ATreatiseon NorthernIreland
Volume1:Colonialism
TheShacklesoftheStateand
HereditaryAnimosities
BRENDANO ’ LEARY
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom
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1.3.WildandBitterFruitsandRoyalPains:ColonialTriangles
1.4.OverlookedbytheTallKingdombeforeDyingofPolitical Economy:IrelandundertheUnion,1801–
1.5.CryingAloudforVengeanceandthePowerofaColonialCaste: TowardUnion’sEnd,1858–1914263
1.6. “’Twasbettertodie ’neathanIrishsky,thanatSuvla,or Sud-El-Bar”:RevolutionandCounter-Revolution,1914–1922311
1.7.ScratchesacrosstheHeart:ComparingIreland
VOLUME1:COLONIALISM
1.2.ConceptualConspectus:Colonialism
1.3.WildandBitterFruitsandRoyalPains:Colonial TrianglesandTrilemmas,1603–1800
1.4.OverlookedbytheTallKingdombeforeDyingofPolitical Economy:IrelandundertheUnion,1801–1857
1.5.CryingAloudforVengeanceandthePowerofaColonialCaste: TowardUnion’sEnd,1858–1914
1.6. “’Twasbettertodie ’neathanIrishsky,thanatSuvla,or Sud-El-Bar ”:RevolutionandCounter-Revolution,1914–1922311
1.7.ScratchesacrosstheHeart:ComparingIreland
2.1.ConceptualConspectus:Control 1
2.2.NotanInch:GainingControlintheNorth,1919–1939 17
2.3.DigestingDecolonization:FromDeclaredtoUndeclared Republic,1919–1940 61
2.4.TheUnexpectedStabilizationofControl:TheSecondWorld WaranditsAftermath,1940–1957
2.5.LosingControl,1958–1972
2.6.BritishIntervention:ThePoliticsofEmbarrassment,1969–1972176
VOLUME3:CONSOCIATIONANDCONFEDERATION FROMANTAGONISMTOACCOMMODATION?
3.1.ConceptualConspectus:ConsociationandArbitration 1
3.2. “No.PleaseUnderstand”:TheReturntoImperialDirectRule andtheLimitstoBritishArbitration,1972–1985 33
3.3.AnExperimentinCoerciveConsociation:TheMaking,Meaning(s), andOutcomesoftheAnglo-IrishAgreement,1985–1992 87
3.4.ATractofTimebetweenWarandPeace:MeldingNegotiations andaPeaceProcess,andtheMakingoftheBelfastandthe British –IrishAgreements,1992–1998 135
3.5.TheMaking,Meaning(s),andTasksofthe1998Agreement175
3.6.TheLongNegotiation:TheTribunesBecomeConsuls,2002–2016230
3.7.ConfederalandConsociationalFutures
ListofFigures
1.1.1.Placespeoplewerekilledintheregion,theIslesandtheEU,1969–200130
1.1.2.ThedistributionofkillingsinBelfast,1966–200331
1.1.3.Two-wayplotofkillings(1969–2001)byparliamentaryconstituencies asof1997,andpercentageofconstituencyvotingfornationalistparties intheWestminsterelectionsof200133
1.1.4.The firstwar:Thetriangleofethno-nationalcombat,1969–198948
1.1.5.Thesecondwar:Thekillingofcivilians,1969–1989 49
1.1.6.Thetwowars,1969–198950
1.1.7.Therepublicanreadingofthewar,1969–198951
1.1.8.Theannualandcumulativedeathtollfrompoliticalviolence,1969–199075
1.1.9.Theannualandcumulativedeathtollfrompoliticalviolence,1991–201277
1.1.10.Thecivilianannualdeathtollfrompoliticalviolence,1966–200377
1.1.11(a).Escalation:Civilianskilled,1966–197678
1.1.11(b).Containment:Civilianskilled,1977–198678
1.1.11(c).Peaceprocess:Civilianskilled,1987–200379
1.1.12.Armedagentsresponsiblefordeaths,1969–1989(IIP),1969–2001 (Sutton),and1966–2003(LostLives) 85
1.1.13.Statusofvictims,1969–1989(IIP)and1966–2003(LostLives)85
1.1.14.Estimatesofthesuccessofarmedagentsinkillingtheirintended targets,andtheirresponsibilitiesforciviliandeaths,1969–1989(IIP)88
1.1.15.Dataonrelatedviolence,with five-yeartrendlines,1969–2011 91 1.1.16.Conflict-relatedinjuries,1990–2011 92
1.1.17(a).Loyalistandrepublicanparamilitary-styleattacks,shootings,1991–201295
1.1.17(b).Loyalistandrepublicanparamilitary-styleattacks,assaults,1991–2012 (assaults) 95
1.1.18.NorthernIrelandprisonpopulation,1967–2012 97
1.3.1.Twocenturiesofcoloniallandconfiscation 186
1.4.1.PopulationgrowthanddeclineintheIsles,1801–1921 220
1.4.1.A.DistributionofAmericanswhoidentifyas “Irish,” byreligionand region,1990–2000 260
1.5.1.TheunderrepresentationofCatholicsinthesecularprofessions inIreland,1861–1911 273
1.5.2(a). Timelineoffranchisereforminthefournations,1793–1884 284
1.5.2(b).TimelineoffranchisereforminGreatBritainandIreland,1898–1969284
1.5.3.Boroughenfranchisementrates,fournationsoftheUK,1868 288
ListofTables
1.1.1.Local-governmentdistrictsinwhichoverthree-quartersofallfatal incidentsoccurred,1969–199833
1.1.2.TenkillingepisodeslabeledasmassacresinNorthernIreland, 1971–199441
1.1.3.EstimatesofnumberskilledinpoliticalviolenceinIreland,1886–196547
1.1.4.Percentageofconflict-relateddeathsattributedtosecurityforces, loyalists,andrepublicansinBelfast,1920–1922,and1969–199951
1.1.5.Fatalcasualtiesamongthesecurityforces, LostLives,1969–2003 73
1.1.6.Typesofincidentsinwhichvictimsdied,IIPdatabase, July1969–June1989 74
1.1.7.Theannualandcumulativedeathtollfrompoliticalviolence,1969–199076
1.1.8.KillingsofciviliansinexplosionsbytheIRA,IIPdatabase,1969–198982
1.1.9(a).Conflict-relateddeathsinNorthernIreland,IIPdatabase,1969–198983
1.1.9(b).Conflict-relateddeathsinNorthernIreland,Sutton,1969–2001 83
1.1.9(c).Conflict-relateddeathsinNorthernIreland, LostLives,1966–200384
1.3.1.ComparingIreland’spenallawswithSouthernUSsegregationand ApartheidlawsinSouthAfrica 201
1.4.1.SeatswoninWestminstergeneralelectionsbyIrishnationalist candidatesasaratioofavailableseats,1832–1847 235
1.4.2.PopulationdeclineinIrelandbyprovince,1841–1911 252
1.5.1.NumbersofIrishemigrantsleavingtheUnionby firstdestination, 1851–1921 265
1.5.2.Populationandworkforce,IrelandandUnitedKingdom,1840–1911265
1.5.3.RateofIrishemigrationperdecadebyprovince 265
1.5.4.LandActsunderthelateUnion,1870–1909
1.5.5.TheIrishestablishmentatUnion’send 275
1.5.6.SeatswoninWestminstergeneralelectionsbyConservativeor Liberalcandidatesasaratioofavailableseats,1852–1880 286
1.5.7(a).SafeUnionistseats(13)inWestminsterconstituenciesinUlster ingeneralelections,1885–1910 292
1.5.7(b).SafeNationalistSeats(13)inWestminsterconstituenciesinUlster ingeneralelections,1885–1910 292
1.5.7(c).BattlegroundormarginalSeats(7)inWestminsterconstituencies inUlster,1885–1910 293
1.6.1.RecruitstoBritishArmyper10,000ofthepopulationintheUK byNovember4,1914 318
1.6.2.By-electionscontestedbySinnFéin,1917–1918
1.6.3(a).TheWestminsterelectionthroughoutIreland,1918 336
1.6.3(b).TheWestminsterelectioninIreland,thetwenty-sixcountiesthat becametheIrishFreeState,1918336
1.6.3(c).TheWestminsterelectioninIreland,theninecountiesofhistoric Ulster,1918336
1.6.3(d).TheWestminsterelectioninIreland,thesixcountiesthatbecame NorthernIreland,1918337
1.1.1.DebatingtheDefinitionofWar
1.3.1.HughO’Neill’ s “Manifesto,” 1599
1.3.2.TheAccountingofanAtrocityinKilmore,1641
1.3.3.FromTone’sMemorandumtotheFrenchGovernment,February29,1796210
1.5.1.TheUlsterCovenant,1912
1.5.2.TableappendedbyJohnRedmondtoamemorandumpresentedatthe BuckinghamPalaceConference,July1914
1.6.1.TheEasterProclamation,1916
1.6.2.TimelineforFirstPhaseoftheIrishRevolution,1916–1918
1.6.3.TimelineforSecondPhaseoftheIrishRevolution,1919–July1921
1.6.4.TimelineforThirdPhaseoftheIrishRevolution,July1921–1924
1.6.5.SinnFéin’ s ManifestototheIrishPeople,1918
1.7.1.Article12oftheAnglo-IrishTreatyofDecember6,1921signedby BritishandIrishdelegatesat10DowningStreet,London
AbbreviationsandGlossary
ACRI AmericanCommitteeforReliefinIreland
AIA Anglo-IrishAgreement,treatybetweenthegovernmentsofIrelandand theUnitedKingdommadein1985
ANC AfricanNationalCongress
AOH AncientOrderofHibernians:Irishnationalistandreligious organization,especiallystrongintheUSA,previouslystronginBelfast, butnotsincethe1930s
APNI AlliancePartyofNorthernIreland,originallysupportedpower-sharing devolvedgovernmentwithintheUnionaswellasanIrishdimension, nowneutralontheUnion;itexplicitlyclaimsCatholic,Protestant,and othersupport
ASU activeserviceunitoftheIRA,smallspecialistcell assimilationhereagovernmentpolicyaimedatmakingpeoplepubliclyandprivately culturallyalike eitherthrough acculturation,inwhichthesubordinate conformtothecultureofthedominant,orthrough fusion,inwhichtwo ormoreculturallydifferentgroupsmergeintoasharedculture attainderactoftakingtheestateofanoutlaw,ordeprivingaconvictedcriminalof rightstoinheritortransmitland
AV alternativevote,apreferentialvotingsysteminwhichthewinning candidateobtainsamajorityofallballots,eitherafterthecountingofall first-preferencevotes,oraftertheeliminationoflower-placed candidatesandthetransferofanylower-orderpreferencesexpressedby thosewhohadvotedforthem
BA BelfastAgreement,thenameunionistsgivetotheAgreementreached onApril10,1998
BIA BritishIrishAssociation
BIC British–IrishCouncil
B–IIGCBritish–IrishIntergovernmentalConference
BSpecialsarmedreserveconstablesoftheRUC,disbanded1970
BREXITthemisleadingacronymtodescribe “Britain’ s ” prospectivedeparture fromtheEU;seeUKEXIT
BRIC Brazil,Russia,India,andChina
Bunreachtna hÉireann (Irish)ConstitutionofIreland(1937,asamended)
CAIN ConflictArchiveontheInternet
CCARChiefConstable’sAnnualReport
CDRNICampaignforDemocraticRightsinNorthernIreland
CEC CampaignforEqualCitizenship
CDU CampaignforDemocracyinUlster
C-IRAContinuityIRA
CnP
ClannnaPoblachta,partyformedbySeanMcBrideinthebeliefthatFF hadceasedtobeaproperrepublicanparty cess originallyanylocaltax,butinIrelandalsothelevyingofsoldiersand provisions,orthebilletingofsoldiers CLRNICampaignforLabourRepresentationinNorthernIreland.
condominiumpoliticalentityoverwhichtwoormorestatessharesovereignty confederationstatesunifiedbytreatyforcertainpublicfunctions,butthatretaintheir sovereignty,internationalidentity,andusuallyrightsofsecessionand veto
consociationpoliticalsystemusedtosharegovernmentalpowerproportionally betweendividedpeoples intheexecutive,thelegislature,andpublic employment,includingsecurityforces;eachcommunityenjoyscultural autonomy,andpublicexpendituremaybeallocatedonaproportional basis;instrongconsociationstheorganizedcommunitiesenjoyveto rightsovermajorlegislation
ContinuityIRAbreakawayorganizationfromtheIRA covenantersScottishPresbyterianswhowantedtheScottishsystemofchurch governmentappliedthroughoutScotland,England,andIreland;in1643 atreatywiththeEnglishparliamentappearedtogivethemwhatthey wanted(TheSolemnLeagueandCovenant)
CRC CommunityRelationsCouncil
CRF CatholicReactionForce seeINLA
CSJ CampaignforSocialJustice,foundedin1960s;becamepartofNICRA Cumann namBan (Irish)Irishwomen’srepublicanorganization
Cumannna nGaedhael (Irish)pro-treatypartyformedfromSinnFéin,whichledgovernments oftheIrishFreeStatefrom1922until1932;laterdissolvedintoFine Gael;sometimesspelledCummannanGaedheal DAADDirectActionAgainstDrugs(IRAfront)
DáilÉireann(Irish) “trans.AssemblyofIreland,” theofficialnameforthelower houseoftheIrishparliament(Oireachtas) devolutionactofcreatingasubcentralgovernmentwithexecutiveandlegislative powersinsideastate;theinstitutionsareconstitutedbyadelegated(and revocable)actofthepoliticalcenter
DEA DepartmentofExternalAffairsoftheIFS,latertheDFAofIreland
DFA DepartmentofForeignAffairs(Ireland),todaytheDepartmentof ForeignAffairsandTrade
DFM DeputyFirstMinister
DL DemocraticLeft,apartyformedin1992fromasplitintheWorkers’ Party,nowabsorbedbytheIrishLabourParty–somesayitwasatakeover dominionsoriginallythepartlyself-governing(white)settlementcoloniesofthe BritishEmpire;evolvedinthe1920sintosovereignstatesoftheBritish CommonwealthofNations
DPPB DistrictPolicingPartnershipBoards
DRs DissidentRepublicans,expressionandabbreviationusedbythePSNI andMI5torefertopost-IRArepublicanorganizationsthatremain activelyengagedinwhattheydefineasarmedstruggle
DUP DemocraticUnionistParty
EC EuropeanCommission
ECB EuropeanCentralBank
ECNI EqualityCommissionforNorthernIreland
EEA EuropeanEconomicArea
EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity
EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAgreement
EMU EducationforMutualUnderstanding,programforschoolsinNorthern Ireland
EOC EqualOpportunitiesCommission
EPA EmergencyProvisionsAct:emergencyanti-terroristlegislationapplied inNorthernIreland
EPS executivepower-sharing
ethnonymthenameofanethnicgroup
EU EuropeanUnion
FDI foreigndirectinvestment
FEA FairEmploymentAgency
FEC FairEmploymentCommission federationsovereignstateinwhichexecutiveandlegislativepowersaresharedand dividedbetweenfederal®ionalgovernments,and intergovernmentalrelationsareconstitutionallyregulated;see discussionof “federacy” atVol3.Ch.5,pp.202–4
FeniansAmericansister-organizationalnameoftheIrishRepublican Brotherhood(1858–1923)
FET FairEmploymentTribunal
FiannaFáil(Irish[lit. “SoldiersofDestiny”]),alsoknownastheRepublicanParty; formedbyEamondeValerainabreakawayfromSinnFéin;mobilized thedefeatedsideintheIrishcivilwarandbecamethedominantpartyin independentIrelanduntil2011
fine Irishfor “clanelite,” theleadershipofaclananditsleadingfamilies
FineGael(Irish[lit. “TribeofGaels”]);formedfromthemergerofCumannna nGaedhael,thepro-treatypartyofindependentIreland,theCentre party,andthe “Blueshirts;” usuallythesecondmostpowerfulpolitical partyinindependentIreland
FM FirstMinister
FOI FriendsofIreland
GAA GaelicAthleticAssociation(Irish,CumannLúthchleasGael)
GardaSíochánaFulltitle:GardaSíochánanahÉireann i.e.,GuardiansofthePeaceof Ireland,thenameoftheIrishpoliceforce,alsoknownas “theGuards”
GFA GoodFridayAgreement,thenamemostIrishnationalistsgivetothe AgreementofApril10,1998
GFA–BAGoodFridayAgreement–BelfastAgreement
GPI GlobalPeaceIndex AbbreviationsandGlossary
HCNMHighCommissioneronNationalMinorities(oftheOrganizationfor SecurityandCooperationinEurope)
hegemonic control asystemofethnicdomination,inwhichthepower-holdersmakerevolt bythecontrolledethnicgroup(s)unworkable
HET HistoricalEnquiriesTeam(ofthePSNI)
HIU (proposed)HistoricalInvestigationsUnit,suggestedintheHaass–O’Sullivanproposals
HMSUHeadquartersMobileSupportUnit
IAPL IrishAnti-PartitionLeague
ICIR (proposed)IndependentCommissionforInformationRetrieval, suggestedintheHaass–O’Sullivanproposals
IEP InstituteforEconomicsandPeace
IFS IrishFreeState,knownasSaorstátÉireanninIrish
IGC IntergovernmentalConference
IICD IndependentInternationalCommissiononDecommissioning
IIP IrishIndependenceParty,formedin1977becauseitregardedtheSDLP asinsufficientlynationalist;dissolvedbefore1989
IIP IrishInformationPartnership
ILP IrishLabourParty
IMC IndependentMonitoringCommission
IMDWCCIMDWorldCompetitivenessCenter
IMF InternationalMonetaryFund
INLA IrishNationalLiberationArmy:MarxistrivaltotheIRAinNorthern Ireland,formedfromex-OfficialIRAcadresandothersinlate1974; sometimesoperatedunderthenamesCatholicReactionForce(CRF) andPeople’sRepublicanArmy(PRA) integrationApolicyofunifyingaterritoryorcultureunderonesetofpublicnorms. Unlikeassimilation,integrationdoesnotrequirethehomogenizationof “private” culturaldifferences(seeO’LearyandMcGarry2012).British integrationistsarguethatNorthernIrelandshouldbefullyintegrated intotheUK’sadministrativesystem(England’s,Scotland’s,orWales’s?), intoitsparty-politicalsystem,andthateducationalintegration (socializingProtestantsandCatholicswithinthesameinstitutions) shouldbeanimperativeofsocialpolicy.Irishintegrationistssuggest,by contrast,thatNorthernIrelandshouldbeadministrativelyand electorallyintegratedintotheIrishRepublic.Integrationisthepolicy advocatedbysupportersofasharedfuture:intoexactlywhatpeopleare tobeintegratedremainsdisputed
IPLO IrishPeople’sLiberationOrganization,breakawayfromtheINLA, foundedinlate1986,forciblydisbandedbytheIRAin1992
IPP IrishParliamentaryParty,soughthomeruleforIreland,1882–1921: intheNorthitsadherentsformedtheNationalistPartyafter1921; intheSouthmosteventuallyjoinedCumannnanGaedhael,orlater FineGael
IRA IrishRepublicanArmy;ÓglaighnahÉireann(VolunteersofIreland)is itsIrishname;seeOIRAandPIRA;PIRArecognizedasIRAbymost after1972
IRB IrishRepublicanBrotherhood,alsoknownastheFenians,alsoknownas theIrishRevolutionaryBrotherhood
IRG (proposed)ImplementationandReconciliationGroup,suggestedinthe Haass–O’Sullivanproposals
IRSP IrishRepublicanSocialistParty,politicalwingoftheINLA
ITGWUIrishTransportandGeneralWorkers’ Union
IUA IrishUnionAssociation
IV IrishVolunteers
JacobinsthemostmilitantrepublicansintheFrenchRevolution
JacobitesthosewhocontinuedtorecognizetheHouseofStuartasthelegitimate dynastyinEngland,Scotland,andWalesafter1688
jointauthoritythesharingofsovereigngovernmentalauthorityoveraterritorybytwo ormorestates(alsoknownasacondominium)
JRRT JosephRowntreeReformTrust
KKK KuKluxKlan
LAW LoyalistAssociationofWorkers
LRDGLoyalistRetaliationandDefenceGroups(nameusedbytheUDA)
LVF LoyalistVolunteerForce,breakawayfromtheUVF,foundedin1996 majorityrulesimple “majority,”“pluralityrule,” or “winner-takesall” isadecisionmakingnormusedinmanydemocracies,especiallyinelectoral, constitutional,government-formation,andpolicymakingsystems.It usuallymeansrulebythosewiththemostvotes,ratherthanabsolute majorityrule.Itislesspleasantlydescribedasthenormofthe “minimumwinningcoalition” orasthe “tyrannyofthemajority.” majoritarianismtheconvictionthatasimplemajority(50percentplusone)shouldprevail indemocraticdecision-making,andabeliefthatrejectsco-decisionmakingrightsforminoritiesorqualifiedmajoritydecision-making marchesterritoriesnearboundariesorfrontiers,oftendisputed,especially aroundtheEnglishPale
MI5 theUK’sdomesticcounter-intelligenceandsecurityagency
MLA MemberoftheLegislativeAssembly(ofNorthernIreland)
MNC multinationalcorporation
MPA multipartyagreement
nationalizing state astatethatseekstohomogenizeitscitizensintoonenationalidentity;an expressionowedtoRogersBrubaker(1996),itamountsto “coercive assimilation”
NATONorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
NCU NationalCouncilforUnity
NDP NationalDemocraticParty
NI21 Twenty-first-centuryNorthernIreland,brief-livedpoliticalparty NICRANorthernIrelandCivilRightsAssociation,formedtoprotestagainst discriminationbytheNorthernIrelandgovernmentandparliament
NIHRCNorthernIrelandHumanRightsCommission
NILPNorthernIrelandLabourParty
NIONorthernIrelandOffice
NLNNationalLeagueoftheNorth
NORAIDNorthernAidCommittee
NPFNationalPopularFront
NSMCNorth–SouthMinisterialCouncil
NUNationalUnity
NUINationalUniversityofIreland
NUPRGNewUlsterPoliticalResearchGroup
OFMDFMOfficeoftheFirstMinisterandtheDeputyFirstMinister
OIRA (Official)IRA,nowdisbanded
ONH abbreviationfor ÓglaighnahÉireann (VolunteersofIreland),namefor theIRAinIrish;itwasthenameoftheorganizationfoundedtodefend homeruleinarms;itistheofficialnameoftheArmyofIrelandinIrish; itwasusedthroughouttheyears1970–2005bytheProvisionalIRA;the nameisnowclaimedbyasmall “dissident” republicanorganization
OO OrangeOrder,anti-Catholicandpan-Protestantorganization,founded in1795,oftenbannedinthe19thcentury,integrallylinkedtotheUUP untilitdecidedtosunderitsformallinksin2005
OASAOffencesAgainsttheStateAct,Irishcounterinsurgencyandemergency legislation
OSCE OrganizationforSecurityandCooperationinEurope
OSF OfficialSinnFéin,politicalfactionthatsupportedtheOIRA,later becameSFWP(SinnFéin TheWorkers’ Party),beforebecoming simplyTheWorkers’ Party,oftenknowncolloquiallyas “theStickies”
OUP OfficialUnionistParty(seeUUP)
PACE ProtestantandCatholicEncounter
PAF ProtestantActionForce,nameusedbytheUVF
PAG ProtestantActionGroup,nameusedbytheUDA
PANI PoliceAuthorityforNorthernIreland partitionhere,thedivisionofanationalhomelandalonganovelorfreshborder
PBPA PeopleBeforeProfitAlliance
PCB PoliceComplaintsBoard
PD People’sDemocracy
PDs ProgressiveDemocrats, “NewRight” liberalpartyformedinthe Republic,1985–2009
PIRA (Provisional)IRA,laterrecognizedbymostastheIRA,nowdisbanded, sometimesoperatedunderthenamesofDAADandRAF(Republican ActionForce),oftenknowncolloquiallyas “theProvos”
PLA seeINLA
PLO
PalestineLiberationOrganization
PO PrisonOfficer
power-sharingseeconsociation,federation,andconfederation
PR proportionalrepresentation
PRONIPublicRecordsOfficeNorthernIreland
PSF ProvisionalSinnFéin
PSI PolicyStudiesInstitute(London)
PSNI PoliceServiceofNorthernIreland
PTA PreventionofTerrorismAct
PUP ProgressiveUnionistParty,politicalwingoftheUVF
QUB Queen’sUniversityBelfast
R&D researchanddevelopment
RepublicananadvocateofaunifiedIrelandinarepublicfreeoftheBritishCrown; anadvocateofthethesisthatthereshouldbeoneIrishnation composedofitsdiversemultiplecomponents inwhichallsharea commoncitizenship
Republican Clubs seeOIRA
RHC RedHandCommandos,nameusedbytheUVF
RHD RedHandDefenders,nameusedbytheLVFandtheUDAafter1998
RHI RenewableHeatingInitiative
RIC RoyalIrishConstabulary
RIR RoyalIrishRegiment(regimentoftheBritishArmycreatedfromthe mergeroftheUDRwiththeRoyalIrishRangers)
R-IRARealIRA,breakawayfromtheIRAin1997,whichdoesnotrecognize eitherIreland’sorNorthernIreland’slegitimacy
RLP RepublicanLabourParty
RSF RepublicanSinnFéin,breakawayfromSinnFéinin1986,whichdoes notrecognizeeitherIreland’sorNorthernIreland’slegitimacy
RTÉ RaidióTeilifísÉireann(Ireland’spublicbroadcaster,ofbothradioand television)
RUC RoyalUlsterConstabulary
SE SaorÉire,left-wingrepublicangroupingofthe1930s,revivedbrieflyin 1969–71
SaorstátÉireann(Irish)IrishFreeState,nameofdominionstatusforIrelandagreedin theAnglo-IrishTreatyandnamedassuchinthe firstConstitutionof IrelandestablishedunderthatTreaty
SAA SaintAndrewsAgreement,reachedinScotlandinOctober2006 betweentheGovernmentsofIrelandandtheUnitedKingdomofGreat BritainandNorthernIreland,andtacitlyagreedbyNorthernIreland’ s majorpoliticalparties.Keyelementsincludedachangeinthemethodof electingtheFirstandDeputyFirstMinisters,thefullacceptanceofthe PoliceServiceofNorthernIrelandbySinnFéin,therestorationofthe NorthernIrelandAssemblyandapromisetoabolishitsSuspensionAct bytheBritishgovernment,andacommitmentbytheDUPtopowersharingwithrepublicansandnationalistsintheNorthernIreland Executive.Theplanenvisagedthedevolutionofpolicingandjustice powerswithintwoyearsoftherestorationoftheexecutive
SACHRStandingAdvisoryCommissiononHumanRights
