LANGUAGE ATTRITION
Editedby MONIKAS.SCHMID and BARBARAKÖPKE with MIRELACHERCIOV
TU Ğ BAKARAYAYLA
MERELKEIJZER
ESTHERDELEEUW
TEODORAH.MEHOTCHEVA
SILVINAMONTRUL
MARIAPOLINSKY
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford, , UnitedKingdom
OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries
©editorialmatterandorganizationMonikaS.SchmidandBarbaraKöpke ©thechapterstheirseveralauthors
Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin
Impression:
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove
Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY ,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Dataavailable
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:
Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,
LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork.
Acknowledgements ix
Listofabbreviations x
Thecontributors xv
.Introduction M
PARTITHEORETICALIMPLICATIONS
OFLANGUAGEATTRITION
.LanguageattritionandtheCompetitionModel
B
M W
.LanguageattritionandtheFeatureReassemblyHypothesis
M
L
.TheInterfaceHypothesisasaframeworkforstudying
L
attrition
.ImplicationsoftheBottleneckHypothesisforlanguageattrition
R
.AComplexDynamicSystemsperspectiveonpersonal backgroundvariablesinL
.Introductiontopsycholinguisticandneurolinguistic approachestolanguageattrition
.Languageattritionasaspecialcaseofprocessingchange: Awidercognitiveperspective
.Memoryretrievalandlanguageattrition:Languagelossor manifestationsofadynamicsystem?
.Howbilingualismaffectssyntacticprocessinginthenative language:Evidencefromeyemovements
.FirstlanguageattritionandDevelopmentalLanguageDisorder
.Ageingasaconfoundinlanguageattritionresearch:Lexical retrieval,languageuse,andcognitiveandneuralchanges
.LinguisticregressioninbilingualpatientswithAlzheimer ’ s Disease
.ElectrophysiologicalapproachestoL
.NeuroimagingperspectivesonL attritionandlanguagechange
.Introductiontolinguisticfactorsinlanguageattrition
.Phoneticdrift
.Phoneticattrition
.Phonologicalattrition
C
.Morphologicalattrition
E
S
.Lexicalattrition
S
J
.Nullandovertpronounsinlanguageattrition
G
.Introductiontoextralinguisticfactorsinlanguageattrition
S.S
.Ageeffectsinlanguageattrition
E
.Theimpactoffrequencyofuseandlengthofresidence onL attrition
.L attrition,L development,andintegration
.Languagecontactandlanguageattrition
PARTVSECONDLANGUAGEATTRITION .IntroductiontoL attrition
.ExploringtheimpactofextralinguisticfactorsonL
/FL attrition
.SyntaxandphonologyinL
.L
lexicalattrition
.AttritionstudiesonJapanesereturnees
.Event-RelatedPotentialsasmetricsofforeignlanguage learningandloss
PARTVIHERITAGELANGUAGES
.Introductiontoheritagelanguagedevelopment
.Quantifyinglanguageexperienceinheritagelanguage development
.Intra-generationalattrition:Contributionstoheritage speakercompetence
B
,D
P
C
J
R
.
L simultaneousbilingualsasheritagespeakers
K
.Languagelossandlanguagelearningininternationallyadopted children:Evidencefrombehaviourandthebrain
L
J.P
.Childhoodlanguagememoryinadultheritagelanguage (re)learners
J
S.O
M.L
.Languagedevelopmentinbilingualreturnees
Concludingremarks
Annotatedbibliography
References
Index
WeareverygratefultoAshaAliandRachelTingYanKan,whohelpedusputthisvolume togetherandkeeptrackoftoomanythingstolisthere.Wearealsodeeplyindebtedtoallof theanonymousreviewerswhoseinputwasvitalinimprovingthequalityofthechapters collectedhere.JoyMellor,KumarAnbazhagan,andVickiSunterfromOUPwerean absolutejoytoworkwithandalwaysrespondedpromptlyandkindlytoourmany(and oftengrumpy apologiesagain,Joy,Kumar,andVicki!)queries.Finally,wewouldliketo expressourgratitudeandappreciationtotheartistBrunoCatalanoandhisrepresentative, EmilieCatalano,forkindlyallowingustoreproduceapictureofoneofhisstunning sculpturesonthecoverofthisvolume.
The fieldoflanguageattritionhasmanydifferentparents,butwewouldparticularlylike toremembertwoofthemostinfluentialoneshere:RichardD.LambertandTheovanEls, bothofwhompassedawayin .Theywillbefondlyrememberedandthe fieldismuch poorerfortheirloss.
AAageofattrition
ACCaccusative
ADAlzheimer’sDisease
AfSaffectivestructure
AGCcorpusofGermanimmigrantsinAustralia
ALAppliedLinguistics
AMTBattitudeandmotivationaltestbattery
ANOVAanalysisofvariance
AOAageatonsetofattrition
AoAageofacquisition
AoOageofonset
AORageofreturn
APTAttritionbyProcessingTheory
ASLAmericanSignLanguage
AaTageattesting
ATActivationThreshold
ATHActivationThresholdHypothesis
ATMattitudeandmotivation
BATbilingualaphasiatest
BHBottleneckHypothesis
BIABilingualInteractiveActiveModel
BIA+BilingualInteractiveActiveModelPlus
BOLDblood-oxygen-leveldependent
BPBrazilianPortuguese
CCCognateCorrect
CDcloseduration/closureduration
CDSTComplexDynamicSystemsTheory
CELF ClinicalEvaluationofLanguageFundamentals
CHILDESChildLanguageDataExchangeSystem
CHL computationalprocedureforhumanlanguage
CLIcross-linguisticinfluence
CLLDcliticleft-dislocations
COMPComplementizer
CPcomplementizerphrase
CPHCriticalPeriodHypothesis
CSconceptualstructure
CSFcerebrospinal fluid
CTChaos/ComplexityTheory
DATDative
DLDDevelopmentalLanguageDisorder
DMDistributedMorphology
DMMDynamicModelofMultilingualism
DOMdifferentialobjectmarking(ormarker)
DPdeterminerphrase
D/Pdeclarative/procedural
DSDynamicSystem
DSMDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders
DSTDynamicSystemsTheory
DTIDiffusionTensorImaging
DVdependentvariable
ECEnglish-correctsentences
EEGelectroencelphalogram
EFLEnglishasaForeignLanguage
ELANearlyleftanteriornegativity
EPEuropeanPortuguese
EPPExtendedProjectionsPrinciple
ERLACemotion-relatedlanguagechoice
ERPEvent-Related(brain)Potential
ESRCEconomicandSocialSciencesResearchCouncil
EVTEthnolinguisticVitalityTheory
FAfalsealarms
FEMfeminine
FFfunctionalfeatures
FLforeignlanguage
fMRIfunctionalMagneticResonanceImaging
fNIRSfunctionalNearInfraredSpectroscopy
FRHfeaturereassemblyhypothesis
GAMMgeneralizedadditivemixedmodels
GENgenitive
GGgrammaticalgender
HBPHeritageBilingualParadox
HLheritagelanguage
HPhighproficiency
HSheritagespeaker
IAInternationalAdoptees/internationallyadopted
ICInhibitoryControl
ICFLAInternationalConferenceonFirstLanguageAttrition
IHInterfaceHypothesis
INCincubationperiod
IVindependentvariable
JNDjust-noticeabledifference
Llanguage
LADlanguageacquisitiondevice
LAElanguageacquisitioneffort
LANleftanteriornegativity
LATBLanguageAttritionTestBattery
LClinguisticallycompetentuser
LFlogicalform
LILanguageImpairment
LIDLanguageInputDiary
LIFOlastin, firstout
LMElanguagemaintenanceeffort
LORlengthofresidence
LTMlong-termmemory
LTNlefttemporalnegativity
MANOVAmultipleanalysisofvariance
MASCmasculine
MCImildcognitiveimpairment
MEGmagnetoencephalography
MICDMissingInputCompetenceDivergence
MOGULModularOnlineGrowthandUseofLanguage
MPMinimalistProgram
MRIMagneticResonanceImaging
MTLDMeasureofTextualLexicalDiversity
NIRSNearInfraredSpectroscopy
NOMnominative
NPnounphrase
OAonsetage
OPCovertpronounconstraint
PASPositionofAntecedentStrategy
Paspassive
PDPparalleldistributedprocessing
PETpositronemissiontomography
PFphonologicalform
PLplural
PLIPrimaryLanguageImpairment
PLUplural
POpParsOpercularis
POSSpossessive
PRESpresent
PRGprogressive
PrGPrecentralGyrus
PROpronoun
PSA-NCAMpolysialicacid-neuralcelladhesionmolecule
PTplanumtemporale
PTrParsTriangularis
PVparvalbumin
PWMphonologicalworkingmemory
RHRegressionHypothesis
RIFretrievalinducedforgetting
RLrecipientlanguage
RPRetrievalPractice
RP– RetrievalPracticeminus
RP+RetrievalPracticeplus
RTreactiontimes
SAstudyabroad
SAIshort-latencyafferentinhibition
SDstandarddeviation
SESsocio-economicstatus
SGsingular
SINGsingular
SLsourcelanguage
SLAsecondlanguageacquisition
SLDsecondlanguagedevelopment
SLISpecificLanguageImpairment
SLMSpeechLearningModel
SLPspeech-languagetherapist
SOVsubject–object–verb
SPECspecifier
SSBEStandardSouthernBritishEnglish
STGSuperiorTemporalGyrus
STSSuperiorTemporalSulcus
SVOsubject–verb–object
TDtypicaldevelopment/typicallydeveloping TLtargetlanguage
TLUtarget-likeusage
TOEFLTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguage
TOTtipofthetongue
TTRtype–tokenratio
UBusage-based
UGUniversalGrammar
VFTVerbalFluencyTask
VOCDvocabularydiversity
VOTvoiceonsettime
WMworkingmemory
KathleenBardovi-Harlig,ProfessorofSecondLanguageStudies,IndianaUniversity, teachesandconductsresearchonsecondlanguageacquisition,temporalsemantics,pragmatics,formulaiclanguageasitrelatestopragmatics,andattrition(injointworkwith DavidStringer).Bardovi-HarligandStringer’sworkonattritionhasappearedin SSLA, LinguisticApproachestoBilingualism ,andeditedvolumes.
MelissaBarkat-Defradas receivedherPhDinLanguageSciencesin atUniversityof LyonandreceivedtheYoungResearcherAwardforherwork.Afteraresearchfellowshipat UCBerkeleysheintegratedtheFrenchNationalCentreforScientificResearch.Sheisnow full-timeresearcheratTheInstituteofEvolutionarySciencesofMontpellier(France), whereshedevelopsinterdisciplinaryworksthatcontributetobridgethegapbetween linguisticsandevolutionarybiology.Herrecentresearchesfocusonpsycholinguistic aspectsoflanguageprocessinginbilingualsubjectssufferingfromAlzheimer’sdisease. Sheiscurrentlyinterestedinthedeterminationofbiologicalandenvironmentalfactorsthat mayexplainsenescenceinhumans.
FatihBayram isapost-doctoralresearchfellowatUiTtheArcticUniversityofTromsø, fundedbytheEuropeanUnion’sHorizon researchandinnovationprogrammeunder theMarieSkłodowska-CurieIndividualFellowshipgrantagreementNo. .His researchcoversvarioustypesofchildandadultbilingualismwithaprimaryfocuson heritagelanguagebilinguals.Someofhisrecentresearchhasappearedin International JournalofBilingualismandBilingualEducation, LinguisticApproachestoBilingualism,and FrontiersinPsychology.
ElmaBlom isProfessorattheDepartmentofSpecialEducationatUtrechtUniversity wheresheteachesaboutlanguagedevelopment.Herresearchandpublicationsareabout developmentallanguagedisorder,theparalleldevelopmentofmultiplelanguagesinimmigrant children,andtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognitionbothinlanguage-impairedand multilingualchildren.Besidestheoreticalissues,sheworksontheimprovementofdiagnostic toolsformultilingualchildren.
TesselBoerma isalinguistwithexpertiseonchildlanguagedevelopmentandimpairment.
In ,TesselstartedherPhDatUtrechtUniversity,investigatingthelinguisticand cognitivedevelopmentofmonolingualandbilingualchildrenwithdevelopmentallanguage disorder.TesseldefendedherdissertationinOctober andnowcontinuesherworkon languagedevelopmentinclinicalchildpopulationsatUtrechtUniversity.Sheisapostdoctoralresearcherintheresearchprogramme ‘Languageimpairmentinthe q deletion
syndrome ’.Moreover,sheisinvolvedinoneoftheinterdisciplinaryprojectsofDynamics ofYouth,entitled ‘The first criticaldaysofachild’slife’ .
KeesdeBot graduatedfromtheUniversityofNijmegenandbecameProfessorofApplied LinguisticsinNijmegenandlaterinGroningen.Hismaininterestsaremultilingualism, psycholinguistics,languagepolicy,andmorerecentlythephilosophyofScienceand theroleofevidenceinscienceandhowthatrelatestonotionsoftruthinsocietyatlarge. Hehaspublishedinmostoftheleadingjournalsinappliedlinguistics.Hismostrecent bookis AHistoryofAppliedLinguistics
.(Routledge, ).Heisnowafull ProfessorofAppliedLinguisticsattheUniversityofPannoniainHungary.
EmanuelBylund isProfessorofGeneralLinguistics(StellenboschUniversity).Hisresearch concernsageeffectsinlanguageacquisitionandattrition,andconceptualrepresentation inbilinguals.HehasworkedonlanguagessuchasAfrikaans,German,isiXhosa,Spanish, andSwedish.
ChiaraCelata isaresearcheroflinguisticsandspeechsciencesatScuolaNormaleSuperioreofPisa.Shehasabackgroundindiachronicphonologyandphonologicalacquisition, withparticularreferencetoL Italian.ShehastaughtappliedlinguisticsattheUniversityof SienaandL phonologicalattritionatCSICandUIMP,Madrid.Heradditionalresearch interestsincludethesociophoneticsoftheRomancelanguagesandthestudyofregional andindividualvariationaccordingtomulti-levelacousticandarticulatoryapproaches.She hasauthoredorco-authoredmorethan fiftypapersinscientificjournalsandvolumes, includingtheeditingofinternationalbooksandjournalspecialissues,inthedomainof speechvariation,soundchange,andbilingualphonology.
GloriaChamorro isLecturerinAppliedLinguisticsattheUniversityofKent.Sheobtained herPhDinDevelopmentalLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofEdinburgh,andhasresearched andpublishedon firstlanguageattrition,adultsecondlanguageacquisition,andbilingual education.ShehasalsodevelopedthepublicengagementprojectEnglishLanguageSupport forRefugees,whichhelpsunaccompaniedrefugeeminorsgaintheEnglishlanguageskillsthey needtointegrateintothecommunityandaccessmainstreameducation.
CharlesB.Chang isAssistantProfessorofLinguisticsatBostonUniversity,wherehe directsthePhonetics,Acquisition&MultilingualismLab(PAMLab)andisAffiliated FacultywiththeCenterfortheStudyofAsiaandtheCenterforResearchinSensory Communication&EmergingNeuralTechnology.Hisresearchconcernstheprocessing, representation,anddevelopmentofspeechsoundsinthecontextofmultilingualism andlanguagecontact,thecognitiveorganizationofdualphonologicalsystems,andthe cross-languageinteractionsthatoccurduringsecond-languagelearningand first-language attrition.
MirelaCherciov obtainedherPhDinLinguistics(DepartmentofFrench)in from theUniversityofToronto.Herthesis,titled BetweenAttritionandAcquisition:the DynamicsbetweenTwoLanguagesinAdultMigrants ,waspartlyfundedbyagrant
fromtheSocialSciencesandHumanitiesResearchCouncil.Shehassinceheldpositions andtaughtatYorkUniversity(GlendonBili ngualCampus)andBrockUniversity.Her researchfocusesonlinguisticandsociolinguisticfactorslinkedtoL attritioninadult migrants,bilinguallanguagedevelopmentacrossthelifespan,adultL acquisition,and pedagogyofFSL.
MicheleT.Diaz,PhD,istheDirectorofHumanImagingandanAssociateProfessorof PsychologyatthePennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Herresearchfocusesontheneural representationoflanguageandhowthisrepresentationchangeswithage.Inparticular, sheisinterestedinage-relateddifferencesinphonologicalandsemanticaspectsoflanguage production.Herlabcombinesbehavioural,neuropsychological,andneuroimagingmeasurestoexaminetherelationsbetweenage,cognition,andthebrain.Shehasalsoinvestigatedcontributionsoftherighthemispheretolanguagebystudying figurativelanguage, discourse,andnovelty.Finally,sheworkedontheBiomedicalInformaticsResearch Networkfocusingonbestpracticesinneuroimagingandmulti-siteresearch.
PaolaE.Dussias isProfessorofSpanish,Linguistics,andPsychologyatPennsylvaniaState University.Theresearchthatsheandherstudentsconductemploysmethodologicaltools fromlinguistics,experimentalpsycholinguistics,andcognitiveneurosciencetoexaminethe wayinwhichbilingualreadersandspeakersnegotiatethepresenceoftwolanguagesina singlemind.Theyalsoexaminethevariablesthatincurprocessingcostsduringthe comprehensionandproductionofcode-switchedlanguage.Theirwork,supportedby grantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundationandtheNationalInstitutesofHealth,has shownthatthenativelanguageisopentoinfluencefromthesecondlanguage,andthatnot allcode-switchesincurprocessingcosts.
CristinaFlores isAssociateProfessorofGermanLinguisticsintheDepartmentofGerman andSlavicStudiesattheUniversityofMinho/Portugal.Herresearchfocusesonbilingual languagedevelopment,especiallyonheritagelanguageacquisitionandonlanguageattritioninreturnees.ShehascoordinatedseveralprojectsonPortuguese–Germanbilingualism. SheisanintegratedresearcherattheCenterforHumanisticStudiesoftheUniversityof Minho,ofwhichsheisalsovice-director.
FrédériqueGayraud isProfessorofPsycholinguisticsatLyonUniversity.Hermain researchinterestsincludeearlylanguageacquisitionandlanguagedeclineinAlzheimer’ s diseaseinalifespanperspective.Morespeci fically,thegoalistocompareacquisitionand desacquisitionprocessesinordertotesttheretrogenesishypothesisaccordingtowhich degenerativemechanismreversetheorderofacquisitioninnormaldevelopment.Another researchinterestfocusesonbilingualisminnormalandpathologicalageing.
FredGenesee isProfessorEmeritusinPsychology,McGillUniversity.Hehasconducted extensiveresearchonalternativeformsofbilingual/immersioneducationforlanguage minorityandmajoritystudents,theacademicdevelopmentofat-riskstudentsinbilingual programmes,languageacquisitionintypically-developingandat-riskpre-schoolbilingual children,andinternationallyadoptedchildren.Hehaspublishednumerousarticlesin
scientificjournalsandmagazinesandhasauthoredsixteenbooksonbilingualism.Heisthe recipientoftheCanadianPsychologyAssociationGoldMedalAward,PaulPimslerAward forResearchinForeignLanguageEducation,andtheCanadianPsychologicalAssociation AwardforDistinguishedContributionstoCommunityorPublicService.
AyşeGürel holdsaPhDinLinguisticsfromMcGillUniversity.Sheisafullprofessoratthe DepartmentofForeignLanguageEducationofBoğaziçiUniversity.Herresearchinterests include firstlanguageattritionandsecondlanguageacquisitionofmorpho-syntactic featuresaswellasneurolinguisticandpsycholinguisticaspectsofbilingualism.Shehas publicationsininternationaljournalsandbooksinher fieldsofinterestandshehasbeen servingintheeditorialboardsof SecondLanguageResearch and LinguisticApproachesto Bilingualism.Amonghercurrentworkisaneditedvolumeon SecondLanguageAcquisition ofTurkish publishedbyJohnBenjamins.
EveHigby isapostdoctoralresearcherinPsychologyattheUniversityofCalifornia, Riverside.ShereceivedherPhDinSpeech-Language-HearingSciencesfromtheCity UniversityofNewYorkGraduateCenter.Herresearchfocusesoncross-linguisticinfluencesinbilingualism,cognitivecontributionstolanguageprocessing,andbrain-behaviour relationshipsinbilingualismandageing.
ScottJarvis isProfessorandChairoftheDepartmentofLinguisticsattheUniversityof Utah.Hisresearchconcentrationsincludecross-linguisticinfluenceandlexicaldiversity. Intheformerdomain,hehasdevelopedframeworksforexploringconceptualtransferand confirmingcross-linguisticinfluenceincaseswhereitisdifficulttodetectorisconfounded bycompetingvariables.Inthedomainoflexicaldiversity,hehasconcentratedondevelopingamultidimensionalconstructdefinitionofthisphenomenonandanaccompanying setofmeasuresthataccountforhowlexicaldiversityisperceivedandhowitcontributesto thequalityofbothspokenandwrittenlanguage.
MichaelJohns isaPhDstudentinSpanishandLanguageScienceatPennStateUniversity. Hisresearchfocusesontheintegrationofpsycholinguisticmethodologies,suchaseyetrackingandpupillometry,withinsightsfromsociolinguisticdataandbilingualcorporato investigatetheprocessingofcode-switchedspeech.Acentralthemetohisresearchisthe roleofinputandusageinshapingtheprocessingsystem,andtheinteractionbetween external,socialfactors,andinternal,cognitivefactors.
JandeJong isAssociateProfessorattheDepartmentofBiologicalandMedicalPsychology oftheUniversityofBergen(Norway).PreviouslyheworkedattheUniversityofAmsterdam whereheisstillaguestresearcher.Hispastresearchhasaddressedgrammaticalsymptoms oflanguageimpairmentinDutch,linguisticprecursorsofdyslexiaand,mostrecently, languageimpairmentinabilingualcontext.HewasViceChairofCOSTActionIS ‘Languageimpairmentinamultilingualsociety’ and,togetherwithSharonArmon-Lotem andNataliaMeir,edited AssessingMultilingualChildren (),avolumethatsummarizes thediagnostictoolscreatedintheAction.
Sun-AhJun receivedherPhDinLinguisticsfromOhioStateUniversityandisProfessor attheDepartmentofLinguisticsattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA).Her researchfocusesonintonationalphonology,prosodictypology,theinterfacebetween prosodyandthevarioussubareasoflinguistics,andlanguageacquisition.Shehaspublished thebook, ThePhoneticsandPhonologyofKoreanProsody:IntonationalPhonologyand ProsodicStructure (Garland )andeditedtwovolumesof ProsodicTypology:The PhonologyofIntonationandPhrasing (OxfordUniversityPress, & ).
TuğbaKarayayla obtainedherPhDinAppliedLinguisticsin fromtheUniversityof Essex.HerthesisisonstructuralandlexicaldevelopmentofTurkishspokenasan immigrantandaheritagelanguageintheUK,investigatingattritionofTurkishandits developmentasaheritagelanguage.Herresearchareasmainlyincludelanguageacquisition,languageattrition,bi-andmultilingualism,andheritagelanguagedevelopment.Sheis workingasalecturerattheDepartmentofEnglishLanguageandLiterature,Yıldırım BeyazıtUniversity,Ankara.
KristinaKasparian isaresearchassociateatMcGillUniversity(Montreal,Canada)where shestudiestheneurocognitionoflanguageandmultilingualism.HerPhDresearchused event-related-potentialstoexamine firstlanguageattritioninItaliannative-speakersliving inCanada,comparedtoItaliansecond-languagelearners.Kristinaisespeciallyinterested inthefactorsthatmodulatenative-likelanguageprocessing,incross-linguisticinfluencein differentpopulationsofmultilinguals,andtheparallelsthatcanbedrawnbetweenL attrition,L learning,andL attrition.Kristinahasalsoworkedonthelinguisticand sociolinguisticdevelopmentofinternationallyadoptedchildrenandoncross-linguistic influencesatplayinadultbilinguals’ readingprocesses.
MerelKeijzer isanassociateprofessorofAppliedLinguisticsattheUniversityofGroningen,whereshealsoholdsapositionasRosalindFranklinResearchFellow.Shewasthe presidentoftheDutchassociationofAppliedLinguisticsandiscurrentlythevice-president oftheYoungAcademyGroningenandamemberoftheYoungAcademy(JongeAkademie) oftheRoyalDutchAcademyofArtsandSciences,whereshechairstheinterdisciplinarity workinggroup.Inherworkonbilingualismacrossthelifespan,too,sheadoptsaninterdisciplinarityframework.Focusingontheeffectsoflong-termandshort-termbilingualexperiencesinolderadulthood,theresearch fieldssheactivelytriestobringtogetherarelinguistics, cognitivescienceandpsychology,neuroscience,andgeriatrics.Aspartofthedynamicsof bilingualismresearch,sheisalsoactiveinlanguageattritionresearchandwroteseveral papersandcontributedtoandeditedvariousvolumesonthetopic.Herworkhasreceived fundingfromtheNetherlandsOrganisationforScientificResearch(NWO).
TerryKit-fongAu obtainedherPhDinPsychologyfromStanfordUniversity.Shewas AssociateProfessoratBrownUniversityandProfessoratUCLA,andiscurrentlyChair ProfessorofPsychologyandholdstheKarenLoEugeneChuangProfessorshipinDiversity andEquityattheUniversityofHongKong.ProfessorAuisanelectedFellowofthe AssociationofPsychologicalScienceandhasservedasAssociateEditorofthejournal
DevelopmentalPsychology,andresearchgrantpanelmemberforNIMH,NIH,andthe ResearchGrantsCouncilofHongKong.
DeniseKlein isDirectoroftheCentreforResearchonBrain,LanguageandMusic,and AssociateProfessorinNeurologyandNeurosurgery,McGillUniversity.Shehasbeeninthe CognitiveNeuroscienceUnitattheMontrealNeurologicalInstitutesince whereshe didherpostdoctoralfellowshipunderBrendaMilneraftercompletingherPhDatthe UniversityofWitwatersrandinSouthAfrica.Denise ’searlyworkpioneeredtheuseof brainimagingforthestudyofbilingualismandprovidedaspringboardforcurrentdebates aboutbilingualbrainorganization.Hercurrentworkfocuseson findingbehaviouraland neuralbiomarkersthatpredictlanguage-learningsuccessanddifficulty.
BarbaraKöpke isProfessorofNeuropsycholinguisticsattheUniversityofToulouse and headoftheOctogone-LordatLaboratory.Herresearchinvolvesneuro-andpsycholinguisticaspectsoflanguageprocessinginbilingualsubjectswithspecificattentionto ‘extreme’ situationssuchasL attrition,simultaneousinterpreting,andaphasia.Herworkhas appearedinjournalssuchas LinguisticApproachestoBilingualism and International JournalofBilingualism,andsheistheeditorofaspecialissueof JournalofNeurolinguistics on firstlanguageattrition.
MartaKorytkowska iscurrentlyadoctoralstudentintheSpeech-Language-Hearing SciencesdepartmentatCUNYGraduateCenter.SheisapractisingSpeech-Language Pathologistintheacutecaresettingwithexperienceinacuterehabilitation,outpatient, andhomecaresettings.Hermainareasofresearchinterestincludetreatmentapproaches inbilingualpopulationswithlanguagedisorders,bilingualaphasia,andtheinfluenceof cognitioninrecoveryfromaphasia.
JudithF.Kroll isDistinguishedProfessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,Riversideandthe formerdirectoroftheCenterforLanguageScienceatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Her researchusesthetoolsofcognitiveneurosciencetounderstandhowbilingualsjugglethe presenceoftwolanguagesinonemindandbrain.Herwork,supportedbyNSFandNIH, showsthatbilingualismprovidesalensforrevealingtheinterplaybetweenlanguageand cognitionthatisotherwiseobscureinspeakersofonelanguagealone.
TanjaKupisch isFullProfessorattheDepartmentofLinguistics,UniversityofKonstanz andProfessorIIatUiTTheArcticUniversityofNorway.ShegotherPhDfromthe UniversityofHamburgin .Shehasworkedasaresearcherandteacheratthe universitiesofCalgary,McGill,Hamburg,Lund,Konstanz,andTromsø,specializingin first,secondandthirdlanguageacquisition,heritagebilingualism,bilectalacquisition,and languageattrition,includingchildandadultlearners.Herworkfocusesonphenomena suchasnominalsyntaxandforeignaccent,includingthelanguagesFrench,Italian,English, German,Turkish,andRussian.
JeniferLarson-Hall isAssociateProfessorofAppliedLinguisticsatKitakyushuUniversity, Japan.Herinterestinattritionstemsfromtheeffectsthatagehasonthelossofalanguage aswellastheacquisitionofit.Sheundertookattritionresearchasaquixoticwaytodiscover
theidealageatwhichayoungpersonmightbe ‘dipped’ forseveralyearsintoadifferent languageandemergeassomethingclosetoabalancedbilingual.Afterraisingfourofher ownbilingualsshenowseesthatlearningalanguageisamuchbiggerandlongerproject thanshehadevenimagined.
RichardM.Lee,PhDistheDistinguishedMcKnightUniversityProfessorintheDepartmentofPsychologyattheUniversityofMinnesota,TwinCitiesCampus.Hisresearch focusesonthepsychologicalaspectsofculture,race,andethnicityanditsroleinthe development,well-being,andmentalhealthofracialandethnicminorityyouthand families.Since ,hehasbeenstudyingthetransnationalandtransracialexperiences offamiliesandchildrenwhowereadoptedinternationallyfromSouthKorea.
EstherdeLeeuw obtainedherPhDinSpeechandHearingSciencesin fromQueen MargaretUniversity,Edinburgh.ThetitleofherPhDthesiswas ‘Whenyournative languagesoundsforeign:Aphoneticinvestigationinto firstlanguageattrition’.Shehas sinceheldpositionsattheCentreforResearchonBilingualismatBangorUniversity, Wales,andattheBBCPronunciationUnit,inLondon,UK.Shehasalsospentresearch sabbaticalsattheLifespanCognitionandDevelopmentLabatYorkUniversity,Canada, andattheInstituteforPhoneticsandSpeechProcessingattheLMUMunich,Germany. SheisnowSeniorLecturerandDirectorofthePhoneticsLaboratoryatQueenMary UniversityofLondon,andAssociateEditorforthejournal SecondLanguageResearch.She haspublishedwidelyonphoneticandphonologicaldimensionsof firstlanguageattrition, aswellasonspeechandbilingualismmoregenerally.
LaurentLefebvre hasacquiredanexpertiseinthestudyoflanguageandexecutive functioningdeficitsencounteredbypatientswithneurodegenerativediseases(Alzheimer’ s disease,PrimaryProgressiveAphasia,VascularDementia).Heisattheheadofthe UMONSdepartmentofCognitivePsychologyandNeuropsychologysince .Hecreated someneuropsychologicaltests(e.g.GREMOTS,DTLA)andcognitiveinterventions (e.g.Logaatome)speci ficallydedicatedforagedpatientswithcognitivedeficits.Laurent Lefebvreisamemberofseveralscientificandpatients’ groupscommitteesinneuropsychologyanddementia.HeisFullProfessorattheUniversityofMonsandDeanofthe FacultyofPsychologyandEducation.
AvivaLerman iscurrentlyadoctoralstudentintheSpeech-Language-HearingSciences departmentatCUNYGraduateCenter.Sheisaquali fiedSLPandholdsaMaster’sdegree specializinginbilingualismandbiculturalism.Herresearchfocusesonbilingualism, aphasia,healthyageing,anddementia.
JaredA.Linck holdsaPhDinCognitivePsychologyfromThePennsylvaniaState University.HeisaResearchScientistattheUniversityofMarylandCenterforAdvanced StudyofLanguage(CASL),whereheconductsbasicandappliedresearchtoimprove foreignlanguagecapabilities.DrLinck’sresearchinterestsincludethepsycholinguisticsof multilinguallanguageprocessing,secondlanguageacquisition,individualdifferencesin learningprocessesandoutcomes,andtheimpactofbothtechnologyuse(e.g.,webapps,
virtualreality)andthecontextoflearning(e.g.,immersion,online,self-study)onsecond languagelearningoutcomes.
BrianMacWhinney isProfessorofPsychology,ComputationalLinguistics,andModern LanguagesatCarnegieMellonUniversity.HisUnifiedCompetitionModelanalyses first andsecondlanguagelearningasaspectsofasinglebasicsystem.Hehasdevelopedaseries ofthirteenTalkBankopenaccessonlinedatabasesforthestudyoflanguagelearning, multilingualism,andlanguagedisorders.Hisresearchtopicsincludemethodsforonline learningofsecondlanguagevocabularyandgrammar,neuralnetworkmodellingof lexicaldevelopment,fMRIstudiesofchildrenwithfocalbrainlesions,ERPstudiesof between-languagecompetition,andtheroleofembodiedperspectivalimageryinsentence processing.
TarynMalcolm iscurrentlyadoctoralstudentandmemberofLoraineObler’sNeurolinguisticslabintheSpeech-Language-HearingScienceDepartmentatTheGraduateCenter, CUNY.Shehaspractisedasaspeech-languagepathologistinacuteandsub-acuterehabilitationwithafocusonneurogenicdisordersandrespiratory/voicedisorders.Hermainareas ofresearchinterestincludebilingualism,bilingualaphasia,andneurologicalprocesses underlyingacquiredlanguagedisorders.Sheiscurrentlyworkingonaresearchproject investigatingcross-linguisticinfluenceinspeakersofJamaicanCreolefollowingimmersion intheenvironmentoftheirsecondlanguage,English.
JudithMcLaughlin receivedherPhDinPsychologyattheUniversityofWashington.After receivingherdegree,DrMcLaughlinservedasaResearchScientistintheCognitive NeuroscienceofLanguagelabattheUniversityofWashingtonfornearlytwodecades. Amonghernumerouscontributionsisthe findingthatforeign-languagelearners’ brain activitydiscriminatesbetweenforeignlanguagewordsand ‘pseudowords’ afterjustfourteenhoursofforeigninstruction,eventhoughthelearnerswereatchancewhenmaking consciousword/non-wordjudgementsaboutthesestimuli.SheiscurrentlyaLecturerin theDepartmentofPsychologyattheUniversityofWashington.
TeodoraH.Mehotcheva earnedadoublePhDinAppliedLinguisticsfromPompeuFabra University,Barcelona,Spain,andUniversityofGroningen,Groningen,theNetherlands. SheisanAssistantProfessorofSecondLanguageStudiesatNewBulgarianUniversity, Sofia,Bulgaria.Herresearchinterestsincludesecondandforeignlanguageattrition,and foreignlanguageacquisitionandteachingofEnglish.
SilvinaMontrul isProfessorandformerHeadoftheDepartmentofSpanishandPortugueseandProfessorintheDepartmentofLinguisticsattheUniversityofIllinoisat Urbana-Champaign.Herresearchfocusesonlinguisticandpsycholinguisticapproaches tosecondlanguageacquisitionandbilingualism,withparticularemphasisonheritage speakers.Sheisco-editorof SecondLanguageResearch andauthorof TheAcquisitionof Spanish (Benjamins, ), IncompleteAcquisitioninBilingualism (Benjamins, ), El bilingüismoenelmundohispanohablante (BilingualismintheSpanish-speakingworld)
(Wiley-Blackwell, ),and HeritageLanguageAcquisition (CambridgeUniversityPress, ),inadditiontooverahundredpeerreviewedarticlesandchapters.
KleopatraMytara (MA,UniversityofStrasbourg)isaPhDstudentattheUniversityof Toulouse ,FranceandamemberoftheInterdisciplinaryResearchUnitOctogone-Lordat (EA ).Herresearchinterestsincludesecondandforeignlanguageattrition,secondand foreignlanguageacquisitionandteaching,particularlyFrenchasaforeignlanguage,aswell asmultilingualismandlanguagecontrol.
LoraineK.Obler isDistinguishedProfessorattheCUNYGraduateCenterintheprogrammesofSpeech-Language-HearingSciencesandLinguistics.Her firstbook,which openedupthe fieldofneurolinguisticsofbilingualism,was TheBilingualBrain:NeuropsychologicalandNeurolinguisticApproachestoBilingualism (withM.Albert).Morerecently shehaspublishedarticlesandbooksonbilingualaphasiaandcross-languagestudyof aphasia.Aspartofherbodyofworkonthelanguagechangesassociatedwithageing,sheis nowworkingonL learninginolderadults.
JanetS.Oh receivedherPhDinPsychologyfromUCLA.SheisProfessorofPsychologyand SeniorDirectorofInstitutionalResearchatCaliforniaStateUniversity,Northridge.DrOh’ s workfocusesontheexperiencesanddevelopmentofchildrenwhocomefromlinguistic minoritybackgrounds,includingthedevelopmentofchildrenwhoareexposedtomorethan onelanguage,aswellasadultswhoare(re)acquiringtheirheritagelanguage.Hercurrent researchfocusesonthedevelopmentofathree-languageimmersionmodelforpreschoolers.
ConnyOpitz isLecturerinGermanStudiesatCardiffUniversityandholdsaPhDfrom TrinityCollegeDublin,whereshetaughtRussian,Linguistics,andTranslation.Hermain researchinterestconcernsthemultilingualdevelopmentofvariedpopulationsofadult learnersandusersfromtheperspectiveofComplexDynamicSystemsTheory.Herpublicationsincludeaco-editedspecialissueofthe InternationalJournalofBilingualism entitled ‘Dynamicsof firstlanguageattritionacrossthelifespan’ (,withE.deLeeuw andD.Lubińska)andacontributiontothevolume ComplexityTheoryandLanguage Development:InCelebrationofDianeLarsen-Freeman (,eds.L.OrtegaandZ.Han).
LeeOsterhout receivedhisPhDinPsychologyfromTuftsUniversity.DrOsterhoutuses electrophysiologicalmethodstostudylanguagecomprehensioninnativespeakersandin foreign-languagelearners.Hisresearchwithnativespeakersindicatedthatsemanticand syntacticanomalieselicitdistinctandindependentbrainresponses.Healsoconducted someoftheearliestworkdemonstratingchangesinbrainactivitythatoccurduring foreign-languagelearning.HeisaProfessorinthedepartmentsofPsychologyandLinguisticstheUniversityofWashington,andamemberoftheuniversity’sGraduateProgram inNeuroscience.
DiegoPascualyCabo isAssistantProfessorofHispanicLinguisticsandDirectorofthe SpanishHeritageLanguageProgramattheUniversityofFlorida.Hisprimaryresearch interestisheritagespeakerbilingualism.Overthepastfewyears,hisworkonthistopichas
appearedinseveralscholarlyjournalssuchas AppliedLinguistics, LinguisticApproachesto Bilingualism, HeritageLanguageJournal,and InternationalReviewofAppliedLinguistics, amongothers.
SilviaPerez-Cortes isAssistantProfessorofSpanishatRutgersUniversity,Camden.She holdsaPhDinBilingualismandSLAfromRutgersUniversity,NewBrunswick,andMAin HispanicLinguisticsfromtheUniversityofMassachusetts-Amherst()andaBachelor ofArtsinSpanishPhilologyfromtheUniversityofBarcelona().Herresearch interestslieintheareasofbilinguallanguageacquisitioninlanguagecontactsituations. Sheisparticularlyinterestedinanalysingthegrammaticaldevelopmentofheritagepopulations(bothchildrenandadults)withtheobjectiveofexploringhowsyntaxandthe lexiconareaccessedandrepresentedinthebilingualmind.
LaraJ.Pierce isapostdoctoralresearchfellowatHarvardMedicalSchool/BostonChildren’sHospital.ShereceivedherPhDinPsychologyfromMcGillUniversity.Herresearch centresontheeffectsofearlyexperienceondevelopment.Inparticular,howdeviationfrom ‘typical’ earlyexperiences(e.g.,variationintheearlylanguageenvironment,exposureto earlystress/adversity)influencethedevelopingbrain,andtheextenttowhichthenature andtimingofearlyexperienceshavealastingeffectonthebrainandbehaviour. ShehasreceivedawardsfromtheCanadianPsychologicalAssociation,NSERC,Centre forResearchonBrain,Language,andMusic,andMcGillUniversity.
IlonaPitkanen receivedherPhDinPsychologyattheUniversityofWashington.Sheis currentlyontheteachingfacultyintheDepartmentofPsychologyatBellevueCollegein Bellevue,WA.
MariaPolinsky isProfessorofLinguisticsattheUniversityofMaryland.
YaninaPrystauka receivedaBAinTranslationStudiesfromBelarusianStateUniversity (Minsk,Belarus)in andanMSinCognitiveSciencefromtheUniversityofTrento (Rovereto,Italy)in .SheiscurrentlyaPhDstudentintheLanguageandCognition programmeattheUniversityofConnecticut.Herresearchinterestsincludesentence processing,eventcomprehension,andbilingualism.
MichaelT.Putnam isAssociateProfessorofGermanandLinguisticsatPennState University.Hehaspublishedwidelyontopicsrelatedtomorpho-syntax,syntax,andthe syntax–semanticinterfaceinlanguageattritioncontexts.HehasextensiveresearchexperiencewithmoribundvarietiesofGerman(i.e.,Sprachinseln)spokenthroughouttheworld, andisinterestedintherolethatcognitiveageingplaysinlanguageattritioninthese speakers.Heisbroadlyinterestedinhowbi-andmultilingualismimpactsandenriches ourunderstandingofthecognitivearchitectureunderlyingthelanguagefaculty.
ClaudiaMariaRiehl isProfessorforGermanLinguisticsandGermanasaForeignLanguage. SheischairoftheInstituteofGermanasaForeignLanguageanddirectoroftheInternationalResearchUnitofMultilingualism(IFM)attheLudwig-Maximilians-Universität
München.Herresearchinterestsaresociolinguisticandcognitiveaspectsofmultilingualism, languagecontact,minoritylanguagesandlanguagepolicy,multiliteracy,andsecondlanguage teaching.ProfessorRiehlistheauthorofmanytitles,amongthemtheGerman-speaking introductionintolanguagecontactresearch, Sprachkontaktforschung.EineEinführung (rd edn,Narr, ).
EleonoraRossi’ s primaryresearchinterestfocusesonlanguageprocessingandbilingualism.ShegotherMAinSpeechPathologyattheUniversityofPadua(Italy)withathesison twocasestudiesofbilingualaphasia.ShefollowedthislineofworkwithherPhDin LinguisticsattheUniversityofGroningen(TheNetherlands),inwhichsheinvestigated primingeffectsandlanguageproductioninagrammaticaphasicspeakers.HerpostdoctoralworktookhertoPennState(US)wheresheworkedwithJudithKrollandGiuli Dussiasontheneurocognitionofbilingualism.HerrecentworkhasutilizedEvent-Related Potentials(ERPs),functionalandstructuralmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)datato unveiltheneuralbasesofbilinguallanguagecontrol,code-switching,and firstlanguage attrition.DrRossiiscurrentlyAssistantProfessorintheLinguisticsDepartmentatthe UniversityofFlorida,andResearchAssociateatUCRiverside.
JasonRothman isProfessorofLinguisticsatUiTtheArcticUniversityofNorway.Healso hasafractionalresearchappointmentattheUniversidadNebrijainMadrid.Heisthe ExecutiveEditorofthejournal LinguisticApproachestoBilingualism (LAB)aswellas Editorofthebookseries ‘StudiesinBilingualism’ (SiBIL).Rothman’sresearchfocuseson languageacquisitionandprocessinginchildrenandadultsinadditiontotheinterfacebetween domaingeneralcognitionandlanguage.Someofhisrecentresearchhasappearedin Bilingualism:LanguageandCognition, JournalofExperimentalPsychology:Learning,Memoryand Cognition, StudiesinSecondLanguageAcquisition,ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademiaof Science(PNAS),Language,CognitionandNeuroscience,and FrontiersinPsychology.
LilianaSánchez isProfessorofSpanishatRutgers,TheStateUniversityofNewJersey.She haspublished BilingualismintheSpanish-speakingWorld withJenniferAustinandMaria Blume(CambridgeUniversityPress, ), TheMorphologyandSyntaxofTopicandFocus: MinimalistInquiriesintheQuechuaPeriphery (JohnBenjamins, ),and QuechuaSpanishBilingualism:InterferenceandConvergenceinFunctionalCategories (JohnBenjamins, )aswellasarticlesinjournalssuchas LinguisticApproachestoBilingualism, Bilingualism: LanguageandCognition, Lingua, InternationalJournalofBilingualism, Probus, StudiesinSecond LanguageAcquisition,amongothers.Shehasalsoco-editedthevolumes InformationStructure inIndigenousLanguagesoftheAmericas ()and RomanceLinguistics ().Sheisa co-founderofthePhDPrograminBilingualismandSecondLanguageAcquisitionatRutgers. MonikaS.Schmid isProfessorofLinguisticsattheUniversityofEssex,havingpreviously heldpositionsattheVrijeUniversiteitAmsterdamandtheRijksuniversiteitGroningen. Herresearchfocusesonvariousaspectsof firstlanguageattritionandhasbeenpublished injournalssuchas Bilingualism:LanguageandCognition and AppliedPsycholinguistics. Sheistheauthorofseveralbooksincluding LanguageAttrition (CUP, )and First
