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BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS
Fifth Edition
Emma Bell
Alan Bryman
Bill Harley
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Bell, Bryman and Harley 2019
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
Second Edition 2007
Third Edition 2011
Fourth Edition 2015
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018949231
ISBN 978–0–19–254590–9
Printed in Italy by L.E.G.O. S.p.A.
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
LEARNING FEATURES
3.12
3.16
3.17
3.18
5.4
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.8
6.9
6.10
7.1
7.3
7.4
7.5
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6 Key concept What is Cronbach’s alpha?
8.7
8.8 Research in focus Assessing the internal reliability and the concurrent and predictive validity of a measure of organizational climate
8.9 Research in focus Testing validity through replication: the case of burnout
9.2
9.3
9.4
10.1
10.2
10.3
in focus A cluster sample survey of Australian workplaces and employees
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
in focus Using pictorial exercises in a study of business
12.1
12.3
13.1
13.3
13.4
13.6
13.7
13.8 Research in focus Issues of inter-coder reliability in a study of text messaging 289
13.9 Research in focus A content analysis of Swedish job advertisements 1960–2010 291
14.1 Key concept What is secondary analysis? 295
14.2 Research in focus Exploring corporate reputation in three Scandinavian countries 296
14.3 Research in focus Combining primary and secondary data in a single study of the implications of marriage structure for men’s attitudes to women in the workplace 297
14.4 Research in focus Cross-national comparison of work orientations: an example of a secondary dataset 299
14.5 Research in focus Workplace gender diversity and union density: an example of secondary analysis using the WERS data 299
14.6 Research in focus Age and work-related health: methodological issues involved in secondary analysis using the Labour Force Survey 300
14.7 Research in focus The use of archival proxies in the field of strategic management 304
14.8 Key concept What is meta-analysis? 305
14.9 Research in focus A meta-analysis of research on corporate social responsibility and performance in East Asia 305
14.10 Key concept What is the ecological fallacy?
14.11 Key concept What are unobtrusive measures?
15.1 Key concept What is a test of statistical significance?
15.2 Key concept What is the level of statistical significance?
17.1 Thinking deeply Research questions in qualitative research
17.2 Research in focus The emergence of a concept in qualitative research: ‘emotional labour’
17.3 Key concept What is respondent validation?
17.4 Key concept What is triangulation?
17.5 Research in focus Seeing practice-based learning from the perspective of train dispatchers 367
17.6 Research in focus Studying process and change in the Carlsberg group 368
17.7 Research in focus An example of dialogical visual research
17.8 Research in focus An example of practice visual research 372
17.9 Thinking deeply A quantitative review of qualitative research in management and business 375
17.10 Research in focus Using visual methods in participatory action research study of a Ghanaian cocoa value chain 380
17.11 Thinking deeply Feminist research in business
17.12 Research in focus A feminist analysis of embodied identity at work
17.13 Research in focus Indigenous ways of understanding leadership
18.1 Key concept What is purposive sampling?
18.2 Key concept Some purposive sampling approaches
18.3 Key concept What is theoretical sampling?
18.4 Key concept What is theoretical saturation?
18.5 Research in focus An example of theoretical sampling
18.6 Research in focus A snowball sample
18.7 Thinking deeply Saturation and sample size
19.1 Key concept Differences and similarities between ethnography and participant observation
19.2 Research in focus An example of an organizational ethnography lasting nine years
19.3 Research in focus Finding a working role in the organization
19.4 Research in focus A complete participant?
19.5 Research in focus An example of the difficulties of covert observation: the case of field notes in the lavatory 411
19.6 Key concept What is ‘going native’? 414
19.7 Research in focus Using field note extracts in data analysis and writing 417
19.8 Research in focus An ethnography of work from a woman’s perspective 419
19.9 Research in focus ‘Not one of the guys’: ethnography in a male-dominated setting
19.10 Research in focus A multi-site ethnography of diversity management
19.11 Research in focus Netnography
19.12 Research in focus Using blogs in a study of word-of-mouth marketing
19.13 Research in focus Ethical issues in a virtual ethnography of change in the NHS
19.15
concept What is auto-ethnography?
Research in focus Identity and ethnographic writing
20.1 Research in focus An example of unstructured interviewing
20.2 Research in focus Flexibility in semi-structured interviewing 437
20.3 Research in focus Using photographs as prompts in a study of consumer behaviour 439
20.4 Research in focus Part of the transcript of a semi-structured interview
20.5 Research in focus Getting it recorded and transcribed: an illustration of two problems 446
20.6 Research in focus Constructionism in a life history study of occupational careers
21.1 Key concept What is the focus group method? 463
21.2 Research in focus Using focus groups to study trade union representation of disabled employees 467
21.3 Research in focus Moderator involvement in a focus group discussion 469
