SERIES EDITORS’ FOREWORD
Oxford New Histories of Philosophy speaks to a new climate in philosophy.
There is a growing awareness that philosophy’s past is richer and more diverse than previously understood. It has become clear that canonical figures are best studied in a broad context. More exciting still is the recognition that our philosophical heritage contains long-forgotten innovative ideas, movements, and thinkers. Sometimes these thinkers warrant serious study in their own right; sometimes their importance resides in the conversations they helped reframe or problems they devised; often their philosophical proposals force us to rethink long-held assumptions about a period or genre; and frequently they cast wellknown philosophical discussions in a fresh light.
There is also a mounting sense among philosophers that our discipline benefits from a diversity of perspectives and a commitment to inclusiveness. In a time when questions about justice, inequality, dignity, education, discrimination, and climate (to name a few) are especially vivid, it is appropriate to mine historical texts for insights that can shift conversations and reframe solutions. Given that philosophy’s very long history contains astute discussions of a vast array of topics, the time is right to cast a broad historical net.
Lastly, there is increasing interest among philosophy instructors in speaking to the diversity and concerns of their students. Although historical discussions and texts can serve as a powerful means of doing so, finding the necessary time and tools to excavate long-buried historical materials is challenging.
Oxford New Histories of Philosophy (ONHP) is designed to address all these needs. It will contain new editions and translations of significant historical texts. These primary materials will make available, often for the first time, ideas and works by women, people of color, and movements in philosophy’s past that were groundbreaking in their day, but left out of traditional accounts. Informative introductions will help instructors and students navigate the new material. Alongside its primary texts, ONHP will also publish monographs and
Series Editors’ Foreword
collections of essays that offer philosophically subtle analyses of understudied topics, movements, and figures. In combining primary materials and astute philosophical analyses, ONHP will make it easier for philosophers, historians, and instructors to include in their courses and research exciting new materials drawn from philosophy’s past.
ONHP’s range will be wide, both historically and culturally. The series plans to include, for example, the writings of African American philosophers, twentieth-century Mexican philosophers, early modern and late medieval women, Islamic and Jewish authors, and non-Western thinkers. It will excavate and analyze problems and ideas that were prominent in their day but forgotten by later historians. And it will serve as a significant aid to philosophers in teaching and researching this material.
As we expand the range of philosophical voices, it is important to acknowledge one voice responsible for this series. Eileen O’Neill was a series editor until her death, December 1, 2017. She was instrumental in motivating and conceptualizing ONHP. Her brilliant scholarship, advocacy, and generosity made all the difference to the efforts that this series is meant to represent. She will be deeply missed, as a scholar and a friend.
We are proud to contribute to philosophy’s present and to a richer understanding of its past.
Christia Mercer and Melvin Rogers Series Editors
PREFATORY NOTES
I have used the following editions of Cavendish’s work.
The worlds olio written by the Thrice Noble, Illustrious, and most Excellent Princess, The Duchess of Newcastle, second edition, printed by A. Maxwell in the year 1671. Note that the first edition was printed in 1655. The second edition contains some minor spelling and word changes, and I have used that edition here.
The philosophical and physical opinions written by Her Excellency the Lady Marchionesse of Newcastle, printed for J. Martin and J. Allestrye at the Bell in St. Pauls Church-Yard 1655.
Philosophical Letters, or, Modest Reflections Upon Some Opinions in Natural Philosophy Maintained By Several Famous and Learned Authors of This Age, Expressed by Way of Letters: By the Thrice Noble, Illustrious, and Excellent Princess, The Marchionesse of Newcastle. London, Printed in the Year, 1664.
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy: To which is added The Description of a New Blazing World, Written By the Thrice Noble, Illustrious, and Excellent Princesse, The Duchess of Newcastle. The Second Edition. London, Printed by A. Maxwell, in the Year, 1668. Note that Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy and Observations Upon the Opinions of Some Ancient Philosophers are part of this 1668 volume.
Grounds of Natural Philosophy Divided into Thirteen Parts: with an Appendix containing Five Parts, Written By the . . . Duchess of Newcastle. London: Printed by A. Maxwell (1668). This also contains Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy. The description of a new world, called the blazing-world written by the thrice noble, illustrious, and excellent princesse, the Duchess of Newcastle. London: Printed by A. Maxwell (1668).
Bell in Campo, in Playes written by the thrice noble, illustrious and excellent princess, the Lady Marchioness of Newcastle. London: Printed by A. Warren, for John Martyn, James Allestry, and Tho. Dicas, 1662.
The She-Anchoret, in Natures picture drawn by fancies pencil to the life being several feigned stories, comical, tragical, tragi-comical, poetical, romanicical, philosophical, historical, and moral: some in verse, some in prose, some mixt, and some by dialogues / written by . . . the Duchess of Newcastle. London: Printed by A. Maxwell (1671).
Poems, and fancies written by the Right Honourable, the Lady Margaret Newcastle. London, Printed by T. R. for J. Martin, and J. Allestrye at the Bell in Saint Pauls Church Yard, 1653.
A True Relation of my Birth, Breeding and Life, in Margaret Cavendish, The Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, to which is added the True Relation of my Birth, Breeding and Life, ed. C. H. Firth, London: George Routledge and Sons Limited (1880).
Note that I have kept all original punctuation, spellings, and mis-spellings, except in cases where a correction was needed for the sake of clarity.
Note also that in the footnotes to the various passages that appear in this edition, I have tried to err on the side of cross-referencing as many as possible of the related passages that appear in the Cavendish corpus.
Reference is made to selections from the following texts as well: Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies. Parts I and II, ed. P. Springborg, Ontario: Broadview Literary Texts (2002). This was originally published in 1694.
Anne Conway, Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, ed. Allison P. Coudert and Taylor Corse, Cambridge: Cambridge UP (1996). This was originally published in 1692.
Ralph Cudworth, True Intellectual System of the Universe, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: F. Fromann Verlag (1964). This was originally published in 1678.
The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Volume I, ed. and trans. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch, London: Cambridge UP (1985). This is abbreviated as “CSM 1.”
The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Volume II, ed. and trans. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch, London: Cambridge UP (1984). This is abbreviated as “CSM 2.”
The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Volume III: The Correspondence, ed. and trans. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, Dugald Murdoch, and Anthony Kenny, London: Cambridge UP (1993). This is abbreviated as “CSMK.”
The Princess and the Philosopher: Letters of Elisabeth of the Palatine to René Descartes, ed. and trans. Andrea Nye, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers (1999).
Pierre Gassendi, Fifth Objections, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, Volume II, ed. and trans. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch, London: Cambridge UP (1984).
Prefatory Notes xiii
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. and trans. Edwin Curley, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing (1994). This was originally published in 1651.
Thomas Hobbes, Elements of Philosophy, the first section concerning body, London: Printed by R. and W. Leybourn for Andrew Crooke, 1656.
David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Tom L. Beauchamp, New York: Oxford UP (1999). This was originally published in 1748.
David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. P. H. Nidditch, New York: Oxford UP (1978). This was originally published in 1739–1740.
David Hume, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, in J. C. A. Gaskin (ed.), David Hume: Dialogues and Natural History of Religion, Oxford: Oxford UP (1993). This was originally published in 1779.
Leibniz: Philosophical Essays, ed. and trans. Daniel Garber and Roger Ariew, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing (1989).
John Locke, An Essay concerning Human Understanding, ed. P. H. Nidditch, New York: Oxford UP (1975). This was originally published in 1689.
Nicolas Malebranche, The Search After Truth and Elucidations of The Search After Truth, ed. and trans. Thomas M. Lennon and Paul J. Olscamp, Cambridge: Cambridge UP (1997). The Search After Truth was originally published in 1674–75.
Nicolas Malebranche, Dialogues on Metaphysics and on Religion, ed. Nicholas Jolley and trans. David Scott, Cambridge: Cambridge UP (1997). This was originally published in 1688.
Henry More, An antidote against atheisme, or, An appeal to the natural faculties of the minde of man, whether there be not a God, London: Printed by Roger Daniel, 1653.
Henry More, The immortality of the soul, so farre forth as it is demonstrable from the knowledge of nature and the light of reason, London: Printed by J. Flesher, for William Morden, 1659.
Spinoza: Complete Works, ed. Samuel Shirley, trans. Michael L. Morgan, Indianapolis and London: Hackett Publishing (2002).
Jean Baptiste van Helmont, Oriatrike, or Physics Refined, London: Printed for Lodowick Lloyd (1662).
Below is also included a section, “Early Modern Themes and Topics—for Instructors and Students,” in which I attempt to abstract some of the central debate topics of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and point to passages in her corpus in which Cavendish weighs in on these.
CHRONOLOGY
1623 Margaret Lucas is born to Thomas Lucas and Elizabeth Leighton Lucas in the family home at St. John’s Abbey in Colchester, Essex.
1625 Thomas Lucas dies. Charles I becomes King of England and marries the Catholic Henrietta Maria, the sister of Louis XIII of France, and the daughter of Marie de Medici.
1630 Hobbes begins his service as teacher of natural philosophy to William Cavendish.
1638 Anna Maria van Schurman publishes The Learned Maid, or Whether a Maid May Be a Scholar (in Latin). The English translation appears in 1659.
1639 Van Schurman engages a written correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and with Marie le Jars de Gournay, author of The Equality of Men and Women (in French, 1622).
1641 Descartes publishes Meditations on First Philosophy.
1642 The conflict between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians (or “Roundheads”) turns into the English Civil War. Lucas family home is sacked by Parliamentary sympathizers.
1643 Margaret joins the court of Henrietta Maria in Oxford. Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia begins a philosophical correspondence with Descartes.
1644 Margaret escapes for Paris with Queen Henrietta Maria, not returning to live in England until 1660.
1645 Margaret marries William Cavendish, Marquis of Newcastle, in Paris.
1646 Margaret attends occasional meetings of the “Cavendish Circle,” organized by William, and with participants including René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Marin Mersenne, and Walter
Charleton. The meetings of the Cavendish Circle take place through the 1660s.
1647 Cavendish’s mother, Elizabeth Leighton Lucas, dies.
1648 Margaret and William move to Antwerp to live at the Peter Paul Rubens house. They remain in Antwerp through the 1650s.
1649 King Charles I is executed.
1650 Descartes dies on February 11 in Stockholm, Sweden.
1651 Hobbes’s Leviathan is published.
Margaret travels to London, where William is not welcome, to attempt to recover compensation for William’s lost estate. The attempt is not successful.
1653 Philosophicall Fancies. Written by the Right Honourable, the Lady Newcastle is published.
1653 Henry More publishes An Antidote Against Atheism. More includes a glowing dedication “To the Honourable, the Lady Anne Conway.” Her Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy is published posthumously in 1690; it has a significant influence on the philosophy of Leibniz.
1654 Charles Cavendish dies, a mathematician and scholar, and the brother of William. Margaret and Charles had engaged in regular discussions of philosophy and other subjects.
1655 The worlds olio written by the Right Honourable, the Lady Newcastle is published. A revised edition appears in 1671.
The philosophical and physical opinions written by Her Excellency the Lady Marchionesse of Newcastle is published.
1656 Natures Picture drawn by fancies pencil to the life being several feigned stories, comical, tragical, tragi-comical, poetical, romancical, philosophical, historical, and moral: some in verse, some in prose, some mixt, and some by dialogues / written by . . . the Duchess of Newcastle is published. This includes the biographical essay, “A True Relation of my Birth, Breeding and Life.”
1659 Henry More publishes The Immortality of the Soul.
1660 The monarchy returns to England with Charles II as King. Margaret and William return to England and live at Welbeck Abbey. In the coming years they make regular visits to London. Margaret becomes an honorary member of the literary salon of Katherine Philips.
1662 Playes written by the thrice noble, illustrious and excellent princess, the Lady Marchioness of Newcastle is published.
Orations of divers sorts accommodated to divers places written by the Lady Marchioness of Newcastle is published. Jean Baptiste van Helmont publishes Oriatrike, or Physick Refined
1664 Philosophical letters, or Modest Reflections upon some opinions in natural philosophy maintained by several famous and learned authors of this age, expressed by way of letters / by the thrice noble, illustrious, and excellent princess the Lady Marchioness of Newcastle is published.
CCXI sociable letters written by the thrice noble, illustrious, and excellent princess, the Lady Marchioness of Newcastle is published. This contains some of the earliest criticism of the plays of Shakespeare.
Margaret’s views are discussed by More in his 1664/65 letter to Anne Conway.
Spinoza is writing Ethics through 1665; it is eventually published in 1677.
1665 William is made Duke of Newcastle. Margaret is named Duchess of Newcastle.
1666
1667
Observations upon experimental philosophy to which is added The description of a new blazing world / written by the thrice noble, illustrious, and excellent princess the Lady Marchioness of Newcastle is published. An updated edition of Blazing World appears in 1668. Womens Speaking Justified is published by Margaret Fell Fox.
Mary Astell is born on November 16 in Newcastle, England. In 1694 and 1697, she publishes A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, Parts I and II. Wherein is a Method offer’d for the Improvement of their Minds.
Margaret is the first woman to attend a meeting at the Royal Society of London.
Margaret engages a correspondence with Joseph Glanvill.
1667 The life of the thrice noble, high and puissant prince William Cavendishe, Duke, Marquess and Earl of Newcastle . . . written by the thrice noble, illustrious and excellent princess, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, his wife is published.
1668 Grounds of natural philosophy divided into thirteen parts: with an appendix containing five parts / written by . . . the Duchess of Newcastle is published. This is a heavily revised version of the 1655 Philosophical and Physical Opinions.
1670 Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia provides sanctuary to Anna Maria van Schurman and other persecuted individuals.
1673 An Essay to Revive the Antient Education of Gentlewomen is published by Bathsua Makin.
Margaret Cavendish dies in Welbeck on December 15 and is laid to rest at Westminster Abbey. The inscription on her tomb, at the front (North Transept) entrance to the Abbey, reports: “This Dutches was a wise wittie & learned Lady, which her many Bookes do well testifie.”
1676 William edits and publishes Letters and Poems in Honour of the Incomparable Princess, Margaret, Dutchess of Newcastle. William dies shortly thereafter.
*Note that some of the information in this chronology is from Eileen O’Neill (ed.), Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy, Cambridge UP (2001), xxxvii–xli; and Katie Whitaker, Mad Madge, Mad Madge, London: Chatto and Windus (2003).
EARLY MODERN TOPICS AND THEMES— FOR INSTRUCTORS AND STUDENTS
Below is a list of topics that are central to the philosophical debates of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, along with a cross-section of the corresponding Cavendish passages.
MATERIALIST VIEW
OF MIND
Worlds Olio “Fame makes a difference between Man and Beast” Philosophical Letters letter XXXV and XXXVI of section one; letters XV, XVI, XVIII, XXI, XXV, XXVIII, XXXI, and XXXII of section two; letters XXI and XLII of section three
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections XXI, XXXV Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections X, XX Observations Upon the Opinions of Some Ancient Philosophers section III.4 Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapters II and XI of the First Part
MATERIALIST VIEW OF NATURE
Philosophical Letters letters VI, XVIII, XIX, XXXI, XXXII of section two; letter XLII of section three
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XXI Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections XX Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter I of the First Part
xx Early Modern Topics and Themes—for Instructors and Students
MATTER AS ETERNAL
Worlds Olio “Of Nature” / “The Opinions of Some Philosophers—Essay 128”
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “Chapter 23: Of Annihilation”
Philosophical Letters letter III of section one; letter III of section three; letter X of section four
Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XI
Observations Upon the Opinions of Some Ancient Philosophers section IV.5–6
NO EMPTY SPACE— THE UNIVERSE AS A CONTINUOUS PLENUM
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “There is no Vacuity”
Philosophical Letters letters II, XX, XXXI, and XXXII of section one
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections I, XIX, XXXI
Observations Upon the Opinions of Some Ancient Philosophers sections III.4, IV.1
Poems and Fancies “Of Vacuum”
THE CAUSAL INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE PLENUM
Philosophical Letters letter II of section one; letter II of section four
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections XV, XXXI
INDIVIDUATION
Philosophical Letters letter XVII of section two; letter II of section three
Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter III of the Second Part
PRIMARY VS. SECONDARY QUALITIES
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections XXI, XXXV
MATTER AS PERCEPTIVE AND KNOWING
Worlds Olio “Epistle”
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “A Condemning Treatise of Atoms” / “Chapter 63: Whether motion is a thing, or nothing, or can be Annihilated” / “Chapter 65: Many Motions go to the producing of one thing, or to one end” / “Chapter 77: Of different knowledge in different figures”
Early Modern Topics and Themes—for Instructors and Students xxi
Philosophical Letters letters X, XI, and XXXVI of section one; letters IV, X, XIII, XV, and XVIII of section two; letter XXX of section four
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections XVII, XVII, and XXXV
Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections XIII and XX
Observations Upon the Opinions of Some Ancient Philosophers section IV.2–3
Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter VIII of the First Part; chapter IX of the Second Part; chapter V of the Fifth Part; chapter XII of the Thirteenth Part
Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter VIII of the Third Part
DIFFERENT KINDS OF MATTER
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XXXVII
Further Observation Upon Experimental Philosophy section VI
Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapters III and V of the First Part; chapters X and XV of the Fifth Part
ARTIFACTS VS. NATURAL
PRODUCTIONS
Worlds Olio “The Power of Natural Works” / “Of Chymistry”
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “Chapter 208: The Knowledge of Diseases”
Philosophical Letters letter V, VII, and XV of section two; letter XXX of section three; letter XXX of section four
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections III, IX, XIV, XVIII, XXV, XXVI, XXXIV
Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections II, VII
Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter IX of the Second Part; chapter XII of the Thirteenth Part
INTELLIGENCE IN ANIMALS, INSECTS, AND OTHER NONHUMAN ORGANISMS
Worlds Olio “Of Birds”
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “Chapter 77: Of different knowledge in different figures”
Philosophical Letters letters X, XXXV, and XXXVI of section one; letter XIII or section two
xxii Early Modern Topics and Themes—for Instructors and Students
Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections XIII, XX Poems and Fancies “A Morall Discourse betwixt Man, and Beast” / “Of the Ant” / “Of Fishes”
VARIETIES OF THINKING AND INTELLIGENCE
Worlds Olio “Epistle”
Philosophical and Philosophical Opinions “Chapter 77: Of different knowledge in different figures”
Philosophical Letters letters X, XI, and XXXVI of section one
Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XIII
Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter XV of the Fifth Part
TRANSFER OF MOTION
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “Chapter 63: Whether motion is a thing, or nothing, or can be Annihilated”
Philosophical Letters letters XXIII, XXIV, XXX, and XXXII of section one; letter VI of section four
Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter IX of the Fifth Part
SENSORY PERCEPTION NOT VIA IMPRESSIONS/ STAMPING, BUT VIA PATTERNING
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “Chapter 160: Of Sight”
Philosophical Letters letters IV, XXII, and XXIV of section one; letter XVI of section two
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XXXVII
Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter IX of the Fifth Part
IDEAS AS IMAGISTIC PICTURES
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “Chapter 160: Of Sight”
Philosophical Letters letter XX of section one; letter XV of section two
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XXI
NO
IDEA OF GOD OR OTHER IMMATERIALS
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “Chapter 160: Of Sight” / “Chapter 210: The diatical Centers”
Early Modern Topics and Themes—for Instructors and Students xxiii
Philosophical Letters letters I and XX of section one; letters II and III of section two; letter II of section three
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XXI
Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapters III, IV, and XI of the First Part
Worlds Olio “The difference Betwixt Man and Beast”
KNOWLEDGE OF GOD’S EXISTENCE AND NATURE
Worlds Olio “The difference Betwixt Man and Beast”
Philosophical Letters letters I and XX of section one; letters I–III, XVIII, XXX, XXXIII of section two; letter XX of section three
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XIX, XXI, XXVII
Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections X–XII
Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapters II–VI and XI of the First Part
THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOD AND THE CREATION
Worlds Olio “The Opinions of Some Philosophers—Essay 128”
Philosophical Letters letters II and III of section one
Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections X, XX
Observations Upon the Opinions of Some Ancient Philosophers—sections IV.5, IV.6, V.1
Grounds of Natural Philosophy Chapter V of the Sixth Part
Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter IV of the First Part
IMMATERIAL FINITE SOUL / MIND
Philosophical Letters letter XX of section one; letters XVIII, XXIX, and XXXII of section two
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XIX
Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapters II, III of the First Part
THE AFTERLIFE
Worlds Olio “Fame makes a difference between Man and Beast” / “What the Desire of Fame proceeds from” / “Allegory 55”
Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter V of the Sixth Part
xxiv Early Modern Topics and Themes—for Instructors and Students
Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter XI of the First Part; chapter VIII of the Third Part
SCRIPTURE
Worlds Olio “Of Moderation”
Philosophical Letters letter III of section I; letters III, XXXII, and XXXIII of section two; letter XX of section three; letter X of section four
FREE WILL
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “Chapter 59: Of Fortune” / “The Agilenesse of innate Matter”
Philosophical Letters letters VIII, XII, and XXIX of section one; letters VIII, XXIX and XXXI of section two; letters IV and VII of section two; letter XXIV of section three
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy sections XXVII, XXXI, and XXXV
Observations Upon the Opinions of Some Ancient Philosophers section IV.5
Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapters V, X, and XVIII of the First Part; chapter XII of the Sixth Part, chapter XII of the Seventh Part, chapter I of the Eighth Part
Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapters IV, V, VI, and VII of the First Part
Poems and Fancies, “The Fairies in the Braine, may be the causes of many Thoughts”
ORDER AND DISORDER
Worlds Olio “Of Nature” / “Of the Predestination of Nature”
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “A Condemning Treatise of Atoms”
Philosophical Letters letter XI of section one; letters V and VII of section two; letters XXIII and XXIX of section three; letters IV and XXXIII of section four
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XV
Further Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy section XX
Observations Upon the Opinions of Some Ancient Philosophers section IV.2–3
Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapter VIII of the First Part; chapter XII of the Sixth Part; and chapter I of the Eighth Part
Early Modern Topics and Themes—for Instructors and Students xxv
Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapters IV and V of the First Part
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Worlds Olio “Of the Predestination of Nature”
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “Chapter 96: Of the Load-stone” Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapters XVI–XVIII of the First Part
Appendix to Grounds of Natural Philosophy chapters VI and VII of the First Part
The She-Anchoret pp. 224–225
GENDER
Worlds Olio “The Preface” / “Of Noble Souls, and Strong Bodies”
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “To the Two Universities”
Philosophical Letters “A Preface to the Reader” and letter I of section four
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy “To the Reader” Poems and Fancies “To all Writing Ladies” Bell in Campo pp. 208–209
AGENCY AND AUTHORITY
Philosophical and Physical Opinions “To the Two Universities”
Philosophical Letters “A Preface to the Reader”
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy “To the Reader” Poems and Fancies “To all Writing Ladies”
Playes “An Introduction” Bell in Campo
HAPPINESS
Worlds Olio “Of a Solitary Life” / “Of Moderation” / “Of the Happiness of a Farmer” / “Of the Vastness of Desires” / “The Nature of Man” / “Allegory 20” / “The difference Betwixt Man and Beast” Poems and Fancies “To Morall Philosophers” / “A Dialogue betwixt Man and Nature” / “Poets have most Pleasure in this Life”
The She-Anchoret “The sixteenth sort of Visiters, were Poets”
