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Dedication
The Oxford Handbook of Catholic Theology
Edited
by
Lewis Ayres
and Medi Ann
Volpe
Print Publication Date: Mar 2019 Subject: Religion Online Publication Date: May 2015
(p. v) Dedication in piam memoriam
Fr William Harmless SJ 1953–2014
Fr Edward Oakes SJ 1948–2013 (p. vi)
Preface and Acknowledgements
Preface and Acknowledgements
The Oxford Handbook of Catholic Theology
Edited by Lewis Ayres and Medi Ann Volpe
Print Publication Date: Mar 2019 Subject: Religion Online Publication Date: May 2015
(p. vii)
Preface and Acknowledgements
THEpurpose of this Handbook is to provide a readable and dependable guide to the content of Catholic theology, and to introduce the different schools and debates of modern Catholic theology against the broader background of Catholic tradition. Two main parts provide a basic structure.
The first focuses on Catholic doctrine. One potential contributor remarked that the volume seemed unnecessary because of the existence of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. But the volume seeks no competition with the Catechism, and there are good reasons why such a supplement may help. The Catechism offers, of course, a concise and authoritative statement of Catholic belief. While the discussions in the first half of this volume certainly attempt to be concise and to describe as Catholic teaching accurately, our authors also attempt to offer personal visions of the particular themes they consider. The authors write from particular theological perspectives to articulate the coherence and power of particular aspects of Catholic teaching. Thus, while each chapter is the responsibility of its author, and the whole carries no ecclesial authority, our ideal contribution is one that combines faithful exposition and exploration. Exploration here is a thinking with Church teaching, a meditating upon that teaching, drawing it into conversation with particular intellectual resources and particular questions. It involves bringing themes alive by showing their power to address the questions of our time, and shows how the approaches of particular theological schools can deepen and make new traditional teachings. It means also drawing our attention to what is at the heart of teaching in a particular area of theology and noting where questions remain matters of personal opinion and debate. Exploration involves careful attention to Scripture, to the resources of the Christian tradition—both to the particular tradition of defined magisterial teaching and to the ‘cloud of witnesses’ that constitute the conversation of tradition—and exploration at its best stems from the rootedness of a theologian in particular schools and debates. Thus, the reader should, through these chapters, find something of a model for good theological debate.
Preface and Acknowledgements
The second main part of the volume focuses on movements, key figures, and developments in modern Catholic theology, which is taken here to commence in the decade that saw the First Vatican Council of 1869–70 and Leo XIII’s Aeterni Patris of 1879 (this decision is, of course, contestable in many ways). It, is however, an intellectual and (p. viii) theological mistake not to place these developments within the wider stream of Catholic theology. Catholic thought cannot be easily sliced into distinct eras as if the voices of an earlier era could not now remain living voices. Catholic thought is marked by a repeated turn to the sources of the faith and a repeated insistence that St Thomas Aquinas remains a key resource and model for the Latin tradition. And so, this second part of the volume begins with a series of chapters on the sources of Catholic theology up to 1870. Hard choices had to be made for the sake of space and a different selection of figures and movements would, of course, have been quite defensible.
Observing the structure of the second half of the volume provides an excellent opportunity to note also the significance of St Thomas Aquinas throughout. Thomas’s importance within Latin theology has waxed and waned since his death in 1275. His star burned particularly bright in the nineteenth century and led Pope Leo XIII, in his 1869 encyclical Aeterni Patris, to demand Thomas’s teaching for the indispensable foundation for Catholic philosophy and theology. Since the Second Vatican Council that status has become a little less clear. Thomas is certainly still recommended to us as a particularly significant model of theological reflection, but theologians now write in a context where a multitude of (faithful) styles are possible. And yet, the past two decades have seen Thomas’s fortunes wax yet again, and for a number of the contributors to this volume, Thomas continues to provide the indispensable foundation for Latin Catholic theology. The complex story of Thomas’s place in Catholic thought is told through a number of essays: Chapter31concerns Thomas himself and the reception of Thomas until 1879. Chapters38and39continue that story by focusing on different stages in the reception of Thomas up to the present. Chapter41concerns those known as ‘transcendental Thomists’.
It is important to note one significant limitation of this volume. The Catholic communion is broad and not restricted to members of the Latin rite. Millions of Catholic Christians belong to the various non-Latin rites of the Church. The theological tradition that is our focus here is, however, that of the Latin rite. Now, the differences should not be overplayed. All Catholic Christians owe a common debt to the same Scriptural and Patristic sources, all are part of the same one body in communion with Peter’s successor, and all share common creeds and a common tradition of conciliar and papal teaching. And yet there are differences of emphasis. Catholic theologians do well to remember the various significant interventions at Vatican II by the Melkite Patriarch Maximos IV Sayegh ‘of Antioch and All the East …’, reminding the council fathers that Catholic theology is not coterminous with Latin theology. Given this restriction, we hope that the volume will be useful to a wide variety of students of Catholic theology, from undergraduates and postgraduates in colleges and universities, to seminarians, to those training for the permanent diaconate.
Preface and Acknowledgements
This Handbook has been a decade in production. We conceived the idea while teaching at Emory and its long gestation period occurred in Durham. A transatlantic move with three children and the birth of a fourth have certainly added to the delay, as have all the usual pressures of academic life. A number of the original contributors had to drop out for the usual range of reasons—and in this case one was ordained (p. ix) to the episcopate and one appointed to the College of Cardinals. Two of the original contributors—Fr Edward Oakes and Fr William Harmless SJ— fine theologians (and friends) both, died before it appeared. Bill Harmless’s chapter is included, but Ed Oakes was unable to complete his. The volume is dedicated to their memory. For bearing with us during this time, we are profoundly grateful to our contributors and advisors. Oxford University Press has been a pleasure to work with throughout, and ever patient.
A number of contributors served as an informal editorial board providing suggestions for contributors and subjects to include: these were Fr Serge-Thomas Bonino OP, Abp. Augustine DiNoia OP, Professor Francesca Murphy, and Fr Thomas Weinandy OFM Cap. The editors thank these four for their help and ask that readers do not hold them responsible for our final decisions and for the final chapters that resulted.
14 October 2018
On the canonization of St Oscar Romero and St Paul VI (p. x)
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
The Oxford Handbook of Catholic Theology
Edited by Lewis Ayres and Medi Ann Volpe
Print Publication Date: Mar 2019 Subject: Religion Online Publication Date: May 2015
(p. xvii)
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
CCC Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catechism is published throughout the world by many local publishers and the whole text is also available online at <http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM>
DH Heinrich Denzinger (2012). Enchiridion Symbolorum Definitionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fide et Morum, P. Hünermann et al. (eds), 43rd edn (San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press).
GIRM General Instruction of the Roman Missal. The text is available online at <http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/ rc_con_ccdds_doc_20030317_ordinamento-messale_en.html>. A pdf of the English translation is available online at <https://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/ Resources/GIRM/Documents/GIRM.pdf
Tanner Norman Tanner SJ (ed.) (1990). Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 2 vols (London/Washington, DC: Sheed & Ward/Georgetown University Press).
Works of St Thomas Aquinas
There are a number of excellent online resources for the student of Thomas Aquinas. For texts in English and for the Latin originals see the following websites:
<https://dhspriory.org/thomas/> (a site that provides links to many translations and Latin texts, sometimes older translations than those recommended here).
<https://aquinas-in-english.neocities.org/#titleabbrev> (a site that provides an up-todate list of translations of the works of Thomas Aquinas in English).
<http://www.corpusthomisticum.org> (a site that provides details on the various Latin editions).
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
The following list provides details of abbreviations for titles (where used), and details of the translations used in this volume.
Comp. Thomas Aquinas (2009). Compendium of Theology, trans. Richard J. Regan (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
De anima St Thomas Aquinas OP (1984), Questions on the Soul [Quaestiones de Anima], trans James H. Robb (Milwaukee WI: Marquette University Press).
(p. xviii) De articulis fidei et ecclesiae sacramentis
‘On the Articles of Faith and the Church’s Sacraments’, in J. B. Collins (trans.) (1939). The Catechetical Instructions of St. Thomas pp. 119–131 (New York: Wagner).
De divin. nom. Harry C. Marsh (1994). ‘A Translation of Thomas Aquinas’s In Librum beati Dionysii de divinis nominibus expositio’, in H. C. Marsh, ‘Cosmic Structure and the Knowledge of God: Thomas Aquinas’ In Librum beati Dionysii de divinis nominibus expositio’ (pp. 265–549). PhD diss., Vanderbilt University.
De ente et essentia
St Thomas Aquinas (1968). On Being and Essence, trans. A. Maurer, 2nd edn (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies).
De pot. Thomas Aquinas (2012). The Power of God, trans. R. J. Regan (Oxford: Oxford University Press). This translation is also abridged. A full version available at <https://dhspriory.org/thomas/english/ QDdePotentia.htm>
De Regno Thomas Aquinas (1949). De Regno ad regem Cypri/On Kingship to the King of Cyprus, trans. G. B. Phelan, rev. I. Th. Eschman (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies).
De verit. Thomas Aquinas (1952). Truth, trans R. W. Mulligan, J. V. McGlynn, and R. W. Schmidt, 3 vols (Chicago, IL: Henry Regency).
In Ioan. Thomas Aquinas (2010). Commentary on the Gospel of John, trans. J. A. Weisheipl and F. R. Larcher, 3 vols (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press).
Metaphys. Thomas Aquinas (1995). Commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, rev. edn., trans. J. P. Rowan (South Bend, IN: Dumb Ox Press).
ST Summa Theologiae. In this volume the Summa is cited, for example, as follows: ST I, q. 1, a.1, where I designates the first part of ST, q. stands for ‘question’ and a. ‘article’. The best complete text with facing translation available in English is that produced under the auspices of the English-speaking provinces of the Dominican Order and published beginning in 1964. It is now available from Cambridge University Press. Not yet complete, but an important supplement is the translation by A. Freddoso, available online at <https://www3.nd.edu/~afreddos/summa-translation/TOC.htm> (last accessed 9 May 2018).
SCG Summa Contra Gentiles. A good translation is that published in five volumes in 1975 by the University of Notre Dame Press (Book One: God, trans. A. C. Pegis, Book Two: Creation, trans. J. F. Anderson, Book Three: Providence, Part I, trans. V. J. Bourke, Book Three: Providence, Part II, trans. C. J. O’Neil, Book Four: Salvation, trans. C. J. O’Neil).
Sent Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard. Not currently available in a complete translation. For details of what is available see <https://aquinas-in-english.neocities.org>.
(p. xix) Super Ep. ad Philpp.
Thomas Aquinas (2012). Commentary on the Letters of Saint Paul: Complete Set, vol. 4, J. Mortensen (ed.) (Lander, WY: The Aquinas Institute).
Conciliar Documents
All the conciliar documents referenced in the book can be found in Tanner (1990). The texts from the three most recent ecumenical councils used in a number of places throughout the Handbook are referred to as follows:
Council of Trent (1545–63)
The standard translation is that to be found in Tanner. A much older translation is available online only at <http://www.papalencyclicals.net/councils/trent.htm>. Only those documents that are referenced in this volume are listed here in the order in which they were issued:
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
On Scripture and Tradition 1546 (session 4). A decree setting out which books are canonical. Tanner 1990: 663–664
On the Acceptance of the Vulgate
1546 (session 4). A decree on the use of the Vulgate. Tanner 1990: 664–665.
On Original Sin 1546 (session 5). A decree setting out teaching on original sin. Tanner 1990: 665–667.
On Justification 1547 (session 6). A decree setting out Catholic teaching in response to the emergence of Protestant teachings on the theme. Tanner 1990: 671–681.
On the Sacraments 1547 (session 7). A decree emphasizing the dominical institution of the sacraments and emphasizing their centrality to the Christian life. Tanner 1990: 684–686.
On the Eucharist 1551 (session 13). A decree setting out Catholic teaching on the Eucharist. Tanner 1990: 693–698.
On Penance 1551 (session 14). A decree setting out the necessity of the sacrament of penance and setting out its appropriate practice. Tanner 1990: 703–709.
On Extreme Unction 1551 (session 14). A decree closely following that on penance, emphasizing extreme unction as the final event in the sacramental life. Tanner 1990: 710–713.
On Reform 1551 (session 14). A decree attempting to reform the Church, focusing on the roles of bishops and priests. Tanner 1990: 714–718.
On the Most Holy Sacrifice of the Mass 1562 (session 22). A decree focusing on the manner in which the Eucharist is to be understood as a sacrifice. Tanner 1990: 732–736.
(p. xx) On Reform 1562 (session 22). A decree advancing further reform, focusing on the ethical obligations of clergy, regulations for the ordering of cathedrals, and the legal and administrative duties of clergy. Tanner 1990: 737–741.
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
On the Sacrament of Order 1563 (session 23). A decree emphasizing the divine institution of a threefold structure to Holy Orders. Tanner 1990: 743–744.
On the Sacrament of Marriage 1563 (session 24). A brief account of marriage followed by a series of canons on marriage, and a separate series attempting to reform marriage practice, focusing on ‘secret’ and forced marriages. Tanner 1990: 753–759.
On Reform 1563 (session 24). A further decree suggesting patterns of reform encouraging appropriate structure of provincial and diocesan governance, including the importance of bishops preaching, visiting, as well as further regulation of cathedral life and practice. Tanner 1990: 759–773.
On Purgatory 1563 (session 25). A short decree insisting on the existence of purgatory. Tanner 1990: 774.
On General Reform 1563 (session 25). A further decree on the reform of the Church, covering many topics, but including much on the role of bishops and the privileges and duties of lay patrons. Tanner 1990: 784–796.
Vatican I (1869–70)
Dei Filius 24 April 1870. Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith. This text concerns God as creator, the nature of revelation, and the relationship between faith and reason. Tanner 1990: 804–811.
Pastor aeternus 18 July 1870. First Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ. This text defines the role of the successors of Peter in the Church, concluding with a statement concerning the character of their infallible teaching authority. Tanner 1990: 811–816.
Vatican II (1962–5)
The standard translation for the documents of the Council remains Austin Flannery (ed.) (1996). Vatican Council II. The Conciliar and Post Conciliar Documents (Collegeville MN: Liturgical Press). The documents may also be found online at <http://www.vatican.va/ archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/index.htm> (p. xxi)
Latin title
English title
Sacrosanctum concilium (SC)
Lumen gentium (LG)
Dei verbum (DV)
Gaudium et spes (GS)
Gravissimum educationis (GE)
Nostra aetate (NA)
Dignitatis humanae (DH)
Inter mirifica (IM)
Orientalium Ecclesiarum (OE)
Unitatis redintegratio (UR)
Christus Dominus (CD)
Perfectae caritatis (PC)
Optatam totius (OT)
Date promulgated
The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy 4 December 1963
Dogmatic Constitution on the Church 21 November 1964
Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation 18 November 1965
Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World 7 December 1965
Declaration on Christian Education 28 October 1965
Declaration on the Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions
28 October 1965
Declaration on Religious Liberty 7 December 1965
Pastoral Instruction on the Means of Social Communication 4 December 1963
Decree on the Catholic Eastern Churches 21 November 1964
Decree on Ecumenism 21 November 1964
Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops in the Church 28 October 1965
Decree on the Up-to-date Renewal of Religious Life
28 October 1965
Decree on the Training of Priests 28 October 1965
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
Apostolicam actuositatem (AA)
Ad gentes divinitus (AG)
Presbyterium ordinis (PO)
Decree on the Apostolate of Laypeople
Decree on the Church’s Missionary Activity
Decree on the Ministry and Life of Priests
18 November 1965
7 December 1965
7 December 1965
(p. xxii) Papal Documents
These documents are listed in date order under the name of the issuing pontiff (only those documents cited in the volume are noted).
Eugene IV (1431–47)
Exultate
Deo
22 November 1439. A bull setting out the terms of union with the Armenians. The text contains an extended discussion of the sacraments, much of which is drawn from St Thomas Aquinas. Issued in conjunction with the work of the Council of Florence. Online at <https://w2.vatican.va/content/eugenius-iv/la/ documents/bulla-exultate-deo-22-nov-1439.html>. An English translation available at <https://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/FLORENCE.HTM>
Leo X (1513–21)
Exsurge Domine
15 June 1520. This papal bull censured forty-one propositions taken from Luther’s writings and threatened him with excommunication unless he recanted. Available at <http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo10/ l10exdom.htm>
Paul III (1534–49)
Laetare Jerusalem
1 November 1542. A bull calling what would become the Council of Trent.
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
Pius IV (1559–64)
Benedictus Deus
26 January 1564. This bull sanctioned all the decrees of the Council of Trent. Available at <https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ Canons_and_Decrees_of_the_Council_of_Trent/Second_Part/ Bull_of_our_most_Holy_Lord_Pius_Fourth>
Pius V (1566–72)
Mirabilis Deus
11 April 1567. This Apostolic Constitution proclaimed St Thomas Aquinas a ‘Doctor of the Church’.
Gregory XVI (1831–46)
Mirari vos
15 August 1832. This encyclical condemns early nineteenth-century claims that recognition of freedom of conscience and other liberal reforms of society could be approved by Catholics. Available at <http:// www.papalencyclicals.net/Greg16/g16mirar.htm>
(p. xxiii) Bl. Pius IX (1846–78)
Qui pluribus
Ineffabilis Deus
Quanta cura
9 November 1846. This encyclical emphasizes the mutual relationship of faith and reason, and opposes religious pluralism. Available at <http:// www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9quiplu.htm>
8 December 1854. An apostolic constitution defining the immaculate conception of Mary. Available at <http://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/ p9ineff.htm>
8 December 1864. This encyclical condemns the idea that individual freedom of conscience is a right, and it asserts the power of the Church against nineteenth-century attempts to exalt the power of the state. As an annex to the text the ‘Syllabus of Errors’ was issued, which condemned eighty propositions. Available at <http:// www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9quanta.htm> (the encyclical) and <http://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius09/p9syll.htm> (the syllabus).
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
Leo XIII (1878–1903)
Quod apostolici muneris
Diuturnum Illud
28 December 1878. This encyclical opposes socialism, communism, and nihilism. The socialism that it opposes is one that seeks to take into common ownership that which has been legitimately owned by private individuals. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/ encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_28121878_quod-apostolicimuneris.html>
29 June 1881. This encyclical emphasizes that all worldy power derives from God. The Church does not prefer any particular political order, provided that divine authority is respected. Available at <https:// w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_lxiii_enc_29061881_diuturnum.html>
Immortale Dei
Libertas praestantissimum
1 November 1885. This encyclical deplores political arrangements that do not respect the authority of the Church in all that pertains to the supernatural sphere. Available at <https://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/ en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_01111885_immortale-dei.html>
20 June 1888. This encyclical on the nature of human liberty places the concept in a traditional Augustinian and Thomist framework: there is a natural law that frames true freedom, and because the Church has been given a share in divine authority true liberty is shaped by adherence to it. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_20061888_libertas.html>
Sapientiae Christianae
(p. xxiv) Rerum novarum
10 January 1890. This encyclical on Christians and citizens emphasizes that states are not ends in themselves, but aids to enable human beings to find their true end. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/ leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_10011890_sapientiaechristianae.html>
15 May 1891. This famous encyclical is often taken to mark the beginning of modern Catholic social teaching. It discusses the rights and duties of labour and capital, arguing for the legitimacy of workers organizing in unions, even as the right to private property is emphasized. Available at <https://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum.html>
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
Providentissimus Deus
18 November 1893. This encyclical defends divine authorship of the Scriptures, permits some use of historical-critical methods to defend a Catholic understanding of Scripture, and sketches how biblical interpretation should be taught. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/ leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_lxiii_enc_18111893_providentissimus-deus.html>
Praeclara gratulationis publicae
Orientalium dignitas
20 June 1894. This Apostolic Letter called for the reunion of the Church in East and West: the Eastern Churches are called to resubmit to papal authority. Available at <https://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/ la/apost_letters/documents/hf_l-xiii_apl_18940620_praeclaragratulationis.html>. An English translation is available at <http:// www.papalencyclicals.net/leo13/l13praec.htm>
30 November 1894. This encyclical concerns Eastern rite Catholic Churches, calling on them to remain true to their own traditions. Available at <https://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/la/apost_letters/documents/hf_l-xiii_apl_18941130_orientalium-dignitas.html>. An English translation is available at <http://www.papalencyclicals.net/leo13/ l13orient.htm>
Fidentem piumque animum
Divinum illud munus
20 September 1896. This encyclical encourages the praying of the rosary. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_20091896_fidentem-piumqueanimum.html>
9 May 1897. This encyclical offers an extensive meditation on the Holy Spirit. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/ documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_09051897_divinum-illud-munus.html>
St Pius X (1903–14)
Tra le Sollecitudini
Sacra Tridentina
22 November 1903. A motu proprio calling for a renewal of liturgical music and especially for the use of Gregorian chant. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-x/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_px_motu-proprio_19031122_sollecitudini.html>. An English translation is available at <https://adoremus.org/1903/11/22/tra-le-sollecitudini/>
20 December 1905. A motu proprio emphasizing the value of daily communion by laypeople. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-x/ la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-x_motu-
proprio_19050716_sacrosancta-tridentina-synodus.html> An English translation is available at <https://www.ewtn.com/library/CURIA/ CDWFREQ.HTM>
Ea semper 14 June 1907. An apostolic letter regarding the governance of Ruthenian and Greek Catholics in the US. It was perceived as overly subordinating the Greek rite to (p. xxv) the Latin. Available at <https:// w2.vatican.va/content/pius-x/la/apost_letters/documents/hf_px_apl_19070614_ea-semper-fuit.html>
Pascendi dominici gregis
Sacrorum antitistum
8 September 1907. The encyclical condemns ‘Modernism’. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-x/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_px_enc_19070908_pascendi-dominici-gregis.html>
1 September 1910. A motu proprio introducing an ‘anti-Modernist oath’ for all bishops, priests, and teachers in Catholic faculties, eventually abolished by Paul VI. Available at <https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-x/ la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-x_motu-proprio_19100901_sacrorumantistitum.html>. An English translation of the concluding oath available at <http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius10/p10moath.htm>
Postquam sanctissimus
Doctoris angelis
27 July 1914. The decree identifies twenty-four theses as key principles of Thomism. The text of the decree is not on the Vatican website. The theses themselves are available at <http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/ scholastic/24Thomisticpart2.htm>
29 June 1914. A motu proprio declaring the necessity of Thomist philosophy as a foundation for theological thought. An English translation available at <https://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/doctoris.htm>
Benedict XV (1914–22)
Maximum illud
30 November 1919. This apostolic letter concerns Catholic missions. Available at <https://www.svdcuria.org/public/mission/docs/encycl/mien.htm>
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
Pius XI (1922–39)
Studiorem ducem
Rerum ecclesiae
29 June 1923. An encyclical extolling the virtues of St Thomas Aquinas as a thinker and his works as an object of study. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/la/encyclicals/documents/hf_pxi_enc_19230629_studiorum-ducem.html>. An English translation is available at <http://www.ewtn.com/library/encyc/p11studi.htm>
28 February 1926. This encyclical concerned Catholic missionary work. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_28021926_rerum-ecclesiae.html>
Mortalium animos
Quadragesimo anno
6 January 1928. An encyclical condemning some features of the early ecumenical movement, especially the idea that the one Church is not yet visible. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/ documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19280106_mortalium-animos.html>
15 May 1931. On the fortieth anniversary of Rerum novarum this encyclical extolls the virtues of solidarity and subsidiarity in the social and political (p. xxvi) order. Government, industry, and labour are encouraged to work together, in an alternative to communism and unbridled capitalism. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19310515_quadragesimo-anno.html>
Divini redemptoris
13 March 1937. This encyclical exposes the errors of communism. Available at <https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/ hf_p-xi_enc_19370319_divini-redemptoris.html>
Pius XII (1939–58)
Mystici corporis
Divino afflante Spiritu
29 June 1943. An encyclical on the Church as the Body of Christ, issued during the Second World War, stimulated in part by knowledge of the Nazi programmes for murdering Jews and the disabled. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_pxii_enc_29061943_mystici-corporis-christi.html>
30 September 1943. An encyclical on the fiftieth anniversary of Providentissimu Deus calling for new translations of the Scriptures from the original language and endorsing certain modes of historical-critical scholarship. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_30091943_divino-afflante-spiritu.html>
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
Sacramentum ordinis
Mediator Dei
30 November 1947. An apostolic constitution setting out norms for the conferring of Holy Orders. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/piusxii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_pxii_apc_19471130_sacramentum-ordinis.html>. An English translation available at <http://www.papalencyclicals.net/pius12/p12sacrao.htm>
20 November 1947. An encyclical devoted to the liturgy. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_pxii_enc_20111947_mediator-dei.html>
Humani generis
Munificentissimus Deus
Evangelii praecones
(p. xxvii) Doctor mellifluus
12 August 1950. An encyclical condemning false opinions on a number of subjects. The encyclical is generally taken to support neo-Thomists against the work of those associated with the Ressourcement movement. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis.html>
1 November 1950. An apostolic constitution defining infallibly the doctrine of the assumption of Mary. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_pxii_apc_19501101_munificentissimus-deus.html>
2 June 1951. An encyclical on Catholic mission work. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_pxii_enc_02061951_evangelii-praecones.html>
24 May 1953. An encyclical extolling the virtues of Bernard of Clairvaux. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_24051953_doctor-mellifluus.html>
St John XXIII (1958–63)
Mater et Magistra
15 May 1961. On the seventieth anniversary of Rerum novarum this encyclical emphasizes the common good, the dignity of agricultural work, and the importance of wealthier nations aiding poorer. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jxxiii_enc_15051961_mater.html>
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
Pacem in terris
11 April 1963. This encyclical discusses the relationship between human beings, human beings and the state, and the need for peace among states. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_11041963_pacem.html>
St Paul VI (1963–78)
Ecclesiam suam
Mysterium fidei
Sacrum diaconatus ordinem
Pontificalis romani
6 August 1964. An encyclical on the nature of the Church. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_pvi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html>
3 September 1965. An encyclical directed at reinforcing traditional eucharistic piety. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_03091965_mysterium.html>
18 June 1967. A motu proprio restoring the permanent diaconate. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19670618_sacrum-diaconatus.html>
18 June 1968. An Apostolic Constitution approving new rites for the ordination of bishops, priests, and deacons. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_pvi_apc_19680618_pontificalis-romani.html>
Humanae vitae
Ministeria quaedam
25 July 1968. An encyclical setting out the Church’s traditional teaching on the regulation of conception and rejecting most forms of artificial contraception. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/ en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae.html>
15 August 1972. A motu proprio suppressing some ‘minor’ orders, and the ‘major’ order of subdeacon, and opening the orders of acolyte and lector to laypeople. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/ la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motuproprio_19720815_ministeria-quaedam.html>. An English translation is available at <http://www.ewtn.com/library/papaldoc/p6minors.htm>
(p. xxviii) Ad Pascendum
15 August 1972. An Apostolic Letter setting norms for the ordination of permanent deacons. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/ la/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19720815_adpascendum.html>. An English translation available at <http://dia
20 November 1974. A letter marking the seven hundredth anniversary of the death of St Thomas Aquinas. Available at <https://w2.vatican.va/ content/paul-vi/la/letters/1974/documents/hf_p-vi_let_19741120_lumenecclesiae.html>
8 December 1975. An Apostolic Exhortation on evangelization in the modern world, following a synod on the subject held in 1974. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_p-vi_exh_19751208_evangelii-nuntiandi.html>
St John Paul II (1978–2005)
Laborem exercens
Familiaris consortio
14 September 1981. On the ninetieth anniversary of Rerum novarum this encyclical focuses on the dignity of work and workers. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jpii_enc_14091981_laborem-exercens.html>
22 November 1981. This is an Apostolic Exhortation on the Christian family in the modern world, following the Extraordinary Synod on the Family in 1980. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/ apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jp-ii_exh_19811122_familiarisconsortio.html>
Salvifici doloris
Redemptoris mater
Sollicitudo rei socialis
11 February 1984. An apostolic letter on the mystery of human suffering. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/ 1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_11021984_salvifici-doloris.html>
25 March 1987. An encyclical discussing Mary’s role in the plan of salvation, and then specifically in the life of the Church. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jpii_enc_25031987_redemptoris-mater.html>
30 December 1987. An encyclical on the twentieth anniversary of Populorum progression concerning the social teaching of the Church. True development consists not in the multiplication of goods, but the creation of conditions in which human persons can flourish. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jpii_enc_30121987_sollicitudo-rei-socialis.html>
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
Redemptoris missio
Centesimus annus
7 December 1990. This encyclical speaks of the urgency of the Church’s missionary task on the twenty-fifth anniversary of AG. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jpii_enc_07121990_redemptoris-missio.html>
1 May 991. Issued on the hundredth anniversary of Rerum novarum this encyclical examines contemporary social and political issues, including the errors (p. xxix) of communism and other dictatorial regimes. Social and political systems that enable and respect human dignity are commended. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_01051991_centesimus-annus.html>
Gratissimum sane
Evangelium vitae
2 February 1994. A letter to families on the occasion of the Year of the Family. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/ 1994/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_02021994_families.html>
25 March 1995. An encyclical treating the value of human life and actions that do not respect this, including abortion, the death penalty, murder, and euthanasia. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/ encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae.html>
Orientale lumen
Ut unum sint
2 May 1995. An apostolic letter emphasizing the value of the Eastern Christian traditions, issued on the centenary of Orientalium dignitas. Available at <https://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/ 1995/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19950502_orientale-lumen.html>
25 May 1995. This encyclical considers how the Catholic Church should embrace the ecumenical movement and some fundamental questions that must be studied if progress is to be made. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jpii_enc_25051995_ut-unum-sint.html>
Apostolos suos
Fides et ratio
28 May 1998. A motu proprio on the theological foundations of and regulatory norms for episcopal conferences. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_jpii_motu-proprio_22071998_apostolos-suos.html>
14 September 1998. An encyclical dealing with the relationship between faith and reason, and appropriate understandings of philosophical thinking. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/ documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_14091998_fides-et-ratio.html>
Notes on Sources and Abbreviations
Ecclesia in Asia 6 November 1999. An apostolic exhortation following the special Asian synod held in Rome in 1998. The document explores the task of proclaiming the Catholic faith in modern Asia. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/ content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_jpii_exh_06111999_ecclesia-in-asia.html>
Benedict XVI (2005–13)
Deus caritas est
25 December 2005. This encyclical celebrates love as a theological virtue. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20051225_deus-caritas-est.html>
Spe salvi 30 November 2007. This encyclical concerns the theological virtue of hope. It teaches that Christ brings a hope that may shape human lives towards encounters (p. xxx) with God. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20071130_spesalvi.html>
Caritas in veritate
Anglicanorum coetibus
29 June 2009. An encyclical asserting that economic actions must be rooted in Christian ethical principles. The encyclical also discusses many isues concerning current global development and economic inequality. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/encyclicals/documents/ hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate.html>
4 Novembe 2009. An Apostolic Constitution providing for the creation of ‘personal ordinariates’ for former Anglican groups wishing to enter the Catholic Church and retain a distinctive rite. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/apost_constitutions/documents/ hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus.html>
Verbum Domini
30 Septembe 2010. This encyclical concerns the place of Scripture in the Church. It begins with a discussion of God speaking through the Word and then discusses how the written word of God is to be interpreted. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_ben-xvi_exh_20100930_verbum-domini.html>
Francis (2013– )
Lumen fidei
5 July 2013. An encyclical celebrating faith as a light that can shape a life. The encyclical complements Spe salvi and Deus caritas est. Available at <http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papafrancesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html>
Laudato si’
Amoris Laetitia
24 May 2015. This encyclical critiques consumerism, identifies environmental crises, and calls for Christians to take action. Available at <http:// w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papafrancesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html>
26 March 2016. This post-synodal apostolic exhortation concerns the nature of families, and the pastoral care of families. Available athttps:// w2.vatican.va/content/dam/francesco/pdf/apost_exhortations/documents/ papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20160319_amoris-laetitia_en.pdf
List of Contributors
The Oxford Handbook of Catholic Theology
Edited by Lewis Ayres and Medi Ann Volpe
Print Publication Date: Mar 2019 Subject: Religion Online Publication Date: May 2015
(p. xxxi)
List of Contributors
Anthony Akinwale, OP Professor of Systematic Theology and the Vice Chancellor of Dominican University, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Lewis Ayres Professor of Catholic and Historical Theology at Durham University, Durham and Professorial Fellow, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia.
Michael Barnes, SJ Professor of Interreligious Relations at the University of Roehampton, London.
Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt Professor of Theology at Loyola University, Maryland, USA.
Kimberly Hope Belcher Tisch Family Assistant Professor of Theology at the University of Notre Dame, USA.
Jana Bennett Professor of Theological Ethics at the University of Dayton, USA.
Serge-Thomas Bonino, OP Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Rome.
Aaron Canty Professor of Religious Studies and Theology at Saint Xavier University, USA.
David Cloutier Associate Professor of Theology at the Catholic University of America, USA.
Holly Taylor Coolman Assistant Professor of Theology at Providence College, USA.
Gavin D’Costa Professor of Catholic Theology at the University of Bristol.
Emery de Gaál Chairman and Professor of Dogmatic Theology at University of St Mary of the Lake/Mundelein Seminary, USA.
William Desmond David Cook Chair in Philosophy, Villanova University, USA, Thomas A. F. Kelly Visiting Chair of Philosophy, Maynooth University, Ireland and Professor of Philosophy Emeritus, Institute of Philosophy, KU Leuven, Belgium.
Emmanuel Durand, OP Professor of Systematic Theology at the Dominican University College of Ottawa, Canada.
David W. Fagerberg Professor of Theology at the University of Notre Dame, USA.
