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CHAPTER 6 ULTIPLE POINTSOF SIMILARITY

DawnieWolfeSteadmanandLyleW Konigsberg

CHAPTER 7 THE INFLUENCEOFTHE DAUBERT GUIDELINESON

ANTHROPOLOGICAL METHODSOF SCIENTIFIC

IDENTIFICATIONINTHE MEDICAL EXAMINER SETTING

JasonWiersema,JenniferC Love,andL GillNaul

CHAPTER 8 AFORENSIC ANALYSISOF HUMAN REMAINSFROMA

HISTORIC CONFLICTIN NORTH DAKOTA

StephenOusleyandR EricHollinger

SECTIONIII APPLICATIONSOFARCHAEOLOGY

CHAPTER 9 LOVE LOSTAND GONE FOREVER

DavidM.Glassman

CHAPTER 10 THE CONTRIBUTIONSOF ARCHAEOLOGYAND PHYSICAL

ANTHROPOLOGYTOTHE JOHN MCRAE CASE:ATRIALANDA

RETRIAL

NormanJ Sauer,WilliamA Lovis,MarkE Blumer,andJennifer Fillion

CHAPTER 11 UNUSUAL “CRIME”SCENES:THE ROLEOF FORENSIC

ANTHROPOLOGYIN RECOVERINGAND IDENTIFYING

AMERICAN MIAs

RobertW Mann,BruceE Anderson,ThomasD Holland,and JohnieE Webb,Jr

CHAPTER 12 FORENSIC RECOVERIESOF U.S.WAR DEADANDTHE

EFFECTSOF TAPHONOMYAND OTHER SITE-ALTERING

PROCESSES

JamesT.Pokines

SECTIONIV INTERPRETATIONOFTAPHONOMYANDTRAUMA

CHAPTER 13 TAPHONOMYAND TIME:ESTIMATINGTHE POSTMORTEM INTERVAL

MurrayK Marks,JenniferC Love,andIanR Dadour

CHAPTER 14 THE SKULLONTHE LAWN:TROPHIES,TAPHONOMY,AND FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

P WilleyandPauletteLeach

CHAPTER 15 LOOKUNTIL YOU SEE:IDENTIFICATIONOF TRAUMAIN

SKELETAL MATERIAL

O C Smith,ElayneJ Pope,andStevenA Symes

CHAPTER 16 FORENSIC OSTEOLOGYOF CHILD ABUSE

MurrayK Marks,KerriannMarden,andDarinkaMileusnicPolchan

CHAPTER 17 THE INTERFACEOF FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGYAND FORENSIC PATHOLOGYIN TRAUMA INTERPRETATION

DouglasH.UbelakerandJohnE.Smialek

SECTIONV ANALYTICALTECHNIQUESINFORENSICANTHROPOLOGY

CHAPTER 18 MITOCHONDRIAL DNA:SOLVINGTHE MYSTERYOF ANNA ANDERSON

TerryMelton

CHAPTER 19 SMALL BONESOF CONTENTION

SamD Stout

CHAPTER 20 APPROACHESTO FACIAL REPRODUCTIONAND PHOTOGRAPHIC SUPERIMPOSITION

DouglasH Ubelaker

CHAPTER 21 THE PAWN SHOP MUMMIFIED HEAD:DISCRIMINATING

AMONG FORENSIC,HISTORIC,AND ANCIENT CONTEXTS

DawnieWolfeSteadman

SECTIONVI MASSDISASTERSANDHUMANRIGHTSINVESTIGATIONS

CHAPTER 22 CORPI AQUATICUS:THE HARDIN CEMETERY FLOODOF 1993

PaulS.SledzikandAllisonWebbWillcox

CHAPTER 23 DISASTER VICTIM RECOVERYAND IDENTIFICATION: FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGYINTHE AFTERMATHOF

SEPTEMBER 11

PaulS Sledzik,DennisDirkmaat,RobertW Mann,ThomasD Holland,AmyZelsonMundorff,BradleyJ Adams,ChristianM Crowder,andFrankDePaolo

CHAPTER 24 FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGYAND HUMAN RIGHTS:THE ARGENTINE EXPERIENCE

MercedesDorettiandClydeC.Snow

CHAPTER 25 AMASS GRAVEIN ARGENTINA:THE SAN VICENTE CEMETERYIN CÓRDOBA

DaríoOlmo,AnahiGinarte,ClaudiaBisso,MercedesSaladoPuerto, andLuisFondebrider

INDEX

PREFACE

The first edition of Hard Evidence was born from a need for scientific realism in the face of media popularization of the field whereby the aptitude of forensic anthropologists for solving forensic cases borders on mythic or even science fiction The heart of forensic anthropology is the adherence to the principles of skeletal biology and rigorous attention to detail in lieu of a hologram machine or psychic powers The goal of the first edition was to provide case studies that demonstrated the scientific approach and techniques of forensic anthropology in a manner that was both accessible and interesting That goal was met thanks to the brilliant authors that contributed to the volume The goals of the second edition are not unlike those of the first to supplement the burgeoning number of forensic anthropological textbooks with case studies that demonstrate a number of scientific principles. However, this edition improves on the first in a number of ways, including more cases on topical areas of inquiry (eg, child abuse, forensic archaeology), important scientific techniques (e.g., facial reproduction, DNA), and legal issues, as well as updates of existing cases. in all, seven new chapters are included, six chapters are updated, and the utility of the text is increased by an index

NEWCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHESECONDEDITION

As the first edition was being written, significant events impacted the world and the discipline of forensic anthropology over thirty anthropologists participated in the recovery and identification efforts in the months afterSeptember11,2001 AmyZelsonMundorff,oneofthecontributorstothefirstedition,wastheforensic anthropologist for the office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) in New York City and helped coordinate the identification efforts for the World Trade Center disaster While Amy and I discussed including a chapter about the response in the first edition, the timing was not right Not only did the events seem too “fresh” to write about, but I really wanted to include the anthropological perspectives from the responses at the other sites Thus, this edition includes a contextual overview of the anthropological roles in theresponsestotheWorldTradeCenter,pentagon,andshanksville,pennsylvania,disasters paulsledziktook on the unenviable tasks of coordinating authors and braving multiple bureaucratic agencies to make this chaptercometofruitionandiaminhisdebt

Increased legal adherence to Daubert and other rules of evidence has stimulated much anthropological research in the past five years. in the first edition, Lyle Konigsberg and I lamented in “Multiple Points of Similarity” that quantifying the strength of a positive identification is extremely challenging with standard osteological data of age, sex, stature, and pathology This chapter became fodder for a larger study of the quantification of osteological congruency in potential identifications (steadman, Adams, and Konigsberg 2006) and is now updated to include these new results in addition, Wieserma and Love present a new radiographic technique that also permits quantification of the strength of an identification While the statistics may initially appear daunting, the principles are not difficult to comprehend and a quantified approachiscrucialtoanthropologistswhopresenttheirreportsincourt

Other additions to this edition not only reflect the strengths of the former edition in presenting accessible case studies but expand the scope to include a broader number of anthropological contributions to forensic science The inclusion of a chapter on child abuse is particularly pertinent and timely Given the increase in the number of cases of child abuse/fatalities, it is imperative that forensic anthropologists recognize the skeletalsignatureofintentionallyinflictedinjuries.DouglasUbelakerprovidesanin-depthexaminationofthe threeprimarytechniquesofforensicfacialreproductionaswellahistoricalperspectiveofthefield

ORGANIZATIONOFTHESECONDEDITION

Theorganizationofthebookhaschangedtoreflectnewanddifferentemphasesthanthefirsteditionandone additional section is provided The case studies in Section I focus on different aspects of personal identification,fromtheparticularmethodsusedtotheimpactonthefamilieswhenthetruthaboutthefateof a loved one is finally known. Section II emphasizes the legal context in which forensic anthropologists must operate Recent legislative changes concerning the rules of evidence admissibility greatly impact how anthropologists present their findings in court, which is further demonstrated by two new chapters In additiontotheWiersemaandLovechapterthatdiscussesrulesofevidence,OusleyandHollingerdiscussthe lawsgoverninghistoriccases,particularlythoseinvolvingNativeAmericanremains StephenOusleyisoneof theoriginalarchitectsofFordiscandprovidesanexpandedexampleofitsusewithinhistoriccontexts

SectionIII focuses on archaeological applications of anthropological casework. In addition to two domestic cases, including an interesting update on a case presented by Sauer and colleagues, this section further highlights the efforts of the anthropologists at the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command-Central Identification Laboratory (formerly known as CILHI). Mann and colleagues present some new data in their discussion of two cases from Vietnam while a novel chapter by James Pokines reviews the importance of taphonomic influences in archaeological recoveries This discussion of taphonomy leads into Section IV, Interpretation of Taphonomy and Trauma. Marks and co-authors add to the casework on trauma by providing a rich perspective on the skeletal markers and interpretation of child abuse, while Marks and Love, togetherwithIanDadourprovideadditionalinformationonforensicentomology

Section V, Analytical Techniques in Forensic Anthropology, includes cases that employ DNA, skeletal histology,bonechemistry,andcutmarkinterpretations Thissectionisbolsteredbythenewchapteronfacial reproduction by Ubelaker Section VI, Mass Disasters and Human Rights Investigations, contains the final chapters of the book. Sledzik provides some updates in the chapter on the first DMORT deployment while multiple anthropologists, led by Sledzik, discuss the largest mass disaster response in the United States that of September 11 The human rights component is strengthened by another contribution by the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF), which provides some additional perspectives on the investigations of theDirtyWarinArgentina

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In addition to the all of the people who helped me write the first edition, I’d like to thank Nicole Jastremski for helping to copy edit the updated section overviews I am also thankful to my editor, Nancy Roberts, who kept pushing me to do a second edition and didn’t take my response of “Over my dead body!” too literally I again want to recognize my husband, Gary (a.k.a. “the most patient husband in the world”), whose support and humor knows no boundaries Finally, I want to thank my two sons, Ryan and Collin, who give me perspective,balance,andmorelovethanieverimaginedexisted

ABOUTTHECONTRIBUTORS

OfficeofChiefMedicalExaminer

520FirstAve

NewYork,NY10016

Dr. Adams received his M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Tennessee. He is currently the Director of the Forensic Anthropology Unit for the Office of Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) in New York City He is also an Adjunct Lecturer at Hunter College and Pace University, holds a faculty position at the New York University Medical Center, and an affiliation with the NYU Anthropology Department. In his present position with the OCME, Dr Adams and his team are responsible for all forensic anthropology casework in the five boroughs of New York City (Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and Staten Island). Since 2006, Dr. Adams and his team have been undertaking a large-scale effort to recover additional human remains associated with the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center This is a complex operation involvingarchaeologicalexcavationsaroundGroundZero,thehand-screeningoflargequantitiesofexcavated soil, and the analysis of human remains. Prior to accepting the position in New York City, Dr. Adams was a forensicanthropologistandLaboratoryManagerattheCentralidentificationLaboratoryinHawaii

NewYorkStatePolice

Troop“C”ForensicIdentificationUnit

Sidney,NY13838

Steven Andersen is currently the Senior Investigator in charge of the New York State Police Troop C Forensic Identification Unit (FIU) based in Sidney, NY He has been with the State Police for twenty-two years and in the Forensics Unit for the last fifteen years. The FIU is responsible for responding to and documenting scenes of major crimes and incidents His specialties include crime scene processing and reconstruction, latent print examination and comparison, fire cause and origin investigation, and the location and recovery of skeletal remains. He previously attended the State University of New York at Oswego before joiningtheStatePolice

OfficeoftheMedicalExaminer

ForensicScienceCenter

2825E DistrictStreet

Tucson,AZ85714

DepartmentofAnthropology

UniversityofArizona

Tucson,AZ85721

Dr Anderson received his MA and PhD degrees from the University of Arizona, where he currently mentors a forensic anthropology internship program and teaches a course in forensic anthropology. He worked as a physical anthropologist for the U.S. Army central Identification Laboratory (CILHI) in Hawaii beginning in 1992 and departing in 1996 as Senior Anthropologist Dr Anderson is currently the anthropologist for the Pima County Office of the Medical Examiner. His academic interests include forensic anthropology,humananatomy,andhumanevolution.

EquipoArgentinodeAntropologíaForense(EAAF),BuenosAires Rivadavia2443,2ndpiso BuenosAires(1034)

Argentina

Ms. Bisso has an advanced degree in archaeology from Universidad de Buenos Aires and has been an expert consultant for EAAF (Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense) for many years she has done fieldwork fortheteaminArgentina,southAfrica,Angola,Cyprus,Kosovo,andZimbabwe

M

OfficeoftheJacksonCountyProsecutingAttorney 312S JacksonSt Jackson,MI49201

Mark Blumer was the First Assistant Attorney General in the Criminal Division, Michigan Department of the Attorney General He joined the Attorney General’s Criminal Division in 1978, became the Chief Trial Attorney in 1985, and the First Assistant in 1990. His primary responsibility was the trial of high visibility, complexfelonycases,withspecializationincoldfilehomicides Mr Blumerretiredfromstateservicein2005 after thirty years One week later, he became the Chief Assistant Prosecuting Attorney in Jackson County, Michigan.Mr.Blumercontinuestoprosecutecasesonoccasion;however,hisprimaryresponsibilitiesnoware

administrativeinthecountythatincludesthelargestcivilianprisonintheunitedstates.

DepartmentofCriminalJustice

StateuniversityofNewYorkatBrockport

Brockport,NY14420

Dr.BunchreceivedherPh.D.fromtheUniversityofChicagoin1993.SheiscurrentlyanAssistantProfessor of Criminal Justice at SUNY Brockport. Dr. Bunch was previously employed as a forensic anthropologist for theus Army,wheresheperformedfourteenmissionsfortheCentralIdentificationLaboratory,Hawaii Her researchinterestsincludeforensicscienceingeneral,humananatomy,osteology,andarchaeology.

K

EquipoColombianoporTrabajoForenseyServiciosPsicosocial(EQUITAS)

Calle126A#7C-45

Bogota,Colombia ResearchProfessor,AnthropologyDepartment UniversityofUtah SaltLakeCity,UT84112-0060

Dr Burns received her MA and PhD in forensic anthropology at the University of Florida Her major crime lab experience is from the Georgia Bureau of Investigation, Division of Forensic Sciences In addition to modern forensic cases, historic cases, and disaster work, Dr. Burns has devoted much of her professional career to training and human identification in international conflict situations, including Guatemala, Iraq, Haiti,andColombia SheisafoundingmemberofEQUITAS,anNGOprovidingforensicandpsychosocial services to families of the disappeared in Colombia, and is a 2007 Fulbright Scholar at the University of the Andes Sheteachespart-timeattheUniversityofUtah

520FirstAve

NewYork,NY10016

Dr. Crowder received his B.A. from Texas A&M University, M.A. from the University of Texas at Arlington,andPhD fromtheUniversityofToronto HeiscurrentlyaforensicanthropologistfortheOffice of Chief Medical Examiner in New York City He is also an Adjunct Lecturer at Hunter College, holds a faculty position at the New York University Medical Center, and an affiliation with the NYU Anthropology

Department.InhispresentpositionwiththeOCME,Dr.Crowderassistswithanthropologycaseworkinthe fiveboroughsofNewYorkCity(Manhattan,Brooklyn,Queens,theBronx,andStatenIsland) Heisalsothe site coordinator for the on-going search and recovery of remains at Ground Zero. Prior to accepting the position in New York City, Dr. Crowder was a forensic anthropologist at the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command-CentralIdentificationLaboratoryinHawaii

Director,CentreforForensicScience

TheUniversityofWesternAustralia

Nedlands,WA6009

Dr Dadour received his PhD from the University of Western Australia He is Director of the Centre for Forensic Science and a Registered Forensic Practitioner. He is the State’s Honorary Forensic Entomologist and,asanexpertwitnessinthescienceofentomology,hasappearedincourtsinWesternAustralia,Northern Territory,Queensland,andNewSouthWales Hehasorganizedanumberofforensicentomologyworkshops around Australia that include the investigation of decomposition of bodies buried and on the surface and is now part of the team involved in teaching the Human Remains Recovery school for the Federal Bureau of investigationEvidenceResponseTeams

OfficeofChiefMedicalExaminer

520FirstAve

NewYork,NY10016

Following the events of the September 11 World Trade Center attack in New York City, Frank DePaolo acceptedapositionwiththeOfficeofChiefMedicalExaminerasamedicolegalinvestigatorandwasassigned totheMedicalExaminer’sDisasterRecoveryTeamattheWorldTradeCentersite.Sincethen,Mr.DePaolo developedtheSpecialOperationsUnitandnowservesastheProjectManageroverseeingtheongoingWorld Trade Center Recovery Operation Prior to his current position, Mr DePaolo served as a physician assistant (PA) in Emergency Medicine. He has twenty years of experience as both a New York City paramedic and board certified practicing physician assistant He continues to serve in the US Navy Reserve as a Lieutenant CommanderassignedtotheNationalNavalMedicalCenter,Bethesda,MD

501E.38thStreet Erie,PA16546

Dr. Dirkmaat is the Director of the Applied Forensic Sciences Department at Mercyhurst College that includes both an undergraduate program in Forensic Sciences and a Master’s program in Anthropology (Forensic and Biological Anthropology). He has been a full professor of Anthropology at the College since 2006.Dr.DirkmaatisaDiplomateoftheAmericanBoardofForensicAnthropology(no.50)andaFellowof the American Academy of Forensic Sciences He has conducted over 300 forensic anthropology cases, including over 60 field recoveries involving the processing of evidence from a variety of human death scenes ranging from surface scatters to buried bodies and fatal fire victims. Dr. Dirkmaat has been a member of the Federal Government’s Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT) since its inception in the mid-1990s. Dr. Dirkmaat served as a key scientific advisor for Somerset County Coroner Wallace Miller duringtheinitialphasesofthescenerecoveryandmorgueoperationsforUnitedFlight93.Dr.Dirkmaatalso served as consultant to both the Somerset County Coroner’s office and united Airlines during the subsequent recoveriesconductedatthecrashsitefollowingFBIreleaseofthescenetothecoroner’soffice.

M

EquipoArgentinodeAntropologíaForense(EAAF),NewYork 140West22ndStreet,Suite303

NewYork,NY10011

Mercedes Doretti received her degree as a Licenciada en Ciencias Antropologicas at the National University at Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1987 She is a co-founder and a fulltime member of the Argentina Forensic Anthropology Team (EAAF). As such, she works as an expert witness for the judiciary, special commissions of inquiry, and international tribunals, applying forensic anthropology and archaeology to the investigation of humanrightscases ShehasworkedinArgentinaandotherLatinAmericancountries,theBalkans,Ethiopia, SouthAfrica,Zimbabwe,theIvoryCoast,Congo(DRC),thePhilippines,EastTimor,andIraq.Since1992, she has coordinated the New York office of the EAAF In 2007 Ms Doretti won the prestigious MacArthur Foundation“GeniusAward”forherserviceinhumanrightsinvestigations

AnthropologyandSociology

SocialScienceDivision

MottCommunityCollege Flint,MI48503

Jennifer Fillion is a faculty member in Anthropology and Sociology in the Social Science Division at Mott CommunityCollege.ShereceivedherB.A.fromtheUniversityofMichiganandM.A.fromtheUniversityof

Alabama. Her interests include forensic anthropology, skeletal biology, and facial reconstruction. Her work has been featured in Bone Detective: The Story of Forensic Anthropologist Diane France and at the van Andel PublicMuseuminGrandRapids,Michigan.

LUIS FONDEBRIDER

EquipoArgentinodeAntropologíaForense(EAAF),BuenosAires Rivadavia2443,2ndpiso BuenosAires(1034)

Argentina

Luis Fondebrider co-founded EAAF (Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense) twenty-three years ago and now acts as president of the organization. He has worked for EAAF on the application of forensic anthropology and archaeology to the investigation of human rights cases in Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, El Salvador, Haiti, Guatemala, Croatia, Bosnia, Romania, Iraq, the Philippines, Indonesia, Cyprus, Georgia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Morocco, Sudan, Kenya, Namibia, Kosovo, and Congo (DRC), and has acted as an expert witness for the judiciary, special commissions of inquiry, and international tribunals He is a faculty member of the School of Medicine of UniversidaddeBuenosAires.

H.GILL-KING,PH.D.,D-ABFA

BiologicalSciences

UniversityofNorthTexas

P.O.Box3055220

Denton,TX76203-5220

Dr. Gill-King received a Ph.D. in Anthropology from Southern Methodist University and completed postdoctoral studies in hard tissue pathology at the university of Texas Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences He is Director of the Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Human Identification in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of North Texas, where he also holds joint appointments in Criminal Justice and Anthropology, and in the Department of Pathology at the University of North Texas HealthScienceCenter Hiscurrentresearchinterestsareintheareasofskeletalendocrinologyandthedietary adaptationsofNewWorldcolonials.Heconsultsregularlywithlocal,state,andfederalagenciesintheUnited StatesaswellastheServicioPericialeandtheJudicialFederalPoliceinMexico

ANAHÍ GINARTE

EquipoArgentinodeAntropologíaForense(EAAF),BuenosAires Rivadavia2443,2ndpiso

BuenosAires(1034)

Argentina

Ms. Ginarte joined the staff of EAAF (Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense) seventeen years ago, and since then has acted as expert witness for the judiciary, special commissions of inquiry, and international tribunals. She has worked for EAAF in Argentina and other Latin American countries, the Balkans, Ethiopia, South Africa, Zimbabwe, the Ivory Coast, Congo (DRC), Sierra Leone, and East Timor on the application of forensic anthropology and archaeology to the investigation of human rights cases She has conducted training seminars, presentations, and lectures on the application of forensic sciences at both academicandlegalvenuesallovertheworld.

DAVID M.GLASSMAN,PH.D.,D-ABFA

CollegeofLiberalArts

UniversityofSouthernIndiana 8600universityBlvd.

Evansville,IN47712

Dr Glassman is Dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Professor of Anthropology at the University of Southern Indiana. He received his doctorate from the University of Tennessee. Dr. Glassman is a past ChairmanofthePhysicalAnthropologysectionoftheAmericanAcademyofForensicSciencesandcurrently serves as Vice President of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology, Inc He has twenty-seven years of experienceinforensicanthropologyandskeletalbiology,andhasanactiverecordofscholarlypublicationand presented papers Dr Glassman has consulted with various law enforcement agencies in over 250 cases of skeletalidentification

THOMAS D HOLLAND,PH D,D-ABFA

JointPOW/MIAAccountingCommand-CentralIdentificationLaboratory 310WorchesterAvenue HickamAFB,HI96853

Dr Holland received his PhD from the University of Missouri, Columbia, where he was the Associate CuratorfortheMuseumofAnthropologypriortobecomingtheScientificDirectoroftheUS ArmyCentral Identification Laboratory in Hawaii. He is on the board of directors for the American Board of Forensic Anthropology Dr HollandhaspublishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysicalAnthropology,AmericanAntiquity, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Current Anthropology, Studies in Archaeological Method and Theory, Quaternary Research, and Plains Anthropologist, among others. His research interests include forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology,andevolutionarytheory

OfficeofRepatriation

DepartmentofAnthropology

NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory

SmithsonianInstitution

Washington,D.C.20560

R Eric Hollinger is a Supervisory Archaeologist in the Repatriation Office of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History. He has over twenty years of field experience, primarily in the Great Plains and Midwest of the United States. He was responsible for repatriation compliance at the University of IllinoisUrbana and Harvard University’s Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology before joining the Repatriation Office of the NMNH. He has published or presented on lithic, faunal, floral, human osteological, and architectural materials as well as remote sensing, taxonomy, trade, warfare, migration, repatriation,pesticidecontaminatedcollections,andtraditionalcare

MARY JUMBELIC,MD

CenterforForensicSciences

100ElizabethBlackwellStreet Syracuse,NY13210

Dr.JumbelicistheChiefMedicalExaminerfortheCountyofOnondagainSyracuse,NewYork.inaddition, she holds the position of Clinical Associate Professor in the Department of Pathology for Upstate Medical University and is Director of their Autopsy Service Dr Jumbelic is the primary instructor for pathology residents during their autopsy rotations, and teaches second-year medical students forensic pathology and death certification Her areas of interest include the prevention of injuries in children, mass disasters, and collaborationwithforensicanthropology

LYLE W KONIGSBERG,PH D

DepartmentofAnthropology

109DavenportHall

UniversityofillinoisatUrbana-Champaign Urbana,IL61801

Dr Konigsberg is a Professor of Anthropology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign He received his BA in Anthropology and Biology from Indiana University, and his MA and PhD in Anthropology from Northwestern University. Following a postdoctoral position in the Department of Genetics at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio, Texas, he moved to the UniversityofTennesseewherehetaughtforseventeenyears Hemovedtotheuniversityofillinoisduringthe summer of 2007 where he is the discipline director for the College of Medicine’s Anatomy course. His

research interests include osteological and statistical analysis, with a particular emphasis on the bases for estimationandpresentationofstatisticalevidencefromtheskeleton

PAULETTE LEACH,MA

Paulette Leach received her bachelor’s degree from Arizona State University and was a graduate student in anthropologyatCaliforniaStateUniversity,Chico

E MARK LEVINSOHN,MD,FACR CrouseRadiologyAssociates

5008BrittenfieldPkway,Ste100 EastSyracuse,NY13057

Dr. Levinsohn is Clinical Professor of Radiology at SUNY Upstate Medical University in Syracuse, New York He is head of the Musculoskeletal Radiology Section at Crouse Hospital, Syracuse He is also the radiologicconsultanttotheOnondagaCountyMedicalExaminer

JENNIFER C LOVE,PH D

HarrisCountyMedicalExaminer’sOffice

1885OldSpanishTrail Houston,TX77054

JenniferC LovereceivedherMA andPhD inAnthropologyfromtheUniversityofTennessee,Knoxville She is currently the Forensic Anthropology Director at the Harris County Medical Examiner’s Office, Houston, TX. Her research interests are bone trauma, bone pathology, and postmortem interval analysis. She isamemberoftheAmericanAssociationofForensicSciencesandInternationalAssociationofIdentification

WILLIAM A LOVIS,PH D

354BakerHall DepartmentofAnthropology

MichiganStateUniversity EastLansing,MI48824

William A Lovis holds a joint appointment at Michigan State University as Curator of Anthropology at the MSU Museum and Professor in the Department of Anthropology, and has held administrative positions in both units. Dr. Lovis has been on the faculty at Michigan State University since 1973. His primary research

interests are in hunter/gatherer adaptations, the transition to horticulture, and the relationship between paleoenvironmental change and changes in subsistence, settlement, and mobility in the Great Lakes and northern England. He also has a continuing interest in applied analytic methods and research design. Dr. Lovisregularlyworkswithforensicanthropologistsinthetrainingofstudentsandlawenforcementpersonnel in human remains recovery, and has been directly involved in a number of forensic cases in Michigan His fieldwork in the Great Lakes and northern England has resulted in numerous research monographs, book chapters, and journal articles. He has also been active in national and state professional societies, particularly regardingissuesofpublicpolicyandrepatriation,andhasservedinseveraleditorialcapacities ProfessorLovis hasaB.S.fromNewYorkUniversityandbothanM.A.andPh.D.fromMichiganStateUniversity.

JointPOW/MIAAccountingCommand-CentralIdentificationLaboratory 310WorchesterAvenue,Bldg 45 HickamAFB,HI96853

Dr Mann is Deputy Scientific Director, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command’s Central Identification Laboratory (JPAC-CIL) in Hawaii He received his BA and MA degrees in anthropology from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and his Ph.D. from the University of Hawaii. Prior to joining the JPACCIL, Dr Mann worked as an anthropologist at the Smithsonian Institution for nearly five years He has worked at the JPAC-CIL for more than sixteen years and has been on more than forty search and recovery missions around the world, including Vietnam, Laos, Japan, Russia, Latvia, Belgium, Germany, Poland, and South Korea His research interests include paleopathology, trauma, and human skeletal variation He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropologists and has written three books and more than 100papersinthescientificandlayliterature.

TulaneUniversity

DepartmentofAnthropology 1326AudubonStreet NewOrleans,LA70118

Ms. Marden is a doctoral candidate in physical anthropology at Tulane University, researching taphonomic and pathologic changes in the Chaco Canyon skeletal series After serving as a rural health Peace Corps volunteerinCoted’ivoire,sheearnedaMaster’sdegreeinMedicalSociology,thenshiftedfocustoadoctoral program in Anthropology at Tulane. She is a board-certified medicolegal death investigator and served as an assistant forensic anthropologist to Marcella Sorg, anthropology consultant for the offices of the Chief Medical Examiner of Maine, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island Ms Marden is currently finishing her doctoraldissertationresearchwiththesupportofaSmithsonianinstitutionPredoctoralFellowship.

AssociateProfessor

DepartmentsofPathologyandOralSurgery

GraduateSchoolofMedicine

UniversityofTennesseeMedicalCenter-Knoxville

1924AlcoaHighway Knoxville,TN37920

Dr Marks received his MA from the University of Arkansas and PhD from the University of Tennessee Besides forensic anthropology, he is a dental anthropologist and skeletal biologist with research interests in mineralized tissue histology, dental development, fetal growth, computer-graphic facial reconstruction, and bioarchaeology He is Director of the Human Remains Recovery School for the Federal Bureau of InvestigationEvidenceResponseTeamsandaconsultanttotheTennesseeBureauofinvestigation.

TERRY MELTON,PH D

MitotypingTechnologies,LLC

1981PineHallDrive StateCollege,PA16801

Dr Melton is President and CEO of Mitotyping Technologies, a company that performs mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses for law enforcement, attorneys, and private individuals She received a BS from WakeForestUniversityandbothM.S.andPh.D.degreesingeneticsfromthePennsylvaniaStateUniversity. She has a research background in the study of mtDNA as a forensic typing locus Research topics include an evaluation of the diversity and subpopulation heterogeneity present in the mtDNA of approximately forty populationsfromEurope,NorthAmerica,Africa,andAsia,studiesofmtDNAandnuclearDNAvariationin indigenous aboriginal populations from Kenya and Taiwan, and research into the mtDNA variation associated with Southeast Asian and Polynesian prehistory She is currently serving on the editorial board of the Journal of Forensic Sciences and is an affiliate researcher with the Department of Anthropology at Penn StateUniversity

DARINKA MILEUSNIC-POLCHAN,M.D.,PH.D.

DepartmentofPathology

UniversityofTennesseeMedicalCenter-Knoxville

1924AlcoaHighway

Knoxville,TN37920

Dr. Mileusnic-Polchan graduated from the Medical School University of Rijeka, Croatia, in 1986 and earned

her Doctorate degree in Neuroscience from Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, in 1999. After completing three years of anatomic pathology at Loyola University Graduate School of Medicine, she transferred to the Cook County Office of the Medical Examiner in Chicago, Illinois, to continue her training in forensic pathology. Following that she stayed in Chicago as an Assistant Medical Examiner until 2002 when her family relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee Dr Mileusnic-Polchan is board-certified in anatomic and forensic pathology and currently serves as an Associate Professor of Pathology at the University of Tennessee Medical Center in Knoxville as well as Acting Chief Medical Examiner for Knox County, Tennessee. Her areas of interestincludedeathsincustodyandpediatricforensicpathologywithemphasisonchildabuse

AMY ZELSON MUNDORFF,M.A.

SimonFraserUniversity

DepartmentofArchaeology

CentreforForensicResearch

Burnaby,BCV5a1s6

From 1999 to 2004, Amy Zelson Mundorff was the forensic anthropologist for the office of Chief Medical Examiner, the city of New York, where she analyzed forensic cases involving unidentified individuals and bone trauma She also helped direct mortuary operations for several disasters, including the World Trade Center attacks, the crash of American Airlines Flight 587, and the Staten island Ferry crash. Currently she is completing her PhD at Simon Fraser University in the Department of Archaeology Amy holds a Master’s degree from California State University, Chico She also has experience as a field archaeologist in California, Hawaii, Jamaica, and New York, excavating prehistoric and historic sites as well as performing osteological analyses

L GILL NAUL,MD

DepartmentofRadiology

ScottandWhiteClinicandHospital 2401S 31stStreet Temple,TX76508

Dr Naul is Chairman of the Department of Radiology at Scott and White Clinic and Hospital in Temple, Texas, and Professor and Head of the Department of Radiology of the Texas A&M University College of Medicine. Dr. Naul specializes in neuroradiology and has been the Chief of the Section of Magnetic ResonanceatScottandWhiteforovertwentyyears

EquipoArgentinodeAntropologíaForense(EAAF),BuenosAires Rivadavia2443,2ndpiso

BuenosAires(1034)

Argentina

Darío Olmo co-founded EAAF (Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense) twenty-three years ago and acted as president of the organization between 1997 and 2002 He has worked for EAAF in Argentina, Uruguay, Peru, Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Honduras, Guatemala, Kosovo, and Congo (DRC) on the application of forensic anthropology and archaeology to the investigation of human rightscases,andhasactedasexpertwitnessforthejudiciary,specialcommissionsofinquiry,andinternational tribunals. He is a faculty member of the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Universidad Nacional del Centro, and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. His articles and books on forensic anthropology have been published in Argentina,theUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,Colombia,andFrance

STEPHEN OUSLEY,PH D

MercyhurstArchaeologicalInstitute

501E.38thStreet

Erie,PA16546

Stephen Ousley is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Applied Forensic Sciences at Mercyhurst College For nine years he was the Director of the Repatriation Osteology Laboratory at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution He earned his BA in Biological Anthropology at the UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,andhisM.A.andPh.D.attheUniversityofTennessee,Knoxville.His research interests include skeletal biology, human variation, forensic anthropology, quantitative genetics, and geometricmorphometrics

JAMES T POKINES,PH D,D-ABFA

JointPOW/MIAAccountingCommand-CentralIdentificationLaboratory 310WorchesterAvenue HickamAFB,HI96853

Dr Pokines received his BA from Cornell University and his MA and PhD degrees from the University of Chicago He is currently employed as a forensic anthropologist at the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, Central Identification Laboratory (JPAC-CIL), and is a Research Associate in the Division of Mammals, Field Museum, Chicago He has ongoing osteological projects in the Bolivian Altiplano, the Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya, and northern Jordan His research interests include forensic anthropology,zooarchaeology,vertebratetaphonomy,predatorecology,andarchaeology.

UniversityofArkansas

AnthropologyDepartment

330OldMain

Fayetteville,AR72701

Dr. Pope received her M.A. and Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. She examines the effects of burning to bone and tissues of the human body through experimental studies with cadaver models for use by arson and death investigators She researches how the human body burns for application to forensic casework and features of homicide, particularly identification of traumatic injury (ballistic, blunt force, and sharp force trauma) for differentiating manner of death between accidental or criminal attempts to destroy evidence of the body with fire She has taught forensic anthropology, forensic taphonomy, developmental and fragmentary osteology, and criminalistics at the University of Arkansas in the Anthropology Department, Northwest Arkansas Community College, and consults on forensic cases involving skeletal or burned human remains for the Arkansas State Medical Examiner’s Office and private casework.

Rivadavia2443,2ndpiso

BuenosAires(1034)

Argentina

Dr SaladohasaPhD inBiologicalAnthropologyfromtheUniversidadAutónomadeMadrid Shehasbeen awarded various research grants from her university as well as from Unversidad de San Carlos, Guatemala. She has gained broad experience in the application of forensic anthropology and archaeology to the investigation of human rights violations, from 1998 as a member of FAFG (Fundación de Antropología Forense de Guatemala) and then from 2003 as a member of EAAF. Besides Guatemala and Argentina, she has worked in Peru, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Mexico, Sudan, Togo, and Cyprus, and has acted as an expert witnessforthejudiciary,specialcommissionsofinquiry,andinternationaltribunals

N

DepartmentofAnthropology

354BakerHall

MichiganStateUniversity

EastLansing,Mi48824

Dr. Sauer is Professor of Anthropology, Adjunct Professor of Criminal Justice, Clinical Professor of

Anatomy, and Director of the Forensic Anthropology Laboratory at Michigan State University. His research interests include forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology, the concept of race in anthropology, and the skeletal effects of trauma. A Diplomate of the American Board of Forensic Anthropology, he has been assisting the medicolegal community on human remains cases since the 1970s and has trained medicolegal personnel from throughout the United States, Europe, and China He is past Chair and Secretary of the Physical AnthropologySectionoftheAmericanAcademyofForensicSciencesandthe2007recipientoftheAAFST. DaleStewartAward.

Frauenlobstrasse2880337

Munich,Germany

After earning her BS in Psychology from Wellesley College in 1986, Colleen Carney Shine served as Director of Public Relations for the National League of POW/MIA Families, a Washington, D.C.-based non-profit organization dedicated to the fullest possible accounting for Americans who are still prisoners or missingasaresultoftheVietnamWar Astaunchadvocateforveterans’issues,Ms Shinerespondstomedia interest, and frequently addresses student, civic, military, and veteran’s organizations She has served on the board of directors of the National League of POW/MIA Families, Sons and Daughters in Touch, inc., and The Friends of the vietnam veterans Memorial Ms Shine is married and lives in Munich, Germany, where sheworksasawriterandmarketingconsultant

490L’EnfantPlazaEast,SW Washington,D.C.20594

Paul Sledzik received his MS in Biological Anthropology from the University of Connecticut and has been with the NTSB since 2004. From 1990 to 2003, he served as Curator of the anatomical collections at the National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology In 1998, he was the first forensic scientist to be appointed as a Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team (DMORT) regional commander. He has worked in different capacities in several major disasters, but always seeks to incorporate forensic anthropological methods to the disaster response His current position involves coordinating local, state,andfederalresourcesfortransportationdisastervictimidentification

DepartmentofPathology

UniversityofMarylandSchoolofMedicine

111PennStreet

Baltimore,MD21201

The late Dr. John Smialek graduated from the University of Toronto School of Medicine. Dr. Smialek worked in forensic medicine with the Province of Ontario, Thunder Bay, Canada, and Office of the Medical Examiner of Wayne County in Detroit before becoming Chief Medical Examiner for the State of New Mexico and subsequently for the State of Maryland. He also held positions with Medical Schools at the University of Maryland and Johns Hopkins. He was active in teaching and research initiatives in forensic medicinewithspecialemphasisonsuddeninfantdeath

ConscienceandScienceinMedicine

Memphis,TN38104-2106

Dr Smith received his MD from the Medical College of Wisconsin in 1978 He received training in Anatomic, Clinical, and Forensic Pathology at the University of Tennessee, Memphis, followed by board certificationinthesethreeareasin1983.Dr.Smithreceivedtraininginforensicfirearmsexaminationin1985 and was the medical examiner for Shelby County, Tennessee His focus in forensic pathology in civilian life and the Naval Reserve involves the biomechanics of skeletal, ballistic, and blast injury, burns, and aircraft mishapinvestigation.

Dr. Snow received his Ph.D. from the University of Arizona. Since 1979, after retiring from the Federal Aviation Administration, he has served as an independent consultant for over 3,000 cases in forensic anthropology Hiscasesincludethe1979AmericanAirlinesDC-10crashinChicago,theJohnWayneGacy serial murders, and the Green River murders. In 1985, he headed a team of U.S. forensic scientists who went toBraziltoaidintheidentificationoftheskeletonofthenotoriousNaziwarcriminal,Dr JosefMengele In 1995, he directed the anthropological phase of the identification of the 168 victims of Murrah Building bombing in Oklahoma City. In 1984, Dr. Snow began his human rights work when he traveled to Argentina to assist in determining the fate of thousands of Argentines who were abducted, tortured, and murdered by military “Death Squads” between 1976 and 1983 He has served on similar missions in over twenty countries, including UN-sponsored missions to the former Yugoslavia to collect forensic evidence to be used in war crimestrials in1992,hemadeseveraltripstoiraqiKurdistantoexhumemassgravesofanestimated200,000 Kurds killed during the genocidal “Anfal” campaign conducted by Iraqi forces against their own Kurdish people. in November 2007, he presented his findings as an expert witness for the prosecution in the trial of

SaddamHusseinandhisco-defendantsinBaghdad.

DepartmentofAnthropology

BinghamtonUniversity,SUNY P.O.Box6000

Binghamton,NY13902-6000

Dr. Steadman received her M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. She is currently an Associate ProfessoratBinghamtonUniversity,SUNY Dr SteadmanisaDiplomateoftheAmericanBoardofForensic Anthropology and serves as a forensic anthropology consultant to the Iowa office of the State Medical Examiner, Suffolk County Medical Examiner, and several other New York agencies. Her research interests are in bioarchaeology, forensic anthropology, and human rights investigations She has conducted excavations and skeletal analyses of several historic and prehistoric archaeological sites in Illinois, Iowa, and New York. Dr. Steadman has participated in human rights investigations in Argentina and Cyprus and currently works with Spanish archaeologists and anthropologists to investigate atrocities committed during and after the SpanishCivilWar

SAM D STOUT,PH D

DepartmentofAnthropology

124W 17thAvenue

244LordHall

OhioStateUniversity Columbus,OH43210-1364

Dr.StoutreceivedhisPh.D.inBiologicalAnthropologyfromWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis,Missouri, in 1976 He is currently Professor Emeritus at the University of Missouri and Professor at Ohio State University His general research interests are in skeletal biology Specifically, his research involves the microstructural analysis of bone (histomorphometry) and its applications in forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology,andpaleontology

STEVEN A SYMES,PH D,D-ABFA

MercyhurstArchaeologicalinstitute

501E.38thStreet

Erie,PA16546

Steven A. Symes is an Assistant Professor in the Anthropology and Applied Forensic Sciences Departments

of the Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute at Mercyhurst College in Erie, Pennsylvania. Upon his arrival, Mercyhurst College initiated a new landmark Master’s program in Forensic and Biological Anthropology Before coming to Mercyhurst, Dr. Symes was faculty at the Center for Health Sciences-Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, where he spent sixteen years as a forensic anthropologist for the Medical Examiner’s Office at the Regional Forensic Center for Shelby County, Tennessee Both his masters and doctoral degrees in physical anthropology were earned at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Dr. Symes’ research interests involve human skeletal biology with an emphasis on forensic tool mark and fracture pattern interpretation in bone His expertise is in sharp force trauma (ie, saw and knife marks on bone and cartilage in instances of violent death involving dismemberment and mutilation). Other areas of expertise include burned,bluntforce,ballistic,andhealingtraumainbone.

NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,MRC112

Smithsonianinstitution

Washington,DC 20560

Dr. Ubelaker is Curator of Physical Anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC, and Professorial Lecturer in the Departments of Anthropology and Anatomy at the George Washington University in Washington, DC His research interests focus on human skeletal biology and its forensic applications. Since 1977 he has served as the primary consulting forensic anthropologist for FBI Headquarters in Washington, DC, and has reported on over 700 cases for the FBI andotherlawenforcementagencies

J

JointPOW/MIAAccountingCommand 310WorchesterAvenue

HickamAFB,HI96853

Johnie Webb assumed the duties as the Deputy to the Commander, U.S. Army Central Identification Laboratory and Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command in 1994 and 2006, respectively He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business Administration from Benedictine College, in Atchison, Kansas Prior to enteringFederalGovernmentCivilService,hecompletedtwenty-sixyearsofserviceasanArmyofficerinthe QuartermasterCorps,retiringin1994withtherankof LieutenantColonel HeisaVietnamveteranandhas multiplepersonalawardsanddecorations AsanArmyofficer,Mr WebbhadextensivedutywiththeCentral identification Laboratory. He was fortunate enough to lead the first joint recovery operation into Vietnam in 1985torecovertheremainsofmissingAmericans

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