50 Studies Every ObstetricianGynecologist Should Know
edited by
C onstan C e L iu , MD, P h D
Medical Offficer
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Gallup Indian Medical Center
Gallup, NM, USA
n oah R in D os , MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital Pittsburgh, PA, USA
s C ott a . s hainke R , D o, M s
The Annie and Chase Koch Chair in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director, New England Center for Placental Disorder, Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Liu, Constance, editor. | Rindos, Noah, editor. | Shainker A., Scott, editor. Title: 50 studies every obstetrician-gynecologist should know / [edited by] Constance Liu, Noah Rindos, Scott A. Shainker. Other titles: Fifty studies every obstetrician and gynecologist should know | 50 studies every doctor should know (Series)
Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 2021. |
Series: 50 studies every doctor should know | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020036319 (print) | LCCN 2020036320 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190947088 (paperback) | ISBN 9780190947101 (epub) | ISBN 9780190947118 (online)
Subjects: MESH: Pregnancy Complications | Pregnancy | Genital Diseases, Female | Case Reports
Classification: LCC RG525 (print) | LCC RG525 (ebook) | NLM WQ 240 | DDC 618.2—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020036319
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020036320
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190947088.001.0001
This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for the consitions described in this material is highly dependent on the individual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate information with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and health issues is constantly evolving, knowledge about devices is continually evolving, and dose schedules for medications are being revised continually, with new side effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulation. The publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties to readers, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this material. Without limiting the foregoing, the publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or efficacy of the drug dosages, equipment information, or medical information mentioned in the material. The authors and the publishers do not accept, and expressly disclaim, any responsibility for any liability, loss or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a consequence of the use and/or application of any of the contents of this material.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by Marquis, Canada
To Chris, Taro, and Hiro: I love you like a zebra loves its stripes. Thanks & love to my parents: Drs. Wen-Shin and Wan-tzu.
Constance Liu
Thank you to Steph, Raspberry, Luca, and Milo for all of your support and love.
Noah Rindos
To Mom, Lindsay, Molly, and Logan for their unending love and support. To my father, who would have received such enjoyment from this . . .
Scott A. Shainker
CONTENTS
Preface from the Series Editor xiii
Preface xv
Contributors xvii
1. Magnesium Sulphate for Seizure Prophylaxis in Women With Preeclampsia: The MAGPIE Trial 1
Peter Lindner and Shad Deering
2. Low-Dose Aspirin for the Prevention and Treatment of Preeclampsia: The CLASP Trial 7
Danielle M. Panelli and Deirdre J. Lyell
3. First Trimester Hemoglobin A1 and Risk for Major Malformation and Spontaneous Abortion 13
Rachel Blake and Chloe Zera
4. Effect of Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Pregnancy Outcomes: The ACHOIS Trial 20
Alexandra Belcher-Obejero-Paz and Aviva Lee-Parritz
5. Reduction of Maternal–Infant Transmission of HIV Type 1 With Zidovudine Treatment 26
Eliza Rodrigue McElwee and Pooja K. Mehta
6. The Length of the Cervix and the Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Delivery 32
Julie Stone and Michael House
7. Intramuscular Progesterone for the Prevention of Recurrent Preterm Birth 38
Emily A. Oliver and Amanda Roman-Camargo
8. Antibiotics for Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes 43
Katherine S. Kohari and Christian M. Pettker
9. Fetal Fibronectin in Cervical and Vaginal Secretions as a Predictor of Preterm Delivery 48
Zachary Colvin and Anna Palatnik
10. Magnesium Sulfate for the Prevention of Cerebral Palsy: The BEAM Trial 54
Laura Smith and Blair J. Wylie
11. Pelvic Scoring for Elective Induction: The Bishop Score 60
C. Sola Ajewole and Jodi F. Abbott
12. Management of Post-Term Pregnancy: The Post-Term Pregnancy Trial 64
Ashley E. Benson and Brett D. Einerson
13. Planned Cesarean Section Versus Planned Vaginal Birth for Breech Presentation at Term: The Term Breech Trial 69
Samantha Morrison and Hugh Ehrenberg
14. Induction of Labor Versus Expectant Management for Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: The TERMPROM Study 74
Adina Kern-Goldberger and Dena Goffman
15. Antepartum Glucocorticoid Treatment for Prevention of the Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Premature Infants 81
Melissa H. Spiel and John Zupancic
16. Outcomes Associated With Trial of Labor After Cesarean Delivery 86
Hadi Erfani and Alireza A. Shamshirsaz
17. Timing of Elective Repeat Cesarean Delivery at Term and Neonatal Outcomes 92
Katherine Johnson and Brett C. Young
18. The Natural History of the Normal First Stage of Labor 97
Karin Fox
19. Maternal Morbidity Associated With Multiple Repeat Cesarean Deliveries 103
Matthew K. Janssen and Steven J. Ralston
20. First-Trimester or Second-Trimester Screening, or Both, for Down Syndrome: The FASTER Trial 108
Jessica M. Hart and Barbara M. O’Brien
21. Cell-Free DNA Screening for Fetal Aneuploidy: The NEXT Trial 115
Ashley N. Battarbee and Neeta L. Vora
22. Antepartum Assessment of Fetal Well-Being: The Biophysical Profile 121
Jonathan S. Hirshberg and Nandini Raghuraman
23. Diagnostic Tests for Evaluation of Stillbirth 127
Stephanie Dukhovny
24. An Intervention to Promote Breastfeeding: The PROBIT Study 132
Leanna Sudhof and Toni Golen
25. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Maternal Morbidity and Obstetric Care 138
Rose L. Molina and Neel Shah
26. The Risk of Pregnancy After Tubal Sterilization: Findings From the U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization the CREST Study 144
Sujata Chouinard and Eve Espey
27. Complications of First-Trimester Abortion: A Report of 170,000 Cases 149
Maryl Sackeim and Sadia Haider
28. Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Versus Pills/Patch/Ring: The Contraceptive CHOICE Project 154
Antoinette Danvers and Elizabeth B. Schmidt
29. Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) and Teen Pregnancy: The Contraceptive CHOICE Project 159
Jaclyn Grentzer
30. Effect of Screening Mammography on Breast Cancer Detection and Mortality 164
Myrlene Jeudy, Monique Swain, and Mark Pearlman
31. Human Papillomavirus Infection of the Cervix: Relative Risk Association of 15 Common Anogenital Types 170
Jacqueline M. Mills and Elizabeth A. Stier
32. Transvaginal Ultrasound for Endometrial Assessment of Postmenopausal Bleeding 175
Alison A. Garrett and Sarah E. Taylor
33. The Accuracy of Endometrial Sampling in the Diagnosis of Patients With Endometrial Carcinoma and Hyperplasia: A Meta-Analysis 180
Chelsea Chandler and Alexander Olawaiye
34. Elective Bilateral Oophorectomy Versus Ovarian Conservation at the Time of Benign Hysterectomy 185
Johnny Yi and Megan Wasson
35. Native-Tissue Anterior Colporrhaphy Versus Transvaginal Mesh for Anterior Pelvic Organ Prolapse 191
Nick Rockefeller and Peter Jeppson
36. Preoperative Urodynamics Testing in Stress Urinary Incontinence: The VALUE Trial 197
Linda Burkett and Megan Bradley
37. A Midurethral Sling to Reduce Incontinence After Vaginal Repair: The OPUS Trial 202
Deepali Maheshwari and Ellen Solomon
38. Uterine-Artery Embolization Versus Surgery for Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids 207
Kristen Pepin and Sarah L. Cohen
39. Robotic-Assisted Versus Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Among Women With Benign Gynecologic Disease 212
Chetna Arora and Arnold P. Advincula
40. Endometrial Ablation Versus Hysterectomy: The STOP-DUB Trial 218
Christine Helou and Mandy Yunker
41. Pelvic Organ Function After Total Versus Subtotal Abdominal Hysterectomy 224
Susan Tsai, Jessica Traylor, and Magdy Milad
42. Prolonged GnRH Agonist and Add-Back Therapy for Symptomatic Endometriosis 230
Sierra J. Seaman and Hye-Chun Hur
43. Laparoscopic Excision Versus Ablation for Endometriosis-Associated Pain 235
Laura Newcomb and Nicole Donnellan
44. Clomiphene, Metformin, or Both for Infertility With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: The PPCOS Trial 240
Tana Kim and Zaraq Khan
45. A Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate Optimal Treatment for Unexplained Infertility: The FASTT Trial 246
Stephanie Rothenberg and Joseph Sanfilippo
46. Reproductive Technologies and the Risk of Birth Defects 251
Caitlin Sacha and John Petrozza
47. Biomarkers of Ovarian Reserve and Infertility Among Older Reproductive Age Women 257
Alexis Gadson and Wendy Kuohung
48. Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: The Women’s Health Initiative 262
Rachel Beverley and Judith Volkar
49. Predictors of Success of Methotrexate Treatment for Tubal Ectopic Pregnancies 267
Mary Louise Fowler, Paul Hendessi, and Nyia Noel
50. Application of Redefined Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Curves for the Diagnosis of Women at Risk for Ectopic Pregnancy 272 Paul Tyan and Lauren D. Schiff
Index 279
PREFACE
We entered the field of obstetrics and gynecology eager to learn, advocate for patients, and become the physician-scientists we are today. We believe in reproductive rights and evidence-based medicine: together these foster the ability to provide compassionate and optimal care. We embarked on this project because we believe that understanding the primary literature is critical for any clinician who seeks to practice thoughtful, evidence-based medicine. More than just knowing what to do, we believe clinicians should know why they do it.
This volume, part of the larger series 50 Studies Every Doctor Should Know, aims to present a foundational understanding of the practice of obstetrics and gynecology. We interrogated a broad range of literature. While there are certainly far more than 50 studies we could have included, we employed a rigorous iterative process that prioritized studies that impact current practice and, importantly, answer the “why” of management. This book is ideal for generalists who seek to contextualize new evidence, practitioners of women’s health who wish to deepen their understanding of the literature, trainees who are learning the basics of management, and even the interested lay person who wants to understand what studies are guiding their care.
We are grateful for the contributions of the chapter authors across a diverse range of subspecialties. We thank them for their clinical experience, knowledge, and ability to make these studies accessible to readers at all levels of experience.
Collectively we represent the diverse field of obstetrics and gynecology: (CL) a generalist obstetrician-gynecologist serving Native American patients in rural western New Mexico, (SS) an academic maternal-fetal medicine specialist in Boston, and (NR) a minimally invasive pelvic surgeon in Pittsburgh. From residency at Boston Medical Center, our paths have diverged neatly to represent a range of career choices, but we have this in common: a commitment to advocating for our patients and an understanding that offering the best care
means continual attention to our foundation of evidentiary learning. We hope this volume provides additional background for you to achieve the same.
We would like to thank Dr. Michael Hochman for his vision in creating this series. We are also grateful to Ms. Marta Moldvai and Ms. Tiffany Lu from Oxford University Press for their editorial support and guidance. We appreciate the contributions of Justin Dietrich to the family planning section. Finally, we would like to thank the patients who participated in these clinical trials and studies.
Constance Liu, MD, PhD
Noah Rindos, MD
Scott A. Shainker, DO, MS
CONTRIBUTORS
Jodi F. Abbott, MD, MHCM
Associate Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
Arnold P. Advincula, MD
Professor & Division Chief
Division of Gynecologic Specialty
Surgery
Columbia University Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
C. Sola Ajewole, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Boston Medical Center Boston, MA, USA
Chetna Arora, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Columbia University
New York, NY, USA
Ashley N. Battarbee, MD, MSCR
Assistant Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
Alexandra Belcher- Obejero-Paz, MD, MPH
Obstetrics and Gynecology Generalist Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Lynn Community Health Center Lynn, MA, USA
Ashley E. Benson, MD, MA Physician Fellow Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Rachel Beverley, MD Fellow, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Rachel Blake, MD
Chief Resident, PGY4
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
Megan Bradley, MD
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Linda Burkett, MD
Physician, Urogynecology
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and REI
UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Chelsea Chandler, MD Fellow
Department of Gynecologic Oncology
UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Sujata Chouinard, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
Sarah L. Cohen, MD, MPH
Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgeon
Department of Gynecology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA
Zachary Colvin, DO
Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellow
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
Antoinette Danvers, MD, MSCR
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women’s Health
Albert Einstein College of Medicine/ Montefiore Medical Center
Bronx, NY, USA
Shad Deering, MD
Associate Dean, Baylor College of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of San Antonio System Medical Director, CHRISTUS Simulation Institute
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA
Nicole Donnellan, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Stephanie Dukhovny, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
OHSU
Portland, OR, USA
Hugh Ehrenberg, MD
Attending Physician
Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine
Voorhees, NJ, USA
Brett D. Einerson, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Hadi Erfani, MD, MPH
Resident
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Eve Espey, MD, MPH
Professor and Chair
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of New Mexico
Albuquerque, NM, USA
Mary Louise Fowler, MD, MEng
Resident Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Boston Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Karin Fox, MD, MEd
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Baylor College of Medicine
Houston, TX, USA
Alexis Gadson, MD
REI Fellow
Women and Infants Hospital/Brown University
Providence, RI, USA
Alison A. Garrett, MD Fellow
Department of Gynecologic Oncology
UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Dena Goffman, MD
Chief of Obstetrics
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Columbia University Irving Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
Toni Golen, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
Jaclyn Grentzer, MD, MSCI
Independent Provider
Planned Parenthood of Orange and San Bernardino Counties
Laguna Beach, CA, USA
Sadia Haider, MD, MPH
Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Chicago
Chicago, IL, USA
Jessica M. Hart, MD Fellow
Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Christine Helou, MD
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Greater Baltimore Medical Center
Towson, MD, USA
Paul Hendessi, MD
Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Boston University Boston, MA, USA
Jonathan S. Hirshberg, MD
Clinical Fellow in Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Surgical Critical Care
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Surgery
Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
Michael Hochman, MD, MPH
Director of the USC Gehr Family Center for Health Systems
Science and Innovation
Internal Medicine
Keck School of Medicine of USC
Sherman, Oaks, CA
Michael House, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Hye- Chun Hur, MD, MPH
Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgeon
Gynecologic Specialty Surgery
Columbia University Irving Medical Center
New York, NY, USA
Matthew K. Janssen, MD
Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine
University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
Peter Jeppson, MD
Division Chief of Urogynecology
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
Myrlene Jeudy, MD
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Kaiser Permanente Atlanta, GA, USA
Katherine Johnson, MD MFM Attending Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Massachusetts/UMass Memorial Medical Center
Worcester, MA, USA
Adina Kern- Goldberger, MD, MPH Fellow
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
Zaraq Khan, MBBS, MCR, FACOG Chair, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Consultant, Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery
Rochester, MN, USA
Contributors
Tana Kim, MD
Reproductive Endocrinologist
Division of Reproductive
Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN, USA
Katherine S. Kohari, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
Section of Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA
Wendy Kuohung, MD
Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Director, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA
Aviva Lee-Parritz, MD
Chief
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Boston University
Boston, MA, USA
Peter Lindner, MD
Resident Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
Bethesda, MD, USA
Constance Liu, MD, PhD
Medical Officer
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Gallup Indian Medical Center
Gallup, NM, USA
Deirdre J. Lyell, MD Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Stanford University
Palo Alto, CA, USA
Deepali Maheshwari, DO, MPH Fellow
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester, MA, USA
Eliza Rodrigue McElwee, MD
Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellow
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Medical University of South Carolina
Charleston, SC, USA
Pooja K. Mehta, MD, MSHP
Women’s Health Lead, Cityblock Health
Assistant Professor, Section of Community and Population Medicine
Department of Medicine
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
New Orleans, LA, USA
Magdy Milad, MD, MS
Albert B Gerbie Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
Jacqueline M. Mills, MD, MPP
Resident Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Boston Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Rose L. Molina, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Samantha Morrison, MD
Chief Resident, PGY4
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Crozer-Chester Medical Center
Upland, PA, USA
Laura Newcomb, MD
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
Nyia Noel, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA
Barbara M. O’Brien, MD
Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Alexander Olawaiye, MD, FRCOG, FACOG, FRCS
Associate Professor
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Emily A. Oliver, MBBS, MPH
Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellow
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA
Anna Palatnik, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
Danielle M. Panelli, MD
Clinical Fellow
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
Kristen Pepin, MD, MPH
Assistant Professor
Weill Cornell Medical Center
New York
New York, NY, USA
Mark Pearlman, MD
Professor, Active Emeritus
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Surgery
University of Michigan Medical School
Ann Arbor, MI, USA
John Petrozza, MD
Chief, Division of Reproductive Medicine & IVF
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
Christian M. Pettker, MD
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven, CT, USA
Nandini Raghuraman, MD, MS
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Surgery
Washington University St. Louis, MO, USA
Steven J. Ralston, MD, MPH
Chair
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Pennsylvania Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA
Noah Rindos, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Nick Rockefeller, MD
Clinical Fellow
Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery
University of New Mexico Albuquerque, NM, USA
Amanda Roman- Camargo, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA, USA
Stephanie Rothenberg, MD
Pacific NW Fertility Seattle, WA, USA
Caitlin Sacha, MD
Clinical Research Fellow in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts
General Hospital
Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
Maryl Sackeim, MD
Faculty
Family Planning Division
Kaiser Permanente San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
Joseph Sanfilippo, MD
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Lauren D. Schiff, MD
Assistant Professor of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of North Carolina School of Medicine
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Elizabeth B. Schmidt, MD, MSCI, FACOG, FACS
Chief of Family Planning
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Northwell Great Neck, NY, USA
Sierra J. Seaman, MD
Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Columbia University Irving Medical Center—New York Presbyterian Hospital
New York, NY, USA
Neel Shah, MD, MPP
Assistant Professor Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
Scott A. Shainker, DO, MS
The Annie and Chase Koch Chair in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/ Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
Alireza A. Shamshirsaz, MD
Associate Professor, Fetal surgeon/ Maternal Fetal Medicine
Chair, Fetal Center Steering Committee
Chief, Division of Fetal Therapy and Surgery
Director, Fetal Surgery Fellowship Co-Chief, Maternal Fetal Surgery
Section
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology/Department of Surgery
Baylor College of Medicine
Children’s Fetal Center, Texas
Children’s Hospital Houston, TX, USA
Laura Smith, MD Clinical Fellow
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Ellen Solomon, MD
Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Division of Urogynecology and Pelvic Surgery
University of Massachusetts, Baystate Medical Center
Springfield, MA, USA
Melissa H. Spiel, DO
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
Harvard Medical School
Boston, MA, USA
Elizabeth A. Stier, MD Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Boston University School of Medicine
Boston, MA, USA
Contributors
Julie Stone, MD
Fellow
Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine
Tufts Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Leanna Sudhof, MD
Attending Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Monique Swain, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
Sarah E. Taylor, MD
Assistant Professor of Gynecologic Oncology
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Jessica Traylor, MD
Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
Susan Tsai, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, IL, USA
Paul Tyan, MD, MSCR
Obstetrics and Gynecology Physician
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Capital Women’s Care
Leesburg, VA
Judith Volkar, MD
Assistant Professor
University of Pittsburgh Medical School Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Neeta L. Vora, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Megan Wasson, DO
Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Chair of the Department of Medical and Surgical Gynecology
Mayo Clinic in Arizona Phoenix, AZ, USA
Blair J. Wylie, MD, MPH
Director, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, MA, USA
Johnny Yi, MD
Department of Medical and Surgical Gynecology
Mayo Clinic Arizona
Phoenix, AZ, USA
