clauses with qui (adjuncts)
16.53 Stipulative clauses
16.54 Result (consecutive) clauses
16.59 Purpose si clauses
16.60 Adversative, concessive, and causal interpretations of conditional clauses
16.61 So-called temporal si clauses
16 62 Ni/Nisi 'de rupture'
16 .63 Conditional clauses functioning as attitudinal disjunct
16.64 Conditional clauses functioning as illocutionary disjunct
16.65 Alternative conditional clauses with sive/seu
16 .66 Conditional comparative clauses
16.67 Nisi clauses of exception
16.68 Concessive clauses
16.69 So-called concessive conditional clauses
16.70 Concessive and concessive conditional clauses functioning
16 .71 Concessive clauses functioning as attitudinal disjunct
16 .72 Concessive clauses functioning as illocutionary disjunct
16.73 The individual concessive subordinators: quamquam, quamvis, the si compounds, and licet
16 74 Concessive clauses with quamquam
16 .75 Concessive clauses with quamvis
16 .76 Concessive clauses with etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, and tamenetsi
16.77 Concessive clauses with ets i
16.78 Concessive clauses with tametsi (and tarn etsi)
16.79 Concessive clauses with etiamsi (and etiam si)
16.80 Concessive clauses with tamenetsi (and tamen etsi)
16 .81 Concessive clauses with lic et
16.82 The concessive interpretation of ut clauses
16 83 Quod and quantum clauses of qualification (disjuncts)
16 .84 Satellite clauses introduced by complex subordinators
16.85 Non-finite satellite clauses
16 .86 Infinitival satellite clauses
16.87 Participial satellite clauses
16 88 Participial ablative absolute clauses
16.89 The semantic relationship between the participial ablative absolute clause and the main clause
16.90 The relationship between arguments of the participial ablative absolute and the main clause
16.91 The internal complexity of the participial ablative absolute clause
16.92 Ablative participles without a subject noun (phrase)
16.93 Ablative absolute clauses of one-place verbs
16 94 Participial absolute clauses in other case forms
16.95 Participial nominative absolute clauses
16.96 Participial genitive absolute clauses
16.97 Participial accusative absolute clauses
16.98 Prepositional participial satellite clauses
16.99 Gerundial satellite clauses
16.100 Gerundial purpose adjunct clauses
16.101 Gerundial instrument/manner adjunct clauses
16.102 Gerundial temporal adjunct clauses
16.103 Gerundial reason adjunct clauses
16.104 Gerundial adjuncts in other semantic relations (ablative and
17.4
17. 7 Declarative clauses depending on nouns of fearing and worrying
17.8 Declarative clauses with quin at the noun phrase level
17.9 The use of tamquam and quasi clauses with nouns of emotion, cognition, and communication
17.10 Interrogative subordinate
17
17
18.4 Semantic types of adnominal relative clauses 478
18.5 Restrictive relative clauses 479
18.6 Non-restrictive relative clauses 484
18. 7 The function of the relative expression in the relative clause 487
18.8 Exceptional case marking of relative expressions 489
18.9 The syntactic functions of heads with an adnominal relative clause 492
18.10 Interlacing of adnominal clauses with other subordinate clauses 492
18.11 Reduction of inferrable elements in adnominal relative clauses 494
18.12 The relative order of the adnominal relative clause and its head 496
18.13 Multiple adnominal relative clauses 498
18.14 Adjectives and other constituents related to the relative expression instead of to the head 500
18.15 Autonomous relative clauses 501
18.16 The syntactic functions of autonomous relative clauses and their formal expression 514
18.1 7 Complex autonomous relative clauses 527
18.18 The presence of the same noun (phrase) in the relative and superordinate clause 528
18.19 Autonomous relative clauses at the adjective phrase level 532
18.20 Some observations on the use of the tenses in relative clauses 536
18.21 The use of the tenses in relative clauses with a future indicative 536
18.22 The use of the tenses in relative clauses with a subjunctive 53 7
18.23 The use of the moods in relative clauses 538
18.24 The use of the moods in non-restrictive adnominal relative clauses 539
18.25 The use of the moods in restrictive adnominal clauses 544
18 .26 The use of the moods in autonomous relative clauses 547
18.27 Autonomous relative clauses functioning as clausal appositions 551
18.28 R elative connexion 555
18.29 The use of the connective relative in ablative absolute clauses 560
18.30 Coordination of relative clauses 562
18.3 1 Indefinite relative clauses 567
18.32 Indefinite adnominal relative clauses 567
18.33 Indefinite autonomous relative clauses 568
18 .34 Relative adjectives and adverbs 570
18 35 Relative adjectives 570 18.36 Relative adverbs 575
18.37 Relative clauses containing a space adverb 575
18.38 Adnominal relative clauses with cum (quom) 579
18.39 Relative clauses with adverbs ofreason (quamobrem, quapropter, and quare) 580
19.1 Introductory remarks 583
19.2 Syndetic coordination 588
19 .3 Syndetic coordination of clauses 588
19.4 Syndetic coordination of constituents at the clause level 589
19 .5 Syndetic coordination of verbs sharing the same subject 591
19 .6 Syndetic coordination of verbs sharing the same object 592
19. 7 Syndetic coordination of verbs with different argument marking that share an object or a comparable constituent 593
19 .8 Syndetic coordination of verbs sharing a third argument or a satellite 595
19.9 Syndetic coordination of arguments and satellites at the clause level 595
19 10 Syndetic coordination of constituents below the clause level 597
19.11 Syndetic coordination of constituents at the noun phrase level 597
19.12 Syndetic coordination of constituents at the adjective phrase level 599
19 .13 Syndetic coordination of prepositions and of prepositional phrases 600
19 . 14 Asyndetic coordination 606
19.15 Asyndetic coordination of clauses 609
19 16 Asyndetic coordination of verbs sharing the same subject 611
19 . 17 Asyndetic coordination of verbs sharing the same object, indirect object, or satellite 613
19 .18 Asyndetic coordination of arguments and satellites at the clause level 614
19 . 19 Asyndetic coordination of constituents below the clause level 618
19.20 Asyndetic coordination of modifiers at the noun phrase level 619
19.21 Asyndetic coordination of constituents at the adjective phrase level 620
19 .22 Asyndetic coordination of nouns and noun phrases in prepositional phrases 620 19.23 Conjunctive (or: copulative) coordinators 620
19.24 Simple conjunctive coordination 621
19 .25 The simple use of the conjunctive coordinator -que 624
19 .26 The simple use of the conjunctive coordinator ac/ atque 628
19 27 The simple use of the conjunctive coordinator et 632
19 28 The single use of the negative conjunctive coordinator nec/neque 637
19 .29 Correlative conjunctive coordination 638
19 .30 The correlative use of the conjunctive coordinator -que 638
19 .31 The correlative use of the conjunctive coordinator ac/atque 640
19 .32 The correlative use of the conjunctive coordinator et 640
19 .33 The correlative use of the negative conjunctive coordinator nec/neque 642
19.34 The correlative use of different conjunctive coordinators 644 19 35 Correlative combinations of -que with another conjunctive coordinator 644
19.36 Correlative combination of et and ac/atque
19.37 Correlative combinations of nec/neque with another conjunctive coordinator
19.40 Multiple mixed (syndetic and asyndetic) conjunctive coordination
19.41 The semantic relation between conjunctively linked conjoins
19.42 The use of cum resembling a comitative coordinator
19.43 Disjunctive (or: alternative) coordinators
19.45 The simple use of the disjunctive coordinator aut
19.46 The simple use of the disjunctive coordinator vel
19.47 The simple use of the disjunctive coordinator -ve
19 .48 The simple use of the disjunctive coordinator sive/ seu
19.49 The simple use of an as a disjunctive coordinator
The correlative use of the disjunctive coordinator sive/seu 672
19 .55 The correlative use of the negative disjunctive coordinator neve 674 19.56 The correlative use of different disjunctive coordinators
19.58 Multiple syndetic disjunctive coordination
19.75 Less common types of coordination
19. 76 Coordination of two or more functionally equivalent conjoins belonging to different lexical categories
19.77 Coordination of nouns and noun phrases with constituents that belong to other lexical categories 704
19.78 Coordination of adjectives with constituents that belong to other lexical categories 705
19. 79 Coordination of adverbs with constituents that belong to other lexical categories 706
19 .80 Coordination of two or more functionally unequivalent conjoins
19.81 Other noteworthy types of coordination
20.2 Comparison between two terms with respect to a certain standard
20.3 Comparison of non -e quivalence
20.4 The comparative particles of non-equivalence
20.5 The comparative particle quam 'than'
20.6 The use of ac/atque and et in comparison of non-equivalence
20 .7 The ab lative of comparison (ablativus comparationis)
20.8 Minor alternative expressions for the basis of comparison in comparisons of non-equivalence
20.9 The comparative element used with expressions of quantity, extent of space or time, age, etc. 735
20.10 Expressions specifying the measure of difference in comparisons of non-equivalence
20.11 Comparison of equivalence
20.12 Comparison between two properties
20.13 Comparison of non-equivalence between two properties
20.14 Comparison of equivalence between two properties
20.15 Similarity and dissimilarity
20 . 16 The use of coordinators in expressions of similarity and dissimilarity
20.17 The use of ac/ atque in expressions of similarity and dissimilarity
20 . 18 The use of et in expressions of similarity and dissimilarity 755
20.19 The use of quam in expressions of similarity and dissimilarity 756
20.20 The use of the ablative in expressions of similarity and dissimilarity 759
20.21 The use of relative adverbs of manner and conditional comparative subordinators in expressions of similarity
20.22 The use of prepositions and nisi in expressions of dissimilarity 761
20 .23 Expressions specifying the degree of dissimilarity 761
20.24 Comparative expressions of quality 762
20.25 Ut clauses characteri z ing a quality of a constituent in the main clause 762
20.26 Ut and related phrases functioning as secondary predicate 763
20.27 Ut phrases of qualification 765
20.28 Proportional comparison 766
20.29 The proportional patte rn with a comparative 766
20.30 The proportional patte rn with a superlative 770
20.31 The absolute use of comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs 772
20.32 The superlative and related expressions 773 21 Secondary predicates
21. l Secondary predicates: introductory remarks 777
21.2 Categories of constituents functioning as secondary predicate 780
21.3 Adj ectives functioning as secondary predicate 780
21.4 The use of adjectives as secondary predicate in poetry and poeticizing prose 784
21.5 Adjective phrases functioning as secondary predicate 789
21.6 Nouns and noun phrases (showing agreement) functioning as secondary predicate 789
21 .7 Participles functioning as secondary predicate 791
21.8 Accusative and participle construction with perception verbs 796
21.9 Gerundives functioning as secondary predicate 797
21.10 Noun phrases in the genitive functioning as secondary predicate 799
21.11 Nouns in the dative functioning as secondary predicate 800
21 12 Noun phrases in the ablative functioning as secondary predicate 801
21.13 Prepositional phrases functioning as secondary predicate 803
21.14 The gerund developing into an alternative for the present participle 804
21.15 Autonomous relative clauses functioning as secondary predicates 806
21 . 16 The distribution of secondary predicates 807
21.17 The semantic relationship between a secondary predicate and its clause 810
21.18 Explicit marking of the semantic relation between a secondary predicate and the clause to which it belongs 814
21.19 Secondary predicates and related constructions 815
21 .20 The difference between an adjective functioning as secondary predicate and a related adverb 816
21.21 Potential ambiguity: secondary predicate or apposition? 818
21.22 Pragmatic considerations 819
21.23 Quantifiers and related expressions seemingly functioning as secondary predicate 819
21.24 Ipse and idem 824
21.25 Co-occurrence of various secondary predicates and related expressions in the same clause 825
22 Information structure and extraclausal expressions
22.1 The information structure of clauses
22.2 Topic
22.3 Topic and subject
22.4 Eligibility of constituents for the function of topic
22.5 Types of constituents that function as topic
22.6 Formal properties of topics
22.7 Focus
22.8 What makes a constituent of a clause focus?
22.9 Complex focus
22.10 How can we identify focus constituents?
22.11 Presentative sentences
22.12 Cleft sentences
22.13 The extraclausal functions theme, setting, and tail
22.14 Theme constituents
22.15 Setting constituents
22.16 Tail constituents
22.17 Contrast and emphasis
22.18 Contrast
22 . 19 Emphasis
22.20 Emphasizing particles
22.21 Additive emphasizing particles
22.22 Scalar additive particles
22.23 Exclusive particles
22.24 Particularizing particles
22.25 Quidem and equidem
22.26 Quid em
22.27 Equidem
22.28 Saltern and related expressions
22.29 Saltern
22.30 Certe
22.31 Utique
22.32 Dumtaxat
22.33 Praes ertim and related expressions
22.34 Praesertim
22.35 Praecipue
22.36 Imprimis
22.37 Maxime
22.38 Potissimum
22.47
23.19
23 .22 Anaphoric constituents 976
23 23 Subordinating devices 978
23.24 Subordinators 978
23 25 Relat ive pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and determiners 981
23.26 Question words 982
23 27 Interrogative particles 982
23 28 Interrogative pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and determiners 983
23 29 Categories of constituents that tend to be placed after another constituent 983
23 .30 Indefinite determiners and pronouns 983
23 31 Personal pronouns and forms of the verb sum 984
23.32 The position of personal pronouns 987
23.33 The position of forms of the verb sum 991
23 34 Emphasizing particles 994
23 35 Bound clitics 995
23.36 The position of the coordinators -que and -ve 995
23.37 The position of the interrogative particle -ne 999
23.38 The position of negation adverbs 1000
23.39 The relative position of arguments, satellites, secondary predicates, and (finite) verbs 1001
23.40 The position of arguments, satellites, secondary predicates, and (finite) verbs in declarative sentences 1003
23.41 The first position in declarative sentences 1005
23.42 Arguments in fir t position in declarative sentences 1006
23.43 Satellites in first position in declarative sentences 1012
23.44 Secondary predicates in first position in declarative sentences 1013
23.45 Finite verbs in first position in declarative sentences 1015
23.46 The last position in declarative sentences 1020
23.47 Arguments in final position in declarative sentences 1021
23.48 Satellites in final position in declarative sentences 1024
23.49 Finite verbs in final position in declarative sentences 1025
23.50 Intermediate positions in simple declarative sentences 1027
23.51 Word order in interrogative sentences 1027
23.52 Word order in sentence questions 1027
23.53 Word order in constituent questions 1031
23.54 Word order in multiple questions 1033
23.55 Word order in imperative sentences 1033
23.56 Word order in imperative sentences with a directive illocutionary force 1034
23.57 Word order in imperative sentences with an optative illocutionary force 1036
23.58 Word order in imperative sentences with a concessive illocutionary force 1036
23.59 Word order in superordinate (main) clauses 1037
23 .60 Word order in subordinate clauses 1037
23.61 Word order in finite subordinate clauses 1038
23.62 Word order in accusative and infinitive clauses 1041
23.63 Word order in ablative absolute clauses 1044
23.64 The order of superordinate and subordinate clauses in complex sentences 1047
23 65 The relative order of finite superordinate and subordinate clauses in sentences with two clauses 1049
23 66 The relative order of superordinate and accusative and infinitive clauses in sentences with two clauses 1055
23.67 The relative order of superordinate and ablative absolute clauses in sentences with two clauses 1057
23 68 The relative order of superordinate and subordinate clauses in multi-clausal sentences 1059
23.69 Word order at the noun phrase level 1062
23.70 The relative order of head and attribute 1066
23 .71 The position of attributes that agree with their head 1066
23.72 The position of determiners 1067
23 73 The position of anaphoric and demonstrative determiners 1067
23.74 The position of indefinite determiners 1071
23.75 The position ofrelative and interrogative determiners 1071
23 .76 The position of attributive possessive adjectives 1072
23. 77 The position of identifiers 107 4
23. 78 The position of attributive quantifiers 1075
23. 79 The position of attributive adjectives 1076
23.80 The position of attributive adjective phrases 1080
23.81 Comparatives and superlatives 1083
23.82 The position of modifiers of attributes 1084
23.83 The position of nouns and noun phrases functioning as attribute 1084
23 84 The position of attributive noun phrases of description (or quality) (genetivus and ablativus qualitatis) 1090
23 85 The position of adnominal arguments 1091
23 .86 Word order in complex noun phrases 1093
23.87 Discontinuity (or: hyperbaton) of noun phrases 1097
23.88 Constituents causing hyperbaton of noun phrases 1101
23.89 Word order in prepositional phrases 1108
23.90 The order of constituents in continuous prepositional phrases 1109
23 91 The position of prepositions in prepositional phrases without a modifier 1109
23.92 The position of prepositions in prepositional phrases with a modifier 1113
23 .93 The pattern modifier-preposition-noun 1115
23 94 The pattern noun-preposition-modifier 1118
23.95 The position of prepositions in restrictive appositive phrases 1119
23.96 Discontinuous prepositional phrases 1120
23.97 The relative order of constituents in phrases with the auxiliary sum 'to be' and other auxiliaries
23.98 The relative order in complex verb forms with the auxiliary sum 'to be' 1122
23.99 The position of the auxiliary iri 1125
23.100 The relative order of infinitives and the verbs that govern them 1126
23.101 Discontinuity of coordinated constituents 1129
23.102 Tmesis
23.103 Tmesis created by the coordinator -que
24.3 Text types (or: discourse modes)
24.5 Anaphoric reference to participants
24.6 Lexical repetition and variation 1144
24 7 Lexical repetition in combination with anaphoric determiners 1146
24.8 Zero-anaphora: the absence of explicit subject and other obligatory constituents 1148
24 9 Anaphoric(ally used) pronouns and adverbs 1150
24.10 Anaphoric reference to states of affairs and to segments of discourse 1153
24 .11 Nouns used to refer to preceding states of affairs or segments of discourse 1153
24.12 Anaphoric(ally used) pronouns and adverbs used to refer to preceding states of affairs or segments of discourse 1157
24.13 Preparative (cataphoric) reference to following states of affairs and segments of discourse 1161
24.14 Cohesive devices linking sentences 1162
24.15 Syndetic connexion of sentences 1164
24 .1 6 Conjunctive connexion of sentences 1166
24.17 The conjunctive connector -qu e 1166
24.18 The conjunctive connector ac/atque 1167
24.19 The conjunctive connector et 1168
24.20 The conjunctive connector nec/neque 1170
24 21 Disjunctive connexion of sentences 1171 24 22 Adversative connexion of sentences 1172
24 23 The adversative connector ast 1174
24.24 The adversative connector at 1175
24.25 The adversative connector atqui 1176
24.26 The adversative connector autem 1177
