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PAPERSONQUINTILIANANDANCIENT DECLAMATION

Frontispiece. ProfessorMichaelWinterbottom,CorpusChristiProfessorofLatin Emeritus,UniversityofOxford. PhotographcourtesyoftheOxfordGeologyGroup.

Paperson QuintilianandAncient Declamation

MICHAELWINTERBOTTOM

Editedby ANTONIOSTRAMAGLIA with FRANCESCAROMANANOCCHI and

GIUSEPPERUSSO

GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom

OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries

©MichaelWinterbottom2019

Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2019

Impression:1

Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove

Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer

PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica

BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable

LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018963938 ISBN9780198836056

Printedandboundby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY

LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork.

Editor

’sIntroduction

Inthelatespringof1954,apromisingOxfordundergraduatewasworking hardfortheHertfordscholarship(themainprizetheninLatinstudies).He neededsomeextratuitionforLatincomposition,buthistutoratPembroke Collegewasrecoveringfromaseriousillnessanddirectedhimto ‘afriendat StJohn’ s ’.Thislatter

ononeoccasion ... didwhatIgatherhisoldtutoratBalliol(RogerMynors)used todo,andputbeforeme,afterdiscussingmycompositions,apieceofunfamiliar Latin:somethingfromtheElderSeneca.Inotedinmydiaryfor4June: ‘Inthe eveningIreadaboutRomandeclamation.’¹

TheOxfordstudent tallandslim,withmildbutpiercingblueeyes was obviouslyM(ichael)W(interbottom).HistutoratStJohn’sCollegewas,also obviously,DonaldRussell;andthesparkhelitinhispupilwastorevolutionize awhole fieldofstudy.

MW’sdoctoralthesiswasacommentaryonQuintilian,BookTwo:akey partofthe Institutio inmattersofrhetoricaltraining.Theworkwassuccessfullydefendedin1962,²butremainedunpublishedformorethanfortyyears: MWwasbynowdevotinghisenergiestoanewOCTeditionofQuintilian. Heproducedit withastonishingspeedandskill,consideringthebulkofhis task in1970,togetherwithacompanionvolumeof ProblemsinQuintilian, andafterastringofpreliminarystudies.Thisearlysetofpublicationsimmediatelycommandedpraiseandrespect.ItfullyillustratesMW’ s ‘holistic’ view ofscholarship:researchonthemanuscripttradition(includingitshuman subjects,e.g.Almeloveen)istightlyintertwinednotonlywiththeeditingofa text,butalsowithaconstantefforttoelucidateandcontextualizewhatthat text means.Withhischaracteristiccandour,MWhasrecentlysummarized hiscreed:

Eversincechildhood,Ihavealwaysbeenconcernedtounderstandthe meaning of whatIread,andIamnotmuchtroubledwhenIamtoldbycriticsthattheAuthor isdeadandhismeaningamatterfortheReadertodecide.Ifeelinmynaïveway thatclassicalprosewritersmeantsomethingdefinitebywhattheywrote,and that,ifIdonotunderstandit,thatiseithermyfaultorthatofthescribes.³

¹Winterbottom perlitteras (28August2017).²Seeherep.218n.[3]. ³Winterbottom(2017c),403(myitalics).Forallabbreviationsseethegeneralbibliography below,pp.35161;articlesandchaptersreprintedinthisbookarereferredtoas A.1, A.2 ... , bookreviewsas R.1,R.2 ForfulldetailsofMW’spublicationsalludedtothroughoutthese pages,seethecompletelistbelow,pp.

QuintilianwouldneversubsequentlyfadefromMW’shorizon;norwouldthe LatintextsoftheAnglo-SaxonMiddleAges,theobject sinceMW’searly years notofasideinterestbutofawhole ‘parallelcareer’,deservingasurvey initsownright.⁴ Bytheearly1970s,however,MW(thenTutorialFellowin classicsatWorcesterCollege,Oxford[1967–92])wasworkingintensivelyin the fieldthathadarousedhisinterestsincehisundergraduatedays:declamation.Thestudyof Roman declamation,inparticular,wasnotsomuch dormantasnearlynon-existentinthoseyears.Thetextsthemselveswereoften barelyintelligible:someoftherelevanteditions(anyexplicitmentionmay charitablybedispensedwith)wereamongthemostdefectivethatclassical scholarshiphaseverproduced;andonlyafewaidswereavailableforthe interpretationofthegenre(mostnotablyStanleyBonner’ severgreen Roman Declamation (1949)).Adrasticandbeneficialchangewaseffectedbyfour greatscholars:LennartHåkanson,DonaldRussell,D.R.ShackletonBailey, andMW;by1989,thankstothem, first-rateeditionsofallthemaintextsin the fieldofRomandeclamation,andabetterunderstandingofthewhole genre,wereatlastathand.

UnlikeHåkansonandShackletonBailey,MWdidnotconcentratehiswork indeclamation ‘only’ onecdotictasks:hisElderSenecaforLoeb(1974),and themassivecommentaryaccompanyinghiseditionofthe ‘ Quintilianic’ MinorDeclamations (1984),splendidlyshowcasehisgiftfordeepandclear elucidation evenofthemostdifficultandcorrupttexts.Inthesameyears,in anumberofseminalpapershesetouttoshedfreshlightontherelationship betweenrhetoricalprecepts(Quintilian ’ s inprimis )ontheonehand, declamatorytheoryandpracticeontheother;andinRussell’ sfootstepshe investigatedtheinteractionbetweenGreekandRomandeclamation thebook onSopatros(1988,withDoreenInnes)beingthelargest,butbynomeansthe only,productofthiseffort.Whatisreallystriking,throughouttheseresearches, isMW’sunprecedentedbreadthofview.Hehaswrittenondeclamationfrom GorgiasuptoEnnodius,singlingout(mostlyforthe firsttime)constantsand variablesoverthecenturies.Thishehasdonethankstohisadmirablelearning, butalsotohisbeingimmunetoallthestockassumptionswhichwouldhave hamperedprogress.Seeforinstancehiswordsonthe ‘earlystages’ ofdeclamationinRome:

Itwasnotthatdeclamationsomehowbecamemoreimportantinthecourse ofthe firstcentury .Ourimpressionthatitdoesislargelyadelusion,re sultingfromtheaccidentsofourevidence.DeclamationwillhavecometoRome withtheGreekteacherswhobroughtrhetoricthereinthesecondcentury  [It]didnotincreaseinimportanceinthe firstcentury:itmerely remained

⁴ ThiswillbegiveninavolumecontainingaselectionofMW’smedievalpapers,tobeedited byRobertoGamberiniandpublishedbySISMEL(Florence).

important,andperhapsbecame,inschoolslessausterethanQuintilian’ s,more extravagantinconception.⁵

WithoutMW’swork,ourwholeunderstandingofancientdeclamationwould nowbemuchmorenarrowandsuperficial.

Betweenthe1970sandthe1990s,theindefatigablescholar inspiteofhis evergrowingteachingduties,towhichweoweavaluableanthologyof Roman Declamation (1980) foundtimeforfundamentalresearchinvariousother domains.Firstofall,heconsolidatedhisreputationasaspecialistinmanuscripttraditionsandcriticaleditions,withhisOCTtextsofTacitus(Opera minora,1975)andCicero(Deofficiis,1994).Thiswas ‘obviously’ accompaniedbyanumberofpapersandbookreviews(onwhichlatterseebelow);but specialmentionshouldbemadeofthemanyentriesMWwroteforthe standardworkon TextsandTransmission editedbyLeightonReynoldsin 1983.Fordecadesnow,astudent’ s firstapproachtothetextualtraditionof manyaRomanauthororworkhas beneficially been,moreoftenthannot, oneoftheadmirablesurveyscontributedbyMWtothisbook.

Ancientliterarycriticismisanotherrecurrent fieldofstudyforMW: theanthologieshepreparedwithDonaldRussellhavefullydeservedtobe standardsincetheirpublication(1972,1989).Moreoccasional butnoless serious interesthasbeenlavishedonanumberofauthors,mostlyfortextual andexegeticalissues:Virgil inprimis,butalsoLucretius,Ovid,Apuleius, Cyprian,Ambrose Andthemedievalfavouriteshavealwaysbeenthereof course,withWilliamofMalmesburyinthefrontrow.

MeanwhileMWwasappointedCorpusChristiProfessorofLatinatOxford (1992),atributetohisrankamongtheleadinglivingclassicists.In2000,one yearbeforehisretirement,thepresentwriter(verytimidly)contactedhim,to involvehimintheCassinoprojectofre-editingthe19 MajorDeclamations ascribedtoQuintilianinindividualvolumes,withtranslationandcommentary(1999–).MWdeclinedtakingononeormoredeclamationshimself,but generouslyacceptedtocommentonthesinglevolumes.Theamountand qualityofhiscontributionstoeachbookinthiscollection(from2005on)call forspecialemphasis.Itisveryoften ‘Winterbottom perlitteras’ who finally healsorgivessensetoapassagevexedforcenturies,throughouttheseexceptionallydifficulttexts.

Allthesame,the Maiores remainedforseveralyearsonlyasideinterestfor MW;butingeneral,declamationandancientrhetoricaltexts(withtheir teachingprocedures)cametotheforefrontofhisscholarshipasaclassicist⁶ throughoutthe2000s anactivitymoreintensivethaneversincehis

⁵ Winterbottom(1982),254 6(= A.5 below,pp.789);myitalics.

⁶ Noidlequalification:inthesameyears,MW’ s ‘medievalself ’ (Freudmighthavetalkedof a Doppelgänger)publishesnolessthan fivebooksandseventeenarticlesandanenormous numberofbookreviews.

x Editor’sIntroduction

retirement.In2006arevisedversionofhisD.Phil.dissertationonQuintilian, BookTwowas finallypublishedasabook(incollaborationwithTobias Reinhardt);in2008hismajorcontributiontothemonumentalcommentary onCicero’ s Deoratore (begunbyLeemanandPinkster)appeared;andhis papersovertheseyearsdisplayanincreasinglywiderrangeofissuesand approaches.Morewillbesaidonthispresently;hereIshouldpointout MW’scommitmenttotherecoveryandpublicationofthe Nachlass ofhis friend,thegreatSwedishscholarLennartHåkanson,whotragicallydiedinhis primein1987.⁷

NothinghasbeensaidsofarofanotherhallmarkofMW’sscholarship: hiscountlessbookreviews.Overthedecades,theyalldemonstrateanunprejudiced andsometimesmemorable⁸—candourinassessingthereviewed author’smeritsandshortcomings:somethingquitehardtocomeby,these days.Whatismore,theyalwaysoffersomeacutenewinsighttothereader: bothonthespecificsubjectofthebookunderreview,andonbroader ecdotic,mostoften methodologicalissues.MW’ s ‘collectedreviewswould serveinthemselvesasamanualofediting’,MichaelReevewrotesomeyears ago;⁹ fewwilldisagree.

Visàvis suchabroadandvariedarrayofpublications,thisbookoffersa selectionofpapersfromtwoespeciallyrepresentativeandintrinsicallyconnected fieldsofinterest.Thechoiceisprimarilybased,ofcourse,onthe scholarly ‘weight’ ofthesingleitems;buttheplaceandcircumstancesof publicationhavealsoplayedarole:manyofMW’smostacutecontributions originallyappearedinconferenceproceedings, Festschriften,andrareperiodicals oftenhardto findeveninleadinglibraries orembeddedinreviews thatevenmodernsearchtoolsmayeasilymiss.Itseemedappropriatetogive specialconsiderationtosuchmaterials.

Theauthorhasobviouslytakenpartintheselectionprocess.Hedecided thatanyitemsonQuintilian’stextandtransmissionpriortohisedition (1970)should not beincluded,forthateditiontookfullaccountofthem;and heexcludedanynon-specialistpieces.¹⁰ Whatthisbook does include,asfor Quintilian,arepaperson somekeyaspectsofthe Institutiooratoria regarding morals,style,structure,rhetoricaltechnicalities, auctores (A.1,3,5,8,9,13,18); andthemorerecentcontributionsonQuintilian’stext(A.15, 19; R.2–4, 7–8).

⁷ Onthisdemandingenterprise,carriedout enéquipe,seetheeditors’ prefacesinHåkanson (2014)and(2016).MWhasprovidedasensibleappraisalofHåkanson’sscholarship(in Håkanson(2016), ),andhashimselfbroughttopublicationthemostcomplicatedpiece ofhis Nachlass (HåkansonWinterbottom(2015)).

⁸ Cf.e.g.theopeningwordsofWinterbottom(1978),685(= R.3 below,p.322): ‘Thesetwo volumes followcloselyuponthe first,andtheysharethemeritsanddemeritsoftheir predecessor.Thetextmakesnopretensiontonovelty.Thetranslationis fluentandgenerally accurate.Thenotesareinformative.Theapparatuscriticusisadisaster.’ ⁹ Reeve(2000),204n.51.¹⁰ SuchasWinterbottom(1985)and(1997).

Inthe fieldofGreekandRomandeclamation,thisbookismoreinclusive. Onlyafewitemshavebeenleftout,mostlylongpapersinvolvingtextual (re-)editions.¹¹Allotherrelevantarticlesandreviewshavebeenreprinted here,onauthorsandtopicsrangingfromclassicalGreecetotheLatinMiddle Ages(A.2,4,6–8,14,16,20–3;R.1,5–6,9–12);roomhasbeenmadealsofor theintroductiontothe1988bookonSopatros(A.10):thisimpressively learnedandwide-rangingpiecemakesindispensablereadingforanyone workingonancientdeclamation.Finally,theoverallscopeofthevolume suggestedtheinclusionoftwoimportantshortpapersonrhetoricalterms andconcepts(A.11–12);andabrilliantsurveyofsomestrikingnoveltieson theancientrhetoricalcurriculum(A.17).

ThosewhoarefamiliarwithMW’sscholarshipmaywonderifoneofhis basictenetshasbeengivensufficientconsiderationinthisbook:

Ihaveafewrigidprinciplesinlife,butoneisnevertospeakorwriteonaLatin subjectwithoutmentioningproserhythm.¹²

Nospecificarticleorbookreviewonproserhythmisincludedhere,buteach selecteditemdoescontainatleastacaseinpoint,andsomepapersfeature detaileddiscussions.¹³Thosecrystal-clearpagesmakeoneregretthatMWhas morefrequentlyconfinedhimselftobriefmentions:hisluciditywouldhave beenparticularlywelcomeinthis field,asimportantasitisdifficult(and nowadaysneglected).

Allitemsareherereprintedaccordingtouniformeditorialguidelines,and intheprocessmisprintshavebeenremoved, OLD hasbeenreferredto throughoutaccordingtothesecondedition(2012),afewformaladjustments (e.g.incross-references)havebeenmade,andoccasionalclarificationsor referencestonewstandardeditionshavebeenentered(insquarebrackets).

Theauthorhasalsoworkedinanumberof addenda or corrigenda tosome papers,mostlyattheirend,whensomecrucialpointhadtobemadeora recentbibliographicalitemstoodoutforitsrelevance.Ingeneral,however,no attempthasbeenmadeatsystematicupdating:thiswouldhaveimplied rewriting thecontributions,uprootingthemfromthehistoricalandintellectual contextinwhich,andforwhich,theywereconceived.

Toconclude,somethingmustbesaidaboutthelastpaperinthepresent collection(A.24).Thisbrilliantnewassessmentofthemanuscripttraditionof the MajorDeclamations hasbeenwrittenexpresslyforthisbook,anditresults fromMW’scurrentmaincommitment:aLoebeditionofthe Maiores.Heis officiallyinchargeofthetranslationandpartofthenotes(Iamhandlingthe

¹¹HåkansonWinterbottom(2015);Winterbottom(2017d)and(2018). ¹²Winterbottom(2017c),410.

¹³Seee.g.Winterbottom(1983a),59ff.(= A.7 below,pp.105ff.);(2017b),151(= A.22 below, pp.2712).

Latintext,BiagioSantorellitherestofthenotesandtheintroduction(s));but his ‘holistic’ approachtoscholarshiphasneverchanged,sohisworkonthe translationhassoongivenrisetorepeateddiscussionsof locicritici,dozensof (alwaysastute,oftendecisive)conjectures,andanunprejudicedapproachto thetransmissionofthetext.Beinginvolvedinsuchadialoguewithsucha scholar andman isauniqueexperience,stillongoing.ButthereissomethingforwhichMWhastoturnelsewhere:whomightrevisehistranslationof thesetrickyandtwistedLatintexts?Somespecialhelpiscalledforagain,asin 1954 Well,theoldStJohn’sscholarisstillthere,aslearnedandacuteas ever,readytovethisformerpupil’stranslations andcontributesomeformidableconjecturesofhisown.Allthisistakingplaceover sixty yearssince MW’s(b.1934)andDonaldRussell’s(b.1920) firstsessiononRomandeclamation.FriendshipmaysometimesdefyNature’slaws.

ThisbookwouldhaveneverbeenproducedwithouttheunselfishandenthusiastichelpconstantlyprovidedbyFrancescaNocchiandGiuseppeRusso:my deepgratitudegoestothemboth.SpecialthanksarealsoduetoStephen Harrison,whofacilitatedandguidedcontactswithOUP,andwaseverprompt withadviceandsupport;andtoOUPitself,foracceptingandfelicitously bringingtopublicationananythingbuteasybook.InrecentyearsIhavehad theprivilegeofmeetingDonaldRussell,enjoyinghisgenerosity,andprofiting fromhisadvicealsoinrelationtothisbook:itisapleasuretothankhimmost warmlyforallthis. AuctoriamicoquecarissimoMichaeli,quisempermihi praestofuitinhocopereabsolvendo,postremasreddoeasquemaximasgratias: sithiclibelluslongaenostraeeximiaequeamicitiaepignus. A.S.

Bari

June2018

PublicationsofMichaelWinterbottom

*=includedinthisvolume.Periodicalsareabbreviatedaccordingto L’Année philologique,wheneverapplicable(add JML = JournalofMedievalLatin).

BOOKS

1. M.FabiQuintilianiInstitutionisoratoriaelibriduodecim,2vols.(Oxford, 1970).

2. ProblemsinQuintilian (London,1970).

3.&D.A.Russell, AncientLiteraryCriticism (Oxford,1972).

4. ThreeLivesofEnglishSaints (Toronto,1972).

5. TheElderSeneca.Declamations,2vols.(Cambridge[Mass.]andLondon, 1974).

6.&R.M.Ogilvie, CorneliiTacitiOperaminora (Oxford,1975).

7. Gildas.TheRuinofBritainandOtherWorks (LondonandChichester, 1978).¹

8. RomanDeclamation.ExtractsEditedwithCommentary (Bristol,1980).

9. TheMinorDeclamationsAscribedtoQuintilian (BerlinandNewYork,1984).

10. WilliamofMalmesbury.OnLamentations (Turnhout,2013).

11.&R.M.Thomson, WilliamofMalmesbury.TheMiraclesoftheBlessed VirginMary (Woodbridge,2015).²

*12.&D.Innes, SopatrostheRhetor,withanintroductionby M.Winterbottom(London,1988)(*pp.1–20).

13.&D.A.Russell, ClassicalLiteraryCriticism (Oxford,1989).

14.&M.Brett,C.N.L.Brooke, HughtheChanter.TheHistoryoftheChurch ofYork1066–1127 (Oxford,1990).

15.&M.Lapidge, WulfstanofWinchester.LifeofStÆthelwold (Oxford,1991).

16. M.TulliCiceronisDeofficiis (Oxford,1994).

17.&R.A.B.Mynors,R.M.Thomson, WilliamofMalmesbury. Gestaregum Anglorum,vol.1(Oxford,1998).

18.&R.M.Thomson, WilliamofMalmesbury.Saints ’ Lives (Oxford, 2002).

19.&T.Reinhardt, Quintilian. Institutiooratoria. Book2 (Oxford,2006).

¹Reissuedin2002withanewbibliographicalforeword. ²Reissuedin2017(paperback).

PublicationsofMichaelWinterbottom

20. WilliamofMalmesbury. GestapontificumAnglorum,vol.1(Oxford,2007).³

21.&J.Wisse,E.Fantham, M.TulliusCicero.DeoratorelibriIII,vol.5 (Heidelberg,2008).

22.&R.M.Thomson, WillelmiMeldunensismonachiLibersuper explanationemLamentationumIeremiaeprophetae (Turnhout,2011).

23.&M.Lapidge, TheEarlyLivesofStDunstan (Oxford,2012).

ARTICLESANDCHAPTERSIN MISCELLANEOUSVOLUME S

1. ‘Almeloveen’smanuscriptofQuintilian’ , CR  12(1962),121–2.

2. ‘ThetextualtraditionofQuintilian10.1.46f.’ , CQ  12(1962),169–75.

3. ‘Quintilian,v.10.91’ , CR  14(1964),14.

4. ‘MoreaboutAlmeloveen’ , CR  14(1964),243.

*5. ‘Quintilianandthe virbonus’ , JRS 54(1964),90–7.

6. ‘SomeproblemsinQuintilianBookTwo’ , Philologus 108(1964),119–27.

7. ‘ThebeginningofQuintilian’ s Institutio’ , CQ  17(1967),123–7.

8. ‘Quintilian, .1.3’ , CR  17(1967),264.

9. ‘QuintilianandBoethius’ , BICS 14 (1967),83.

10. ‘Fifteenth-centurymanuscriptsofQuintilian’ , CQ  17(1967),339–69.

11. ‘ThestyleofÆthelweard’ , MAev 36(1967),109–18.

12. ‘Onthe Hispericafamina’ , Celtica 8(1968),126–39.

13.Revisionofthe Dialogus,in Tacitus,vol.1(LondonandCambridge [Mass.],1970),217–347.

14.VariouscontributionstoN.G.L.HammondandH.H.Scullard(eds.), OxfordClassicalDictionary,2ndedn.(Oxford,1970).

15. ‘Sixconjectures’ , CR  22(1972),11–12.

16. ‘ThetransmissionofTacitus’ Dialogus’ , Philologus 116(1972),114–28.

17. ‘ThreelivesofSaintEthelwold’ , MAev 41(1972),191–201.

*18. ‘ProblemsintheElderSeneca’ , BICS 21(1974),20–42.

19. ‘TheprefaceofGildas’ Deexcidio’ , TransactionsoftheHonourableSociety ofCymmrodorion.Sessions1974and1975,277–87.

20. ‘On epitrochasmos’ , Glotta 53(1975),297–8.

*21. ‘Quintilian andrhetoric’,inT.A.Dorey(ed.), EmpireandAftermath. SilverLatinII (London,1975),79–97.

³ ‘withtheassistanceofR.M.Thomson’.Vol.2(IntroductionandCommentary)wasalso publishedin2007;thetitlepageread: ‘byR.M.ThomsonwiththeassistanceofM.Winter bottom’

22. ‘ThemanuscripttraditionofTacitus’ Germania’ , CPh 70(1975),1–7.

23. ‘ColumbanusandGildas’ , VChr 30(1976),310–17.

24. ‘Fieryparticles’ , CQ  26(1976),317–18.

25. ‘NotesonthetextofGildas’ , JThS  27(1976),132–40.

26. ‘Variationsonanauticaltheme’ , Hermathena 120(1976),55–8.

27. ‘Virgilandtheconfiscations’ , G&R  23(1976),55–9.

28. ‘A “Celtic” hyperbaton?’ , BulletinoftheBoardofCelticStudies 27(1977), 207–12.

29. ‘Aldhelm’sprosestyleanditsorigins’ , ASE 6(1977),39–76.

30. ‘TheotherVirgil’ , BICS 25(1978),146–56.

*31. ‘ThetextofSulpiciusVictor’ , BICS 26(1979),62–6.

*32. ‘CiceroandtheSilverAge’,inW.Ludwig(ed.), Éloquenceetrhétoriquechez Cicéron (VandoeuvresandGeneva,1982),237–66(‘Discussion’,267–74).

33. ‘Literarycriticism’,in TheCambridgeHistoryofClassicalLiterature, vol.2: LatinLiterature (Cambridge,1982),33–50.

*34. ‘Schoolroomandcourtroom’,inB.Vickers(ed.), RhetoricRevalued. PapersfromtheInternationalSocietyfortheHistoryofRhetoric (Binghamton[NY],1982),59–70.

*35. ‘Declamation,GreekandLatin’,inA.Ceresa-Gastaldo(ed.),Ars rhetorica anticaenuova (Genoa,1983),57–76.

*36. ‘Quintiliananddeclamation’,in HommagesàJeanCousin (Paris,1983), 225–35.

37.VariouscontributionstoL.D.Reynolds(ed.), TextsandTransmission. ASurveyoftheLatinClassics (Oxford,1983;corr.repr.1986).

38. ‘TheRomanoratorandhiseducation’ , Akroterion 30(1985),53–7.

39. ‘Mankindandotheranimals:the Georgics’,inR.A.Cardwelland J.Hamilton(eds.), VirgilinaCulturalTradition.EssaystoCelebratethe Bimillennium (Nottingham,1986),1–16.

40. ‘Totincassumfusospatierelabores?’ , CQ  36(1986),545–6.

41. ‘NotesontheLifeofEdwardtheConfessor’ , MAev 56(1987),82–4.

42. ‘Pelagiana’ , JThS  38(1987),106–29.

43. ‘TheLifeofChristinaofMarkyate’ , AB 105(1987),281–7.

*44. ‘Quintiliano(M.FabiusQuintilianus)’,in EnciclopediaVirgiliana,vol.4 (Rome,1988),374–6.

*45. ‘CiceroandtheMiddleStyle’,inJ.Diggle,J.B.Hall,andH.D.Jocelyn (eds.), StudiesinLatinLiteratureanditsTraditioninHonourof C.O.Brink (Cambridge,1989),125–31.

46. ‘Speakingofthegods’ , G&R  36(1989),33–41.

47. ‘NewlightontheXtraditionofCicero’ s Deofficiis’ , MD 24(1990),135–41.

48. ‘RogerAubreyBaskervilleMynors’ , PBA 80(1991),371–401.

49. ‘AeneasandtheideaofTroy’ , PVS 21(1993),17–34.

50. ‘ThetransmissionofCicero’ s Deofficiis’ , CQ  43(1993),215–42.

xvi PublicationsofMichaelWinterbottom

51. ‘Conjecturesonsomeinsulartexts’,inD.Conso,N.Fick,andB.Poulle (eds.), MélangesFrançoisKerlouégan (Paris,1994),667–72.

*52. ‘Onimpulse’,inD.Innes,H.Hine,andC.Pelling(eds.), Ethicsand Rhetoric.ClassicalEssaysforDonaldRussellonhisSeventy-FifthBirthday (Oxford,1995),313–22.

53. ‘The Gestaregum ofWilliamofMalmesbury’ , JML 5(1995),158–73.

54. ‘TheO.C.T. Deofficiis:apostscript’ , CQ  45(1995),265–6.

55. ‘ThetextofAmbrose’ s Deofficiis’ , JThS  46(1995),559–66.

56.&S.J.Harrison, ‘ThenewpassageofTiberiusClaudiusDonatus’ , CQ  45(1995),547–50.

57. ‘The integri ofCicero’ s Topica’ , CQ  46(1996),403–10.

58. ‘Introduzione’,inS.Corsi, MarcoFabioQuintiliano.Laformazione dell’oratore,vol.1(Milan,1997),5–26.

59. ‘DestudiisLatinisOxoniensibus’ , VoxLat 33(1997),542–9.

*60. ‘Quintilianthemoralist’,inT.Albaladejo,E.delRío,andJ.A.Caballero (eds.), Quintiliano:HistoriayActualidaddelaRétorica,vol.1(Logroño, 1998),317–34.

61. ‘Tacitus, Dialogus 13.4’ , CQ  49(1999),338.

*62. ‘AnemendationinCalpurniusFlaccus’ , CQ  49(1999),338–9.

63. ‘InpraiseofRaphaelRegius’,inS.Döpp(ed.), AntikeRhetorikundihre Rezeption.SymposionzuEhrenvonProfessorDr.CarlJoachimClassen (Stuttgart,1999),99–116.

64. ‘NotesonWilliamofPoitiers’ , JML 9(1999),121–30.

65.&J.J.Murphy, ‘RaffaeleRegio’s1492 Quaestio doubtingCicero’ s authorshipofthe RhetoricaadHerennium’ , Rhetorica 17(1999),77–87.

66. ‘ThreeemendationsinColumella’ , CQ  49(1999),633–4.

67. ‘Lucretius5.845–854’ , Hermes 128(2000),505–6.

*68. ‘MoreproblemsinQuintilian’ , BICS 44(2000),167–77.

69. ‘TheearliestLifeofStDunstan’ , SCI 19(2000),163–79.

70. ‘AnewpassageofWilliamofMalmesbury’ s Gestapontificum ’ , JML 11 (2001),50–9.

71. ‘LeightonDurhamReynolds’ , PBA 111(2001),659–76.

72. ‘ReturningtoTacitus’ Dialogus’,inC.W.Wooten(ed.), TheOratorin ActionandTheoryinGreeceandRome.EssaysinHonorofGeorge A.Kennedy (Leiden,Boston,andCologne,2001),137–55.

73.&S.J.Harrison, ‘TheprologuetoApuleius’ Metamorphoses’,in A.KahaneandA.Laird(eds.), ACompaniontothePrologueofApuleius’ Metamorphoses(Oxford,2001),9–15.

74. ‘WilliamofMalmesbury versificus ’,inS.EchardandG.R.Wieland (eds.), Anglo-LatinanditsHeritage.EssaysinHonourofA.G.Riggonhis 64thBirthday (Turnhout,2001),109–27.

75. ‘Believingthe ProMarcello’,inJ.E.Miller,C.Damon,andK.S.Myers(eds.), Vertisinusum.StudiesinHonorof EdwardCourtney (Munich,2002),24–38.

PublicationsofMichaelWinterbottom xvii

76.&M.Deufert,J.F.Gaertner, ‘Criticalnotesonthe Heroides’ , Hermes 130 (2002),502–6.

*77. ‘Ennodius, Dictio 21’,inB.-J.andJ.-P.Schröder(eds.),Studium declamatorium.UntersuchungenzuSchulübungenundPrunkredenvon derAntikebiszurNeuzeit (MunichandLeipzig,2003),275–88.

78. ‘TheLanguageofWilliamofMalmesbury’,inC.J.Mews, C.J.Nederman,andR.M.Thomson(eds.), RhetoricandRenewalinthe LatinWest1100–1540.EssaysinHonourofJohnO.Ward (Turnhout, 2003),129–47.

79. ‘GrilliusonCicero’ s Deinventione’ , CQ  54(2004),592–605.

80. ‘Perorations’,inJ.G.F.PowellandJ.Paterson(eds.), CicerotheAdvocate (Oxford,2004),215–30.

*81. ‘SomethingnewoutofArmenia’ , Letrasclássicas 8(2004),111–28.

82. ‘AneditionofFaricius, VitaS.Aldhelmi’ , JML 15(2005),93–147.

*83. ‘Approachingtheend:Quintilian12.11’ , AClass 48(2005),175–83.

84. ‘FariciusofArezzo’sLifeofStAldhelm’,inK.O’BrienO’Keeffeand A.Orchard(eds.), LatinLearningandEnglishLore.StudiesinAngloSaxonLiteratureforMichaelLapidge,vol.1(Toronto,Buffaloand London,2005),109–31.

*85. ‘Declamationandphilosophy’ , Classica(Brasil) 19(2006),74–82.

*86. ‘Quintilian12.11.11–12’ , CQ  56(2006),324–5.

87. ‘Cyprian’ s AdDonatum’,inS.Swain,S.J.Harrison,andJ.Elsner(eds.), SeveranCulture (Cambridge,2007),190–8.

88. ‘Bede’ s castella’ , QuaestioInsularis 10(2009),1–7.

89. ‘ConversationsinBede’ s Historiaecclesiastica’,inE.Dickeyand A.Chahoud(eds.), ColloquialandLiteraryLatin (Cambridge,2010), 419–30.

90. ‘WilliamofMalmesburyandtheNormans’ , JML 20(2010),70–7.

91. ‘Bede’shomilyonBenedictBishop(Hom.1.13)’ , JML 21(2011), 35–51.

92. ‘Onancientproserhythm:thestoryofthedichoreus’,inD.Obbinkand R.Rutherford(eds.), CultureinPieces.EssaysonAncientTextsinHonour ofPeterParsons (Oxford,2011),262–76.

93. ‘Devitapatris’,inD.DamschenandA.Heil(eds.), Brill’sCompanionto Seneca (LeidenandBoston,2014),695.

94. ‘Movingthegoalposts:there-writingofmedievalLatinprosetexts’ , Ars edendiLectureSeries 3(2014),29–48.

*95. ‘WilliamofMalmesbury’sworkonthe Declamationesmaiores’ , S&T 12 (2014),261–76.

96. ‘TheearliestpassionofStAlban’ , InvLuc 37(2015),113–27.

97.& †L.Håkanson, ‘TribunusMarianus’,inL.DelCorso,F.DeVivo,and A.Stramaglia(eds.), Nelsegnodeltesto.Edizioni,materialiestudiper OronzoPecere (Florence,2015),61–90.

xviii PublicationsofMichaelWinterbottom

98. ‘LennartHåkanson:derMensch,derGelehrte’,inL.Håkanson, UnveröffentlichteSchriften,vol.2: KritischerKommentarzuSeneca Maior, Controversiae,BuchI,ed.byF.Citti,B.Santorelli,and A.Stramaglia(BerlinandBoston,2016), 

99. ‘ThestyleofÆlnoth’,inM.Münster-Swendsen,T.K.Heebøll-Holm, andS.OlsenSønnesyn(eds.), HistoricalandIntellectualCultureinthe LongTwelfthCentury:TheScandinavianConnection (Durhamand Toronto,2016),119–30.

100. ‘KarstenFriis-Jensen’spreliminary findingstowardsaneweditionof SvenAggesen’,ibid.,295–317.

101. ‘TextandtransmissionofsomeBedantexts’ , MLatJb 52(2017),445–59. *102. ‘TheeditorsofCalpurniusFlaccus’,inM.Dinter,C.Guérin,and M.Martinho(eds.), ReadingRomanDeclamation.CalpurniusFlaccus (BerlinandBoston,2017),141–60.

103. ‘Thepleasuresofediting’ , RHT  12(2017),393–413.

104. ‘The TribunusMarianus andthedevelopmentofthe cursus ’,in P.Chiesa,A.M.Fagnoni,andR.E.Guglielmetti(eds.),Ingeniofacilis. PerGiovanniOrlandi(1938–2007) (Florence,2017),231–47.

105. ‘ThevocabularyofWilliamofMalmesbury’ , Aevum 91(2017),377–409.

106. ‘Words,words,words ’,inR.M.Thomson,E.Dolmans,and E.A.Winkler(eds.), DiscoveringWilliamofMalmesbury (Woodbridge, 2017),203–18.

107. ‘Cyrus, OntheDifferentiationofIssues’ , S&T 16(2018),209–46.

*108. ‘Thewordsofthemaster’ , Maia 70(2018),73–83.

*109. ‘Themanuscripttraditionof[Quintilian]’ s MajorDeclamations:anew approach’,inthisbook.

110. ‘Beginningahistory’ , JML 29(2019),101–21.

111. ‘ThemanuscriptsofBerengarofPoitiers’ , MLatJb 54(2019),157–61.

112. ‘PopeUrban’sspeechatClermont.WilliamofMalmesbury, Gesta RegumAnglorum 347’ , MLatJb 54(2019),162–7.

113. ‘Notesonthetextofthe MajorDeclamations’ , MD 82(2019) [forthcoming].

SELECTEDREVIEWS

1.A.E.Douglas, M.TulliCiceronisBrutus (Oxford,1966), CR  17 (1967),301–3.⁴

2.A.Campbell, AethelwulfDeabbatibus (Oxford,1967), MAev 38(1969), 60–4.

⁴ Thisisthe firstinalongseriesofreviewsin CR,onlyafewofwhicharelistedhere.

3.G.Luck, UntersuchungenzurTextgeschichteOvids (Heidelberg,1969), CR  21(1971),208–9.

4.J.W.Smit, StudiesintheLanguageandStyleofColumbatheYounger (Columbanus) (Amsterdam,1971), MAev 41(1972),243–4.

5.H.Weiskopf, P.CorneliTacitiAnnaliumlibriXI–XII (Vienna,Cologne, andGraz,1973), CPh 76(1975),283–4.

6.M.W.Herren, The Hispericafamina :TheA-Text (Toronto,1974), MAev 45(1976),105–9.

7.T.Janson, ProseRhythminMedievalLatinfromthe9thtothe13th Century (Stockholm,1975), MAev 45(1976),298–300.

8.S.Usher, DionysiusofHalicarnassus.TheCriticalEssays,vol.1 (Cambridge[Mass.]andLondon,1974), CR  26(1976),173–4.

*9.L.Håkanson, TextkritischeStudienzudengrösserenpseudoquintilianischen Deklamationen (Lund,1974), CR  26(1976),276.

*10.J.Cousin, Quintilien.Institutionoratoire,Tome  (Paris,1975)and RecherchessurQuintilien (Paris,1975), Gnomon 49(1977),574–9.

11.J.N.Hillgarth, SanctiIulianiToletanaesedisepiscopiOpera,Pars  (Turnhout,1976), JThS  28(1977),571–4.⁵

*12.J.Cousin, Quintilien.Institutionoratoire,Tomes – (Paris,1976), Gnomon 50(1978),685–7.

13.G.Pompella, FrancisciRobortelliUtinensisDeartesiverationecorrigendi antiquorumlibrosdisputatio (Naples,1975), CR  28(1978),197–8.

*14.J.Cousin, Quintilien.Institutionoratoire,Tome  (Paris,1977), Gnomon 51(1979),388–9.

*15.S.F.Bonner, EducationinAncientRome:FromtheElderCatotothe YoungerPliny (London,1977), CR  29(1979),73–4.

*16.L.A.Sussman, TheElderSeneca (Leiden,1978), CR  29(1979),231–2.

*17.J.Cousin, Quintilien.Institutionoratoire,Tomes – (Paris,1978; 1979), Gnomon 52(1980),785–6.

*18.J.Cousin, Quintilien.Institutionoratoire,Tome  (Paris,1980), Gnomon 53(1981),197–9.

19.M.W.Herren, The Hispericafamina. :RelatedPoems (Toronto,1987), Peritia 6–7(1987–8),331–2.

20.G.Achard, RhétoriqueàHerennius (Paris,1989), Gnomon 63(1991),459–61.

*21.L.Håkanson, L.AnnaeusSenecaMaior.Oratorumetrhetorum sententiae,divisiones,colores (Leipzig,1989), CR  41(1991),338–40.

22.J.B.Hall, IoannisSaresberiensisMetalogicon (Turnhout,1991), JEH 43 (1992),470–1.⁶

⁵ Thisisthe firstinalongseriesofreviewsofpatristictextsinthisjournal,notlistedhere. ⁶ OtherreviewsofChristiantextsappearinlaterissuesofthisjournal.

PublicationsofMichaelWinterbottom

23.K.M.Coleman,J.Diggle,J.B.Hall,andH.D.Jocelyn(eds.), F.R.D.Goodyear,PapersonLatinLiterature (London,1992), CR  44 (1994),196–8.

24.R.Granatelli, ApollodoriPergameniacTheodoriGadareitestimoniaet fragmenta (Rome,1991), CR  44(1994),203–4.

25.M.Irvine, TheMakingofTextualCulture: Grammatica andLiterary Theory,350–1000 (Cambridge,1994), JML 5(1995),273–6.

26.D.Lassandro, XIIPanegyriciLatini (Turin,1992), Gnomon 67(1995),560–1.

27.O.Prinz, DieKosmographiedesAethicus (Munich,1993), Peritia 9 (1995),430–2.

*28.L.A.Sussman, TheDeclamationsofCalpurniusFlaccus.Text, Translation,andCommentary (Leiden,NewYork,andCologne,1994), CR  45(1995),40–2.

29.J.Stevenson, The LaterculusMalalianus andtheSchoolofArchbishop Theodore (Cambridge,1995), NotesandQueries  43(1996),457–9.

30.G.DiMaria, MarciTulliCiceronisTopica (Palermo,1994), Gnomon 69 (1997),647–8.

31.R.Wardy, TheBirthofRhetoric (LondonandNewYork,1996) W.J.Dominik(ed.), RomanEloquence (LondonandNewYork,1997) C.LévyandL.Pernot(eds.), Direl’évidence (ParisandMontreal,1997), SCI 17(1998),238–42.

32.H.M.Hine, L.AnnaeiSenecaeNaturaliumquaestionumlibri (Stuttgart andLeipzig,1996)and StudiesintheTextofSeneca’ s Naturales quaestiones(StuttgartandLeipzig,1996), SCI 17(1998),242–5.

33.J.Briscoe, ValeriMaximiFactaetdictamemorabilia (Stuttgartand Leipzig,1998), SCI 18(1999),191–4.

34.G.W.Most(ed.), EditingTexts Texteedieren (Göttingen,1998), SCI 19 (2000),328–30.

*35.A.Stramaglia, [Quintiliano].Igemellimalati:uncasodivivisezione (Declamazionimaggiori,8) (Cassino,1999), CR  50(2000),305–6.

36.S.Gwara, AldhelmiMalmesbiriensisProsadevirginitatecumglosaLatina atqueAnglosaxonica (Turnhout,2001), Speculum 79(2004),1017–18.

37.B.Löfstedt, VirgiliusMaroGrammaticus.Operaomnia (Munichand Leipzig,2003), Gnomon 77(2005),362–4.

38.J.C.Yardley, JustinandPompeiusTrogus:AStudyoftheLanguageof Justin’sEpitomeofTrogus (Toronto,Buffalo,andLondon,2003), IJCT 12 (2005–6),463–5.

*39.M.Weissenberger, SopatriQuaestionumdivisio Sopatros:Streitfälle. GliederungundAusarbeitungkontroverserReden (Würzburg,2010), Gnomon 83(2011),394–6.

40.F.Wendling, HugonisdeMiromariDehominismiseria,mundietinferni contemptu (Turnhout,2010), JML 21(2011),333–8.

Acknowledgements

Weshouldliketothankthefollowingpublishersorinstitutionsforkindly grantingpermissiontoreprintMichaelWinterbottom’spaperslistedbelow:

BINGHAMTONUNIVERSITY CENTERFOR MEDIEVAL&RENAISSANCESTUDIES

Articlesandchapters

‘Schoolroomandcourtroom’,inB.Vickers(ed.), RhetoricRevalued.Papers fromtheInternationalSocietyfortheHistoryofRhetoric (Binghamton[NY]: CenterforMedieval&EarlyRenaissanceStudies,1982),59–70. (A.6)

CAMBRIDGEPHILOLOGICALSOCIETY

Articlesandchapters

‘Ciceroandthemiddlestyle’,inJ.Diggle,J.B.Hall,andH.D.Jocelyn(eds.), StudiesinLatinLiteratureanditsTraditioninHonourofC.O.Brink (Cambridge,1989)[=CambridgePhilologicalSociety,SupplementaryVolume15], 125–31. (A.11)

CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS

Articlesandchapters

‘Quintilianandthe virbonus’ , JournalofRomanStudies 54(1964),90–7. ©MichaelWinterbottom,1964.ExclusiveLicencetoPublish:TheSociety forthePromotionofRomanStudies.Reprintedwiththepermissionof CambridgeUniversityPress: http://www.cambridge.org/rights/permissions/authors.htm. (A.1)

‘AnemendationinCalpurniusFlaccus’ , ClassicalQuarterly  49(1999), 338–9. © TheClassicalAssociation,1999.Reprintedwiththepermissionof CambridgeUniversityPress: http://www.cambridge.org/rights/permissions/authors.htm. (A.14)

‘Quintilian12.11.11–12’ , ClassicalQuarterly  56(2006),324–5.©The ClassicalAssociation,2006.ReprintedwiththepermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress: http://www.cambridge.org/rights/permissions/authors.htm. (A.19)

Reviews

L.Håkanson, TextkritischeStudienzudengrösserenpseudoquintilianischen Deklamationen (Lund,1974), ClassicalReview  26(1976),276.©TheClassical Association,1976.ReprintedwiththepermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress: http://www.cambridge.org/rights/permissions/authors.htm. (R.1)

S.F.Bonner, EducationinAncientRome:FromtheElderCatototheYounger Pliny (London,1977), ClassicalReview  29(1979),73–4.©TheClassical Association,1979.ReprintedwiththepermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress: http://www.cambridge.org/rights/permissions/authors.htm. (R.5)

L.A.Sussman, TheElderSeneca (Leiden,1978), ClassicalReview  29 (1979),231–2.©TheClassicalAssociation,1979.ReprintedwiththepermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress: http://www.cambridge.org/rights/permissions/authors.htm. (R.6)

L.Håkanson, L.AnnaeusSenecaMaior.Oratorumetrhetorumsententiae, divisiones,colores (Leipzig,1989), ClassicalReview  41(1991),338–40.©The ClassicalAssociation,1991.ReprintedwiththepermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress: http://www.cambridge.org/rights/permissions/authors.htm. (R.9)

L.A.Sussman, TheDeclamationsofCalpurniusFlaccus.Text,Translation, andCommentary (Leiden,NewYork,andCologne,1994), ClassicalReview  45(1995),40–2.©TheClassicalAssociation,1995.ReprintedwiththepermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress: http://www.cambridge.org/rights/permissions/authors.htm. (R.10)

A.Stramaglia, [Quintiliano].Igemellimalati:uncasodivivisezione(Declamazionimaggiori,8) (Cassino,1999), ClassicalReview  50(2000),305–6. ©TheClassicalAssociation,2000.ReprintedwiththepermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress: http://www.cambridge.org/rights/permissions/authors.htm. (R.11)

C.H.BECK

Reviews

J.Cousin, Quintilien.Institutionoratoire,Tome  (Paris,1975)and Recherches surQuintilien (Paris,1975), Gnomon 49(1977),574–9. (R.2)

J.Cousin, Quintilien.Institutionoratoire,Tomes – (Paris,1976), Gnomon 50(1978),685–7. (R.3)

J.Cousin, Quintilien.Institutionoratoire,Tome  (Paris,1977), Gnomon 51(1979),388–9. (R.4)

J.Cousin, Quintilien.Institutionoratoire,Tomes – (Paris,1978;1979), Gnomon 52(1980),785–6. (R.7)

J.Cousin, Quintilien.Institutionoratoire,Tome  (Paris,1980), Gnomon 53(1981),197–9. (R.8)

M.Weissenberger, SopatriQuaestionumdivisio Sopatros:Streitfälle.GliederungundAusarbeitungkontroverserReden (Würzburg,2010), Gnomon 83 (2011),394–6. (R.12)

EDITRICEMORCELLIANA

Articlesandchapters

‘Thewordsofthemaster’ , Maia 70(2018),73–83. (A.23)

FONDATIONHARDTPOURL ’ ÉTUDE

DEL ’ ANTIQUITÉCLASSIQUE

Articlesandchapters

‘CiceroandtheSilverAge’,inW.Ludwig(ed.), Éloquenceetrhétorique chezCicéron (VandoeuvresandGeneva:FondationHardtpourl’étudede l’Antiquitéclassique, Entretienssurl’Antiquitéclassique TomeXXVIII, 1982),237–66(‘Discussion’,267–74). (A.5)

INSTITUTODEESTUDIOSRIOJANOS

Articlesandchapters

‘Quintilianthemoralist’,inT.Albaladejo,E.delRío,andJ.A.Caballero(eds.), Quintiliano:HistoriayActualidaddelaRétorica,vol.1(Logroño,1998), 317–34. (A.13)

ISTITUTODELLAENCICLOPEDIAITALIANA

Articlesandchapters

‘Quintiliano(M.FabiusQuintilianus)’,in EnciclopediaVirgiliana,vol.4 (Rome,1988),374–6.BycourtesyoftheIstitutodellaEnciclopediaItaliana Treccani.Anyuseinadditiontoorbeyondtheinclusioninthisvolume willbesubjecttorequestfromandapprovalbytheIstitutodellaEnciclopedia Italiana. (A.9)

JOHNWILEY&SONS

Articlesandchapters

‘ProblemsintheElderSeneca’ , BulletinoftheInstituteofClassicalStudies 21 (1974),20–42.©InstituteofClassicalStudies.SchoolofAdvancedStudies, UniversityofLondon,1974.ReproducedbypermissionofJohnWiley&Sons. (A.2)

‘ThetextofSulpiciusVictor’ , BulletinoftheInstituteofClassicalStudies 26 (1979),62–6.©InstituteofClassicalStudies.SchoolofAdvancedStudies,UniversityofLondon,1979.Reproducedby permissionofJohnWiley&Sons. (A.4) IntroductiontoD.Innes&M.Winterbottom, SopatrostheRhetor (London, 1988),1–20.©InstituteofClassicalStudies.SchoolofAdvancedStudies, UniversityofLondon,1988.ReproducedbypermissionofJohnWiley& Sons. (A.10)

‘MoreproblemsinQuintilian’ , BulletinoftheInstituteofClassicalStudies 44(2000),167–77.©InstituteofClassicalStudies.SchoolofAdvanced Studies,UniversityofLondon,2000.ReproducedbypermissionofJohn Wiley&Sons. (A.15)

LESBELLESLETTRES

Articlesandchapters

‘Quintiliananddeclamation’,in HommagesàJeanCousin (Paris,1983), 225–35.©LesBellesLettres,1983. (A.8)

OXFORDUNIVERSITYPRESS

Articlesandchapters

‘Onimpulse’,inD.Innes,H.Hine,andC.Pelling(eds.), EthicsandRhetoric. ClassicalEssaysforDonaldRussellonhisSeventy-FifthBirthday (Oxford, 1995),313–22.ReproducedbypermissionofOxfordUniversityPress: https://global.oup.com/. (A.12)

SOCIEDADEBRASILEIRADEESTUDOSCLÁSSICOS

Articlesandchapters

‘Declamationandphilosophy’ , Classica.RevistaBrasileiradeEstudosClássicos 19(2006),74–82.DOI:http://doi.org/10.24277/classica.v19i1.105. (A.20)

TAYLOR&FRANCISGROUP

Articlesandchapters

‘Quintilianandrhetoric’,inT.A.Dorey(ed.), EmpireandAftermath.Silver LatinII (London,1975),79–97. (A.3)

THECLASSICALASSOCIATIONOFSOUTHAFRICA

Articlesandchapters

‘Approachingtheend:Quintilian12.11’ , ActaClassica 48(2005),175–83. ReprintedwiththepermissionoftheClassicalAssociationofSouthAfrica. (A.18)

UNIVERSIDADEDESÃOPAULO

Articlesandchapters

‘SomethingnewoutofArmenia’ , Letrasclássicas 8(2004),111–28. (A.17)

UNIVERSITÀDEGLISTUDIDICASSINO EDELLAZIOMERIDIONALE

Articlesandchapters

‘WilliamofMalmesbury’sworkonthe Declamationesmaiores’ , SegnoeTesto 12(2014),261–76. (A.21)

UNIVERSITÀDEGLISTUDIDI GENOVA DIPARTIMENTODIANTICHITÀ, FILOSOFIA,STORIA

Articlesandchapters

‘Declamation,GreekandLatin’,inA.Ceresa-Gastaldo(ed.),Arsrhetorica anticaenuova (Genoa,1983),57–76. (A.7)

WALTERDEGRUYTERGMBH

Articlesandchapters

‘Ennodius, Dictio 21’,inB.-J.andJ.-P.Schröder(eds.),Studiumdeclamatorium.UntersuchungenzuSchulübungenundPrunkredenvonderAntikebis zurNeuzeit (MunichandLeipzig,2003),275–88.©2003byK.G.SaurVerlag GmbH,MunichandLeipzig(nowDeGruyter). (A.16)

‘TheeditorsofCalpurniusFlaccus’,inM.Dinter,C.Guérin,andM.Martinho (eds.), ReadingRomanDeclamation.CalpurniusFlaccus (BerlinandBoston, 2017),141–60. © WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston2017. (A.22)

Thepublisherandeditorsapologizeforanyerrorsoromissionsintheabovelist. Ifcontactedtheywillbepleasedtorectifytheseattheearliestopportunity.

1

Quintilianandthe virbonus*

SitergonobisoratorquemconstituimusisquiaM.Catone finitur,virbonus dicendiperitus,verum,idquodetilleposuitpriusetipsanaturapotiusacmaius est,utiquevirbonus.¹WhydidQuintilianinsistsostronglyonthemoral qualitiesoftheorator?Thequestionhasnotbeenpersistentlyenoughasked. Austin,forexample,thinksthatitisonly ‘asteadfastsincerityofpurpose throughout’ thatredeemsthe firstchapterofBook12from ‘ mere moralizing’.² Anditonlytakestheproblemastagefurtherbacktosaythatthisisamatterof Stoicinfluence.³EvenifPosidoniusdidformulateinconnectionwithrhetoric amaximonthelinesofStrabo

,

wemuststillaskwhyQuintiliantroubled togivethisStoicviewsuchnewprominence.Afterall, oratori...nihilest necesseincuiusquamiurareleges ⁵ AnditisclearthatQuintilianrealizedthat hewasinnovating.Cicero,hewrites,despitethewidthofhisconception, thoughtitenoughtodiscussmerelythetypeoforatorythatshouldbeusedby theperfectorator: atnostratemeritasetiammoreseiconabiturdareet adsignabitofficia. ⁶ Thisisperhapstoschematizethecontrastalittleoverdramatically.Cicerohadcertainlywritteninthe Deoratore: quarumvirtutum expertibussidicendicopiamtradiderimus,noneosquidemoratoreseffecerimus,sedfurentibusquaedamarmadederimus. ⁷ Butthereisnodoubtthat Cicerowasnotprimarilyconcernedwiththemoralaspect.Astheleading oratorofhisday,hemayhavethoughtitindelicateorsuperfluoustostress thattheperfectoratormustbeagoodman.Moreover,itwasnotclearthat thetroublesofCicero’sdayweretheresultofmorallybadorators:onehadto [JournalofRomanStudies 54(1964),907]

*AnearlierdraftofthispaperhasbeenreadtotheOxfordBranchoftheClassicalAsso ciationandtotheLondonClassicalSociety.

¹Quint.12.1.1.²Austin(1954²),  (Austin’sitalics).

³Ibid., .Seealsothenoteson12.1.1.Austinisrightlycautious.

⁴ Strab.1.2.5;Morr(19267),47. ⁵ Quint.12.2.26. ⁶ Quint.12.pr.4.

⁷ Cic. Deorat. 3.55.

lookbacktoSaturninusandGlauciaforexamplesoftheevilscausedbyunscrupuloususeofwords.⁸

ThispaperwillsuggestthattherewasaverygoodreasonforQuintilian’ s newlymoralisticapproach:andthatthiswasamatterofhistoricalfact,notof rhetoricaltheory.

Tacitusinthe Dialogus sethimselftoexplainwhy nostrapotissimumaetas desertaetlaudeeloquentiaeorbatavixnomenipsumoratorisretineat. ⁹ Aper deniesthatoratoricalgloryis,infact,dead.HismainexamplesareEprius MarcellusandVibiusCrispus.¹⁰ Thechoiceissignificant.Fortheoutstanding factabout first-centuryoratoryisthattheonlyoratorstoachieveanyprominenceorinfluence bymeansoftheiroratory arethe delatores.¹¹Therestwere decorativebutimpotent:the Dialogus tellsuswhy educationlackedtouch withreality,andpoliticalconditionstookawayallscope.Henceone delator, PubliusSuilliusRufus,whohadbeen terribilisacvenalis underClaudius,could contrasthimselftellinglywithSeneca.¹²Senecawasusedtoacademicinertia andthecallownessofyouth;hewasjealousofthosesuchasSuilliuswhoused inthedefenceoftheirfellow-citizensaneloquencethatwasbright,alive,and untarnished vividametincorruptameloquentiamtuendiscivibusexercerent Tacitus’ archetypal delator,aswereadinhis Annals,¹³ deditexemplumquod secutiexpauperibusdivites,excontemptismetuendi,perniciemaliisacpostremumsibiinvenere.Thehistoryofdelationinthe firstcenturyshowsthat thissummaryremainedtrue;butthe delator graduallyaddedtothesequalities somethingapproachinganofficialposition,and(insomecases)something approachingatheoryoforatory.

WemaystartwithanAugustanorator,whowasnota delator inthestrict senseatall:CassiusSeverus.¹⁴ Quintilian’skey-wordforhimis acerbitas.¹⁵ He was finallybanishedforthe libido withwhich virosfeminasqueinlustris procacibusscriptisdiffamaverat.¹⁶ Hewasaprofessionalsatiristratherthana professionalaccuser.Allthesame,Quintilianreproveshimforaremarkthat betrayed quaedamaccusandivoluptas.¹⁷ AndwearetoldbySenecatheElder thathespecializedinaccusation.¹⁸ Inviewofthis,andbecauseofinteresting parallelsbetweenCassiusandsomelater delatores,hedeservesdiscussion here. Theevidencedoesnotlieinthe Institutio,where,thoughCassiusis

⁸ Cic. Brut. 224.TheGracchiarealsomentioned.Quintiliantakesovertheseexamples (2.16.5).

⁹ Tac. Dial. 1.1.¹⁰ Tac. Dial. 8.1.

¹¹Theeloquenceofthe delatores isdiscussedbyFroment(1880),35. ¹²Tac. Ann. 13.42.IfTacitusinvents,hisinventionisofarchetypalsignificance.SeealsoSyme (1958),3312.ItwillbeobvioushowmuchIowetothisbook. ¹³Tac. Ann. 1.74.2;Syme(1958),326n.5.

¹⁴ SourcesforhimaregatheredinMeyer(1842²),54561[=Balbo(2007²), .22343];Schanz Hosius(1935⁴), .345ff.

¹⁸ Sen. Con. 3.pr.5. 4 PapersonQuintilianandAncientDeclamation

¹⁵ Quint.10.1.117;12.10.11.¹⁶ Tac. Ann. 1.72.3.¹⁷ Quint.11.1.57.

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