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ADVANCEDMATERIALSFROM RECYCLEDWASTE

ADVANCEDMATERIALS FROMRECYCLEDWASTE

Editedby SARIKA VERMA

IndustrialWasteUtilization,NanoandBiomaterials,CSIR-AdvancedMaterialsandProcesses ResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,India

RAJU KHAN

IndustrialWasteUtilization,NanoandBiomaterials,CSIR-AdvancedMaterialsandProcesses ResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India

MEDHA MILI

GreenEngineeredMaterialsandAdditiveManufacturing,CSIR-AdvancedMaterialsand ProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,India

S.A.R.HASHMI

GreenEngineeredMaterialsandAdditiveManufacturing,CSIR-AdvancedMaterialsand ProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,India

AVANISH KUMAR SRIVASTAVA

CSIR-AdvancedMaterialsandProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal, MadhyaPradesh,India

Elsevier

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Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

1.Industrialsolidwaste:Anoverview

N.B.SinghandR.G.Chaudhary

1.1Introduction1

1.2ClassificationofISW2

1.3Wastesfromdifferentindustries:Generation,propertiesanduses4

1.4Conclusionsandfutureprospects21 References22

2.Exploringbrinesludgeandflyashwasteformakingnontoxic radiationshieldingmaterials

SarikaVerma,SriparnaPaul,HarshBajpai,Mohd.AkramKhan,andMedhaMili

2.1Introduction27

2.2Brinesludgeasradiationshieldingmaterials32

2.3Flyashasradiationshieldingmaterials37

2.4Applicationsofbrinesludgeandflyashasnontoxicradiation shieldingmaterials37

2.5Conclusion41

2.6Futureperspectives41 References42

3.Useofredmudasadvancedsoilstabilizationmaterial

SuchitaRai,SnehaBahadure,M.J.Chaddha,andA.Agnihotri

3.1Introduction45

3.2Chemicalpropertiesofredmud46

3.3Physicalpropertiesofsoilandredmud47

3.4Redmudasasoilstabilizer47

3.5Discussion49

3.6Conclusion50 References54

4.Conversionofagriculturalcropwasteintovaluablechemicals

VrushaliH.Jadhav,ChetanaR.Patil,andSanjayP.Kamble

4.1Introduction57

4.2Value-addedchemicalsfromlignocellulosicbiomass61

4.3Conclusionsandfutureprospect81 Acknowledgments81 References81

5.Membrane-basedtreatmentofwastewatergeneratedin pharmaceuticalandtextileindustriesforasustainable environment

MontiGogoi,RajivGoswami,andSwapnaliHazarika

5.1Abriefoverviewonpharmaceuticalandtextilewaste87

5.2Wastewater:Asourceofenvironmentalhazards91

5.3Effectiveperformanceofmembraneonwastewater92

5.4Effectofnanocompositemembraneonwastewatertreatmentprocess99

5.5Conclusion105 References106

6.Efficientandnutritivevalueadditionofwastefromfood processingindustries

AlimpiaBorah,RajivGoswami,andSwapnaliHazarika

6.1Abriefoverviewonfoodwaste111

6.2Typesoffoodwaste115

6.3Processforrecoveryofwasteproducts118

6.4Extractionoffoodwaste119

6.5Recoveryofbioactivecompoundsfromwaste125

6.6Potentialapplicabilityoffoodwaste127

6.7Conclusion128 References129

7.Wasteincorporationinglass:Apotentialalternative andsafeutilization

AshisKumarMandal,SourjaGhosh,BarunHaldar,SouravNag, andSitenduMandal

7.1Introduction133

7.2Materialandmethod142

7.3Resultanddiscussion145

7.4Conclusion150 Acknowledgment151 References151

8.Agriculturalwaste:Sustainablevaluableproducts

PranjalKalita,SanjayBasumatary,BiswajitNath,andManasiBuzarBaruah

8.1Introduction155

8.2Currentscenarioofagriculturalwaste157

8.3Agriculturalwastestowardbiorefineryprocess160

8.4Agriculturalwastetowardplatformchemicals166

8.5Agriculturalwastetowardpharmaceuticalchemicals169

8.6Othervalue-addedproducts170

8.7Conclusions171 References172

9.Useofindustrialwasteforvalue-addedproducts

DilipD.Sarode

9.1Introduction179

9.2Differentindustrialwasteandtheiruses180

9.3Concludingremarks195 Acknowledgment196 References196

10.Conversionofagriculture,forest,andgardenwastefor alternateenergysource:Bio-oilandbiocharproductionfrom surplusagriculturalwaste

DilipD.Sarode,RohanS.Oak,andJyeshtharajB.Joshi

10.1Introduction199

10.2Literaturereview201

10.3Materialsandmethod207

10.4Resultsanddiscussion209

10.5Economicbenefitsofcombinedproductionofbiocharandbio-oil214

10.6Conclusionsandsuggestionforfuturework217 Acknowledgment218 References219

11.Agriculturalwaste:Anexplorationoftheinnovative possibilitiesinthepursuitoflong-termsustainability

MohdAseelRizwan,MamtaBhagat,SurinderSingh,S.Arisutha,S.Suresh, SarikaVerma,andSushilKumarKansal

11.1Introduction221

11.2Categorizationandsourcesofagriculturalwaste223

11.3Effectofagriculturalresidueonanenvironmentandhumanhealth227

11.4Value-addedproductsfromagriculturalwastes228

11.5Conclusionsandfuturescope234 References235

12.Utilizationofvalue-addedproductsfromflyash: Anindustrialwaste

MamtaBhagat,SurinderSingh,S.Suresh,S.Arisutha,SarikaVerma, andSushilKumarKansal

12.1Introduction239

12.2FAproperties242

12.3Flyash(FA)applicationsindifferentfields244

12.4Conclusionsandrecommendations250 References251

13.Advancedgeopolymer:Utilizingindustrialwastetomaterial toachievezerowaste

AkmRahmanandSudhirAmritphale

13.1Introduction255

13.2Basicprinciplesofsolidwastemanagement258

13.3Industrialwastesutilizationingeopolymertechnology262

13.4Municipalwasteencapsulationandintegrationintogeopolymer technology266

13.5Advancedapplicationsofwastedrivengeopolymer268

13.6Summary269

13.7Diversitystatement269

13.8Conclusionandfutureperspectives270 References270

14.Utilizationofwasteglassfiberinpolymer composites

U.K.Dwivedi,SarikaVerma,RaviKantChoubey,andS.A.R.Hashmi

14.1Introduction273

14.2Aboutwasteglassfiber(WGF)276

14.3SomestudiesontheseparationoffibersfromwasteFRP276

14.4Developmentofsuitablepolymercomposite281

14.5Wearbehaviorofwasteglassfiber(WGF)-polyestercomposites286

14.6Possibleapplicationsofwasteglassfiber292

14.7Conclusions292 References293

15.Mugasilk:Sustainablematerialsforemergingtechnology

ManasiBuzarBaruahandPranjalKalita

15.1Introduction295

15.2Originofsilk296

15.3Typesofsilk296

15.4AntiquityofMugasilkinAssam297

15.5DistributionofMugasilk298

15.6PresentstatusofMugasilk

16.Plasticrecycling:Challenges,opportunities,andfutureaspects NishantMarkandeya,AmolN.Joshi,NayakuN.Chavan,andSanjayP.Kamble

16.1Introduction317

16.2Stepsinvolvedinplasticrecyclingandadvantagesofrecycling319 16.3Chemicalrecyclingmethodsforvariouspolymers320 16.4Applicationsandpropertiesofrecycledpolymers342

Contributors

A.Agnihotri JawaharlalNehruAluminiumResearchDevelopmentandDesign Centre(JNARDDC),Nagpur,Maharashtra,India

SudhirAmritphale AlchemyGeopolymerSolutions,Ruston,LA,UnitedStates

S.Arisutha DepartmentofEnergy,MaulanaAzadNationalInstituteofTechnology,Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh;EcoScience&Technology,Bhopal;Energy Centre,MaulanaAzadNationalInstituteofTechnology,Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh,India

SnehaBahadure JawaharlalNehruAluminiumResearchDevelopmentand DesignCentre(JNARDDC),Nagpur,Maharashtra,India

HarshBajpai CouncilofScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR)-Advanced MaterialsandProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh, India

ManasiBuzarBaruah DepartmentofPhysics,CentralInstituteofTechnology Kokrajhar(DeemedtobeUniversity,MinistryofEducation,Govt.ofIndia), Kokrajhar,Assam,India

SanjayBasumatary DepartmentofChemistry,BodolandUniversity,Kokrajhar, Assam,India

MamtaBhagat DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,DeenbandhuChottuRam UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Murthal,Sonepat,Haryana,India

AlimpiaBorah ChemicalEngineeringGroup,EngineeringSciencesandTechnologyDivision,CSIR-NorthEastInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Jorhat,Assam; AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,India

M.J.Chaddha JawaharlalNehruAluminiumResearchDevelopmentandDesign Centre(JNARDDC),Nagpur,Maharashtra,India

R.G.Chaudhary PostGraduateDepartmentofChemistry,SethKesarimalPorwalCollegeofArts,CommerceandScience,Kamptee,India

NayakuN.Chavan ChemicalEngineeringandProcessDevelopmentDivision, CSIR-NationalChemicalLaboratory,Pune,Maharashtra,India

RaviKantChoubey DepartmentofAppliedPhysics,AmityInstituteofApplied Sciences(AIAS),AmityUniversity,Noida,UttarPradesh,India

U.K.Dwivedi AmitySchoolofAppliedSciences,AmityUniversityRajasthan, Jaipur,India

SourjaGhosh CSIR-CentralGlassandCeramicResearchInstitute,Kolkata, India

MontiGogoi ChemicalEngineeringGroup,EngineeringSciencesandTechnologyDivision,CSIR-NorthEastInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Jorhat, Assam;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad, India

RajivGoswami CSIR-NorthEastInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Jorhat, Assam;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad, India

BarunHaldar CSIR-CentralGlassandCeramicResearchInstitute,Kolkata,India

S.A.R.Hashmi GreenEngineeredMaterialsandAdditiveManufacturing,CSIRAdvancedMaterialsandProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad, India

SwapnaliHazarika ChemicalEngineeringGroup,EngineeringSciencesand TechnologyDivision,CSIR-NorthEastInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Jorhat,Assam;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad, India

VrushaliH.Jadhav CatalysisandInorganicChemistryDivision,CSIR-National ChemicalLaboratory,Pune,India

AmolN.Joshi ChemicalEngineeringandProcessDevelopmentDivision,CSIRNationalChemicalLaboratory;DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,VishwakarmaInstituteofTechnology,Pune,Maharashtra,India

JyeshtharajB.Joshi EmeritusProfessorofEminence,InstituteofChemical Technology,Mumbai,India

PranjalKalita DepartmentofChemistry,CentralInstituteofTechnologyKokrajhar(DeemedtobeUniversity,MinistryofEducation,Govt.ofIndia),Kokrajhar, Assam,India

SanjayP.Kamble ChemicalEngineeringandProcessDevelopmentDivision, CSIR-NationalChemicalLaboratory,Pune,Maharashtra,India

SushilKumarKansal Dr.S.S.BhatnagarUniversityInstituteofChemicalEngineeringandTechnology,PanjabUniversity,Chandigarh,India

Mohd.AkramKhan IndustrialWasteUtilization,NanoandBiomaterials,CSIRAdvancedMaterialsandProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad, India

AshisKumarMandal CSIR-CentralGlassandCeramicResearchInstitute, Kolkata,India

SitenduMandal CSIR-CentralGlassandCeramicResearchInstitute,Kolkata, India

NishantMarkandeya ChemicalEngineeringandProcessDevelopmentDivision,CSIR-NationalChemicalLaboratory,Pune,Maharashtra;Academyof ScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad,India

MedhaMili GreenEngineeredMaterialsandAdditiveManufacturing,CSIRAdvancedMaterialsandProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad, India

SouravNag CSIR-CentralGlassandCeramicResearchInstitute,Kolkata,India

BiswajitNath DepartmentofChemistry,BodolandUniversity;Departmentof Chemistry,ScienceCollege,Kokrajhar,Assam,India

RohanS.Oak DepartmentofGeneralEngineering,InstituteofChemicalTechnology,Mumbai,India

ChetanaR.Patil ChemicalEngineeringandProcessDevelopmentDivision, CSIR-NationalChemicalLaboratory,Pune,Maharashtra,India

SriparnaPaul CouncilofScientificandIndustrialResearch(CSIR)-Advanced MaterialsandProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,MadhyaPradesh, India

AkmRahman MechanicalEngineeringTechnology,NewYorkCityCollegeof Technology,Brooklyn,NY,UnitedStates

SuchitaRai JawaharlalNehruAluminiumResearchDevelopmentandDesign Centre(JNARDDC),Nagpur,Maharashtra,India

MohdAseelRizwan Dr.S.S.BhatnagarUniversityInstituteofChemicalEngineeringandTechnology,PanjabUniversity,Chandigarh,India

DilipD.Sarode DepartmentofGeneralEngineering,InstituteofChemicalTechnology,Mumbai,India

N.B.Singh DepartmentofChemistryandBiochemistry,SBSR,ResearchDevelopmentCell,ShardaUniversity,GreaterNoida,India

SurinderSingh Dr.S.S.BhatnagarUniversityInstituteofChemicalEngineering andTechnology,PanjabUniversity,Chandigarh,India

S.Suresh DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,MaulanaAzadNationalInstituteofTechnology,Bhopal,India

SarikaVerma IndustrialWasteUtilization,NanoandBiomaterials,CSIRAdvancedMaterialsandProcessesResearchInstitute(AMPRI),Bhopal,Madhya Pradesh;AcademyofScientificandInnovativeResearch(AcSIR),Ghaziabad, India

Preface

Globally,industrializationandurbanizationhaveincreasedrapidly overthepastseveraldecades,becominganintegralpartofmostpeople’s lives.Alongwiththisgrowth,therehasbeenanexponentialincreasein thequantityofwastematerials.Thesewastematerialscancausedirect andindirectharmfuleffectsontheenvironment,flora,andfaunanear dumpingandnon-dumpingareas.Withtheaccompanyingincreaseinscientificandtechnologicalinnovations,researchersandscientistsareinterestedinthesewastematerialsduetotheirvariedchemicalconstituents,as theycanbereusedinhigh-endadvancedmaterials,forapplicationssuch asradiationshielding,cement-freematerials,andmanyothers.Bybulk reuseofthesewastes,variousissuescanbesuccessfullyaddressedrelated tohealthcare,industrialwastemanagement,unemployment,andincome generation,aswellasacleaner,greener,andsaferenvironment.Thisbook examinesanumberofstudiesthatcategorizeanddiscussdifferenttypes ofwastebasedontheiroriginandthatshedlightonrecentandnovel approachestoreuseofwasteinadvancedmaterials.Thebookprovides detailsonvariouswaste,itsstructuralcomponents,andthechemicalconstituentsandmineralogicalphasesthatcouldbeexploited,alongwiththe bestpossiblewaytotransformvariouswastesintoadvancedmaterialsfor anumberofhigh-endapplications.Furthermore,thisbookshowcasesa novelmultidisciplinaryapproach.

Theeditorsofthisbookhaveattemptedtofillagapbyprovidingaplatformforresearchersandthescientificcommunitytodevelopadvanced materialsbyusingwasteasaresourcematerial,basedonsimultaneous andsynergisticchemicalreactionsamongthevariousprecursorspresent inthewastesasrawingredients.Thebookwillhelpprovideadeeper understandingofthebasicconceptofwaste,itssources,varioustypes, anditsreuseinvalue-addedmaterialsviamultipletechnologies,aswell asfutureperspectivesontheutilityofwasteproducts.Further,bygaining knowledgeaboutthewastesandtheirbulkutilization,variousissuescan bebetteraddressedinthenearfuture,leadingtosaferandmoresustainabledevelopment.

Asdiscussedinthebook,bulkreuseofwasteincurrenttechnologies willundoubtedlyleadtomorecost-effectivedevelopmentofadvanced materialsalreadyinuse,andcanalsobebeneficialforresearchersandscientistsinimplementingnewerstrategiestodevelopothermaterialsuseful overabroadapplicationspectrum.Thebookexaminesthepast,present,

andfutureprogressoftechnologiesthathavegainedconsiderableattentionforearly,accessible,andhigh-endapplicationsandprovidesameans forresearcherstobetterunderstandthevariousaspectsofthewastematerialsavailableaswellasbasicconceptsofdesigninganddevelopingusing thesewastesasno-costrawmaterialsforpromisingtechnologies.The bookcoversarangeofindustrialwastesusefuloveravarietyofapplications,providingin-depthknowledgeofprocessingparametersfortransformingthesewastesintoadvancedmaterialsforhigh-endapplications.It isexpectedthatthisbookwillplayapivotalroleinopeningnewopportunitiesforresearch,takinganignoredmaterialfromthedumpintothe labandreusingittobettersociety.

Thisbookcoversindustrialwaste,agriculturalwaste,andotherwastes, suchasplastics,enablingreaderstousetherightapproach,rightmaterials,andrightprocessingmethodsintheconversionofwasteinto advancedmaterials.Althoughmuchresearchisstillrequiredtoestablish thetrueextentandnatureofthistechnologicalapproach,itisclearthat convertingindustrialwasteintoadvancedmaterialsisofglobalconcern.

Thebookcomprises15chapters. Chapter1 givesanoverviewofindustrialsolidwaste. Chapter2 discusseshowtoexplorebrinesludgeandfly ashwastetogethertomakenon-toxicradiationshieldingmaterial. Chapter3 dealswiththeuseofredmudasadvancedsoilstabilization material. Chapter4 describestheconversionofagriculturalbiomassinto valuablechemicals. Chapter5 discussesthemembrane-basedtreatmentof wastewatergeneratedinthepharmaceuticalandtextileIndustriesfora sustainableenvironment. Chapter6 providesdetailedinformationon theefficientandnutritivevalueadditionofwastefromthefoodprocessingindustry. Chapter7 explainswasteincorporationintoglassandits useasasafeandnovelconceptofwasteutilization. Chapter8 presents informationaboutagriculturalwastesusedassustainableandvaluable products. Chapter9 dealswiththeusesofindustrialwasteforvalueaddedproducts. Chapter10 discussestheconversionofagriculture,forest,andgardenwasteforanalternativeenergysource. Chapter11 explorestheinnovativepossibilitiesinthepursuitoflong-termsustainabilityofagriculturalwaste. Chapter12 coversutilizationofvalue-added productsfromflyash. Chapter13 describestheroleofadvancedgeopolymersinutilizingindustrialwastestoachieveazero-wasteconcept. Chapter14 discussesthewastefromglassfiberreinforcedpolymericcomposites. Chapter15 presentsinformationonmugasilkasasustainable materialforemergingtechnology. SarikaVerma RajuKhan MedhaMili S.A.R.Hashmi AvanishKumarSrivastava

Acknowledgments

Theeditorssincerelythankeachchapterauthorfortheircontributions tothisbook.Theirsincereefforts,dedication,hardwork,andanalytical approacharehighlyacknowledged.Theeditorsalsoacknowledgepublishersandassociatedteamsforofferingcontinuoussupport,guidance, andmotivation,whichconstantlypushedthemforwardtocompletethe book.Dr.SarikaVermaexpressesherspecialthankstoherparents, husband,andsonsfortheireverlastinglove,enthusiasmforscience, andencouragementtopursueeverytasksuccessfully.Further,the editors—SarikaVerma,RajuKhan,MedhaMili,S.A.R.Hashmi,and AvanishKumarSrivastava—sincerelythankallthosewhohavedirectly orindirectlyrenderedvaluableinputtothebook.

1 Industrialsolidwaste: Anoverview

N.B.Singha andR.G.Chaudharyb

aDepartmentofChemistryandBiochemistry,SBSR,ResearchDevelopment Cell,ShardaUniversity,GreaterNoida,India, bPostGraduateDepartmentof Chemistry,SethKesarimalPorwalCollegeofArts,CommerceandScience, Kamptee,India

1.1Introduction

Therearenumberoffactories,industries,mills,miningplants,etc. throughouttheworld.Theseindustriesproducefinishedgoodsforconsumersfromrawmaterials.However,intheprocessofmanufacturing, by-productsareformedwhichareconsidereduseless [1,2].Theyconstitutetheindustrialwaste.Inaddition,thereareagriculturalwastes,municipalsolidwaste,andhazardouswastes.Withurbanizationandfaster economicdevelopmentalneed,allkindofwastesarebeinggenerated heavily.Wasteisoftensubjective“(becausewhatiswastetooneneed notnecessarilybewastetoanother).”BaselConventionbyUNEPdefines wastes“assubstancesorobjects,whicharedisposedoforareintendedto bedisposedoforarerequiredtobedisposedofbytheprovisionsof nationallaw.”Industrialwastesmaybesolid,semisolid,liquid,andgaseous.Everyyear,hugeamountofindustrialwastesareproducedand becomeathreattoenvironmentandhumanhealth.Becauseofnonavailabilityofappropriatetechnologies,developingcountriesfacemajorproblemsindisposalandmanagementofindustrialwaste.Outofdifferent wastes,solidwastessuchasmunicipalandindustrialwastesposelotof problemsfromdifferentpointofview.

Commonlydiscardedwastesbythepublicareknownasmunicipal solidwastes(MSWs).Thesematerialsarelawnfurniture,packagingmaterials,clothingmaterials,cuttings,bottles/glasses,electricappliances,food scraps,batteries,newspapers,paint,etc. [3].

Outofdifferenttypesofsolidwastes,industrialsolidwastes(ISW) haveattractedalot.ISWincludesalltypesofreusable,nonreusable,hazardous,nonhazardous,recyclable,andnonrecyclablewastes [4,5].Despite differentregulationsandprecautions,ISWgenerationisincreasingwitha veryfastrate.Attemptsarebeingmadetominimizewasteproducts.The end-of-lifeforanywasteproductisrelatedtoitsvolume,andavailable collectionandprocessinginfrastructure.Wasteshouldbemanagedin orderof“(i)prevention;(ii)preparingforre-use;(iii)recycling; (iv)otherrecovery,e.g.,energyrecovery;and(v)disposal.”However, themajorwaystominimizeISWarerecycle(1stR),reuse(2ndR),and reduce(3rdR)(Fig.1.1) [1].ThethreeRconceptsconsidereconomics,naturalresourcesavings,andenergysavings,henceresultinminimizingthe obtainedISWandtheirhealthandenvironmentalimpactandthewastes. Inthischapter,generation,characterization,management,anduseofdifferentindustrialsolidwasteshavebeendiscussedindetail.

1.2ClassificationofISW

ISWscanbedividedintofourcategoriesdependingontheirnature, pollutioncharacteristics,sectorsandprocessasdiscussedbelow.

FIG.1.1 Reducing,reusingandrecyclingofwastes [1].

1.2.1Accordingtonature

TheISWbasedonthenaturehasbeenclassifiedinto(i)organicand (ii)inorganicindustrialsolidwastes(OISW,IISW).OISWcontains organiccompoundsandaregeneratedinnumberofindustrieslikeoil extraction,painting,tanning,dyeing,foodpreservation,watertreatment stationsandplasticindustries.T heOISWquantityandtheirphysical shapedependonthetechnologiesusedandthesource.Thesourceof OISWisarrangedinthefollowingorder:“Watertreatmentstations <woodmanufactories < oilextraction < plastic,foodpreservation < painting,dyingandtanning.”TheOISWswithpolymericnatureareproduced fromplasticandorganicchemicalmanufacturingindustries.OISW,of herbalnature,isobtainedfromwasteproducedfromwood,food preservation,andoilextractionindustries [1].TheIISWsaregenerated fromindustriessuchasceramic,cement,andgranitemanufacturing. Thedustsgeneratedincementindustriesareveryhazardoussolid waste.Ingeneral,IISWsaremorehazardousthanOISWs.Theamount ofIISWsgeneratedfromindustriesisarrangedinthesequence “cement < ceramic < graniteandmarble.”

1.2.2Perpollutioncharacteristics

TheISWsarehazardousandnonhazardous.ThehazardousISWs (HISWs)needspecialactionaspercharacteristics.HISWsposevarious typesofenvironmentalandhealthproblemsandsotheyarestoredand treatedinaspecialwaydependingontheirhazardousnature.TheNonhazardousISWs(NHISW)donotrequireanyspecialconsiderations.They canbereusedorrecycled.

1.2.3Accordingtoindustrialsectors

Thesesolidwastescanbedividedintofivecategories:(i)miningindustriessolidwaste(MISW),(ii)metallurgicalindustrysolidwaste(MEISW), (iii)chemicalindustriessolidwaste(CISW),solidwastesfromfoodpreservationindustries(FISW),and(v)solidwastesfromconstruction industries.

1.2.4Industrialprocess

Asperindustrialprocess,wasteisclassifiedtofiredISW(FISW)and unfiredISW(UFISW).AllFISWsareobtainedbyfiring.Theexamplesarefired steelwaste,firedceramicwaste,cementdustandfiredbrickswaste [1].All UFISWsareobtainedwithoutfiring.Theexamplesaregraniteandmarble waste,foodpreservationwaste,wastefrompaperindustryandunfired

FIG.1.2 (A)Differentsolidwastesand(B)classificationofISWand [1]

ceramicwaste [1].Differenttypesofsolidwastesaregivenin Fig.1.2Aand differentcategoryissubdividedintonumberofcategories(Fig.1.2B) [1]

1.3Wastesfromdifferentindustries:Generation,properties anduses

Inthissectionsomeimportantsolidwastesfromdifferentindustries havebeendiscussed.

1.3.1Coalflyash(FA)

Flyash(FA),alsoknownaspulverizedfuelash(PFA),isafinepowder obtainedfromthecombustionofpowderedcoalinelectricgenerating plant.Temperaturemayexceed1600°Cduringburningprocessand maymeltmostoftheinorganicmaterialspresentinthecoal.Theinorganic matterpresentinitgetsfusedduringcombustionofcoal.Afterorduring combustion,mineralmatterswithinthecoalorexcluded,liquefy,vaporize,condenseoragglomerate [6].Amorphousandsphericalparticlesof FAareobtainedbyrapidcoolinginthepostcombustionzoneduetosurfacetension.FAproducedfromthermalpowerplantsareinlargequantitiesandcreatepollution.ByreusingFA,environmentalpollutioncanbe minimized.FlyashesobtainedfromdifferentvarietyofcoalshavedifferentcompositionsandaregenerallyTantodarkgray.

1.3.1.1ClassificationofFA

TherearetwogradesofFAbasedonIS3812–1981.Flyash-Iisobtained frombituminouscoalwithSiO2 +Al2O3 +Fe2O3 70%,whereasflyash-II isobtainedfromlignitecoalwithSiO2 +Al2O3 +Fe2O3 50%.Asper ASTMC618,ClassCandClassFFAhavebeenspecifiedbasedoncoal typeandthechemicalcomposition.ClassCflyashhasCaOhigherthan 10%andhascementitiousaswellaspozzolanicpropertiesandnormally obtainedfromthecombustionofligniteorsubbituminouscoals.Class Fflyash,obtainedfromthecombustionofbituminousorananthracite coalwithCaObelow10%,haspozzolanicproperties.

1.3.1.2PhysicalpropertiesofFA

SomeofthephysicalpropertiesofFAsuchasbulkdensity,specific gravity,plasticity,freeswellindex,porosity,surfacearea,limereactivity, coefficientofuniformity,optimummoisturecontent,shearstrengthfrictionangle,etc.aregivenin Table1.1[7].

TABLE1.1 PhysicochemicalpropertiesofFA [7].

TABLE1.1 PhysicochemicalpropertiesofFA—cont’d

Property

1.3.1.3CompositionofFA

FAconsistsofnumberofoxidessuchasAl2O3,MgO,Fe2O3,SiO2,Cao, Na2O,K2OSO3, TiO2,etc.,whichdependonthetypeofthecoalandcombustiontechnology.CompositionsofFAobtainedfromdifferenttypeof coalsaregivenin Table1.2[7]

1.3.1.4CharacterizationofFA

ThemostcommontechniquesforcharacterizationofFAareX-raydiffraction,FTIR,andscanningelectronmicroscopic(SEM)techniques.X-ray diffractionpatternofFAgenerallyshowsbroadhalobandbetween 2θ ¼ 22° –35° duetoamorphousnature [8].Variousothercrystallinephases suchasmullite(M),ironoxide(Fe)(hematiteand/ormagnetite),and

1.3Wastesfromdifferentindustries:Generation,propertiesanduses

TABLE1.2 CompositionofFAobtainedfromdifferentcoals [7]

quartz(Q)areseen.FTIRspectraofflyashshowsnumberofvibrational bandsduetothepresenceofO-H,Si-O-T(T ¼ SiorAl)andFe-Ogroups [8].SEMstudieshaveshownthattheFAparticlesaresphericalinshape andconsistofcenospheres,solidspheres,porousunburntcarbon,and irregular-shapeddebris [9].

1.3.1.5ApplicationsofFA

Dependingonthesource,thecompositionofFAvariesandaccordingly usedindifferentsectorsespeciallyincivilengineeringandconstruction [10].Duetothepresenceofnumberofelements,itisusedasnutrients insoil,precursortosynthesizezeolites,mesoporoussilica,andcarbon nanotubes.Flyashpolymercompositesarebeingsynthesizedfornumber ofapplications.Itactsasanadsorbenttocapturesomepollutinggases fromatmosphereandpurificationofwaterasanadsorbent.SomeimportantapplicationsofFAaregivenin Fig.1.3[9] anddiscussedinthefollowingsections.

1.3.1.5.1FAinconcretes

OneofthemajorapplicationsofFAisinconstructionindustry.When Portlandcement(OPC)ismixedwithFAinappropriateamounts,blended cementsareformed.Thisimprovesthequalityofcementandatthesame