GeneralAbbreviations
Forabbreviationsofancientauthors’ namesandworks,seep.xvii.For symbolsusedinthepresentationoftextsandtranslations,seep.xxv.
Anecdota Helvetica
H.Hagen, AnecdotaHelvetica (GrammaticiLatiniexrecensione HenriciKeilii,Supplementum).Leipzig1870.
CILCorpusInscriptionumLatinarum.Berlin1862.
GL H.Keil,M.Hertz,andT.Mommsen, GrammaticiLatini. Leipzig185580.
OLD P.W.Glare(ed.), OxfordLatinDictionary,2ndedn.Oxford 2012.
RE A.Pauly,G.Wissowa,W.Kroll,etal.(eds), PaulysReal EncyclopädiederclassischenAltertumswissenschaft, Neue Bearbeitung.Stuttgart18931997.
TLGThesaurusLinguaeGraecae (http://www.tlg.uci.edu).
TLLThesaurusLinguaeLatinae.Leipzig1900.
AncientAuthorsandWorks, withEditionsUsed
Seriesareindicatedasfollows:B=CollectiondesuniversitésdeFrance publiéesouslepatronagedel’associationGuillaumeBudé;CCSG=Corpus Christianorum,SeriesGraeca;CCSL=CorpusChristianorum,SeriesLatina; L=LoebClassicalLibrary;OCT=ScriptorumClassicorumBibliotheca Oxoniensis;T=BibliothecaScriptorumGraecorumetRomanorumTeub neriana.Spuriousworksandworksofuncertainauthorshipappearunderthe nameoftheauthortowhomtheyaretraditionallyattributed.
Accius J.Dangel(B)1995.
Anon., Deprimis, mediisetultimis syllabis
D.Corazza, [MaximiVictorini] Commentariumde rationemetrorum concinquetrattatiineditisulla prosodiadellesillabe finali.Hildesheim2011, pp.1747.
Ap.Dysc., Adv. Ἀ
,in
R.Schneider, Apolloniiscriptaminora (Grammatici Graeci II.i.i).Leipzig1878,pp.117210.
Ap.Dysc., Constr. J.Lallot, ApolloniusDyscole:Delaconstruction (syntaxe).Paris1997.
Ap.Dysc., Pron. P.Brandenburg, ApolloniosDyskolos:Überdas Pronomen.Munich2005.
[Arcadius]S.Roussou, PseudoArcadius’ EpitomeofHerodian’ s Deprosodiacatholica.Oxford2018.
ArsBobiensis M.DeNonno, LaGrammaticadell’Anonymus Bobiensis(GL I533565Keil).Rome1982.
Audax, DeScauri etPalladiilibris excerpta GL vii,pp.31362.
Augustine, Arsbreuiata
Augustine, Dedoctrina Christiana
G.Bonnet(B)2013.
J.Martin, SanctiAureliiAugustiniDedoctrina Christiana;Deverareligione (CCSL,32).Turnhout 1962.
xviii AncientAuthorsandWorks,withEditionsUsed
Augustine, Demusica
M.Jacobsson, Augustinus:Demusica (Corpus ScriptorumEcclesiasticorumLatinorum,102).Berlin 2017.
CaeciliusStatiusO.Ribbeck, ComicorumRomanorumpraeterPlautum etSyriquaeferuntursententiasfragmenta (= Scaenicae Romanorumpoesisfragmenta,ii),3rdedn.Leipzig 1898,pp.4094.
Cato, Deagri cultura
A.Mazzarino(T)1982.
Catullus R.A.B.Mynors(OCT)1958.
Charax, Περὶ ἐ γκλινομένων
I.Bekker, AnecdotaGraeca,iii.Berlin1821, pp.114955.
Charisius, Ars C.Barwick, FlaviiSosipatriCharisiiArtisGrammaticae LibriV,2ndedn,editedbyF.Kühnert.Leipzig1964.
Choeroboscus, Ep.Ps.
T.Gaisford, GeorgiiChoerobosciEpimerismiin Psalmos.Oxford1842.
Choeroboscus, Th.GeorgiiChoeroboscischoliainTheodosiiAlexandrini canones,inA.Hilgard, TheodosiiAlexandrinicanones, GeorgiiChoeroboscischolia,SophroniiPatriarchae Alexandriniexcerpta (GrammaticiGraeci IV).Leipzig 188994,vol.i,p.103vol.ii,p.371.
Cicero D.R.ShackletonBailey, Cicero’sLetterstoAtticus (Cambridge196570)for AdAtticum;R.Westman(T) 1980for Orator;K.F.Kumaniecki(T)1969for De oratore.
CledoniusC.Bernetti, ArsCledoniiRomaniSenatoris ConstantinopolitaniGrammatici:nuovaedizione critica.Dissertation,UniversitàdegliStudiRomaTre, 201112(availableviatheopenaccessarchive ArcAdiAathttp://hdl.handle.net/2307/4121).
Consentius, De barbarismiset metaplasmis
T.Mari, Consentius’ Debarbarismisetmetaplasmis: criticaledition,translation,andcommentary.DPhil dissertation,UniversityofOxford,2016.
Consentius, De nomineetuerbo GL v,pp.32985.
Diomedes, ArsGL i,pp.297529.
[DionysiusThrax], Supplement Περὶ προσῳδιῶν
G.Uhlig, DionysiiThracisArsGrammatica (GrammaticiGraeci I.i).Leipzig1883,pp.10514.
Donatus, Ars minor and Ars maior
Donatus, InTer.
Dositheus, Grammatica
Ennius
Ep.Hom.alph.
Et.Gud.
Et.Gud. ...
Stefani
Etymologicum magnum
Etymologicum Symeonis
Eustathius, InIliadem
Excerptionesde Prisciano
Festus, fragmentae cod.Farn
AulusGellius, NoctesAtticae
Herodian,
Homer, Iliad
Homer, Odyssey
Horace
L.Holtz, Donatetlatraditiondel’enseignement grammatical:étudesurl’ArsDonati etsadiffusion (IVè IXè siècle)etéditioncritique.Paris1981.
P.Wessner, AeliDonatiquodferturcommentum Terenti (T)19028.
G.Bonnet(B)2005.
J.Vahlen, Ennianaepoesisreliquiae,2ndedn. Leipzig1903.
Forthe Annales,referencesaregivenbothtoVahlen2 andtoO.Skutsch, The Annals ofQ.Ennius.Oxford 1985.
A.R.Dyck, EpimerismiHomericiquiordine alphabeticotraditisunt,inA.R.Dyck, Epimerismi Homerici,ii.Berlin1995,pp.1822.
F.W.Sturz, EtymologicumGraecaelinguaeGudianum. Leipzig1818.
E.L.deStefani, EtymologicumGudianum.Leipzig 190920.
T.Gaisford, Etymologicummagnum. Oxford1848.
D.Baldi, EtymologicumSymeonis ΓΕ (CCSG,79). Turnhout2013.
M.vanderValk, Eustathiiarchiepiscopi thessalonicensiscommentariiadHomeriIliadem pertinentes.Leiden197187.
D.W.Porter, ExcerptionesdePrisciano:thesourcefor Ælfric’sLatinOldEnglishgrammar.Cambridge2002.
FragmentaecodiceFarnesiano,inW.M.Lindsay, Sexti PompeiFestiDeverborumsignificatuquaesupersunt cumPauliepitome (T)1913.
P.K.Marshall(OCT)1990.
A.Lentz, Herodianitechnicireliquiae (Grammatici Graeci III),vol.ii.Leipzig1870,pp.90852.
M.L.West(T)19982000.
M.L.West(T)2017.
D.R.ShackletonBailey(T)2001. AncientAuthorsandWorks,withEditionsUsed xix
xx AncientAuthorsandWorks,withEditionsUsed
JohnPhiloponus, Praeceptatonica
Lucretius, De rerumnatura
Macrobius, De uerborumdiff.
MartianusCapella, Denuptiis
G.A.Xenis, IohannesAlexandrinus:Praeceptatonica (T)2015.
J.Martin(T)1969.
P.DePaolis, MacrobiiTheodosiiDeverborumGraeciet Latinidifferentiisvelsocietatibusexcerpta.Urbino 1990.
DenuptiisPhilogiaeetMercurii,inJ.Willis(T)1983.
NigidiusFigulusA.Swoboda, P.NigidiiFigulioperumreliquiae.Vienna 1889.
Ovid Forthe Amores and Arsamatoria: E.J.Kenney(OCT)1994. Forthe Heroides: H.Dörrie, P.OvidiiNasonisEpistulaeHeroidum. Berlin1971.
Forthe Metamorphoses: W.S.Anderson(T)1991.
Forthe Tristia: J.B.Hall(T)1995.
PalaemonA.Mazzarino, GrammaticaeRomanaefragmenta aetatisCaesareae,i.Turin1955,pp.68102.
PaulusexFesto Pauliepitome,inW.M.Lindsay, SextiPompeiFestiDe verborumsignificatuquaesupersuntcumPauliepitome (T)1913.
Phocas, Denomine etuerbo F.Casaceli, Foca:Denomineetverbo. Naples1974.
Plautus W.D.C.deMelo(L)201113.
Pliny, NH XVIIIH.LeBonniecandA.LeBœuffle(B)1972.
Pompeius, CommentumArtis Donati
ForthecommentaryonBooksIIIofDonatus’ Arsmaior: GL v,pp.81282.
ForthecommentaryonBookIII: A.Zago, PompeiiCommentuminArtisDonati partemtertiam.Hildesheim2017.
Priscian, Ars ForBooksXIVXVI: M.Baratin,F.Biville,G.Bonnet,B.Colombat, C.Conduché,A.Garcea,L.Holtz,S.Issaeva,M.Keller, andD.Marchand, Priscien:Grammaire,LivresXIV,
Priscian, Partitiones
XV,XVI LesInvariables. Paris2013.(Thetextisthat of GL,withminordifferences.)
ForBookXVII: M.Baratin,F.Biville,G.Bonnet,B.Colombat, A.Garcea,L.Holtz,S.Issaeva,M.Keller,and D.Marchand, Priscien:Grammaire,Livre XVIISyntaxe,1.Paris2010.(Thetextisthat of GL,withminordifferences.)
Forallotherbooks: GL ii,p.1iii,p.384.
M.Passalacqua, PriscianiCaesariensisOpuscula,ii. Rome1999,pp.43128.
[Probus], De ultimissyllabis GL iv,pp.21764.
[Probus], Instituta artium GL iv,pp.45192.
Quintilian, Inst. For Inst. 1.48: W.Ax, QuintiliansGrammatik(Inst.orat. 1,48) Berlin2011.
Fortherestofthework: D.A.Russell(L)2001.
Sch.D.Thr.A.Hilgard, ScholiainDionysiiThracisArtem grammaticam (GrammaticiGraeci I.iii).Leipzig1901.
Sch. Il. H.Erbse, ScholiaGraecainHomeriIliadem(Scholia Vetera). Berlin196988.
Sch.JuvenalP.Wessner, ScholiainIuvenalemvetustiora (T)1931. Seneca, Ep. L.D.Reynolds(OCT)1965.
[Sergius], Delittera
Delittera,desyllaba,depedibus,deaccentibus,de distinctione,in GL iv,pp.47385.
[Sergius], In DonatiArtem maiorem GL iv,pp.518(line30)565.KeilpresentsGLiv, pp.486565asasingleworkdividedintotwobooks (‘ExplanationuminArtemDonatiLiberI’ and ‘ExplanationuminArtemDonatiLiberII’),withthe secondbeginningat GL iv,p.534,line13.Forthepoint thattwodistinctworksareinvolved,withthesecond beginningatGLiv,p.518,line30,seeDePaolis(2000: 1919);Zetzel(2018:3212).
Servius, Comm. inDonatum
CommentariusinArtemDonati,in GL iv,pp.40348.
xxii AncientAuthorsandWorks,withEditionsUsed
Servius, De finalibus
GL iv,pp.44955.
Servius, InVerg. On Aeneid IXXII: C.E.MurgiaandR.A.Kaster, ServianiinVergili AeneidoslibrosIXXIIcommentarii.NewYork2018. Onthe Eclogues andotherbooksofthe Aeneid: G.ThiloandH.Hagen, Serviigrammaticiquiferuntur inVergiliicarminacommentarii. Leipzig18781902.
SiliusItalicus, Punica
Sophronius, ExcerptaeCharace
J.Delz(T)1987.
A.Hilgard, TheodosiiAlexandrinicanones,Georgii Choeroboscischolia,SophroniiPatriarchaeAlexandrini excerpta (GrammaticiGraeci IV),vol.ii.Leipzig1894, pp.373434.
Suda A.Adler, SuidaeLexicon. Leipzig192838.
Terence R.Kauer,W.M.Lindsay,andO.Skutsch(OCT)1958. Terentianus Maurus
Theod.Alex. Canones
Theod.Alex., Περ
C.Cignolo, TerentianiMauriDelitteris,desyllabis, demetris.Hildesheim2002.
TheodosiiAlexandrinicanones,inA.Hilgard, TheodosiiAlexandrinicanones,GeorgiiChoerobosci scholia,SophroniiPatriarchaeAlexandriniexcerpta (GrammaticiGraeci IV),vol.i.Leipzig1889,pp.199.
A.Hilgard, ExcerptaexlibrisHerodianiTechnici (BeilagezumJahresberichtdesHeidelberger GymnasiumsfürdasSchuljahr1886/7).Leipzig1887, pp.1622.
Theognostus, Canones
J.A.Cramer, AnecdotaGraecaecodd.manuscriptis bibliothecarumoxoniensium,ii.Oxford1835, pp.1165.
TyrannioW.Haas, DieFragmentederGrammatikerTyrannion undDiokles.Berlin1977.
Tz.Ar. Ra.
Varro, Delingua Latina
W.J.W.Koster, Jo.Tzetzaecommentariiin Aristophanem (ScholiainAristophanem,iv),vol.iii. Groningen1962,pp.6911120.
W.D.C.deMelo, Varro: DelinguaLatina: introduction, text, translation, andcommentary. Oxford2019.
Varro,fr.G.GoetzandF.Schoell, M.TerentiVarronisdeLingua Latinaquaesupersunt. Acceduntgrammaticorum Varronislibrorumfragmenta.Leipzig1910, pp.192241.
AncientAuthorsandWorks,withEditionsUsed xxiii
Varro, Resdiuinae B.Cardauns, M.TerentiusVarro,Antiquitatesrerum divinarum,i: DieFragmente.Mainz1976.
VeliusLongus, Deorthographia
M.DiNapoli, VeliiLongiDeorthographia. Hildesheim2011.
Vergil R.A.B.Mynors(OCT)1969. [Victorinus], De artegrammatica GL vi,pp.185205.
[Victorinus], Ad Basiliumamicum Sergii GL vi,pp.2402.
Vitruvius, De architectura,V
C.Saliou(B)2009.
SymbolsUsedinthePresentation ofTextsandTranslations
[]Illegibleorlostportionofapapyrusormanuscript.
<>Editorialinsertionintoatext.(Wherenolettersappearbetweenthe triangularbrackets,theyindicatealacuna.)
{}Textbracketedasspurious.
Acuteaccent
ˆ Circumflexaccent
Graveaccent
Longvowel(i.e.unlessotherwisespecified,vowelwhose classicalLatin orclassicalGreek quantityislong)
Shortvowel(i.e.unlessotherwisespecified,vowelwhose classical LatinorclassicalGreek quantityisshort)
Heavyor ‘long’ syllable(i.e.syllablewhose classicalLatinorclassical Greek quantityisheavyor ‘long’)
[ Lightor ‘short’ syllable(i.e.syllablewhose classicalLatinorclassical Greek quantityislightor ‘short’)
Latintextsarequotedwithoutdiacriticsexceptwheretheseareessentialfor comprehension.Ancientdiscussionsofaccentsareonlyrarelywordedin suchawaythatthereaderrequiresaccentmarksorotherdiacritics.Manu scriptcopiesofthesediscussionsdonotalwaysincludediacritics,andwhere diacriticsarefoundwecannotbeconfidentthattheygobacktotheauthor.
IntranslationsofLatintexts,quotedLatinwordsarepresentedwith diacriticswherethesearelikelytobehelpfultothereader.Thesame principleisappliedwhereLatinwordsandphrasesarementionedinthe maintext.IfanyvowelinaLatinwordismarkedlong,allotherlongvowels inthesamewordarealsomarkedlong,toavoidtheimpressionthatvowels notsomarkedareshort.Butavowelmarkedwithacircumflexaccentisnot alsomarkedaslong:exceptwhereotherwisespecified,acircumflexaccent canbetakentoimplythattheclassicalLatinquantityofthevowelislong.
Introduction
Inaletterof45 BC,1 CicerocomplainsthatAtticushasenjoyeda privatereadingofabookaboutaccentsinCicero’sabsence:2 Cicero wouldhavelikedtobeincluded!HeasksAtticustomakeamendsby sendinghimacopyofthebook—‘eventhough’,hesays, ‘thebook itselfwillnotpleasememorethanyouradmirationofithaspleased mealready’.Ciceroproceedsto flatterAtticusforhisloveofabstruse subjects,oflearningforlearning’ssake ...
(1.1) uenioadTyrannionem.aintu?uerumhocfuit?sineme?atego quotiens,cumessemotiosus,sinetetamennolui?quomodoergohoc lues?unoscilicet,simihilibrummiseris;quodutfaciasetiamatque etiamrogo.etsimenonmagisipseliberdelectabitquamtuaadmiratio delectauit.amoenim πάνταϕιλειδήμονα tequeistamtamtenuem
θεωρίαν tamualdeadmiratumessegaudeo.etsituaquidemsunteius modiomnia.scireenimuis;quounoanimusalitur.sed,quaeso,quidex istaacutaetgrauireferturad τέλος? sedadprimaredeo.librum,simeamas,mitte.tuusestenim profecto,quoniamquidemestmissusadte.
(Cicero, AdAtticum 12.6.2 (ShackletonBailey196570:v,no.306))
‘TocometoTyrannio:What?Wasthisrighttodoitwithoutme?How manytimeshaveIrefrainedfromdoingitwithoutyou,eventhough Ihadthetime?Sohowareyougoingtomakeupforthis?Inonlyone way,ofcourse:bysendingmethebook.Iearnestlyaskyoutodothis
1 Orpossibly46 BC,butseeShackletonBailey(196570:v.352).
2 ForthisinterpretationonwhichAtticusreceivesaprivatereading,seeShackleton Bailey(196570:v.352).ForthealternativethatAtticusreadsthebookbyhimself,see Beaujeu(1983:2545).
LatinGrammariansontheLatinAccent:TheTransformationofGreekGrammatical Thought. First edition. Philomen Probert.
© Philomen Probert 2019. First published 2019 by Oxford University Press.
eventhoughthebookitselfwillnotpleasememorethanyouradmir ationofithaspleasedmealready.ForIloveonewholikestolearn everything,andI’mdelightedthatyouaresokeenonsuchsubtle studiesalthoughthat’stypicalofyou.Foryouwantknowledge,the onethingthemindfeedson.Buttellme,whatdifferencedoesanyof thisabouttheacuteandgravemakeforthe summumbonum3? ‘ ... ButtoreturntowhereIleftoff:ifyouloveme,sendmethebook. Forit’ssurelyyours,giventhatit’sbeendedicatedtoyou.’
TheauthorofthebookinquestionistheelderTyrannio,aGreek grammarianworkinginRomeandaclosefriendoftheCicero family.4 Thebookissometimesandperhapsrightlytakentobe Tyrannio’sworkonHomericprosody,5 ofwhichfragmentssurvive. Atanyratetheworkdealtwithaccents,andprobablyaccentsin Greek althoughwehaveanindicationthatTyrannioperhapstook aninterestintheLatinlanguagetoo,incomparingLatinwithGreek, andinarguingthatLatinwasavarietyofGreek.6 Theintellectual excitementofTyrannio’sworktoCiceroand(perhapsespecially) AtticussuggeststhatwhatTyranniohadtosaytothemaboutaccents wassubstantiallynewtotheminRomeatthetime:itwasnotjust whattheyhadalreadylearntatschool.7
Tyrannio’sideasonaccentsinfluencedthoseofVarro,another contemporaryofCiceroandfriendofAtticus,andtheearliestLatin
3 ‘Thesupremegood’ .
4 IngeneralitisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenreferencestothisTyrannioand referencestohispupilDiocles,whowasalsoknownasTyrannioandalsoassociated withthefamilyofCicero(seeWendel1948a:181415;1948b).TheTyrannio mentionedinCicero’sletter(ourpassage(1.1))istheelderone,however,sincethe youngerTyranniowasnotbroughttoRomeuntilaftertheBattleofActiumin31 BC; forthischronologyseeWendel(1948b:1819).Foradifferentviewofthechronology seeChristes(1979:312),who,however,alsoacceptsthattheTyranniomentionedin passage(1.1)istheelder(Christes1979:37).
5 SoShackletonBailey(196570:v.352);Beaujeu(1983:254).DifferentlyWendel (1948a:181516).
6 The Suda (τ 1185)mentionsaworkbyoneortheotherTyrannio,withthetitle
OntheRomandialect:thattheRomandialectcomesfromtheGreekand isnotautochthonous
isaconjectureduetoPlaner,for
:seeHaas1977:176).Itisnotcertain,however,whether theelderortheyoungerTyrannioistheauthorofthiswork.The Suda (τ 1185) ascribesthisandseveralotherworkstotheyoungerTyrannio,buttheelderTyrannio isalmostcertainlytheauthorofatleastsomeofthese:seeFunaioli(1907:xxiii); Wendel(1948a:1815;1948b:1820).
7 Cf.Schoell(1876:4);Scappaticcio(2012:49).
authorknowntohavediscussedLatinaccentuationindetail.Varro’ s discussionofLatinaccentsdoesnotsurvive,butwelearnfromalate antiqueworkthatVarrofollowedTyranniointhinkingthattherewas anacuteaccent,acircumflex,agrave,andamiddle:8
(1.2) quotergosintprosodiae,dicendumest.quaereseomaiorecum curatractandaest,quodnostraratioabopinioneiaminueterataet omniumfermeanimisadfixadiscrepat.Athenodorusduasesseprosodias putauit,unaminferiorem,alteramsuperiorem; flexamautem(namita nostralingua περισπωμένην uocauimus)nihilaliudessequamhasduas inunasyllaba.Dionysiusautem,Aristarchidiscipulus,cognomento Thrax,domoAlexandrius,isquiRhodidocuit,lyricorumpoetarum longestudiosissimus,trestradidit,quibusnuncomnesutuntur, βαρεῖαν ὀξεῖανπερισπωμένην. TyrannionueroAmisenus,quemLucullusMithri daticobellocaptumLucioMurenaeconcessit,aquoillelibertatesimulet ciuitatedonatusest,quattuorscribitesseprosodias, βαρεῖαν, μέσην, ὀξεῖαν et περισπωμένην.atquimemoriaeproditumesthuncantealios fuissepronuntiationepotiorem,quodnequaquamassequipotuissetnisi tenoresingularumuocumdiligentissimeperquisito.ineademopinioneet Varrofuit,quiinlegessuasredigitaccentus,ductusscientiaetdoctrina eius,quaomnibusasepropositiseuidentissimasaffertprobationes,utid quoquepromediaprosodiafacitdicendoipsamnaturamnihilfacere totum,ubinonsitmedium;uteniminterrudemeteruditum,inter calidumetfrigidum,amarumetdulcem,longumetbreuemestquiddam medium,quodneutrumest,sicinterimamsummamqueuocemesse mediam,ibiquequamquaerimusprosodiam.
([Sergius], InDonatiArtemmaiorem, GL iv.529.122 Varro fr.84inGoetzandSchoell(1910:213,line11214,line17) Varrofr.282,lines123inFunaioli(1907:301) Tyranniofr.59,lines314Haas)
‘Oneoughtthentosayhowmanyaccentsthereare.Thismatter shouldbehandledwithallthemorecarebecauseourownviewdiffers fromtheonethatisnowtimehonouredandprettymuch fixedin everyone ’sminds.Athenodorusthoughtthereweretwoaccents,one lowerandtheotherhigher.Forhethoughtthe flexa (forthisiswhat wecallthe περισπωμ έ νη inourlanguage)wasnothingotherthanthese twoinonesyllable.ButDionysiusthepupilofAristarchus,nicknamed Thrax,anAlexandrianbyabode,theonewhotaughtatRhodes,by farthemostcarefulscholarofthelyricpoets,handeddownthat therewerethree,whicheverybodynowuses:thegrave,acute,and
8 ThereisadebateastowhetherthecircumflexwasreallypartofVarro’sdoctrine: fordiscussionandadefenceoftheviewtakenhere,seesection8.2.2.
circum fl ex.ButTyrannioofAmisus,whomLucullusgrantedtoLucius MurenaafterhiscaptureintheMithridaticwar,andwhowasgiven freedomandatthesametimecitizenshipbyMurena,writesthatthere arefouraccents:thegrave,middle,acute,andcircum flex.Andit ’ s beenpasseddownthathewasbetterinpronunciationthanothers somethinghecouldinnowayhaveachievedwithoutexamining carefullytheaccentsofindivid ualwords.Ofthesameopinionwas Varrotoo,whoreducesaccentstotheirrules,guidedbythatman ’ s knowledgeandteaching,bymeansofwhichhebringsclearprooftoall hisdoctrines,ashedoesforthemiddleaccenttoo,sayingthatnature doesnothingintotalwithouttherebeingamiddlepoint:justas betweenanuneducatedandaneducatedperson,orhotandcold,or bitterandsweet,orlongandshort,thereisamiddlepointwhichis neithertheonenortheother,sobetweenthelowestandthehighest pitchthereisamiddleone andtherewehavetheaccentweare lookingfor. ’
Thetake-upofGreekconceptsandcategoriesfordescribingprosody maywellhavebeguninearnestinthetimeofCicero,Tyrannio,and Varro.9 WhetherornotTyranniohimselfarguedthatLatincame fromGreekorwasavarietyofGreek,10 theideacirculatedinvarious formsintheRomeofhisday.11 Wemayinfer,albeitwithsome caution,thatTyranniobroughtconceptsandcategoriesfordescribing Greekprosodytointellectualcircleswillingtounderstandtheseas relevantforLatin.
ThetransferofconceptsandcategoriesfromGreekscholarshipto RomanscholarshipismirroredbytheseamlesstransitionfromGreek toRomanscholarsinpassage(1.2),achievedwiththemovefrom TyranniotoVarro.12 Furtheron(aftertheendofourextract)the authorpassesequallyseamlesslybacktoGreekscholars.SuchtransitionsareveryfrequentinLatinauthors’ accountsoftheirown
9 Soe.g.Schoell(1876:34);Lindsay(1891:373;1894:151);Schreiner(1954: 312);cf.Wendel(1948a:1818);Dickey(2007:7);Scappaticcio(2012:4950).
10 Seen.6.
11 SeeGabba(1963);Stevens(2006);Rochette(2010:2856);Hutchinson(2013: 1478);DePaolis(2015);Gitner(2015).
12 Rawson’s(1985:130)suggestionthatVarro ‘must,interestingly,havedealt somewherewithGreek,forhefollowedTyrannioonaccents,introducingafourth, mediaprosodia,tothethreethatwestilluse’ missestheregularitywithwhichideas fromGreekgrammaticalthoughtaretakenupforLatin.
