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OXFORDSTUDIESINMEDIEVAL EUROPEANHISTORY GeneralEditors TheJacquerieof1358 AFrenchPeasants’ Revolt JUSTINEFIRNHABER-BAKER GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom
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ForJames,agoodman Acknowledgements ThisbookwasresearchedandwrittenwiththesupportofaBritishArtsand HumanitiesResearchCouncilEarlyCareerFellowship(grantreferenceAH/ K006843/1)andaResearchGrantfromtheCarnegieTrustfortheUniversities ofScotland,forwhichIamprofoundlygrateful.IalsothanktheSchoolofHistory atStAndrewsfortwotermsofinstitutionalleave.
Colleagues,students,andfriendshavehelpedshapemythinkingandprovided valuablefeedback.IwouldparticularlyliketothankFrancesAndrews,John Arnold,ElizabethA.R.Brown,WarrenBrown,FrederikBuylaert,Vincent Challet,SamuelK.Cohn,Jr.,JanDumolyn,SylviaFederico,PaulFreedman, ChrisGiven-Wilson,ErikaGraham-Goering,JelleHaemers,RafaelOliva Herrer,HelenLacey,PatrickLantschner,JamesPalmer,AndrewPrescott, TeofiloRuiz,GraemeSmall,AliceTaylor,CraigTaylor,JohnWatts,andChris Wickham.AllSoulsCollegeanditsFellowsofferedawelcomerefugeandwitty conversation.MycolleaguesatStAndrewsareespeciallytobethankedfor creatinganenvironmentconducivetoresearchandwriting.Mystudents,especiallythoseinME3425 ‘TheAgeofRevolt’,alsohavemygratitudeforadecade’ s worthoftheirinsightsandenthusiasm.TheUniversityofStAndrewsistrulyone ofthebestplacesintheworldtobeamediaevalhistorian.
Anumberoflibrariansandarchivistswentoutoftheirwayforme.Thestaffat theArchivesnationales,theBibliothèquenationale,andtheArchives départementalesoftheAisne,theMarne,andtheOisewereallveryhelpful.My particularthankstoJean-ChristopheDumainattheADAisne,toChristèlePotvin attheADSeine-Maritime,andtoMichelOllionattheArchivesnationalesfor providingparticulardocuments.ThestaffoftheLibraryoftheUniversityofSt Andrewswereindispensableandveryefficient,andthoseattheBodeleianalso camethroughinapinchortwo.Iappreciateit.
Mygreatestdebtsofgratitudeareowedtomyfamily,includingthosebothnear andfar.ThankyouespeciallytoJanandTrevorPalmerandtoCarolineandDavid Blacklerfortakingsuchgoodcareofmychildrenandmycats.Aboveall,thank youtoJames,Adryan,Sophie,andHaydenforyourloveandsupport,andfor understandingwhenIdisappearintothearchives.Cominghomeisalwaysthe bestpart.
ListofFigures xi Abbreviations xiii ANoteonNamesandSpelling
TimelineofEventsintheJacquerieandCounter-Jacquerie xxi
Introduction:TellingStories1 TheStoriesintheSources6 TheChronicles7 JudicialSources:Remissions,Lawsuits,andAccords12 LocalDocuments18 TheStoriesinThisBook20
1.Complaints:TheAftermathofPoitiers23 DefeatanditsDiscontents24 TheTriumphofReform29 TheGreat Ordonnance of135733 TheNavarreseAlliance38 SoldiersandRefugees44
2.NewMarvels:TurningtheWorldUpsideDown49 MurderingtheMarshals49 Reactions:ParisandProvins56 TheBlockadeofParis59 TheNorthernTownsandtheEstatesofCompiègne65 TheSilencebeforetheStorm68
3.AnUnheardofThing:TheMassacreatSaint-Leu-d’Esserent71 StrategicObjectives:Rivers,Roads,andRocks73 CommunicativeViolence79 ContactsandCommunication82 ProvincialNotablesandNetworks88 FromSaint-Leu-d’EsserenttotheJacquerie91 4AllMasters:FromMassacretoMovement96 TheMomentofMobilization97 ImmediateGrievances102 JusticeinanAgeofWarandPlague106 PlanningBehindtheScenes112
5.NoisyTerrors:TheViolenceoftheJacquerie119 Targets: Lesnobles 120 InterpersonalViolence123 Rape125 Murder129 CastlesandHouses132 ObjectivesI:ValoisLoyalists135 ObjectivesII:NobilityandStatus139 Pillage,Play,andPerformance140
6.CaptainsandAssemblies:TheOrganizationoftheJacquerie144 GuillaumeCalleandhisCircle144 LocalLeaders150 CommunicationsandLogistics157 ConstraintandConflict164
7.TheNon-Nobles:RebelsandtheirCommunities169 MenandWomen,YoungandOld170 RichandPoor176 UrbanandRural181
8.SlaughteredlikePigs:TheBattlesofMeauxandMello-Clermont190 TheRoadtoMeaux191 ChivalryattheMarket197 TheBattleofMello-Clermont203 CharlesofNavarreandtheJacques206
9.HatredandMalevolence:TheCounter-Jacquerie212 EarlyDays:Poix,Senlis,theMarneValley213 ChampagneandtheSouthernParisis219 CharlesofNavarreintheBeauvaisis226 FarEchoes:Normandy,theLoire,andBeyond234
10.GoodLoveandHardWords:TheLegacyofRevolt241 MercyanditsBenefits244 AStoryTakesShape248 Subjects’ Stories252 MakingandBreakingPeace259 Conclusion:ForgettingandRememberingtheJacquerie267
ListofFigures 0.1Map:ThefullextentoftheJacqueriexix
0.2Map:Themaintheatresofrevoltxx
1.1AsimplifiedCapetian/Valois/Évreuxfamilytree25
1.2JeanIIandCharlesofNavarre40
1.3Map:Militaryviolence,autumn1357tospring135843
2.1Themurderofthemarshals55
2.2Majorrivercastles64
3.1Map:TheoutbreakoftheJacquerie75
6.1Jacquescarry flagsintobattlewithNavarre162
7.1Socio-economicattributesofJacques177
7.2Overlappingsocio-economicattributes179
8.1BattlefortheMarchédeMeaux201
8.2DecapitationofaJacqueriecaptain206
9.1TheJacquerieinthePerthois219
10.1Totalremissionsgrantedovertime251
10.2UseoftheJacquerieformulainremissionsforJacques253
10.3Parlementsuitsandsettlements258
Abbreviations 4Valois: ChroniquedesquatrepremiersValois(1327–1393),ed.Siméon Luce,SHF,publicationsinoctavo109(Paris,1862)
AD:Archivesdépartementales
AHR: AmericanHistoricalReview
AN:Paris,Archivesnationales
Beaumanoir:PhilippedeBeaumanoir, CoutumesdeBeauvaisis,ed.Amédée Salmon,2vols,CTSEEH(Paris,1899–1900[repr.1970–1974with vol.ofcommentarybyGeorgesHubrecht])
BEC: Bibliothèquedel’Écoledeschartes
BL:London,BritishLibrary
BM:Bibliothèquemunicipale
BnF:Paris,Bibliothèquenationale
Chron.norm.: ChroniquenormandeduXIVe siècle,ed.AugusteandÉmile Molinier,SHF205(Paris,1882)
Chron.reg.: Chronographiaregumfrancorum,ed.HenriMoranvillé,3vols, SHF,publicationsinoctavo252,262,284(Paris,1891–1897).All referencestovol.2unlessotherwisespecified.
CTSEEH:Collectionsdetextespourserviràl’étudeetàl’enseignementde l’histoire
d’Avout:Jacquesd’Avout, Lemeurtred’ÉtienneMarcel,31juillet1358 (Paris,1960)
DI:Collectiondedocumentsinéditssurl’histoiredeFrance
EHR: EnglishHistoricalReview
Froissart,ChicagoMS:Chicago,NewberryLibraryMSf.37,2vols.Transcribedonline: PeterF.AinsworthandGodfriedCroenen(eds), TheOnline Froissart,version1.5.Sheffield,2013(www.dhi.ac.uk/ onlinefroissart,lastaccessed22November2020).Allreferencesto vol.1unlessotherwisespecified.
Froissart,SHF:JeanFroissart, ChroniquesdeJ.Froissart,ed.SiméonLuceetal.,16 vols,SHF147–48,154,159,164,169,180,188,237–238,269,282, 294,425,461,472,484(Paris,1869–1975).Allreferencestovol.5 unlessotherwisespecified.
Galliaregia: Galliaregia,ouétatdesofficiersroyauxdesbailliagesetdes sénéchausséesde1328à1515,ed.GustaveDupont-Ferrier,6vols (Paris,1942–1961)
GC: ChroniquedesrègnesdeJeanIIetCharlesV,ed.Roland Delachenal,4volsin3,SHF348,375,391(Paris,1910–1920).All referencestovol.1unlessotherwisespecified.
HL:ClaudeDevicandJean-JosephVaissete, Histoiregénéralede Languedocavecdesnotesetlespiècesjustificatives,newednby AugusteMolinieretal.,16vols(Toulouse,1872–1904)
HYW:JonathanSumption, TheHundredYearsWar,4volstodate (PhiladelphiaandLondon,1990–2015)
JeanleBel:JeanleBel, ChroniquedeJeanleBel,publiéepourlaSociétédela histoiredeFrance,ed.JulesViardandEugèneDéprez,2vols,SHF 317and324(Paris,1904–1905).Allreferencestovol.2unless otherwisespecified.
JeandeVenette:JeandeVenette, ChroniqueditedeJeandeVenette,ed.Colette Beaune(Paris,2011)
JMH: JournalofMedievalHistory
Luce:SiméonLuce, HistoiredelaJacquerie:d’ápresdesdocuments inédits,newedn(Paris,1894–1895)
Ord.: OrdonnancesdesroisdeFrancedelatroisièmerace,recueilliespar ordrechronologique,ed.EusèbedeLaurière,Denis-François Secousseetal.,21volsandsupplement(Paris,1723–1849)
P&P: PastandPresent
Religieux: ChroniquedeRichardLescot,religieuxdeSaint-Denis(1328–1344), suiviedelacontinuationdecettechronique(1344–1364),ed.Jean Lemoine,SHF278(Paris,1896)
RH: Revuehistorique
RHDFE: Revuehistoriquededroitfrançaisetétranger
Secousse, Recueil:Denis-FrançoisSecousse(ed.), Recueildepiècesservantdepreuves auxMémoiressurlestroublesexcitésenFranceparCharlesII,dit leMauvais,roideNavarreetcomted’Évreux (Paris,1755)
SHF:Sociétédel’histoiredeFrance
ANoteonNamesandSpelling Ihaveusedmodern,standardFrenchspellingformostofthecommonnames usedhere:thus,JeannotJehanandJacquesnotJaques,butIhavenotchanged diminutives,suchasJehannotandJaquemin.IhaveretainedtheFrenchspelling ofthenamesoftheFrenchandNavarreseroyalty.Regardingmedievalauthors, mypracticehasvariedaccordingtocustom.Thus,IspeakofPhilippede BeaumanoirasBeaumanoirbutChristinedePisanasChristine.
IhavefollowedAnglophoneusageinnotaddingdiacriticalmarkstomyown transcriptionsfrommanuscriptsinMiddleFrench,butIhaveretainedthosein printedsourcesbyFrencheditors.Ihaveaddedapostrophesaccordingtomodern usageinordertoimprovereadability.
OneparticularchoicetonoteismydecisiontocallKingJeanII’seldestsonand heirCharles ‘theDauphin’.TheDauphinéhadonlyrecentlybecomepartofthe Frenchroyaldomain,andJeanhadbeenthe firstFrenchprincetoholdit.Charles andothersgaveprecedencetohispositionastheDukeofNormandy,whichwasa granderandmorevenerabletitlethanthatofDauphin.Nevertheless,formost readers, ‘theDauphin ’ isasreadilyidentifiableastheheirtotheFrenchcrownas ‘thePrinceofWales ’ istothatofEngland.Myapologiestoanyonewhose sensibilitiesIhaveoffended.
ANoteonMoney Themoneysupplywasoneofthemostimportantpoliticalandeconomicissues facingthepeopleofFranceinthemid-fourteenthcentury.Itisalsooneofthe mostconfusingtounderstandandexplainnow.Forafullexplanation,seeJohn BellHenneman, RoyalTaxationinFourteenth-CenturyFrance:TheDevelopment ofWarFinancing,1322–1356 (Princeton,1971),331–353.
Prices, fines,taxreceipts,etc.wereoftenexpressedintermsofmoneyof account, livres , sous,and denierstournois (abbreviatedl.t.,s.t.,d.t.)or livres, sous, deniersparisis (l.p.,etc.).Onel.t.wasworth4/5thofonel.p.One livre was worth20 sous.One sou wasworth12 deniers.Togivesomesenseofvalue,amale labourermightearnaslittleas4d.orasmuchas12s.perday,whiletheannual revenuesofamodestlordshipaveragedabout200l.Abasicpairofmen’sshoes cost6d.,andagoodwarhorsemightgoforupwardsof500l.
Themaingoldcoinsincirculationincludedthe mouton (so-calledbecauseofits angusdei device),wortharound30s.t./24s.p.,withthe demi-mouton or denierde l’aignel worthhalfthat,andthe écu or florinàl’écu worth16–30s.p.WhenKing JeanreturnedtoFrancein1360hehadmintedanewcoin,the francàcheval,socalledbecausehewasfree(franc)andthecoinshowedhimonahorse.Silvercoins includedthe grostournois ,worthvariously10–12d.t.andthedouble tournois, worth2d.t.,aswellasthe petitparis andthe petittournois worth1d.each.The denierblanc wasworth8d.t.untilbeingrevaluedat3d.t.inNovember1356.
Asisobviousfromtheremarksabove,thevalueofthesecoins fluctuated frequentlyovertheperiodcoveredbythisbook.Theroyalmintpocketedthe differencebetweenacoin’sbullioncontent(measuredin marcs)anditsfacevalue (its cours),adifferencecalledthe monnayage.The monnayage couldbemanipulatedthroughreducingthebullioncontentofthecoin,mintingmorecoins,or decreeingachangeintheirvalue.Manipulationofthe monnayage wasamajor financialexpedientforthecrownintheperiodofthisbookbutalsoamajorsource ofpoliticaldissensionaschangesinthevalueofcoinsplayedhavocwithprices, consumption,debts,andbusiness.
Whenmoneyisdiscussedinthisbook,Ihavekepttheterminologyusedbythe source,whichisvariouslyexpressedintermsofcoins,moniesofaccount,orboth. PeterSpuffordwithWendyWilkinsonandSarahTolley, AHandbookofMedieval Exchange (London,1986)canbeconsultedforconversions.
Maps Figure0.1
Themaintheatresofrevolt
Figure0.2
TimelineofEventsintheJacquerie andCounter-Jacquerie (bold typefaceindicatescertaintyofdating)
28May – MassacreofninenoblemenatSaint-Leu-d’Esserent
31May – FeastofCorpusChristi
c.31May – ExecutionofJeanBernierofMontataireatMontataire
FirstweekofJune – NoblesentreatCharlesofNavarreforhelpatLongueville-sur-Scie.
3June – ExecutionofasquireatVerberie
c.5June – ParisianmilitiaunderPierreGillesandPierrelesBarresleavesParisheading toGonesseandthencetoTremblayandMeaux.
c.7June – ParisianandJacquesattackonErmenonvillebegins.
8June – ArmiesfaceoffnearMelloandClermont.
9June – AssemblyofParisianandJacquerietroopsatSilly-le-Long
10June – Parisian,Meldois,andJacquerietroopsattacktheMarchéatMeauxandare defeated.
10June – ThenoblearmyledbyCharlesofNavarreroutestheJacquesbetweenMello andClermont;GuillaumeCalleandothercaptainsaretakentoClermontand executedsoonafter.
c.13June – DefeatofJacquesnearPoixbyBaudraindelaHeuse’stroops;Guillaume ‘Testard’ dePicquignyiskilled
13June – NoblescomingfromMeauxarerefusedentrytoSenlis,attackitandare repulsed.
14June – CharlesofNavarrearrivesatSaint-OuenontheoutskirtsofParis.
15June – CharlesofNavarreproclaimedCaptainofParis;DauphinleavesSensand beginsleadingnoblerepressionoftheJacqueriealongtheMarne.
ThirdweekofJune – JacquesbesiegePlessis-de-Roye;MahieudeRoyeescapesand recruitshelpfromnoblesintheEmpire.
22June – CharlesofNavarreassemblestroopsatGonessetomarchtoSenlis.
24June – FeastofJohntheBaptist;ÉtienneMarcelordersvillagerssouthofParisto assembleatChilly-Mazarin.
c.27June – Nobles’ secondentreatytoCharlesofNavarre
28June – ÉtienneMarcelwrites firstlettertothecouncillorsofYpres
29June – DauphinarrivesatCharentonwherealargearmyhasassembled.
FirstweekofJuly – DefeatofJacquesatMontdidierbyCharlesofNavarreandnobles 8July – MeetingbetweenDauphinandNavarrenearSaint-Antoine,seeminglyresulting inapeace
11July – ÉtienneMarcelwritessecondlettertoYpres;CompiègneremainsaCounterJacquerieheadquarters;NavarreseandParisiantroopsattackDauphin’sforces.
xxii
12July – Dauphin’stroopscrosstheSeinetobeginattackingvillages,includingatVitrysur-Seine.
19–20July – TruceagreedwithParisians;Dauphin’shostatCharentonbreaksup.
22July – Anglo-NavarresetroopsmassacreParisianmilitiamenatSaintCloud;further west, ‘JacquesBonhommes’ attackthehouseofasquireatBailly.
c.25July – TheLordofPortieuxattacksPierreBaudin,whohadbeenattackinganoble’ s valet,inNormandy.
LateJuly/earlyAugust – JeanBernierwritestoBeauvaisisvillages,askingthemtocome toSenlistoplanaresponsetotheCounter-Jacquerie.
31July – DeathofÉtienneMarcelandendoftheParisianrevolt
2August – DauphinentersParis.
10August – IssuanceofthegeneralremissionsforparticipationintheParisianrevolt, theJacquerie,andtheCounter-Jacquerie
c.15August – AnceaulaPippeandhisservantkidnappeopleandseizeanimalsand goodsinthevillageofAcynearSoissonsinreprisalfordamagestolaPippe’ smanor.
Introduction TellingStories AttheendofMay1358,assummerapproachedandpeoplepreparedtocelebrate theFeastofCorpusChristi,thousandsofFrenchvillagersrevolted.IntheÎle-deFrancenorthofParis,Normandytoitswest,PicardyandChampagnetoitseast, andfurtherafield,theyattackedthenobility’scastlesandmanorhouses,burning themdownanddestroyingorstealingtheircontents.Theykillednoblemenand assaultedtheirfamilies.Accordingtosomereports,theyevenkillednoblechildren andgang-rapednoblewomen,murderingsomepregnantones.On10Juneatthe easterncityofMeaux,theyalliedwithurbancommonersandtroopsfromParis, itselfinrebellionagainstthecrown,inordertoattackacastleontheMarneRiver thatwasshelteringnobles,amongthemtheDauphin’swifeandbaby.Butthere, theyweredefeated.Thecastle’snoblegarrisonchaseddownthosewhomanaged to fleeandslaughteredthem ‘likepigs’ inthecity’soutskirts.¹Atthesame moment,70kilometrestothenorth-east,anoblearmyledbyKingCharlesIIof Navarre,himselfagreatFrenchprince,hadcapturedtherebels’ generalandwas obliteratingtheirforcesinabattlenearClermont-en-Beauvaisis.Bandsofenraged nobles,theirfearofthepeasantsmasteredandtheirnaturaladvantageregained, tookitintheirturntooverrunthecountryside,carryingoutexecutionsof suspectedrebelswherevertheyfoundthemandburningvillageswholesale.The rebelstriedtoregroup,butJulysawtheireffortsdefinitivelyextinguishedandthe Parisianrebellioncrushed.
Therevoltwassooncalled ‘theJacquerie’,aterm firstattestedin1360and derivedfromthesobriquet ‘JacquesBonhomme’ (JamesGoodman)bornebyits participants.²AlongwiththeBlackDeath(from1348)andtheHundredYears War(1337–1453),theJacquerieisoneoftheheadlineeventsofthe ‘calamitous’ fourteenthcentury.InFrenchandeveninEnglish,itsnameisstillusedtoconnote
¹JeanleBel,262.
²
‘ChartredeJacqueriepourJehanHeudemandemourantaDury.DonneaHedinl’anmilccclxou moisdeJuillet.’ (ANJJ88,no.43,fol.29v).Thecontentsarenottranscribed.Therelevantchapter headinginthe Grandeschroniques,writteninthe1370s,alsocalledtherevolt ‘lamauvaiseJaquerie’ (GC,9,177).Froissartcalledtherebels ‘jakes’ usedtheterm: ‘cellejakerie’ (Froissart,SHF,§415, pp.103–104).Theterm ‘Jacques’ firstappearsroyaljudicialsourcesinOctober1358: ‘avecpluseursdes JaquesdeladitevilleetlesgenzdupaisdeMeucien’ (ANJJ86,no.430,fol.151r).ThechroniclerJean leBel,writingamonthortwoearlier,erroneouslyreportedthattherebels’ captainwascalled ‘Jaques Bonhomme’ (JeanleBel,260).
TheJacquerieof1358:AFrenchPeasants’ Revolt.JustineFirnhaber-Baker,OxfordUniversityPress(2021). ©JustineFirnhaber-Baker.DOI:10.1093/oso/9780198856412.003.0001
aviolentuprising.Atthetime,royaldocumentsmoreusuallyspokeofitas les effroiz thatis,the ‘noise’ or ‘terrors’—or lescommotions,whichcountrypeople (gensduplatpays)hadunleashedagainstthenobility.³Echoingthesesentiments inmorecolourfulterms,contemporarychroniclersofferedtheirownversions, callingtherebels ‘rabiddogs’ and ‘cruellerthanSaracens’ . ⁴ Evokingfear,chaos, andtheruralmob’srageagainstitssocialsuperiors,suchlanguageeloquently testifiestotheuprising’semotionaleffectsonitsvictims,butitdoeslittleto elucidatetheJacquerie’scausesormechanics.Nordoesitshomogeneityreflect thevarietiesofindividualexperiencethatlaybehindandtogetherconstitutedthe rebellionforitsparticipants.Thelanguagechosenbyelite,literatecontemporaries revealshowtheyunderstoodtherevolt,butitalsoshowsushowlittletheywished tounderstandit.
Modernhistorianshavesometimesdonebetter.The firstanduntilnowthe onlyscholarlybookdevotedtotherebellion,SiméonLuce’s1859 Histoiredela Jacquerie,placedtherevoltinitsspeci fichistoricalcontextandpaidattentionto theparticularpeopleandplacesitimplicated.LucehighlightedevidenceconnectingtheJacqueriewiththeParisianrebellionledbythemerchantÉtienneMarcel andarguedthatheprobablyorchestrateditforpoliticalends.⁵ Acenturylater, RaymondCazelleswentfurther,arguingthattheJacquesthemselvesweremostly well-offprofessionals;thattherevolt’sinceptionhadclearmilitaryutilitytothe Parisianrebellion;andthatrustics’ cooperationwiththeParisiansandother urbanalliesevincedapioneeringsocialvision,onedominatedbythetownand thecountryside’seconomicrelationshipstotheexclusionoftheoutmoded ‘feudal’ nobility. ⁶ Luce’sandCazelles’sexplanationsjibewithaslewofrecentworkonlate medievaluprisingsthatemphasizestheirrationality,organization,andpolitical motivations.⁷ Rural–urbancooperationofthetypetheypositednowseemsmore
³Inothercontexts,thechanceryused effroiz inthesenseof ‘terrors’ or ‘confusion’ ofwar,e.g. ‘les effroizdesennemizestoientsurlepays’ (ANJJ118,no.276,fol.148r).Itsetymologyisthesameasthat oftheEnglishword ‘affray’ .
⁴ JeanleBel,255–257;Froissart,SHF,§413,p.100.
⁵ Luce,53–55,93–104.Thesecondeditionofthisbook,publishedposthumouslyin1894and1895, slightlyrevisedthetextbutalsoincludedanexpandedappendixofediteddocuments.
⁶ RaymondCazelles, ‘LaJacqueriefut-elleunmouvementpaysan?’ , Comptesrendusdesséancesde l’Académiedesinscriptionsetbelleslettres 122(1978):654–666;RaymondCazelles, Sociétépolitique, noblesseetcouronnesousJeanlebonetCharlesV (Geneva,1982),321–329;RaymondCazelles, Étienne Marcel,championdel’unitéfrançaise (Paris,1984),296–303.SeealsoDavidM.Bessen, ‘TheJacquerie: Classwarorco-optedrebellion?’ , JMH 11(1985):43–59,whoseargumentsontherelationships betweentheJacques,Paris,andCharlesofNavarrearediscussedinChapter8.
⁷ ViolenceetcontestationauMoyenÂge:Actesdu114e Congrèsnationaldessociétéssavantes(Paris, 1989),Sectiond’histoiremédiévaleetdephilologie (Paris,1990);GhislainBrunelandSergeBrunet(eds), Harosurleseigneur!Lesluttesanti-seigneurialesdansl’Europemédiévaleetmoderne:ActesdesXXIXes Journéesinternationalesd’histoiredel’AbbayedeFlaran,5et6octobre2007 (Toulouse,2009);Samuel K.Cohn,Jr, Lustforliberty:ThepoliticsofsocialrevoltinmedievalEurope,1200–1450:Italy,France, andFlanders (Cambridge,MA,2006),esp.135–147,236–242;HipólitoRafaelOlivaHerrer,Vincent Challet,JanDumolyn,andMaríaAntoniaCarmonaRuiz(eds), Lacomunidadmedievalcomoesfera pública (Seville,2014);JanDumolyn,JelleHaemers,HipólitoRafaelOlivaHerrer,andVincentChallet (eds), ThevoicesofthepeopleinlatemedievalEurope:Communicationandpopularpolitics (Turnhout,
likelythannot,forsuchpartnershipshavebeendocumentedinrevoltsranging fromtheFlemishMaritimeRevoltof1323–1328andtheEnglishRisingof1381to the Comuneros movementinsixteenth-centurySpain.⁸
Yet,thetraditionofseeingtheJacquesBonhommesasbeastlyloutsandtheir actionsasirrationallyviciousisastrongone.In1879,JulesFlammermont attackedLuce’sargumentinanarticlethatdescribedtheJacquerieintermsnot thatdifferentfromthoseofthechronicles.AccordingtoFlammermont,the Jacqueriewasaspontaneous ‘explosion’ ofinstinctivehatredsnourishedfor centuriesby ‘rudepeasants,withouteducationordirection,dazedbypoverty anddrink’,wholackedthebasicintellectualcapacityforplotting.⁹ Thisisalmost ananti-explanation,onenotablyatoddswithnewerscholarshipdemonstrating theintellectualrangeandpoliticalconsciousnessofruralpeople,butithas remainedsurprisinglycentraltothescholarship.¹⁰ AlthoughGuyFourquinand RodneyHiltonviewedtheJacquerieashavingsomeorganizationandrational features,MichelMollatandPhilippeWolff ’sclassicbookonlatemedievalrevolts calledtheJacquerie ‘asincoherentasitwasspontaneous’,aninterpretationshared 2014);PatrickLantschner, Thelogicofpoliticalconflictinmedievalcities:ItalyandthesouthernLow Countries,1370–1440 (Oxford,2015);FabrizioTitone(ed.), Disciplineddissent:StrategiesofnonconfrontationalprotestinEuropefromthetwelfthtotheearlysixteenthcentury (Rome,2016);Justine Firnhaber-BakerandDirkSchoenaers(eds), TheRoutledgehistoryhandbookofmedievalrevolt (Abingdon,2017);VincentChalletandHéloïseHermant(eds), Desmotsetdesgestes:Lecorpsetla voixdansl’universdelarévolte(XIVe–XVIIIe siècles),specialissueof Histoire,économie&société 38 (2019).
⁸ RodneyHilton, Bondmenmadefree:MedievalpeasantmovementsandtheEnglishrisingof1381 (London,1973),214–232;A.F.Butcher, ‘Englishurbansocietyandtherevoltof1381’ andR.B.Dobson, ‘TherisingsinYork,Beverley,andScarborough,1380–1381’ inR.H.HiltonandT.H.Aston(eds), The Englishrisingof1381 (Cambridge,1984),84–111,112–142;WilliamH.TeBrake, Aplagueof insurrection:PopularpoliticsandpeasantrevoltinFlanders,1323–1328 (Philadelphia,1993)esp. Appendix2;SamuelK.Cohn,Jr., CreatingtheFlorentineState:PeasantsandRebellion,1348–1434 (Cambridge,1999);VincentChallet, ‘LeTuchinatenToulousainetdansleRouergue(1381–1393): D’uneémeuteurbaineàuneguérillarurale?’ , AnnalesduMidi 118(2006):513–525;AndrewPrescott, ‘“Greatandhorriblerumour”:ShapingtheEnglishrevoltof1381’ inFirnhaber-BakerandSchoenaers (eds), Handbookofmedievalrevolt,78–79;HipólitoRafaelOlivaHerrer, ‘Popularvoicesandrevolt: Exploringanti-nobleuprisingsontheeveofthewarofthecommunitiesofCastile’ inDumolyn, Haemers,Herrer,andChallet(eds), Voicesofthepeople,49–61.
⁹ JulesFlammermont, ‘LaJacquerieenBeauvaisis’ , RH 9(1879):123–143,quotesat127and129.
¹
⁰ Bessen, ‘Jacquerie’,44–46;SamuelK.Cohn,Jr.(ed.andtrans.), Popularprotestinlatemedieval Europe:Italy,France,andFlanders (Manchester,2004),149–150.Forruralpoliticalconsciousness,see PaulFreedman, ImagesoftheMedievalPeasant (Stanford,1999);PierreBoglioni,RobertDelort,and ClaudeGauvard(eds), Lepetitpeupledansl’Occidentmédiéval:Terminologies,perceptions,réalitiés. ActesduCongrèsinternationaltenuàl’UniversitédeMontréal18–23octobre1999 (Paris,2002); FrançoisMenantandJean-PierreJessenne(eds), Lesélitesruralesdansl’Europemédiévaleetmoderne: ActesdesXXVIIes Journéesinternationalesd’histoiredel’AbbayedeFlaran (Toulouse,2007);Richard Goddard,JohnLangdon,andMiriamMüller(eds), Survivalanddiscordinmedievalsociety:Essaysin honourofChristopherDyer (Turnhout,2010);VincentChalletandIanForrest, ‘TheMasses’ in ChristopherFletcher,Jean-PhilippeGenet,andJohnWatts(eds), Governmentandpoliticallifein EnglandandFrance,c.1300–c.1500 (Cambridge,2015),279–316;JustineFirnhaber-Baker, ‘Twokinds offreedom:Languageandpracticeinlatemedievalruralrevolts’ , Edadmedia:Revistadehistoria 21 (2020):113–152.
