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PALAEOHISPANICLANGUAGES ANDEPIGRAPHIES Palaeohispanic Languagesand Epigraphies Editedby ALEJANDROG.SINNER ANDJAVIERVELAZA
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom
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Preface Thisvolumeaimstoprovideanoverviewofthecurrentstateofknowledge andthelatestresearchcarriedoutonthelanguagesandepigraphiccorpora knownasPalaeohispanic,thatistosay,thoselanguagesandscriptsusedinthe IberianpeninsulaandsouthernFrancebetweenthe fifthcentury BCE andthe earlyRomanEmpire.
InadditiontoPhoenician,Greek,andLatin,atleastfourwritingsystems wereusedtowritethePalaeohispaniclanguagesofTartessian,Iberian, Celtiberian,andLusitanian.Intotal,overthreethousandinscriptionsare preservedinwhatiscertainlythelargestcorpusofepigraphicexpressionin thewesternMediterraneanworld,withtheexceptionoftheItalianpeninsula.
Thestudyoftheseinscriptionsandofthelanguagesthattheytransmitisnot onlyanessentialapproachinordertoattainabetterknowledgeoftheancient westernMediterranean,butitisalsothekeytoourunderstandingofcolonial PhoenicianandGreekliteracy,whichliesattherootofthespreadofthese languages,andofthediffusionofRomanliteracy,whichplayedanimportant roleinthe finalstagesofthePalaeohispaniclanguages.Anotheraspectthat shouldbehighlightedistheimportanceofthesesubstratainthefragmentation ofLatinandtheappearanceofmodernlanguages(suchasSpanish,Portuguese, Catalan,Italian,French,etc.);itshouldalsobepointedoutthatthehistoryof writingwasalsodirectlyrelatedtothesePalaeohispaniclanguages.
The fieldofPalaeohispanicstudiesisayoungdisciplinethathasdeveloped relativelyrecently;itsgeneralmethodologicalpremisesaredescribedin Chapter1,includingthespecificproblemsinvolvedinthestudyofeachlanguage andepigraphicarea.Inherentlyofinterdisciplinarycharacter,Palaeohispanic studiesrequirecontributionsfromandconstantdialoguewithotherdisciplines suchasethnography(Chapter2),numismatics(Chapter13),history,onomastics,epigraphy,andlinguistics.
ThedifferentculturalandlinguisticareasidentifiableintheIberianpeninsulaandsouthernFrancepresentconcreteproblemsthathavebeenaddressed inspecificchapters:thus,Chapter3discussesPhoenicianepigraphyandliteracyintheIberianpeninsulaanditsroleasamodelforPalaeohispanic inscriptions;inChapter5,thelinguisticsituationinsouth-westernIberiais addressed,includingthetypologyandclassificationoftheTartessianlanguage; Chapter6dealswiththeareaofwhattodayismodern-dayAndalusia(southernSpain);Chapter7focusesontheIberianlanguage,analysingtheextentof Iberianliteracyandthelinguisticdescriptionofthelanguage;Chapter8 providesadescriptionofthelinguisticsituationinsouthernGaul(modern France)andthetiesproducedbythelinguisticandculturalcontactsthattook
placeinthisregion,betweenIberian,Gallic,andGreek;Chapter10isdedicated totheCeltiberianlanguageandananalysisofsomeofthemostimportant Celtiberiantexts;Chapter11exploreswritingamongtheLusitaniansand discussesthepositionoftheirlanguagewithintheIndo-Europeanfamily; Chapter12isdevotedtothoseareasoftheIberianpeninsulathatfailedto developanindigenousepigraphictradition.
Separatechaptershavealsobeenreservedtoconsiderotherfundamental topicsthatcannotbearrangedaccordingtoterritorialorlinguisticcriteria. Chapter4undertakesadetailedstudyofthedifferentPalaeohispanicwriting systems,theirorigin,andexpansion.ThecontroversialVasco-Iberiantheory isalsodiscussedindepthinthisvolume(Chapter9),asisthequestionof epigraphicandlinguisticcontactsbetweenthedifferentwritingcultures, includingthedevelopmentofLatinandtheemergenceofLatinepigraphyin HispaniaaspartofacolonialprocessthattookplaceintheIberianpeninsula betweenthe fifthcentury BCE andthe firstcentury CE (Chapter14),aperiodof timeinwhichmultiplechangesoccurredbothconstantlyandrapidly.
Inthe fieldofPalaeohispanicstudies,therearecurrentlymanyunresolved debates,andpositionsaresometimesremarkablydisparate.Forthisreason, theeditorshaveaskedthecontributorstobeparticularlymeticulouswhen expoundingthestateofthequestionintheirrespectivechaptersand fieldsof study.Theaimistomakeclearthedifferencebetweenthosehypothesesthat cancountonbroadacceptanceandthosethatarestillcurrentlyunder evaluationanddebate.Bethatasitmay,andevenbearinginmindthatthe bookhasundergoneastrictprocessofeditorialrevisioninordertoobtaina uniformdiscourse,ithasbeenthewishoftheeditorsthatthevolumeshould retainapluralisticapproach.Suchanattitudeseemsnecessaryinadiscipline whereseveraldifferentopinionscoexist.
ThePalaeohispanicinscriptionsthemselvesarecitedinthisbookfollowing themostrecentandup-to-dateepigraphiccorpus,thatoftheHesperiaDatabase (BDHesp;<http://hesperia.ucm.es>).Aconcordancebetweenthereferencesin BDHesp andUntermann’scorpus(MLH)canbefoundattheendofthisvolume. AlthoughthereisnottotalagreementonhowtotranscribePalaeohispanic texts,throughoutthisbookwehaveusedthefollowingsystem:
tigirsbin (boldanditalics)textwrittenindualsignary; ikonmkeimi (bold)textwritteninsimplesignary(non-dual)orwhose dualcharactercannotbeassured; ganikbos (italicswithoutcaps)textwritteninthesignaryknownas Graeco-Iberian;
ΓΟΡΟΤΙΓΙΝΑΙ textwrittenusingtheGreekalphabettowritea Palaeohispaniclanguage;
EGVAN textwrittenusingtheLatinalphabettowriteaPalaeohispanic language.
Wewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetothosewhohavemadethisbook possible:ofcourse,theauthorsofthedifferentchapters,whohavekindly agreedtoadapttothenormsimposedandthedraconiandeadlines;tothe institutions,museums,andcollectionsthathaveallowedthereproductionofa substantialnumberofillustrations;PhilipBanks,whohasensuredthelinguisticcorrectnessofthetexts; finally,butnolessimportant,OxfordUniversity Press,inparticularCharlotteLoveridge(CommissioningEditorinClassics andArchaeology),CélineLouasli(EditorialAssistant),GeorginaLeighton (AssistantCommissioningEditor),andLisaEatonandherteam,whohave beenofextraordinaryassistanceinhelpingustoimprovethemanuscriptand produceanattractivedesign.
AlejandroG.SinnerandJavierVelaza
Contents Listof figures,maps,andtables xi
Listofabbreviations xvii
Listofcontributors xix
1.Methodandmethods:StudyingPalaeohispaniclanguages asadiscipline1 J.deHoz
2.TheIberianpeninsulainpre-Romantimes:Anarchaeological andethnographicalsurvey25 A.LorrioandJ.Sanmartí
3.PhoenicianepigraphyintheIberianpeninsula56 J.Á.Zamora
4.Palaeohispanicwritingsystems:Classification,origin, anddevelopment78 J.FerrerandN.Moncunill
5.Theepigraphicandlinguisticsituationinthesouth-west oftheIberianpeninsula109 J.A.CorreaandA.Guerra
6.ThelinguisticsituationintheterritoryofAndalusia138 J.deHoz
7.Iberianwritingandlanguage160 J.Velaza
8.CulturalandlinguisticcontactsinsouthernGaul198 A.MullenandC.RuizDarasse
9.TheVasco-Iberiantheory219 E.Orduña
10.WritingandlanguageinCeltiberia240 F.BeltránandC.Jordán
11.LanguageandwritingamongtheLusitanians304 E.R.Luján
12.ThepartsofHispaniawithoutepigraphy
J.GorrochateguiandJ.M.Vallejo
13.CoinevidenceforPalaeohispaniclanguages
P.P.RipollèsandA.G.Sinner
14.Writing,colonization,andLatinizationintheIberianpeninsula396 B.DíazAriño,M.J.Estarán,andI.Simón
Listof figures,maps,andtables Figures
2.1.1.SculptureofawarriortorsofromL’Alcúdiad’Elx(Alicante). 2.EngravedstelafromCaspe(Teruel).29
2.2.1.Iberian ‘warriorvase’ fromSantMiqueldeLlíria(Valencia). 2.Celtic-typeironweaponsfromMasCastellardePontós(Girona).29
2.3.1.SkullpiercedbyanironnailfromPuigCastellar,SantaColoma deGramenet(Barcelona).2. Falcata swordfromBastidadelesAlcusses (Valencia).30
2.4.Fragmentsofa(funerary?)monumentfromCanPosastres(Barcelona).30
2.5.IdealizedreconstructionoftheIberiancitadelofCalafell(Tarragona).35
2.6.Celtiberians.1.Tombswithstelaeinstraightrowsinthecemeteryat Inchidero(Soria).2.HelmetfromMurieldelaFuente(Soria).
3. Signaequitum fromthecemeteryat Numantia (Soria).
4.A ‘bi-globular’-typedaggerfromthecemeteryatCarratiermes (Soria).5.Zoomorphichospitality tessera from Contrebia Carbica (Cuenca).45
2.7. Vaccaei.Graveofferingsandsacrificesintomb127b,belongingto anupper-classgirl,fromthecemeteryatLasRuedas (Valladolid).47
2.8. Vettones.1.Viewofthe ‘castro’ atLasCogotas(Ávila),with stonewalls,fortifiedtowers,andsunkenstone ‘chevaux-de-frise’.2.TwobroochesfromLasCogotas(Ávila).48
2.9. Vettones.1.AltarfromUlaca(Ávila).2.Stonesculptureofa typical ‘ verraco ’ fromYecladeYeltes(Salamanca).49
2.10.Celtsinthesouth-west.1.–2.Altarandpotteryrecovered fromthevotivedepositfromElCastrejóndeCapote(Badajoz).51
2.11.Celtsinthenorth-west.1.RitualsaunaatSanfins(PaçosdeFerreira). 2.WarriorfromLesenho(Boticas).52
2.12. Astures.1.Viewofthe ‘castro’ atCoaña(Asturias). Berones. 2.HorsebroochfromLaHoya(Álava).3.Idealizedreconstruction ofasectorofLaHoyaduringitsphaseofdevelopment.54
3.1.InscriptiononasealfromPuertasdeTierra(Cádiz).58
3.2.InscriptiononastatuettefromElCarambolo(Sevilla).60
3.3.PaintedinscriptiononanurnfromtheLauritacemetery,Almuñécar (Granada).61
3.4.InscriptiononastelafromVillaricos(Almería). 62
3.5.Neo-PunicinscriptiononaplaquefromAlcaládel Río(Sevilla). 70
4.1.North-easternnon-dualIberianabecedaries.1.CanRodon.2. L’Esquirol.3.LaTordeQuerol.4.ValdeAlegre.84
4.2.North-easternextendeddualIberianabecedaries.1.Castelletde Bernabé.2.TosPelat(detail).3.TosPelat(general). 86
4.3.North-easternstandarddualIberianabecedaries.1.Ger.2.Bolvir. 3.LaTordeQuerol. 87
4.4.SouthernPalaeohispanicabecedaryfromVillasviejasdelTamuja (Cáceres).
5.1.ThesignaryfromEspanca(BaixoAlentejo,Portugal).
5.2.ThestelafromMesasdoCastelinho,Almodôvar(Portugal).
6.1.GraffitofromHuelva.
6.2.InscriptiononsilvervesselfromSantistebandelPuerto(Jaén).
7.1.InscriptiononpotteryfromPontós(Girona).
7.2.ScratchedgraffitoinGreekscriptfromEmpúries(Girona).
7.3.LeadsheetfromAlcoi(Alicante).
7.4.LeadsheetfromCastelletdeBanyoles,Tivissa(Tarragona).
7.5.LeadsheetfromElLlanodelaConsolación,MontealegredelCastillo (Albacete).
7.6.StelafromSinarcas(Valencia).
7.7.InscriptionfromEmpúries(Girona).
7.8.ArchitravefromSagunto(Valencia).
7.9.PedestalfromMuntanyaFrontera,Sagunto(Valencia).
7.10.ARDrachm, arse-Saguntum 300–218 BCE.
7.11.MosaicfromCaminreal(Teruel).
7.12.PotteryfromLlíria(Valencia).
7.13. Dolium stampfromPechMaho,Sigean(Aude).
7.14.GraffitoonapotteryvesselfromUllastret(Girona). 196
7.15.Rock-faceinscriptionfromOsséja(Pyrénées-Orientales). 196
8.1.GraffitofromEnsérune(Hérault)containingaCelticnamein Etruscanscript. 201
8.2.GraffitofromEnsérune(Hérault)containinganIberianname inIberianscript. 205
8.3.GaulishinscriptionfromGlanum(Bouches-du-Rhône)in Greekscript,dedicatedbyKornelia(RIG IG-65). 210
8.4.LatininscriptionfromGlanum(Bouches-du-Rhône), dedicatedbyLoreia(IAG 18). 211
8.5.GaulishinscriptionfromVelleron(Vaucluse)inGreek script,containingacode-switchintoLatin. 212
8.6.Paintednorth-easternIberiancharactersfromVieille-Toulouse (Haute-Garonne).216
9.1.Theinscriptionformerlyreadas guduadeisdea,whichPío Beltrántranslatedas ‘Calltobattle’,fromBasque gudua ‘thewar’ and deitzea ‘thecall’.224
9.2.Silvercoinfrom auśe,inwhichthecitynameisfollowedby thesuffixcluster-(e)sken. 229
9.3.TheinscriptionfromAndelo(Navarra),containingthepossible verbalform ekien,perhapsrelatedtoBasque egin ‘todo’ 232
9.4.Silvercoinwiththetoponym iltiŕta,derivedfrom iltiŕ ‘city’ , followedby śalir-ban,wordswhichhavebeencomparedwith Basque sari ‘price’ or zilar ‘silver’ and bat ‘ one ’ .
10.1.LeadsheetfromLaManchuela(Cuenca).
10.2.Bronze as from sekeiza = Segeda (Mara,Zaragoza).Second halfofthesecondcentury BCE.
10.3.GravestonefromPuigdesMolins(Ibiza).
10.4.The ‘GreatInscription’ fromPeñalbadeVillastar(Teruel).
10.5.1.Firstbronzefrom ContrebiaBelaisca,Botorrita(Zaragoza). FaceA.2.Firstbronzefrom ContrebiaBelaisca, Botorrita(Zaragoza).FaceB.
10.6.Thirdbronzefrom ContrebiaBelaisca,Botorrita(Zaragoza).
10.7.BronzefromLuzaga(Guadalajara).
10.8. Tessera representingabull;outerface(right),innerface(left). FososdeBayona(Cuenca).
10.9.TheFröhner Tessera;outerface(left),innerface(right). Dextrarumiunctio.ProvinceofZaragoza.
278
278
11.1.InscriptionfromCabeçodasFráguas(Guarda). 330
11.2.InscriptionfromArroyodelaLuzI(Cáceres). 331
11.3.InscriptionfromArronches(Assunçâo).
11.4.InscriptionfromViseu(Centro). 333
13.1.1.ARdrachm, Rhode.Latefourthcentury BCE.2.ARdrachm, Emporion.Mid-thirdcentury BCE. 367
13.2.1.ARobol, arse.Latefourthcentury BCE.2.ARdrachm, arse.Earlythirdcentury BCE.3.ARdrachm,Iberian imitation.Latethirdcentury BCE.4.ARdidrachm, śaitabi. Latethirdcentury BCE.5.AEunit, śaitabi-Saetabi Firstcentury BCE.6.AEunit, kili-Gili.Mid-firstcentury BCE.
368
13.3.AE as, Obulco.Secondcentury BCE 369
13.4.1.AEunit, arsaos.Mid-secondcentury BCE Numantia,Peña Redondacamp.2.AEunit, konterbiakarbika.Mid-firstcentury BCE.370
Listof figures,maps,andtables
13.5.AEunit, beuipum/Salacia.Latesecondcentury–early firstcentury BCE.371
13.6.ARdrachm, Emporion.Earlythirdcentury BCE.BritishMuseum.372
13.7.1.AE as, Saguntum.Late firstcentury BCE.2.ARobol, Emporion.Fifthcentury BCE.PontdeMolinshoard. 373
13.8.1.ARdrachm, iltiŕta.Latethirdcentury BCE.2.ARdrachm, baŕkeno.Latethirdcentury BCE. 375
13.9.1.AEunit, Gadir.Secondcentury BCE.2.ARshekel,Latethird century BCE.3.AEquarter, Ebusus.Secondcentury BCE. 4.AEhalf, Ebusus.Firstcentury BCE.5.AEhalf, Ebusus. Firstcentury BCE 377
13.10.1.ARdrachm, Gadir.Latethirdcentury BCE.2.AEquarter, Gadir.Secondcentury BCE.3.AEunit, Seks Latethirdcentury BCE.4.AEunit, Seks.Secondcentury BCE 379
13.11.1.AEunit, Malaca.Secondcentury BCE.2.AEquarter, Malaca.Secondcentury BCE.3.AEunit, Abdera.Latesecond century–early firstcentury BCE.4.AE as, Abdera.Tiberius(14–37 CE).380
13.12.1.AEmitad, Olontigi.Secondcentury BCE.2.AEunit, Ituci. Secondcentury BCE. 381
13.13.1.AEsemis,Asido.Secondcentury BCE.2.AE as,Turirecina. Secondcentury BCE. 382
13.14.1.ARdrachm, arse.Latethirdcentury BCE.2.AE as, arse. Latesecondcentury BCE.3.AEquadrans, arse.Firstcentury BCE.384
13.15.1.ARdrachm, śaitabi.Latethirdcentury BCE.2.AEunit, śaitabi.Mid-secondcentury BCE.3.AEquarter, śaitabi. Firsthalfofthe firstcentury BCE.
384
13.16.1.AE as, untikesken.Mid-secondcentury BCE.AEsemis, untikesken. Mid-secondcentury BCE.3.AEsemis, untikesken.Mid-second century BCE 386
13.17.AEunit, kese.Secondcentury BCE.2.AEunit, kelse.Second century BCE 387
13.18.1.AEunit, Castulo.Latesecondcentury BCE.2.AEunit, urkesken Secondcentury BCE.3.AEunit, ikalesken.Secondcentury BCE.389
13.19.1.AEhalfunit, Castulo.Mid-secondcentury BCE.2.AEunit, Castulo.Earlysecondcentury BCE.3.AEquarterunit, Castulo Early firstcentury BCE. 390
13.20.1.AEunit, Abra.Secondcentury BCE.2.AEunit, erkauika Latesecondcentury BCE.3.AEunit, bilbiliz.Early firstcentury BCE.391
13.21.1.AEunit, sekaiza.Latesecondcentury–early firstcentury BCE 2.AEunit, bilbiliz.Early firstcentury BCE.3.AEunit, turiazu. Latesecondcentury BCE.4.AEunit, arekorata.Latesecondcentury BCE.392
14.1.ThetombofthePompeianfamilyatTorreparedones, Baena(Córdoba).1.Nineteenth-centurydrawingwiththe
Listof figures,maps,andtables
appearanceofthehypogeumatthemomentofitsdiscovery. 2.Urnwithinscription(CIL II²/5,418).3.Urnwithinscription (CIL II²/5,415).4.Urnwithinscription(CIL II²/5,419).5.Urn withinscription(CIL II²/5,420).403
14.2. Tesseraehospitales withrepresentationsofclaspedrighthands. 1.Roman tesserahospitalis fromtheprovinceofTeruel(CIL I²,3465), writteninLatin.2.Celtiberian tesserahospitalis fromtheFröhner collection,foundinthevicinityofZaragoza,writtenintheCeltiberian languageandPalaeohispanicscript.3.Celtiberian tesserahospitalis foundinParedesdeNava(Palencia),writteninCeltiberianusing theLatinalphabet.404
14.3.Twobilingualinscriptionsfrom Tarraco,accordingtodrawings publishedatthebeginningofthenineteenthcenturybyA.de Laborde.1. CIL II²/14,1284.2. CIL II²/14,1886. 408
14.4.Bilingualinscriptionfrom Castulo (Jaén)(CIL I²,2268). 1.SideA.2.SideB. 410
14.5.BilingualcoinswithIberianandLatinlegends.1.AEunit, Saguntum. Secondcentury BCE.2.AEunit, Obulco. Secondcentury BCE 3.AEunit, Celsa.Firstcentury BCE.4.AEunit, Osicerda. Firstcentury BCE. 413
Maps
1.1.MapofPalaeohispanicinscriptions. 3
1.2.Mapofethnicgroupings,veryselectiveintheNW. 4
2.1.MapoftheIberianpeninsulashowingthelocationofthemost importantancientethnicgroups. 26
4.1.GeographicallocalizationofthePalaeohispanicscripts,the Graeco-Iberianalphabet,andthePhoenicianepigraphicarea. 79
5.1.Mapofthesouth-westerninscriptionsinSpain(basedon MLH IV,169). 110
5.2.Mapofthesouth-westerninscriptionsinPortugal(basedon MLH IV,170). 111
6.1.EthnicgroupingsinancientAndalusiaandtheirsettlements. 140
6.2.South-easternPalaeohispanicinscriptions. 146
6.3.PersonalnamesinancientAndalusia. 151
6.4.Placenamesandethnonyms. 154
8.1.MapofsouthernGaulshowingplacesmentionedinthetext,siteswith PalaeohispanicandGallo-Greekinscriptions,andPhocaeansettlements.208
10.1.Celtiberian-speakingpeoples. 242
10.2.LocationofCeltiberianinscriptions(c.second–firstcentury BCE).242
11.1.MapofLusitanianinscriptions(groups1–3).307
12.1.Placeswithevidenceofthemainpeninsularpersonalnames inLatinepigraphy.347
12.2.Placeswithevidenceforthemainpeninsulardivinitynames inLatinepigraphy.348
12.3.PrincipalancientplacenamesintheIberianpeninsula.348
12.4.Indigenous(supra-)familynamesinLatinepigraphy.354
Tables
4.1.BasiccharactersetsofthePalaeohispanicscriptsandthe Graeco-Iberianalphabet.81
4.2.MainmodelstoexplainthegenealogyoftheCeltiberianscripts.92
4.3.Controversialvaluesofthesouth-easternIberianscript.95
4.4.Controversialvaluesofthesouth-westernscript.98
4.5.Combinatorialmatrixofthesouth-westernscript.100
4.6.MainmodelstoexplainthegenealogyofPalaeohispanicscripts.107
5.1.Maingraphemesofthesouth-westernscriptandsome proposalsfortheirphoneticvalue.117
7.1.PossibleIberiannumerals.179
11.1.Lusitaniannominalendings.315
Listofabbreviations ACIP Villaronga,L.andBenages,J.2011. LesMonedesdel’EdatAntigaa laPenínsulaIbèrica. Barcelona.
ActasIJordá,F.,deHoz,J.,andMichelena,L.,eds.1976. Actasdel IcoloquiosobrelenguasyculturasprerromanasdelaPenínsula Ibérica(Salamanca,1974).Salamanca.
ActasIITovar.A.,Faust,M.,Fischer,F.,andKoch,M.,eds.1979. ActasdelII coloquiosobrelenguasyculturasprerromanasdelaPenínsulaIbérica (Tübingen,1976).Salamanca.
ActasIIIdeHoz,J.,ed.1985. ActasdelIIIcoloquiosobrelenguasyculturas paleohispánicas(Lisboa,1980) .Salamanca.
ActasIVGorrochategui,J.Melena,J.L.,andSantos,J.,eds.1987. ActasdelIV coloquiosobrelenguasyculturaspaleohispánicas(Vitoria,1985) (= StudiaPaleohispanica,Veleia2–3). Vitoria/Gasteiz.
ActasVUntermann,J.andVillar,F.,eds.1993. ActasdelVcoloquiosobre lenguasyculturasprerromanasd elaPenínsulaIbérica(Colonia 1989) (= LenguayculturaenlaHispaniaprerromana).Salamanca.
ActasVI1995. LaHispaniaPrerromana = ActasdelVIcoloquiosobrelenguas yculturasprerromanasdelaPenínsulaIbérica(Coimbra1994). Salamanca.
ActasVIIVillar,F.andBeltrán,F.,eds.1999. Pueblos,lenguasyescrituras enlaHispaniaprerromana.ActasdelVIIcoloquiosobrelenguas yculturaspaleohispánicas(Zaragoza1997).Salamanca.
ActasVIIIVillar,F.,andAlvarez,M.P.,eds.2001. Religión,lenguaycultura prerromanasdeHispania = ActasdelVIIIcoloquiointernacional sobrelenguasyculturasprerromanasdelaPenínsulaIbérica. Salamanca.
ActasIXBeltrán,F.,Jordán,C.,andVelaza,J.,eds.2005. ActasdelIXcoloquio sobrelenguasyculturaspaleohispánicas (= Palaeohispanica5). Zaragoza.
ActasX2009. ActaPalaeohispanicaX.ActasdoXcolóquiosobrelínguas eculturaspaleo-hispânicas (= Palaeohispanica9 ).Zaragoza.
ActasXI2013. ActaPalaeohispanicaXI.ActasdelXIcoloquiointernacionalde lenguasyculturasprerromanasdelaPenínsulaIbérica (= Palaeohispanica 13).Zaragoza.
AE L’AnnéeÉpigraphique
BDHesp BancodeDatossobreLenguasyEpigrafíasPaleohispánicas:<http:// hesperia.ucm.es/>.
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Mommsen,T.,ed.1862. CorpusInscriptionumLatinarum.Berlin.
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CNH Villaronga,L.1994. CorpusNummumHispaniaeanteAugustiaetatem. Madrid.
DCPH García-Bellido,M.P.andBlázquez,C.2001. Diccionariodececasy puebloshispánicos,2vols.Madrid.
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IAG Rolland,H.1944. ‘InscriptionsantiquesdeGlanum.Saint-Rémyde-Provence.Révisionetcomplémentdu CorpusInscriptionum Latinarum’ . Gallia 2:167– 223.
IGF Decourt,J.-C.2004. InscriptionsgrecquesdelaFrance.Lyon.
MLH Untermann,J.1975– 2000. MonumentaLinguarumHispanicarum . Wiesbaden.
MLI Hübner,E.1893. MonumentaLinguaeIbericae. Berlin.
RIG ColbertdeBeaulieu,J.-B.,Duval, P.-M.,Fischer,B.,Lejeune,M., Lambert,P.-Y.,andPinault,G.1985 –. Recueildesinscriptions gauloisesI,II.1,II.2,III. Paris.
RPC Burnett,A.,Amandry,M.,andRipollès,P.P.1992. Romanprovincialcoinage.London-Paris.
SNGCop Jenkins,G.K.1984.SyllogeNummorumGraecorum.Theroyalcollection ofcoinsandmedals,DanishNationalMuseum.43,Spain –Gaul. Copenhagen
ST Rix,H.2002. SabellischeTexte. Heidelberg.
TIRJ-29,1995 TabulaImperiiRomani.HojaJ-29,Lisboa.Madrid.
TIRJ-30,2002 TabulaImperiiRomani.HojaJ-30,Valencia.Madrid.
Listofcontributors FranciscoBeltránLloris,ProfessorofAncientHistory,Universidadde Zaragoza
JoséAntonioCorrea,EmeritusProfessorofLatinPhilology,Universidadde Sevilla
BorjaDíazAriño, ‘RamónyCajal’ Researcher,UniversidaddeZaragoza
MaríaJoséEstaránTolosa, ‘JuandelaCierva-Incorporación’ Researcher, UniversidaddeZaragoza
JoanFerreriJané,ResearcherinPalaeohispanicEpigraphies,LITTERA ResearchGroup(UniversitatdeBarcelona)
JoaquínGorrochateguiChurruca,ProfessorofIndo-EuropeanLinguistics, UniversidaddelPaísVasco EuskalHerrikoUnibertsitatea
AmilcarGuerra,LecturerinArchaeology,UniversidadedeLisboa
JavierdeHozBravo,EmeritusProfessorofGreekPhilology,Universidad Complutense,Madrid
CarlosJordánCólera,ProfessorofIndo-EuropeanLinguistics,Universidadde Zaragoza
AlbertoLorrioAlvarado,ProfessorofPrehistory,UniversidaddeAlicante
EugenioR.LujánMartínez,ProfessorofIndo-EuropeanLinguistics,UniversidadComplutense,Madrid
NoemíMoncunillMartí, ‘RamónyCajal’ Researcher,Universitatde Barcelona
AlexMullen,AssistantProfessorinClassicalStudies,Universityof Nottingham
EduardoOrduñaAznar,TeacherofLatin,InstitutElPontdeSuert
PerePauRipollèsAlegre,ProfessorofArchaeology,UniversitatdeValència
ColineRuizDarasse,ResearcherinPre-RomanEpigraphies,CNRSUMR 5607Ausonius,Bordeaux,France
JoanSanmartíGrego,ProfessorofArchaeology,UniversitatdeBarcelona
IgnacioSimónCornago,MarieSkłodowska-CurieFellow(GrantAgreement n.°794476),UniversitàdegliStudidiRomaTorVergata
AlejandroG.Sinner,AssistantProfessorofRomanArtandArchaeology, UniversityofVictoria,BritishColumbia,Canada
JoséMaríaVallejoRuiz,LecturerinIndo-EuropeanLinguistics,Universidad delPaísVasco EuskalHerrikoUnibertsitatea
JavierVelazaFrías,ProfessorofLatinPhilology,UniversitatdeBarcelona
JoséÁngelZamoraLópez,SeniorScientist,ConsejoSuperiordeInvestigacionesCientíficas(CSIC),Madrid
1 Methodandmethods StudyingPalaeohispaniclanguagesasadiscipline J.deHoz
Strictlyspeaking,thePalaeohispaniclanguageswerethosespokeninSpain andPortugal,inotherwordsinwhatwastobecomeHispania,priortothe landingoftheRomansatEmpúriesin218 BCE.¹Inthewidestsense,PhoenicianandGreekshouldalsobeincludedamongthePalaeohispaniclanguages, astheywerespokenbycolonistsborninHispania,fromatleasttheninthand sixthcenturies BCE respectively,butinstandardusagethetermisonlyapplied tothelanguagesthatwerenotspokenoutsideHispania;forpracticalpurposes itisalsonecessarytoconsiderastripoflandinthesouthofFrancethatis culturallyinseparablefromSpainaspartofthePalaeohispaniclanguagearea inantiquity.Thereisaveryclose,butnottotal,correspondencebetweenthe Palaeohispaniclanguagesandthescripts,thelatterhavingbeencreatedin Hispaniaitselfalbeitinresponsetoexternalstimuli.
Atpresent,Palaeohispanicstudies thestudyofthelanguagesandwriting systemsofancientHispania isawell-establishedacademic fieldinwhich,as willbeseen,severaldisciplinesplayapart;thesubjectdealswithacomplex rangeofculturalcontextsthatcoveraconsiderablegeographicalareaaswellas almostathousandyearsofhistory,withalargenumberofinterrelatedtopics. Thisacademic fieldisarecentproduct,havingexperiencedalongprehistory ofitsown,anditisconvenienttohavesomeideaofitsdevelopmentifwewish tounderstandwhatPalaeohispanicstudiesreallyare.
Ourstartingpointwillthusbetwobriefexplanations: firstofall,onthe linguisticandepigraphicsituationinpre-RomanHispaniaand,second,an overviewofthehistoricaldevelopmentofthisacademic field.
¹Introductionstothequestion:Untermann2001b,2001c;Correa2004;deHoz2010:31–45.
J.deHoz 1.1.THELINGUISTICGEOGRAPHYOFHISPANIA IfweanalyseadistributionmapofPalaeohispanicinscriptions(Map1.1),we will findaconsiderablevarietyoftypesaswellasamorethanpurely coincidentalrelationshipwiththegeographyoftheIberianpeninsula.²
Thepeninsulaisalandmasscoveringaconsiderablearea(c.582,000km²), joinedtotherestofEuropebythemountainousisthmusofthePyrenees, whichareeasilycrossedatseveralpoints;thissituationhasalwaysmadea closeconnectionwiththesouthofmodern-dayFrancenotonlypossible,but almostobligatory.Theremainingboundariesofthepeninsulaaremaritime, withanAtlanticcoastlinethat,althoughculturallyandperhapslinguistically quitesignificant,didnotmakeagreatcontributionfromthepointofviewof thehistoryofwriting,andaMediterraneanshore,thecultural,linguistic,and epigraphicsignificanceofwhichwasalwaysdecisive.Thetwoshoresare joinedandseparatedbytheStraitofGibraltar,thePillarsofHercules,a pointthatwasconsideredalmostamarvelbyancientgeographers,not withoutjustificationsince,apartfrombeingthepointofcontactbetween twoseas,itwaswherethedistancebetweenAfricaandEuropewasshortest andmosteasilynavigable,but,ontheotherhand,italsoformedtheentrance totheworldoftheAtlantic,almostunknownandawashwithfables.
FromtheLateBronzeAgeonwards,itispossibletodefineculturalareasin thepeninsulathatgraduallydevelopeduntiltheethnicgroupingsrecordedin latersourcesmadetheirappearance;thesearegroupedinbroadcultural regionsthatapproximatelycorrespondtothedifferentlinguisticandepigraphicareas(Map1.2).³
Themapshowsusthatinthenorth-westernquarterofthepeninsulathere werehardlyanyPalaeohispanicinscriptions.Writingtookalongtimetoreach thisarea,themostdistantfromtheMediterranean;itonlydidsointheform oftheLatinalphabetunderRomanrule.Thelanguagesspokenthereare knownthroughtheplace-nameevidence,andthroughthenamesofpeople, gods,andcommunitiesthatappearinLatininscriptions.Forthemoment, sufficeittosaythatthelinguisticsituationmusthavebeencomplex,witha fairlyhomogeneousIndo-Europeanhorizonthatincludedthelanguagethat wecallLusitanian,whichisbarelyknownfromanepigraphicpointofview withonlyhalfadozeninscriptionsintheLatinalphabet;thelanguageor languagesspokeninGallaecianterritory,tothenorthoftheRiverDouro, almostcertainlyclosetoLusitanian;and finally,variousCelticenclaves,the consequenceofamovementthatwasonlybroughttoanendbytheRomans.
²IngeneralIreferreaderstotheremainingChaptersofthiswork,wheretheywill find abundantbibliography.Myreferenceswillbeveryspecific. ³Almagro-GorbeaandRuizZapatero1993andseeChapter2.AlwaysimportantisCaro Baroja1950.
Map1.2. Mapofethnicgroupings,veryselectiveintheNW.
Onthemountainousnortherncoast,totheeastofthe Gallaeci,we findthe Astures and Cantabri,aswellasotherlesserpeoplesand,movingtothesouth ofthePyreneesalongtheEbrovalley,the Vascones,whoselanguage,although underCelticpressure,wasundoubtedlytheforerunnerorveryclosetothe forerunnerofmodern-dayBasque,aswasalsothecaseforthelanguageofthe Aquitani ontheothersideofthePyrenees.
Totheeastofthe Lusitani andtothesouthofthepeoplesontheCantabrian coast,inaregionabovealldominatedbyextensivecereal-growingplains, werethe Vaccaei,agroupofstrongcharacter,visiblefromtheirmaterial cultureandtheirfarmingeconomy,butwithfeatures,includingsocialones, thatrelatedthemtotheirneighbourstotheeast,theCeltiberians.Tojudge fromRoman-periodevidence,theycouldhavespokenthesameoraclosely relatedlanguage.The Vaccaei didnotusewritingbut,especiallyintheeasternmostzone,someofthemseemtohavebeenfamiliarwiththeCeltiberians’ writingsystem.
Wecannotconfirmwhetheranypre-Indo-Europeansubstratesotherthan Basquestillexistedinsomepartofthisextensivenorth-westernquadrant,but werethistohavebeenthecase,theirimportancewouldhavebeenminimal fromthe firsthalfofthe firstmillennium BCE.
Incontrasttothisnorth-westernquarter,whichmakesuptheareaofpreRomanHispaniawithoutinscriptions,unitedbycertainculturalfeatures,but aboveallbyourlackofknowledgeaboutitsdifferentparts,liesthesouthand eastofthepeninsula,withsomeencroachmentintoinlandareas,theworldof thePalaeohispanicwritingsystems.Thesedifferedfrom,butwereundoubtedly geneticallyrelatedto,eachother⁴ (seeChapter4);theoriginalformofthese,for whichwehavenocertainevidence,musthaveoriginatedintheTartessian worldonthebasisofPhoenicianmodelsandnolaterthantheseventhcentury BCE.Unlikethenorth-west,thisworldinhabitedbypeoplefamiliarwithwriting requiresmoredetailedconsiderationofitsdifferentculturalzones.
Thesouth-westofthepeninsulaformspartofitsAtlanticfacade,butina veryspecialway.ClosetotheMediterranean,ithadtheadditionalattraction ofsubstantialmineralwealth,whichhadbeenminedsinceancienttimes. However,itswestcoast,unlikethesouthcoast,wasofdifficultaccessasfaras themouthoftheRiverSado.Incontrast,communicationstowardstheeast wereeasy,particularlyalongtheGuadianaroute,andalso,bothbylandand sea,viathelowerGuadalquivir.Forthisreason,itislesssurprisingthatthe south-westistheareawheretheoldestgroupofPalaeohispanicinscriptions canbefound;thesearestelaefromsmallcemeteriesoflimitedwealth,the originsofwhichdatebacktonolaterthantheseventhcentury BCE,and whichdisappearedbeforethearrivaloftheRomans.Thescriptusedonthese ⁴ SeeChapter3.
