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THE LEGAL CONCEPT OF MONEY

The Legal Concept of Money

SIMON GLEESON

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries

© Simon Gleeson 2018

The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2018

Impression: 1

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above

You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer

Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961270

ISBN 978–0–19–882639–2

Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY

Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.

In memorium

My father and mother Joe and Teresa Gleeson

Preface

One of the greatest gifts that the world can give any analyst is a genuinely new factual context to which to apply an existing set of ideas. This is the gift that financial lawyers have been given by the creation of virtual currency.

In this respect, it does not matter how prevalent virtual currency becomes. Even if the current generation of virtual currencies were to disappear without trace, the questions raised by their existence would remain open. The key fact is that instruments have been created by private entities which are explicitly intended to be used (and to some extent are used) as money. In this respect, virtual currency is not new— indeed, it is exactly cognate with the large variety of other instruments that have been created over the years to substitute for sovereign currency. How the law should treat such instruments is a question which, once having been raised, deserves an answer. More importantly, by addressing the question, we learn something about money as it exists today.

This book was largely written during my time as a Visiting Fellow of All Souls College Oxford. I would like to record my enormous thanks, both for the opportunity to live and work in such an outstanding institution, and for the great kindness and tolerance shown to me by the Warden and Fellows, and particularly by my fellow Visiting Fellows, throughout my time there. I would also like to record a significant debt of gratitude to Professor Charles Goodhart, who encouraged me to pursue what at times seemed an unachievable goal. As always, my immeasurable gratitude goes to my wife and children for tolerating my absence and uplifting me with their presence. Finally, it would be churlish not to mention those who faithfully assisted by sleeping on the couches and rugs of the study—Zeus, Bailey, Wellington, and Pinto.

Simon Gleeson

Clifford Chance Canary Wharf

July 2018

1. What is Money?

Detailed Table of Contents

2.

3.3.3

5.

6. Banking, Payments, and Money

6.1.2

7. The Legal Character of Money

7.1

7.1.7

9.

7.6.1

7.6.2

7.6.7

7.6.8

7.6.9

8.2.5

8.2.6

9.9

Table of Cases

A Ltd v B Bank [1997] 6 Bank LR 85 CA (Civ Div)

Adelaide Electric Supply Company Ltd v Prudential Assurance Company Ltd [1934] AC 122

Aectra Refining and Marketing Inc� v Exmar NV [1994] 1 WLR 1634

Aldridge v Johnson (1857) 7 E & B 885

Alloway v Phillips [1980] 1 WLR 888, CA

Arkin v Borchard Lines Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ 665

Armstrong DLW GmbH v Winnington Networks Ltd [2012] EWHC 10 (Ch), [2013] Ch 156

Asset Land v FCA See FSA v Asset Land Investment Inc

Attorney General of Hong Kong v Nai-Keung [1987] 1 WLR 1339, PC 9 09

Axel Johnson Petroleum AB v MG Mineral Group AG [1992] 1 WLR

Baden v Société Générale pour Favoriser le Developpement du Commerce et de l’Industrie de France SA [1993] 1 WLR 509

Bagshaw v Playn (1595) Cro� Eliz� 536

of

Blumberg v Life Interests and Reversionary Securities Corp [1897] 1 Ch 171, aff [1898]

& Nut Co (Tipton) Ltd v Rowlands, Nicholls & Co [1964] 2 QB 10

Bonython v Commonwealth of Australia [1950] AC 201

Bordin v St� Mary’s NHS Trust [2000] Lloyds Rep Med 287

Boys, Re (1870) LR 10 Eq� 467

British American and Continental Bank, Re Lisser and Rosenkranz claim, Re [1923] 1 Ch 276

British Eagle International Air Lines Ltd v Cie Nationale Air France [1975] 1 WLR 758

7�68, 9�105

3�21

Broderick v Centaur Tipping Services (2006) 103(34) LSG 32 10 25

Burdett v Willett (1708) 2 Vern 638 7 51

Buttes Oil & Gas Co v Hammer (No 3) [1982] AC 888 9 23

Camdex International Ltd v Bank of Zambia (No 3) [1997] EWCA Civ 798; [1997] 6 Bank LR 44 CA (Civ Div) 7 79, 7 80, 9 105

Canmer International Inc v UK Mutual S S Assurance Association (Bermuda) Ltd (The Rays) [2005] EWHC 1694 (Comm), [2005] 2 Lloyds Rep 479

Carreras Rothmans v Freeman Matthews Treasure [1985] Ch 207

Case de Mixt Moneys; Gilbert v Brett (1604) Davis 18; 2 State Trials 114

Cebora SNC v SIP (Industrial Products) Ltd [1976] 1 Lloyds Rep 271

Charge Card Services Ltd, Re [1989] Ch 497

Chesterman’s Trusts, Re [1923] 2 Ch 466

7�67

9�50

� 7�09, 7�57, 7�58, 7�71

6�35

6�33

9�23, 9�26

Chikuma, The [1981] 1 WLR 314

Clarke v Shee (1774) 1 Cowp 197

Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd [1998] AC 1

Coinstar v The Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs [2016]

Daintrey, Re [1900] 1 QB 546

Davies v Customs & Excise Commissioners [1975] 1 WLR 204

Despina R, The [1979] 1 Lloyds Rep 1

Di Ferdinando v Simon Smits & Co� Ltd [1920] 3 KB 409

Dixon v Clarke (1848) 5 CB 365 (CP)

Dumas, Ex parte (1754) 1 Atk 232

Edelstein v Schuler & Co [1902] 2 KB 144, Com Ct

English, Scottish and Australian Bank v IRC [1932] AC 238

Esso Petroleum v Milton [1997] 1 WLR 938

Ewing, In the Goods of (1881) 6 PD 19

Feist v Société Intercommunale Belge de L’electricite [1934] AC 161 6

Fletcher v Dyche (1787) 2 TR 32, 100 ER 18

Flightline v Edwards [2003] 1 WLR 1200, CA

Flory v Denny (1852) 21 LJ Ex 223, 7 Exch 581

Foley v Hill (1848) 2 HLC 28

Folias, The [1979] AC 685, HL

Fons HF (In liquidation) v Corporal Ltd [2014] EWCA 304�

9�52

Forman v Wright (1851) 11 CB 418 6

Foskett v McKeown [2001] AC 102 9 62,

v Fradley [2005] 1 BCLC, [2006] BCLC 216 (CA)

Garey v Pyke (1839) 10 Ad & El 512

Geldof Metaalconstructie NV v Simon Carves Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 667 9

Gilbert v Brett See Case de Mixt Moneys

Gilchrist, Ex Parte; Re Armstrong (1886) 17 QBD 521

Golden Ocean Group Ltd v Salgaocar Mining Industries Pvt Ltd [2012] EWCA Civ 265; [2012] 1 Lloyds Rep 542

Golden Victory, The [2007] UKHL 12

Goldshede v Cottrell (1836) 2 M� & W� 20

9�47

6�33

Goodwin v Robarts (1874–5) LR 10 Ex 337; affd (1876) 1 App Cas 476 HL 0 09, 7 36, 7 40

Gordon v Strange (1847) 1 Exch 477 7 71

Government of India v Taylor [1955] AC 491 9 22

Government of Newfoundland v Newfoundland Railway Co (PC) (1888) 13 App Cas 199 9 44

Green v Farmer (1768) 4 Burr 2214, 98 ER 154 9 41

Hadley v Baxendale [1854] 9 Exch 341 7 01, 9 108

Halcyon the Great, The [1975] 1 WLR 515

Hallett’s Estate, Re (1880) 13 Ch D 696

Handyside’s Case (1750) East PC 652

7�79

7�51, 7�52

9�05

Harrison v Luke (1845) 14 M  & W  139 7 95, 9 61

Haynes’ Case (1614) 12 Co Rep

Helbert Wagg & Co, Re [1956] Ch 323

Helden v Strathmore Limited [2011] EWCA Civ 542

Henriksens Rederi A/S v THZ Rolimpex (The Brede) [1974] 1 QB 233

Hibbert v Pigou (1783) 3 Doug� K�B� 224

Higgs v Holiday (1599) Cro Eliz 746

Hill v Lewis (1709) 1 Salk 132

Hodgson, In re [1936] Ch 203

Indian Oil Corp Ltd v Greenstone Shipping Co SA (Panama) (The Ypatianna) [1988] 1 QB 345

Investor Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 W L R

Isherwood v Whitmore (1843) 11 M & W 347

Jabbour v Custodian of Israeli Absentee property [1954] 1 WLR 139

Jackson v Anderson (1811) 4 Taunt 24

James Lamond v Hyland Ltd (No� 2) [1950] 1 KB 585

Jeffs v Wood (1723) 2 P Wms 128

Joachimson v Swiss Bank Corp [1921] 3 KB 110 (CA)

John Laing Construction v Dastur [1987] 1 WLR 686 7 77

Johnson v Agnew [1980] AC 367 7 01

Jugoslavenska Oceanska Plovidba v Castle Investment Co Inc [1974] QB 292 9 92

Kalaher v Midland Bank [1950] AC 24, HL 9 22

Kaupthing Singer and Friedlander Ltd (In Administration), Re [2009] EWHC 740 (Ch); [2009] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 154

King v Milsom (1809) 2 Camp 7

Kuwait Airways Corporation v Iraqi Airways Co (Nos 4 and 5) [2002] UKHL 19, [2002] 2 AC 883

Kwok Chi Leung Karl v Commissioner of Estate Duty [1988] 1 WLR 1035 (PC)

Kynaston v Moore (1627) Cro Car 89

v Nourse (1813) 3 Camp 351

7�34

9�73, 9�74

v Abdy (1886) 17 QBD 309 9

Lehman Brothers International (Europe) (In Administration), Re [2015] Ch 1, affd [2016] Ch 50 9 108

Lesotho Highlands Development Authority v Impreglio SpA [2005] UKHL 43 9 92

Levy v Abercorris Slate Co� (1888) 37 Ch D 260

Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Bankers Trust Co [1989] QB 728

6�54

Libyan Arab Foreign Bank v Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co [1989] 1 Lloyds LR 608 (QB) � � � 7�91

Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd [1991] 2 AC 548

7�34, 9�63, 9�68

London and County Banking Co v London and River Plate Bank Ltd (1888) 21 QBD 535�

London Joint Stock Bank Ltd v Macmillan [1918] AC 777

7�37

6�54

London Joint Stock Bank Ltd v Simmons [1892] AC 201 6 41, 6 42

Lunn v Thornton (1845) 1 CB 379 9 19

MacMillan Inc v Bishopsgate Investment Trust Plc (No 3) [1995] 1 WLR 978; affd [1996] 1 WLR 387 (CA) 9 62, 9 78

Manners v Pearson [1898] 1 Ch 581 9 89

Mardorf Peach & Co v Attica Sea Carriers Corp of Liberia [1976] QB 835, CA; reversed [1977] AC 850, HL 6 32, 7 74

Marrache v Ashton [1943] AC 311

May v Chapman (1847) 16 M� & W� 355

Table of Cases

Mehta v J� Pereira Fernandes SA [2006] EWHC 813 (Ch); [2006] 2 Lloyds Rep 244

Mercuria Energy Trading v Citibank [2015] EWHC 1481

7�69, 7�79

6�42

� 9�47

9�57

Metliss v National Bank of Greece [1959] AC 509 9 27

Milan Nigeria Ltd v Angelika B Maritime [2011] EWHC 892 9 102

Miliangos v George Frank (Textiles) Ltd [1976] AC 443, HL 9 93, 9 94, 9 95, 9 96, 9 104, 9 106

Miller v Race (1758) 1 Burr 452 5 16, 6 42, 7 31, 7 32, 7 37, 7 51

Momm v Barclays Bank [1976] 3 All ER 588 (QB) 7 91

Monrovia Tramp Shipping Co v President of India [1978] 2 Lloyds Rep 193, affd [1979] 1 WLR 59 9 104

Morley v Inglis (1837) 4 Bing (NC) 58

Morrison v London County and Westminster Bank Ltd [1914] 3 KB 356

Mosconi, The [2002] 2 Lloyds Rep 313�

Moses v Macferlan (1760) 2 Burr 1005

Moss v Hancock [1899] 2 QB 111

Multiservice Bookbinding Ltd v Marden [1979] Ch 84

9�65

7�07, 7�17, 7�54

National Provincial and Union Bank of England v Charnley [1924] 1 KB 431 9 50

National Provincial Bank v Ainsworth [1965] AC 1175, HL

[1924] 2 Ch 101, CA

OGB v Allan [2007] UKHL 21

Orwell v Mortoft (1505) CP 40/972, M 123�

Ottoman Bank v Chakarian (No� 1) [1930] AC 277

Owen v Tate [1976] QB 402

Owners of Turbo Electric Bulk Carrier Teh Hu v Nippon Salvage Co Ltd (the Teh Hu) [1970] P� 106 CA (Civ Div)

7�30

R v Grimes (1752) Fost 79n

R v Leigh (1764) 1 Leach� 52

R v Preddy [1996] AC 815

Rastell v Draper (1605) 80 ER 55

Rawson v Samuel (1841) Cr and Ph 161

Read v Hutchinson (1813) 3 Camp 352

9�89

9�44

7�95, 9�61

Robshaw Brothers v Mayer [1975] Ch 125 7 86

Rogers v Markel Corp [2004] EWHC 2046 9 106 Rolls v Miller (1884) 27 Ch D 71 10 12

Romer and Haslam, Re [1863] 2 QB 286 6 33

RSM Bentley Jennison (A Firm) v Ayton [2015] EWCA Civ 1120, CA 7 78

RSPCA v Sharp [2011] 1 WLR 980 7 02

Schorch Meier v GmbH v Hennin [1975] QB 416

Shearer v Spring Capital [2013] EWHC 3148�

9�93, 9�94

Simpson v Connolly [1953] 2 All ER 474

Sinclair v Brougham [1941] AC 398

Solomons v Bank of England (1810) 13 East 136

Startup v Macdonald (1843) 6 M & G 563

Stein v Blake [1995] 2 All ER 961

Stooke v Taylor (1880) 5 QBD 569

Street v Mountford [1985] UKHL 4

Swiss Bank Corp v Lloyds Bank [1982] AC 584

Tasarruf Mevduati Sigorta Fonu v Merill Lynch Bank and Trust Company (Cayman) [2011] UKPC 17

Tenax Steamship Co v Reinante Transoceania Navegacion SA, The Brimnes [1975] QB 929 (CA)

Texaco Melbourne, The [1994] 1 Lloyds Rep 473

Thoni GmbH & Co KG v R�T�P� Equipment Ltd [1979] 2 Lloyds Rep 282

Treseder-Griffin v Co-Operative Insurance Society [1956] 2 QB 127

Triffitt’s Settlement, Re [1958] Ch 852

TSB Bank of Scotland v Welwyn Hatfield District Council [1993] 2 Bank LR 267

TXU Europe Group Plc [2003] EWHC 3105 (Ch)

6�35

9�14

9�52

United Railways of Havana and Regla Warehouses Ltd, Re [1961] AC 1007, HL 9 89, 9 91

Farms v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [2015] UKFTT 531 (TC) 6 32

The [1921] 2

v

v

(1702) 2 Ld

(1625) Latch 84

Weldon v SRE Linked Life Assurance [2000] 2 All ER 914 (Comm)

Whitecomb v Jacob (1710) 1 Salk 160

Wilton Park Ltd v The Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs [2015] UKUT 0343 (TCC)

Woodhouse AC Israel Cocoa Limited v Nigerian Produce Marketing Ltd [1971] 2 QB 23 (CA)

Wookey v Pole (1820) 4 B & Ald 1

7�97

7�70

Wyer v The Dorchester and Milton Bank (1833) 11 Cush (65 Mass) 51 7 34

EUROPEAN UNION

First National Bank of Chicago v Customs and Excise Commissioners (C-172/96) [1999] QB 570 ECJ

Skatteverket v Hedqvist (C-264/14) EU:C:2015:718; [2016] S T C 372 10 18

T-Mobile Austria GmbH v Verein für Konsumenteninformation (C-616/11) EU:C:2014:242 10 49

INTERNATIONAL CASES

Doodeward v Spence (1908) 6 CLR 406 9 05

Foley v Hill (1848) 2 HLC 28 9 53

Grant v the Queen (1981) 147 CLR 503 7 33

Luxtrend Pty Ltd, Re [1997] 2 Qd R 86 9 41

O’Dea v Merchants Trade-Expansion Group (1938) 37 AR (NSW) 410 7 86

One Tel Pty Ltd, In the matter of [2014] NSWSC 457 9 41

Penfolds Wine Pty Ltd v Elliot (1946) 74 CLR 204

R v Curtis ex p� A-G (1988) 1 Qd R 546

Usine de Melle’s Patent, Re (1954) 91 CLR 42

Canada

Braun v The Custodian [1944] 4 DLR 209 (Sup Ct Can) 9

Brown, Gow, Wilson v Beleggings-Societeit NV (1961) 29 DLR (2d) 673, 691 (Ont) 9 72, 9 78

Secretary of State for Canada v Aline Property Custodian [1931] 1 DLR 890 9 78

Ireland

Flynn v Mackin [1974] IR 101 7 86

Jennings, Re, Caldbeck v Stafford [1930] IR 196

New Zealand

Davey v Paine Brothers (Motors) Ltd [1954] NZLR 1122

Hamilton Ice Arena Ltd v Perry Developments Ltd [2002] 1 NZLR 309

Tony Lee Motors Ltd v M S McDonald & Son (1974) Ltd [1981] 2 NZLR 281

United States

Barclays PLC,

7�25

9�41

9�41

(May

Coinflip, Inc , d/b/a Derivabit, and Francisco Riordan, In the matter of, CFTC Docket No 15-29 (Sep 17, 2015)

Commodity Futures Trading Commission v Patrick K  Mcdonnell, and Cabbagetech, Corp D/B/A Coin Drop Markets, No 18-CV-361, 2018 WL 1175156, at *12 (E�D�N�Y� Mar� 6, 2018)

Edwards v Kearzey, 96 US 595, 24 L�Ed 793 (1877)

Factors etc� Inc v Pro Arts, 579 F� 2d 215

First Victoria National Bank v United States, 620 F� 2d 1096

Haelan Laboratories v Topps Chewing Gum, 202 F 2d 866

Knox v Lee, 79 US 457 (1871)

Koreag, Controle et Revision SA, In re, 961 F  2d 341

Munchee, In the matter of, Securities Act of 1933 Release No 10445/December 11, 2017

v Edwards, 540 US 389 (2004)

SEC v WJ Howey Co, 328 US 293 (1946)

United Housing Fund, Inc v Forman, 421 US 837 (1975) 10 69

Vick v Howard, 136 Va 101, 109,116 SE 465 (1923) 7 54

Table of Legislation

STATUTES

Arbitration Act 1996

s 48(4)

Act 1844

Bank of England Act 1708 5 15 Bank of England Act 1833 5 16 Banking Act 1742 5 15

Banking Act 2009

Pt 6 4

Bankrupt Laws (England) Act 1822

s 3

Bills of Exchange Act 1882

Pt IV

Pt 4A

s 2

s 29(1)(b)

s 31

s 73

s 83

Act 1720

Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879

s 2

Coinage Act 1971

s 2(1)

Consumer Rights Act 2015

s 5

Country Bankers Act 1826

Criminal Law Act 1967

Currency Act 1751

9�12

4�38, 7�36, 9�47, 9�48

9�46

9�48

10�10 Insolvency Act 1986 s 130(5) 9 12 Insolvent Debtors Relief Act 1729 9 37 Interpretation Act 1978 s 5 9 46, 10

Act 1979

s 2

9�40

7�04

Currency Act 1764 2 23

Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954

s 1(1)

s 1(2)

s 3

Electronic Communications Act 2000 s 7

Exchange of Gold and Silver Act

7�26, 7�85, 7�87, 9�18

�7�86, 7�88 s 17

s 17(2) 9

Senior Courts Act 1981 s 49(2) 9 40

Statute of Acton Burnell See Statute of Merchants 1283

Statute of Frauds 1677

s 4 9 47

Statute of Merchants 1283

Statute of Merchants 1285

Statute of Set-off 1735

s 4

Statute of the Staple 1353

Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982

� 7�14

7�14

9�37

9�39

7�14

7�87

s 1(3) 7 87

Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977

s 14(1) 9 64

Value Added Tax Act 1994

Sch 9, Group 5, Item 1 7 97

STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS

Civil Jurisdiction and Judgements Order 2001, SI 2001/3929 9 75

Civil Jurisdiction and Judgements (Amendment) Regulations 2014, SI 2014/2947

Civil Procedure Rules 1998, SI 1998/3132

r 16�6

r 37�2

9�75

�7�77, 7�83

9�34, 9�40, 9�45

� 7�77

Electronic Money Regulations 2011, SI 2011/99 reg 63

10�39

Financial Collateral Arrangements (No 2) Regulations 2003, SI 2003/3226 9 54

Financial Markets and Insolvency (Settlement Finality) Regulations 1999, SI 1999/2979 9 81 reg 23 9 81

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Carrying on Regulated Activities by way of Business) Order 2001, SI 2001/1177

Art 2

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Collective Investment Schemes) Order 2001, SI 2001/1062

10�31

reg 2(1)�

reg 33

reg 58

reg 138

Sch 1, para 3 10 26

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Promotion of Collective Investment Schemes (Exemptions)) Order 2001, SI 2001/1060 10 27

Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001, SI 2001/544

Art 3

Art 5

Art 5(1)

Art 5(2)

Art 9AB

Art 9B

Art

Art

Art 60C(3)

10�10, 10�11, 10�14, 10�30, 10�56

10�56

10�30, 10�61

10�31

Art 65 10 57

Art 77 10 14

Art 77(2)

Art 77(2)(c)

Art 79

Art 80

Art 83

Art 84

10�14

10�16

10�20

10�20

10�19

10�19

Art 84(1) 10 66

Art 84(1A) 10 66

Art 84(1B)

Art 84(5)

Art 85

Art 85(2)(a)

Art 89

Payment Services Regulations 2017, SI 2017/752

reg 2

10�40, 10�63

10�33, 10�46

10�37

10�40

reg 141 10 43

EUROPEAN LEGISLATION

Treaties and Conventions

Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (Lugano, 1988)�

Art 2

9�75

9�75

European Convention on Foreign Money Liabilities 1967, Council of Europe Treaty No 60 9 91

Regulations

Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I)

Art 12(2)

Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community trade mark

Art 16

9�83

9�80

9�80

Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters (Brussels I recast) 9 75

Art 4 9 75

Regulation (EU) No 596/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on market abuse (market abuse regulation)

Directives

10�66

Directive 98/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 1998 on settlement finality in payment and securities settlement systems 9 81

Directive 2002/47/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 June 2002 on financial collateral arrangements

recital 18

9�54

9�54

Directive 2009/110/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money

institutions

recital 7

10�33

10�33

recital 13 10 36

Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on Markets in Financial Instruments and Amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU 10 17, 10 66

Art 4(21)

Art 4(22)

Art 4(23)

Art 4(44)

10�59

10�59

10�59

10�17

Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market 10 40

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